一、中小企(qi)業市場營銷過程中存(cun)在(zai)問題分析

眾(zhong)所周知,中(zhong)(zhong)小企業的(de)蓬(peng)勃發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)是我國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)體制改(gai)革(ge)的(de)必然(ran)結果。隨著國(guo)民經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)不斷發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和綜(zong)合(he)國(guo)力的(de)不斷增(zeng)強(qiang),我國(guo)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小企業在(zai)市場(chang)(chang)營(ying)(ying)銷的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)取得了(le)長足(zu)的(de)進步。但與市場(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)對企業的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)要求相比,我國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)小企業在(zai)市場(chang)(chang)營(ying)(ying)銷方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)還存在(zai)許多(duo)問題,這主要體現在(zai)以下幾(ji)個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)。

(一(yi))營銷手段(duan)有待(dai)改進。

從(cong)(cong)總體(ti)上(shang)來看,市(shi)場(chang)營(ying)銷(xiao)的理念(nian)已(yi)經逐漸被(bei)眾多(duo)的中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業經營(ying)者所(suo)接受,傳統(tong)的銷(xiao)售理念(nian)正(zheng)在被(bei)新(xin)的營(ying)銷(xiao)理念(nian)所(suo)代替,一(yi)些中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業已(yi)經學(xue)會采用先(xian)進(jin)的營(ying)銷(xiao)方式(shi)來武裝(zhuang)自己。但是,許多(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業的市(shi)場(chang)開拓力(li)度不(bu)夠(gou)、信(xin)息(xi)渠道(dao)不(bu)寬、對市(shi)場(chang)營(ying)銷(xiao)的認識(shi)還比較片面,往往把市(shi)場(chang)營(ying)銷(xiao)簡單等同為(wei)一(yi)般的推銷(xiao),這在現實的營(ying)銷(xiao)發展過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)則具體(ti)表(biao)現為(wei)營(ying)銷(xiao)手段落(luo)后。例如,許多(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業還不(bu)知道(dao)借(jie)助現代化的互聯網、專業信(xin)息(xi)機(ji)構、相關主管部門等渠道(dao)獲取它們(men)所(suo)需要的信(xin)息(xi),而僅僅依靠企(qi)業自己微不(bu)足道(dao)的力(li)量從(cong)(cong)市(shi)場(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)收(shou)集信(xin)息(xi)。

(二)營(ying)銷創新(xin)動力不足。

目(mu)前,各級政(zheng)府為中(zhong)小企業(ye)的(de)發展創(chuang)造了(le)(le)良好的(de)經營環境,但由于行業(ye)市場(chang)競爭(zheng)過度、競爭(zheng)無序等種種原(yuan)因,導致了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)少中(zhong)小企業(ye)的(de)經營狀(zhuang)況仍然(ran)比較困難(nan)。一(yi)(yi)些(xie)生產同類產品的(de)中(zhong)小企業(ye),技術(shu)和質量處于同一(yi)(yi)水平層次(ci),它們(men)為了(le)(le)爭(zheng)奪有(you)限的(de)市場(chang),不(bu)(bu)惜競相壓價(jia),挑起價(jia)格(ge)(ge)戰。究其原(yuan)因,是低水平的(de)重(zhong)復生產所(suo)(suo)導致的(de)必然(ran)結果。事實上(shang),通過簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)戰,壓制競爭(zheng)對(dui)手而奪取(qu)有(you)限的(de)市場(chang)份額(e),這(zhe)無異于“壯士割腕,比賽流血”。簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)戰所(suo)(suo)產生的(de)必然(ran)結果是所(suo)(suo)有(you)的(de)中(zhong)小企業(ye)都不(bu)(bu)愿投入人力(li)、物(wu)力(li)和財力(li)進(jin)行營銷創(chuang)新。

未樹(shu)立(li)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)整體概念,產(chan)品(pin)策(ce)略缺乏創(chuang)意許多中小企(qi)業產(chan)品(pin)結構單一(yi)、科技含量低(di)、性(xing)能差,不(bu)能適應市場(chang)不(bu)斷發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)需要；有些企(qi)業為(wei)了(le)追求眼前的(de)(de)(de)利潤,只重視商品(pin)一(yi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)暢銷,不(bu)注重維護、創(chuang)造企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)經營特色,在生產(chan)經營設施和技術(shu)開(kai)發(fa)上(shang)不(bu)愿(yuan)進行大的(de)(de)(de)投資,浮躁和急功近利的(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng)明顯；少數企(qi)業雖有一(yi)流的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin),但沒有一(yi)流的(de)(de)(de)服務與(yu)之相配套,無法抓住顧客；有的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業則片面追求產(chan)品(pin)本身的(de)(de)(de)高、新(xin),而不(bu)重視用戶的(de)(de)(de)需求,顛倒了(le)用戶和企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)；甚至有些企(qi)業假冒(mao)和仿制名(ming)牌產(chan)品(pin)

低價(jia)競(jing)銷,導致競(jing)爭無(wu)序,擾亂(luan)市場(chang)秩序低價(jia)競(jing)銷是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)低級的(de)競(jing)爭方式,是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)短(duan)期行(xing)為(wei)市場(chang)購(gou)買(mai)力就這么大,大幅的(de)降(jiang)價(jia)只能造(zao)成(cheng)購(gou)買(mai)力的(de)提前(qian)實現,同時造(zao)成(cheng)了眾多的(de)企業在(zai)保本或虧(kui)本的(de)邊緣上經營,無(wu)法生存和(he)發展另一(yi)(yi)方面,給消費(fei)者帶來錯覺,認為(wei)降(jiang)價(jia)前(qian)的(de)產品利潤過高,進而影響正常的(de)消費(fei)心理和(he)消費(fei)行(xing)為(wei)

無視配銷通道建設,渠(qu)道選擇急功近利許多中(zhong)小(xiao)企業在營銷中(zhong),不重視自(zi)己的(de)渠(qu)道建設和培育,具(ju)體(ti)表現：不管(guan)市場,只抓銷售大戶不注(zhu)重對經銷商(shang)服務,而讓經銷商(shang)自(zi)然成長(chang)靠單一的(de)廣(guang)告(gao)拉(la)動策略,片面注(zhu)重所謂的(de)公關(guan)效應,靠廣(guang)告(gao)轟炸來吸引經銷商(shang)是不明智的(de)

促(cu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組合(he)策略運用不當(dang)許多中小企業不明白促(cu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)只能是(shi)暫時性(xing)營銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)道(dao)理(li),過于頻繁的(de)促(cu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)活(huo)動(dong)和不恰當(dang)的(de)降價促(cu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)方式,實際上是(shi)在提示和不斷告知該品(pin)牌的(de)消費者：上次(ci)的(de)購買行為值得后悔另一方面,在促(cu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)過程(cheng)中,只注(zhu)重(zhong)自己產品(pin)的(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)量情況,而忽視促(cu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)行為中應承擔的(de)社會道(dao)德與法(fa)律責任

營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)決策(ce)與營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)不相(xiang)適應市(shi)(shi)場(chang)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)包括微(wei)(wei)觀環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)和宏觀環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing),環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)力(li)量的(de)(de)(de)變化,既可以給企(qi)(qi)業帶來(lai)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)機(ji)會,也(ye)可能對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)形成某種威脅企(qi)(qi)業雖然不能改(gai)變環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing),但可以認(ren)識它,并利用它來(lai)實現(xian)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)目(mu)標然而,我國的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業在(zai)進行目(mu)標市(shi)(shi)場(chang)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)時,往往只重視微(wei)(wei)觀環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing),而忽(hu)視了宏觀環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)銷(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)策(ce)思路

挖掘中小企(qi)業(ye)自(zi)身所具有的特質,在營銷模式上突破創新中小企(qi)業(ye)勢單(dan)力薄,靠自(zi)己單(dan)槍匹馬的奮戰(zhan)(zhan)和(he)與強(qiang)大對(dui)手(shou)的硬(ying)拼(pin)是(shi)難以成(cheng)功的,而應該憑(ping)借自(zi)身的優勢,采取(qu)靈(ling)活多樣的戰(zhan)(zhan)略模式

1銀企博弈模型分析

1.1模型的假設

博(bo)弈(yi)參與人包括(kuo)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)和(he)(he)申請貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，由于我們(men)假(jia)(jia)定雙方是在完全市(shi)場條件(jian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)博(bo)弈(yi)，故(gu)不存在政府(fu)對(dui)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)干預。申請貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)有兩種(zhong)類型：“誠(cheng)(cheng)實守(shou)信(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)“做假(jia)(jia)騙(pian)(pian)(pian)貸(dai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。“誠(cheng)(cheng)實守(shou)信(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在投(tou)(tou)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)夠按期向(xiang)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)交付(fu)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)和(he)(he)利(li)(li)息，“做假(jia)(jia)騙(pian)(pian)(pian)貸(dai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在投(tou)(tou)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)欺(qi)騙(pian)(pian)(pian)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)失(shi)敗，試(shi)圖騙(pian)(pian)(pian)取(qu)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)于生產(chan)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)為K+L，其中，K為企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權益(yi)資(zi)金(jin)，L為企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)債務(wu)(wu)資(zi)金(jin)，為突出(chu)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)和(he)(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)分析，我們(men)假(jia)(jia)設企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)債務(wu)(wu)資(zi)金(jin)全部來源于銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)，并假(jia)(jia)設企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)為IL，貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)利(li)(li)率為r，貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)期限為T，銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)為UL。當企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)收益(yi)為A（K+L）。A（K+L）>K+［1+r（T）］L，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)應按時(shi)(shi)向(xiang)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)交付(fu)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)和(he)(he)利(li)(li)息［1+r（T）］L；失(shi)敗時(shi)(shi)，銀(yin)(yin)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雙方收益(yi)均為零，因此當企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)存在道德風險。銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)向(xiang)“誠(cheng)(cheng)實守(shou)信(xin)(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)，當企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)按期收回本(ben)(ben)金(jin)和(he)(he)利(li)(li)息［1+r（T）］L，銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)向(xiang)“做假(jia)(jia)騙(pian)(pian)(pian)貸(dai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。當企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)將無法收回本(ben)(ben)金(jin)和(he)(he)利(li)(li)息。

我們認為存(cun)在(zai)信(xin)息(xi)不(bu)對稱，即企(qi)(qi)業(ye)知(zhi)道自己的(de)(de)類(lei)型，而銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)知(zhi)道企(qi)(qi)業(ye)究竟屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)哪一類(lei)，銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)只知(zhi)道企(qi)(qi)業(ye)投資于(yu)(yu)生產項目的(de)(de)平均成功(gong)率(lv)(lv)為P。“做(zuo)假騙(pian)(pian)(pian)貸”的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)通過做(zuo)假欺騙(pian)(pian)(pian)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)投資失敗，欺騙(pian)(pian)(pian)成本為WL；“誠實守信(xin)”的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)則向(xiang)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)提供真(zhen)實的(de)(de)類(lei)型。銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)查(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)成本是(shi)VL，貸后(hou)“核(he)(he)查(cha)(cha)”的(de)(de)效率(lv)(lv)是(shi)100％，即貸后(hou)“核(he)(he)查(cha)(cha)”可以準確(que)判(pan)斷企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)類(lei)型。若銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)(he)查(cha)(cha)到企(qi)(qi)業(ye)在(zai)做(zuo)假騙(pian)(pian)(pian)貸，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)必(bi)須(xu)承(cheng)擔事發(fa)后(hou)的(de)(de)懲罰成本R，R同時是(shi)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)收益，［1+r（T）］L1.2銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)雙方的(de)(de)收益分析

而我們知道(dao)，當企業(ye)成(cheng)功(gong)時，企業(ye)方為(wei)：{［1+r（T）］-VL-UL，A（K+L）-［1+r（T）］L-IL}；我們則(ze)從表(biao)2可以看出，在企業(ye)欺騙銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)的(de)情況下，如(ru)果銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)采取(qu)“核查”策略，那(nei)么銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)的(de)得(de)(de)益(yi)為(wei)P（R-VL）-（1-P）VL-UL，企業(ye)的(de)期望得(de)(de)益(yi)P［A（K+L）-R-WL］-IL。如(ru)果銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)采取(qu)“不查”策略，銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)的(de)得(de)(de)益(yi)為(wei)-UL，企業(ye)的(de)期望得(de)(de)益(yi)P［A（K+L）-WL］-IL。

1.3銀行與企業的進化博弈分析(xi)

一、基本狀況比較

日本中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)共(gong)508.9萬(wan)家，占(zhan)(zhan)企(qi)業(ye)數99.7％；中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)從(cong)業(ye)人員4168萬(wan)人，占(zhan)(zhan)從(cong)業(ye)人員比重72.7%；制造業(ye)中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)生產(chan)產(chan)值(zhi)164兆日元，占(zhan)(zhan)總產(chan)值(zhi)比重50.8％；零售(shou)業(ye)中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)銷售(shou)額112兆日元，占(zhan)(zhan)零售(shou)業(ye)銷售(shou)額75.7%。中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)是日本經(jing)濟的(de)重要組成(cheng)部分。

在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)提供了約75%的(de)(de)(de)(de)城鎮(zhen)就(jiu)業(ye)機(ji)會。目(mu)前登記注(zhu)冊中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)為3570萬(wan)戶，占(zhan)全部(bu)注(zhu)冊企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)總數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)99%。而中(zhong)國(guo)城鎮(zhen)包括農(nong)村(cun)進城工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)活就(jiu)業(ye)者總計達(da)7000萬(wan)人。目(mu)前，中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)工(gong)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)總產值(zhi)、銷售(shou)收入，實現利稅(shui)和(he)出(chu)口總額分(fen)別占(zhan)全部(bu)工(gong)業(ye)總量的(de)(de)(de)(de)60％、57％、40%、60％；中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)流(liu)通(tong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)占(zhan)全國(guo)零售(shou)網點的(de)(de)(de)(de)90%以上；1978－1996年間從農(nong)村(cun)轉移出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2億勞動(dong)力大多數(shu)(shu)在(zai)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)就(jiu)業(ye)；1998年中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)吸納國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)下(xia)崗職工(gong)460萬(wan)人。

通(tong)過以(yi)上數據我們可以(yi)看出(chu)，中日(ri)兩國(guo)中小(xiao)企業(ye)在(zai)數量比率、促進就業(ye)和創造產(chan)值等方面(mian)的基本狀況非(fei)常相近。比較研究(jiu)兩國(guo)中小(xiao)企業(ye)將對(dui)借(jie)鑒日(ri)本先進經驗、發展我國(guo)中小(xiao)企業(ye)起到(dao)積(ji)極作用。

二、界定方法比較

世界(jie)各國政府界(jie)定中小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)標(biao)準的目的，是為(wei)分析把握企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的規模結構，了解(jie)不同(tong)規模企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)情(qing)況(kuang)，為(wei)制定和實施扶持政策提供依據。因為(wei)，中小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)不僅戶數眾多，是創造就業(ye)(ye)機會的主要渠道和制度創新與技術創新的主體(ti)，同(tong)時由于(yu)規模小(xiao)(xiao)又是市場競爭(zheng)的弱者。由于(yu)經濟發展情(qing)況(kuang)不同(tong)，中日兩(liang)國對中小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的具(ju)體(ti)確認標(biao)準和辦法也不同(tong)。

一、中小企業融資難的原因

1、政府扶持力度不夠

政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)部門對中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)力(li)度不(bu)夠(gou)，長(chang)期以來，國(guo)家扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)政(zheng)(zheng)策一直向大企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)傾斜，盡管近年來，為了扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的發展，政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)出臺了一系(xi)列政(zheng)(zheng)策和(he)措(cuo)施，包括籌劃推出中(zhong)小(xiao)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)板、增加(jia)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)貸款規模、財政(zheng)(zheng)支持(chi)(chi)擔保(bao)機構建設、采取了差別利率、兩免三減或第一年免征所得(de)稅等(deng)優惠政(zheng)(zheng)策。但這(zhe)些(xie)政(zheng)(zheng)策和(he)措(cuo)施在實(shi)際當中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)無法實(shi)現，不(bu)能從根本上解決(jue)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)融資不(bu)足的問題。

2、金融體(ti)系不健全(quan)

（1）缺(que)乏與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)相(xiang)匹配的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)金融機構。在我(wo)國(guo)目前的(de)銀(yin)行(xing)組(zu)織體系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，還缺(que)乏專門為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)融資服務(wu)的(de)政策性銀(yin)行(xing)，民生銀(yin)行(xing)原來的(de)初衷是為民營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)服務(wu)的(de)，可是現在它已(yi)經和其(qi)他股份制(zhi)商業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)沒有(you)什么區(qu)別了，由于資金、服務(wu)水平(ping)、項目有(you)限，迫使它也逐步(bu)走向嚴格，限制(zhi)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)融資。

（2）國有銀行惜(xi)貸嚴重(zhong)。中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)大多(duo)處于初創期，數量多(duo),規模小(xiao),所面臨的(de)(de)經營風險和(he)淘(tao)汰率(lv)高(gao)，投(tou)資回報(bao)相對(dui)較低(di)。導(dao)致(zhi)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)貸款(kuan)的(de)(de)不良率(lv)及違約率(lv)均高(gao)于一(yi)般企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)平(ping)均水(shui)平(ping)。而作為銀監會評價銀行資產質量的(de)(de)最重(zhong)要(yao)指標(biao)是不良率(lv)的(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)。致(zhi)使銀行對(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)貸款(kuan)更加謹慎，也使得中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)貸款(kuan)成本的(de)(de)增加，貸款(kuan)更是難上(shang)加難。

摘要：本(ben)文提(ti)出銀(yin)行業并(bing)購對中(zhong)小企業貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)產生四種潛在效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)：靜態效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)、重組效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)、直(zhi)接(jie)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)和外(wai)部效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)。靜態效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)導(dao)致(zhi)對中(zhong)小企業貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)的減少，重組效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)和直(zhi)接(jie)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)可以部分抵消(xiao)其負(fu)面影響，同時，同一信貸(dai)(dai)市(shi)場上其他銀(yin)行可能增(zeng)加對中(zhong)小企業信貸(dai)(dai)供給，因此，銀(yin)行并(bing)購整個信貸(dai)(dai)市(shi)場對中(zhong)小企業貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)的供給或(huo)者不變(bian)，或(huo)者增(zeng)加。

關鍵詞：銀(yin)行業并(bing)購，中小(xiao)企(qi)業，貸款(kuan)

金融(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是一個(ge)規模經濟顯著的(de)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)，因此，金融(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)并(bing)購(gou)歷來存在。但在分業(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)與政(zheng)府管制(zhi)(zhi)下，各(ge)國金融(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)并(bing)購(gou)活動一直(zhi)相對(dui)比較平穩。20世紀(ji)80年(nian)代以來，迫(po)于經濟全球化和金融(rong)(rong)自(zi)由化帶來的(de)競爭(zheng)壓力，西(xi)方各(ge)國逐步放松了(le)對(dui)金融(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)管制(zhi)(zhi)，就此掀起了(le)一場全球金融(rong)(rong)并(bing)購(gou)的(de)浪潮(chao)。實證研究和經驗數據都表明，商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行貸款是中小企業(ye)(ye)(ye)外源融(rong)(rong)資的(de)主要來源，因此銀行業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)并(bing)購(gou)浪潮(chao)勢(shi)必會(hui)對(dui)中小企業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)(rong)資造成重大影響，這一問(wen)題(ti)引(yin)起了(le)學術(shu)界和政(zheng)府部門的(de)廣(guang)泛關注。

一、國外研究現狀

20世紀(ji)90年代(dai)中(zhong)期以前，國(guo)外學(xue)術界關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)主要集中(zhong)于(yu)(yu)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)產(chan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)和中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)可得性之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系上。實(shi)證(zheng)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明：銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)與(yu)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)之(zhi)間(jian)存(cun)在著(zhu)(zhu)很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)負相關(guan)(guan)性（StrahanandWeston，1996）。由(you)此推斷：銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)間(jian)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)帶來銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)資(zi)產(chan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)普遍增大(da)(da)必然會導致對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)少。然而，20世紀(ji)90年代(dai)后(hou)(hou)期以來的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)發現(xian)(xian)，銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)問題不存(cun)在某(mou)種單一的(de)(de)(de)結論(lun)(lun)。鑒于(yu)(yu)早期研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)在銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)與(yu)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)可得性之(zhi)間(jian)關(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)上過(guo)于(yu)(yu)簡單，在后(hou)(hou)續研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)學(xue)者們引入了(le)(le)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)、參與(yu)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)等(deng)因(yin)素，對(dui)(dui)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)多(duo)角(jiao)度(du)、多(duo)層(ceng)次(ci)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，得出了(le)(le)形形色(se)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)經驗結論(lun)(lun)。通過(guo)對(dui)(dui)不同規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)證(zheng)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，StrahanandWeston（1998）發現(xian)(xian)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)與(yu)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)比率之(zhi)間(jian)呈倒(dao)U型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)非單調函數關(guan)(guan)系，向(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)比率隨銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)產(chan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)出現(xian)(xian)先增加后(hou)(hou)減(jian)少的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象。PeekandRosonpen（1996）實(shi)證(zheng)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明，大(da)(da)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)合并或大(da)(da)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)合并傾(qing)(qing)向(xiang)(xiang)于(yu)(yu)減(jian)少對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。StrahanandWeston（1998）又證(zheng)實(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)合并傾(qing)(qing)向(xiang)(xiang)于(yu)(yu)增加對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)，而大(da)(da)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)吞并小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或大(da)(da)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)沒有顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)影響(xiang)。ZardkoohiandKolari（1997）從合并與(yu)收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)來研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)并購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)造成的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，認為合并比收(shou)購(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)更傾(qing)(qing)向(xiang)(xiang)于(yu)(yu)減(jian)少對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。

二、銀(yin)行業(ye)并購(gou)對中小企業(ye)貸款的潛在(zai)效應

中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)在國民經濟(ji)中(zhong)占有舉足輕重的(de)(de)地位,工業(ye)總產值、實現利稅和出口(kou)總額都占較大比重。中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)不(bu)僅為(wei)解決社會就業(ye)問題發揮(hui)著巨大作用,而(er)且以(yi)其靈活的(de)(de)經營機制和旺盛的(de)(de)創新(xin)活動(dong),為(wei)經濟(ji)增長提供(gong)了最基(ji)本的(de)(de)原(yuan)動(dong)力。

中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)雖然數(shu)量眾多,但隨(sui)著(zhu)市場取向的經濟改(gai)革的深化,在與大企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的激烈(lie)競爭中,中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)卻(que)暴(bao)露出(chu)明(ming)顯的弱勢(shi)。由于遭遇了原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)成(cheng)本上(shang)升、新《勞動合同(tong)法》實施、人民幣(bi)升值和從緊貨(huo)幣(bi)政策等諸多不利因素的影響(xiang),中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)目前正面臨困(kun)難。據(ju)官方(fang)統(tong)計數(shu)據(ju),2008年上(shang)半年共有6.7萬家中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)倒閉。

資(zi)金是(shi)(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)存和(he)發展(zhan)不可或缺(que)的(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan),但融資(zi)難卻是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)先天性問題。在(zai)各種融資(zi)方式中(zhong)(zhong),銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)信貸是(shi)(shi)重要的(de)(de)資(zi)金來(lai)源(yuan),由于中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)有天生(sheng)的(de)(de)劣勢,即一方面(mian),中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)盡管有些資(zi)產總額較大(da),但負債(zhai)率高,因此企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)擁有處置(zhi)權利(li)的(de)(de)自有資(zi)產少;另一方面(mian),企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)擁有的(de)(de)資(zi)產往往不符合銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)對變現能力、保(bao)值能力的(de)(de)偏好(hao),抵(di)押率不高,所以。銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)從自身利(li)益出發,通(tong)常不愿開(kai)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)信貸業(ye)(ye)務。融資(zi)難已成嚴重制約中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)瓶頸。

為減(jian)輕中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業在發展過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)收負(fu)擔,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央財(cai)政近(jin)年(nian)來出臺(tai)了(le)一系(xi)列(lie)針對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業的(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)收優惠(hui)政策。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包括新企(qi)業所得(de)稅(shui)(shui)法中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規定小(xiao)(xiao)型微利(li)企(qi)業按(an)照20%的(de)(de)企(qi)業所得(de)稅(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)率(lv)(lv)征收,提(ti)高增值稅(shui)(shui)和營業稅(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)起征點以及近(jin)期提(ti)高紡織業等企(qi)業的(de)(de)出口退稅(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)率(lv)(lv)。盡管如此,仍(reng)有(you)(you)不少(shao)企(qi)業感到稅(shui)(shui)負(fu)較(jiao)重,而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業對解決就業的(de)(de)貢獻在當前的(de)(de)經濟形勢(shi)下是非(fei)常重要的(de)(de)。對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業的(de)(de)支持政府(fu)應該施(shi)展組合拳:財(cai)政、金融協同(tong)政策才能有(you)(you)效解決中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業的(de)(de)融資難問題。

一(yi)、中小(xiao)企業融資難及其解決(jue)途(tu)徑

中(zhong)(zhong)小企業(ye)是(shi)國民經濟(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)最活躍的(de)經濟(ji)成(cheng)分之(zhi)一。在經濟(ji)和(he)社會發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)地位和(he)作(zuo)用(yong)日益(yi)顯(xian)著,但融資難(nan)已成(cheng)為困(kun)擾中(zhong)(zhong)小企業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)要問題。特別是(shi)近年來,能源、糧食和(he)勞動力價格(ge)的(de)不斷上(shang)漲,進一步加大了中(zhong)(zhong)小企業(ye)成(cheng)本支出(chu),使(shi)本來就捉(zhuo)襟見肘的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小企業(ye)資金越發(fa)困(kun)難(nan)。尤其是(shi)目前,我國經濟(ji)出(chu)現下滑的(de)勢頭,如何解決中(zhong)(zhong)小企業(ye)融資難(nan)的(de)問胚,就成(cheng)為事關中(zhong)(zhong)國經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)全局的(de)大問題。

一、中(zhong)小(xiao)企業信貸(dai)融資現狀

改革開放以(yi)來(lai)，隨著我國(guo)經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速發展，各地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都(dou)表現(xian)(xian)得相當活躍。據國(guo)家(jia)統計局統計，我國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)量(liang)已經超過4000萬戶，占全國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)99％以(yi)上(shang)，實現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)內生(sheng)產總(zong)值占比約(yue)為60％，上(shang)繳稅收(shou)(shou)占國(guo)家(jia)稅收(shou)(shou)總(zong)額的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50％，就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人口占全國(guo)總(zong)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)75％以(yi)上(shang)，開發新(xin)產品占82％以(yi)上(shang)。通過分(fen)析數據，我們不難發現(xian)(xian)：中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)無(wu)論是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)擴大(da)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、維護社會穩定方面，還是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)產品創新(xin)、推(tui)動社會進步方面都(dou)作出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)自己(ji)巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻，在(zai)(zai)(zai)我國(guo)國(guo)民經濟中(zhong)(zhong)扮演著愈(yu)來(lai)愈(yu)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色(se)。任何(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)維持生(sheng)產都(dou)依賴于資(zi)(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)注(zhu)入，正(zheng)處在(zai)(zai)(zai)發展期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)更(geng)是(shi)如(ru)此。其資(zi)(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)大(da)致分(fen)為內源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)和外(wai)(wai)源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)。對(dui)(dui)于大(da)部(bu)分(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)而(er)言，自籌資(zi)(zi)(zi)金往往難以(yi)滿(man)(man)足發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要想發展就必(bi)須依靠于外(wai)(wai)來(lai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持，即外(wai)(wai)源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)，所(suo)以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)(dui)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)信(xin)貸資(zi)(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴性(xing)普遍(bian)(bian)較強，對(dui)(dui)貸款(kuan)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求極為迫切。然而(er)，日前銀行(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)貸比例僅(jin)僅(jin)維持在(zai)(zai)(zai)5％左右，遠遠不能滿(man)(man)足廣(guang)大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貸款(kuan)需(xu)求。中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良(liang)貸款(kuan)率、壞(huai)賬率普遍(bian)(bian)居高(gao)不下，嚴重制(zhi)約(yue)了(le)(le)(le)銀行(xing)(xing)貸款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)，再加上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自身存在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，使得銀行(xing)(xing)往往有力(li)無(wu)心，對(dui)(dui)絕大(da)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客戶敬(jing)而(er)遠之，出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)銀行(xing)(xing)惜(xi)貸、拒貸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，造成了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困境(jing)。

二(er)、中小企業融(rong)資難的成因

中小(xiao)企業難以從銀(yin)行獲得(de)貸款，致使融(rong)資困難，這其中銀(yin)行、中小(xiao)企業自身(shen)和社(she)會(hui)負有不可(ke)推卸的責(ze)任。

1、銀行內部因素

商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)吸收存款(kuan)、發放貸(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)和從(cong)事其他中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)盈利(li)(li)性(xing)金(jin)融(rong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，首先注重的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本和收益(yi)(yi)。由于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求特點(dian)是(shi)“短、頻(pin)、快、急”，屬于零(ling)售式的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)額(e)融(rong)資(zi)，因此(ci)往(wang)往(wang)造成銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)模不(bu)經濟，交易(yi)成本上(shang)升，且(qie)(qie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)數(shu)量眾多(duo)，貸(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)額(e)度較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)，單位收益(yi)(yi)率普遍較(jiao)低(di)，造成銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou)期(qi)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成本大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)升高，使(shi)得(de)(de)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)往(wang)往(wang)規(gui)避中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)。銀企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)不(bu)對(dui)稱現象，使(shi)得(de)(de)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)譽水平(ping)、財(cai)務狀況、受擔保能(neng)力、市(shi)場(chang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)等(deng)情(qing)況了解得(de)(de)不(bu)夠全面，難(nan)以在信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)市(shi)場(chang)上(shang)做出正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)策(ce)分(fen)析(xi)，大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提升了銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)水平(ping)。因此(ci)，銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)優先選擇一批優質(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye))進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)，來(lai)(lai)降低(di)銀企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)由于信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)不(bu)對(dui)稱所帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)，這(zhe)也是(shi)導致中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)資(zi)難(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)原因之一。信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務是(shi)我國商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務，也是(shi)目前我國商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實現利(li)(li)潤的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)途徑。但(dan)是(shi)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)現行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)體制不(bu)利(li)(li)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。比如信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)門檻設置(zhi)較(jiao)高；信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)流程復雜、周期(qi)較(jiao)長(chang)；信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)產品設計不(bu)合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)；信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)人(ren)員(yuan)考核機制不(bu)合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，等(deng)等(deng)。銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內部對(dui)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)人(ren)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)考核，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)包括其辦理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量和質(zhi)(zhi)量。對(dui)于信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)人(ren)員(yuan)而言，辦理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)一個中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)所花費的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)和精力與辦理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)一個大(da)(da)(da)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)并無兩樣，且(qie)(qie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)還款(kuan)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)較(jiao)高，還款(kuan)質(zhi)(zhi)量存在疑問，可能(neng)會(hui)影(ying)響到信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績(ji)，因此(ci)在日常工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)人(ren)員(yuan)往(wang)往(wang)回避中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務。比如資(zi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)調查(cha)，客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)經理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)既要(yao)(yao)(yao)調查(cha)分(fen)析(xi)該企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務報(bao)表，又(you)要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)系統風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)、客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)記(ji)錄(lu)和基本面信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)細致分(fen)析(xi)，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量與調查(cha)大(da)(da)(da)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)相(xiang)差無幾，且(qie)(qie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)款(kuan)額(e)度較(jiao)少，期(qi)限較(jiao)短，收益(yi)(yi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)高，直(zhi)接影(ying)響了客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)經理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性(xing)，在無形中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)增加了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)壁壘。

摘要(yao)：供(gong)應(ying)鏈金(jin)(jin)融是(shi)一種新型(xing)信(xin)貸(dai)模(mo)(mo)式，突破了傳統融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模(mo)(mo)式的(de)限制，有助(zhu)于緩(huan)解溫州中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)受限問題。供(gong)應(ying)鏈金(jin)(jin)融模(mo)(mo)式充(chong)分利用了產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)供(gong)應(ying)鏈結構的(de)特點以及對(dui)商品交易(yi)細節(jie)的(de)把握，圍繞核心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)其供(gong)應(ying)鏈上的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)供(gong)金(jin)(jin)融支持(chi)。隨(sui)著(zhu)供(gong)應(ying)鏈金(jin)(jin)融模(mo)(mo)式的(de)出現，利于解決溫州中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現面臨資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)籌集(ji)效率低(di)、金(jin)(jin)融體系不(bu)完善、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自身缺陷等問題。一個企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)只有在資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)不(bu)受限的(de)情況(kuang)下，才能(neng)為(wei)后期企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)良好發展提(ti)供(gong)源源不(bu)斷的(de)動力(li)支持(chi)。

關鍵詞：新型信貸模式(shi);供應鏈;融資受限

在(zai)我國現(xian)(xian)代化進程中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)促進國家經濟發(fa)展方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)不容小(xiao)覷。無論是從經濟貢獻(xian)還是社會貢獻(xian)層面，中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)都起(qi)著重要作用(yong)(yong)。然而隨著我國經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)日益凸顯。溫州是一個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市，其生(sheng)存(cun)現(xian)(xian)狀和融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)帶有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍性，反映了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國許多實體經濟企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)難的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展現(xian)(xian)狀。近年來，溫州中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展遇到了(le)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金瓶頸(jing)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。大多數企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)不能從根本(ben)上解決(jue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金供給問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)，從而引(yin)發(fa)了(le)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金周(zhou)轉困(kun)難等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。以供應(ying)鏈為核心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式(shi)，有利(li)于中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金獲取(qu)困(kun)難等問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解決(jue)。供應(ying)鏈融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模型是一種(zhong)剛興起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模型，在(zai)市場上比較少見(jian)，尚(shang)未(wei)成熟。利(li)用(yong)(yong)供應(ying)鏈金融模式(shi)，可以促進溫州中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展，有助于化解融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。在(zai)引(yin)進新(xin)模式(shi)解決(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，也需要研究其風(feng)險以及作好系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防范，不斷創(chuang)新(xin)發(fa)展新(xin)思路。

1供應鏈金融

1.1供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)概念。供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是一(yi)(yi)類(lei)新(xin)興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資模型(xing)(xing)，圍繞(rao)核心(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)自(zi)身信用情況，旨在降(jiang)低(di)中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資交易成本(ben)以(yi)及解決中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資難(nan)問題。通過提升供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)競(jing)爭力，從(cong)而實現利益相(xiang)關方協同發展，創造共贏局面(mian)。供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體系把單(dan)個分散的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)整(zheng)合成企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)群體，把單(dan)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)公司整(zheng)合在一(yi)(yi)起(qi)，形成一(yi)(yi)條企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)。在此企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)上，原本(ben)單(dan)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭變成了(le)整(zheng)體的(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭，這極大(da)(da)程度(du)上減(jian)小了(le)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資風險。1.2供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)發展情況。近年來，隨著供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)模式的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)起(qi)，人們加(jia)大(da)(da)了(le)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)模型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)關注度(du)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)在供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)始于21世(shi)紀(ji)初(chu)期，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)學者對(dui)于供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)產生背景以(yi)及行為模式進(jin)行了(le)總(zong)結歸納，指(zhi)出(chu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)主要集中(zhong)在“應(ying)(ying)收賬款(kuan)、預付賬款(kuan)、存貨”三(san)大(da)(da)類(lei)。隨著供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用推(tui)廣(guang)與創新(xin)，學者更(geng)加(jia)深入研究(jiu)(jiu)了(le)基(ji)于供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)主體的(de)(de)(de)運營決策(ce)以(yi)及供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)整(zheng)體績(ji)效和協調性的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。同時隨著人工智能(neng)、云計算、區塊鏈(lian)等新(xin)概念的(de)(de)(de)提出(chu)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)研究(jiu)(jiu)也出(chu)現了(le)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)發展方向。

2供應鏈金融(rong)(rong)對(dui)溫(wen)州中小企(qi)業融(rong)(rong)資的影(ying)響

一、深化改革，建立健全促進中小企業發展的財政金融體系

隨著市場經(jing)(jing)濟的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在經(jing)(jing)濟社(she)會發展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)作用日益(yi)凸顯(xian)。與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市、大企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)相比，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在資(zi)(zi)金(jin)、信(xin)(xin)息、人才、技術、管理諸多方(fang)(fang)面(mian)處于(yu)劣勢。要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)深化金(jin)融體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)(ge)，加快(kuai)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)面(mian)向(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)特(te)別是(shi)縣域中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)金(jin)融扶(fu)持體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系，積極支(zhi)持國有(you)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)從行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)準入、風險(xian)控制(zhi)、補償機制(zhi)、信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)投向(xiang)、網點(dian)布局等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，向(xiang)縣域中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)傾斜，切(qie)實幫助中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)拓展(zhan)融資(zi)(zi)渠道(dao)。經(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)十(shi)余年的(de)(de)金(jin)融體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)(ge)，我(wo)國已(yi)初步(bu)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)了多元(yuan)化的(de)(de)現代金(jin)融體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系，然(ran)而(er)以四大國有(you)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)核心的(de)(de)金(jin)融體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系，其服(fu)務(wu)(wu)主要面(mian)向(xiang)國有(you)大企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其“副業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”。依(yi)托大銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)解(jie)決中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)模式在理論上意味(wei)著較(jiao)高的(de)(de)融資(zi)(zi)費用與(yu)(yu)成本，因而(er)適用的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)限。因此，從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)長期(qi)來(lai)看，有(you)必要創立(li)(li)專門(men)(men)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)，專司為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提供信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)之責。建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)專門(men)(men)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)機構，較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)可能(neng)的(de)(de)途徑是(shi)在城(cheng)(cheng)市商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)、城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)信(xin)(xin)用合作社(she)等(deng)(deng)區域性銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)上改制(zhi)創建(jian)(jian)專門(men)(men)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)，充分(fen)發揮其“立(li)(li)足地方(fang)(fang)、服(fu)務(wu)(wu)地方(fang)(fang)、特(te)色服(fu)務(wu)(wu)”的(de)(de)優勢，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提供信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)融資(zi)(zi)支(zhi)持。目(mu)(mu)前城(cheng)(cheng)市商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)用社(she)發展(zhan)戰(zhan)略與(yu)(yu)國有(you)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)趨同，市場定位模糊，極力(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)國有(you)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)爭奪(duo)大城(cheng)(cheng)市、大企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客(ke)戶。從其自身(shen)經(jing)(jing)營能(neng)力(li)(li)和市場細分(fen)的(de)(de)觀念來(lai)看，城(cheng)(cheng)市商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)用社(she)應調整(zheng)發展(zhan)戰(zhan)略，將中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主要目(mu)(mu)標(biao)市場，考(kao)慮到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)款隱性成本高的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，國家應加強引導(dao)，給予適當(dang)補貼，調動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)機構的(de)(de)積極性。同時，要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)改革(ge)(ge)公共(gong)財(cai)政體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系，進一步(bu)把扶(fu)持中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)加快(kuai)發展(zhan)，作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公共(gong)財(cai)政建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)重要任務(wu)(wu)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)健(jian)全包括資(zi)(zi)金(jin)、稅收、融資(zi)(zi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)一系列扶(fu)持政策措施，加大對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)支(zhi)持力(li)(li)度，緩解(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融資(zi)(zi)困難。

二(er)、主(zhu)動作為(wei)，全面提高對(dui)中小企業的金融服務(wu)水平

目前，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)市(shi)場準(zhun)(zhun)入(ru)、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)選擇、行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標準(zhun)(zhun)、產(chan)品質量、法律保(bao)護、金融(rong)(rong)(rong)支(zhi)持(chi)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)社(she)會服務(wu)各個方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)要求越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)高，越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)迫切，這對(dui)服務(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展提(ti)(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)更(geng)高要求。銀(yin)(yin)行作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)目前我國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)外部(bu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)主要渠(qu)(qu)道，在(zai)當(dang)前國(guo)有(you)銀(yin)(yin)行的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要重視(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)信貸(dai)(dai)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)。①國(guo)有(you)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行必(bi)須觀念創(chuang)(chuang)新。應辯證地(di)(di)對(dui)待大(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)關(guan)系(xi)，真正做到貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)準(zhun)(zhun)則以(yi)(yi)效(xiao)益為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)，步(bu)出以(yi)(yi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)模(mo)、所有(you)制(zhi)形(xing)式作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)依據的(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)區。對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金需求應一(yi)視(shi)同(tong)仁，逐步(bu)提(ti)(ti)高中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信貸(dai)(dai)支(zhi)持(chi)比(bi)例。按照(zhao)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)政策確定中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)投向，適當(dang)下(xia)(xia)放中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)流(liu)動資(zi)金貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)審批權(quan)限，修(xiu)訂企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信用(yong)(yong)等級評定標準(zhun)(zhun)，建立中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵機制(zhi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)營造良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)環境。②為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)全(quan)方(fang)位的(de)(de)(de)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)服務(wu)。銀(yin)(yin)行對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)從企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)辦、生產(chan)經(jing)(jing)營、貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)回(hui)收全(quan)過程的(de)(de)(de)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)服務(wu)，包括投資(zi)分(fen)析(xi)、項目選擇、融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)擔(dan)保(bao)、財務(wu)管(guan)理(li)、資(zi)金運(yun)作(zuo)、市(shi)場營銷等內容(rong)。全(quan)方(fang)位的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條龍(long)服務(wu)，將極(ji)大(da)地(di)(di)增強(qiang)(qiang)了(le)(le)(le)客戶市(shi)場競爭力，保(bao)證了(le)(le)(le)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收，降低了(le)(le)(le)信貸(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)風險。③主動參與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改制(zhi)與重組(zu)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改制(zhi)與重組(zu)是盤活沉(chen)淀在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)銀(yin)(yin)行債(zhai)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)重要途徑。通過資(zi)產(chan)換置及(ji)變(bian)現(xian)，部(bu)分(fen)銀(yin)(yin)行貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)得(de)以(yi)(yi)回(hui)收。要積極(ji)對(dui)照(zhao)國(guo)家(jia)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)政策，運(yun)用(yong)(yong)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)產(chan)品支(zhi)持(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)變(bian)粗(cu)放式增長方(fang)式，加快(kuai)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結構調(diao)整步(bu)伐(fa)，促進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)增長方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變(bian)。此外，銀(yin)(yin)行對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時培育穩定的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)客戶群，實(shi)現(xian)銀(yin)(yin)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)“雙贏”。當(dang)前，特別要主動適應國(guo)家(jia)發展規(gui)劃和宏觀調(diao)控(kong)政策導向，下(xia)(xia)力氣引導中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)加強(qiang)(qiang)自主創(chuang)(chuang)新能力建設，積極(ji)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)手段(duan)，促進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)引進新技術(shu)新產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，改造提(ti)(ti)升傳統產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，積累自己的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)力量和經(jing)(jing)驗，增強(qiang)(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)核心(xin)競爭力。要加強(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的(de)(de)(de)政策研(yan)究和工作(zuo)調(diao)研(yan)，切實(shi)更(geng)廣泛更(geng)深入(ru)地(di)(di)掌握中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發展情況，并結合金融(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)拓(tuo)展，在(zai)政策扶(fu)持(chi)、改善環境、破除壟(long)斷、拓(tuo)寬融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)渠(qu)(qu)道等方(fang)面(mian)提(ti)(ti)出意見、主動作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展提(ti)(ti)供(gong)更(geng)多更(geng)好(hao)、更(geng)好(hao)有(you)成效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)服務(wu)。三、積極(ji)引導，大(da)力推進信用(yong)(yong)體系(xi)建設

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)缺失是導致(zhi)其融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)難(nan)問題而制(zhi)(zhi)約其發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突出因素(su)。所(suo)以，建(jian)(jian)立(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)服務(wu)體(ti)(ti)系是緩解中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)難(nan)、促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效途(tu)徑。加(jia)強中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)管理工(gong)作(zuo)，加(jia)快中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)社會化服務(wu)體(ti)(ti)系建(jian)(jian)設(she)，是進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步改(gai)善和優化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)環境(jing)(jing)，切實(shi)解決中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遇到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困難(nan)和問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)環節。一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)著眼(yan)于(yu)誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，加(jia)強對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)文(wen)化、誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)觀念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養和引導，夯實(shi)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)體(ti)(ti)系建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)基(ji)礎(chu)和工(gong)作(zuo)基(ji)礎(chu)。同時(shi)，大(da)(da)力(li)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)度建(jian)(jian)設(she)，健全和完善中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息征集、信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等級評價體(ti)(ti)系，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息查詢(xun)和服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會化。當前，特別要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意聯系縣鄉(xiang)實(shi)際，扎(zha)實(shi)抓(zhua)好創(chuang)評“文(wen)明(ming)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)”、“文(wen)明(ming)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)戶”活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)(tui)廣，組織縣域金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)檔次、信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等級評定和欠(qian)貸(dai)情況及時(shi)掌握，發(fa)現先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)典型(xing)及時(shi)推(tui)(tui)廣，發(fa)揮典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)示范作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)環境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善。一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)著眼(yan)于(yu)營造(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)又好又快發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會環境(jing)(jing)，大(da)(da)力(li)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，鼓勵和支持金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構特別是面(mian)向縣域、面(mian)向農(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)組織，更新經營理念，改(gai)革(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)，創(chuang)新金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)產(chan)品，大(da)(da)力(li)推(tui)(tui)廣小(xiao)(xiao)額信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)、聯保(bao)(bao)(bao)貸(dai)款以及林地(di)、資(zi)(zi)產(chan)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)等多種模式，提高對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)服務(wu)水平，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)評估(gu)和行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自律制(zhi)(zhi)度建(jian)(jian)設(she)，引導和規范社會中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)介組織特別是信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。實(shi)踐證(zheng)明(ming)，我市(shi)將(jiang)樂(le)等地(di)采取“典當、擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)、咨詢(xun)、評估(gu)、拍賣、投(tou)資(zi)(zi)”六位一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)模式，在為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提供多層次、全方位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)服務(wu)方面(mian)，發(fa)揮了積極(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，值得進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步借(jie)鑒推(tui)(tui)廣。

四、精心運作，促進更多(duo)中小企業上市融(rong)資(zi)