企業市場風險分析及對策范文

時間:2023-08-29 17:18:01

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企業市場風險分析及對策

篇1

>> 未來的美國住房金融市場 克服道德風險重建美國住房金融市場信心 海南離岸金融市場的資本市場風險控制研究 農村金融市場風險分析對策研(yan)究(jiu) VaR視(shi)角(jiao)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)(ce)度(du)統計研(yan)究(jiu) 農村金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)理財工具(ju)供給研(yan)究(jiu) 美國(guo)(guo)(guo)發展農村金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)經驗 我國(guo)(guo)(guo)現階段金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)道德(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)研(yan)究(jiu) 我國(guo)(guo)(guo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)無風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利率選(xuan)擇的(de)研(yan)究(jiu) 基于半參數的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)(ce)度(du)法研(yan)究(jiu) 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)系統性風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)理論(lun)研(yan)究(jiu) 商業銀行金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)業務操作(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)啟示 基于貝(bei)葉斯統計的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)若干風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)(ce)度(du)研(yan)究(jiu) 從美國(guo)(guo)(guo)次級債危機看中國(guo)(guo)(guo)房地(di)產金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian) 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)值測(ce)(ce)量及動態分(fen)析 論(lun)離岸金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)監管 淺(qian)談(tan)房地(di)產金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian) 離岸金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)中利率與(yu)(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)探(tan)(tan)討 國(guo)(guo)(guo)際金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)機遇與(yu)(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)探(tan)(tan)析 國(guo)(guo)(guo)際金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)機遇與(yu)(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析 常見問題解答 當前所在位置:l.

Fannie Mae., 2011, "Fannie Mae Debt Securities", Retrieved from Fannie Mae: http:///resources/file/debt/pdf/understanding-debt/Callable_Brochure.pdf.

Federal Housing Finance Agency, 2011, Report to Congress, Washington D.C.: Federal Housing Finance Agency.

Federal Housing Finance Agency, 2013, The Housing Government-Sponsored Enterprises' Challenges in Managing Interest Rate Risks, Washington D.C.: Federal Housing Finance Agency.

Hubbard, R. G., 2003, "Evaluating Liquidity Risk Management at Fannie Mae", Fannie Mae Papers, Volumn II, Issue 5.

Jaffee, D. July 2002, "The Interest Rate Risk of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac", Retrieved from UC Berkeley Haas Business School : http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/jaffee/Papers/FFJuly31.pdf.

Poole, W., 2005, "GSE Risks", Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, pp85-91.

Schmid, F. A., 2005, "Stock Return and Interest Rate Risk at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Federal Reserve Bank of St", Louis Review, pp35-48.

Thomas, J., & Van Order, R, March 2011, "A Closer Look at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: What We Know, What We Think We Know and What We Don't Know", Retrieved from George Washington University Business: http://business.gwu.edu/creua/research-papers/files/fannie-freddie.pdf.

United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, 2014, "Summary of Senate Banking Committee Leader' Bipartisan Housing Finance Reform Draf", Retrieved from United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs: http://banking.senate.gov/public/_files/SummaryoftheBipartisanHousingFinanceReformDraft_update.pdf.

Weicher, J. C., November 2010, "The Affordable Housing Goals, Homeownership and Risk: Some Lessons from Past Efforts to Regulate the GSEs", Retrieved from St. Louis Federal Reserve: http:///conferences/gse/Weicher.pdf.

責 編/樊保玲

篇2

[關(guan)鍵(jian)詞]勘探開發 風險分析 指(zhi)標(biao)體(ti)系 模糊綜合評(ping)價

隨著我國國民經(jing)濟的快速發(fa)展(zhan),我國原油(you)(you)(you)產(chan)量已(yi)無法滿足(zu)消費需(xu)求,石油(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業作為國家(jia)石油(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)產(chan)的特大(da)(da)型企(qi)(qi)業,對保障石油(you)(you)(you)供應責無旁貸。開拓海(hai)外油(you)(you)(you)氣市場是(shi)油(you)(you)(you)田的重大(da)(da)戰略舉措,也(ye)是(shi)實(shi)行可持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)的必然要求。

自20世紀80年代以來,世界油氣勘探(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)發現規(gui)模(mo)逐漸變小,勘探(tan)(tan)(tan)難度逐漸加大(da)。如何利用有限的(de)投資最大(da)限度地獲得經(jing)濟儲量,是(shi)勘探(tan)(tan)(tan)面臨的(de)重要課(ke)題。勘探(tan)(tan)(tan)投資組(zu)合和風險分析與管理(li)將成為勘探(tan)(tan)(tan)管理(li)必不可少的(de)手(shou)段,本文就是(shi)根據油田(tian)開(kai)拓海外市場的(de)需要而研究(jiu),旨(zhi)在對跨國勘探(tan)(tan)(tan)開(kai)發風險分析和經(jing)濟評價(jia)工作(zuo)能起(qi)到(dao)促進作(zuo)用。

1 理論基礎

風險(xian)管理發源于(yu)美國,二(er)戰后,開(kai)始傳入德國、法國和日本,研究的領(ling)域也在逐(zhu)漸擴大。

在(zai)我(wo)國,風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)剛剛起步,處(chu)于不斷發展完善中(zhong)。雖(sui)己在(zai)各行各業(ye)開展研究,但大量關于風(feng)險(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)別,風(feng)險(xian)(xian)分析評價和處(chu)理(li)等過程的研究結果集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)金融(rong)業(ye)和保險(xian)(xian)業(ye),而對于海外石(shi)油勘(kan)探開發,風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)還處(chu)于未被人們認識(shi)(shi)的階(jie)段。

風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理(li)是指(zhi)經濟單位對風(feng)險(xian)(xian)進行(xing)識(shi)別、衡量、分(fen)析,并在(zai)此基礎上有效(xiao)地處置風(feng)險(xian)(xian),以最低成本實現最大安全保障的科學管理(li)方法(fa),它包括風(feng)險(xian)(xian)分(fen)析和風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理(li)決策(ce)與實施兩大內(nei)容。

(1)風險分析

風(feng)險分析是指(zhi)對風(feng)險的(de)識別(bie)、估計(ji)和(he)評價做出全面的(de)、綜合(he)的(de)分析,它是風(feng)險管理的(de)基礎(chu),分為風(feng)險識別(bie)、風(feng)險估計(ji)和(he)風(feng)險評價三個階段(duan)。

風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)分析的(de)(de)第一步是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)識別,其目(mu)的(de)(de)是(shi)減少(shao)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)結構不確(que)定(ding)(ding)性。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)估計(ji)是(shi)估計(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)性質(zhi)、估算(suan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)事(shi)件發生的(de)(de)概率及(ji)其后果的(de)(de)大(da)小,以減少(shao)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)計(ji)量不確(que)定(ding)(ding)性。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)評價(jia)(jia)是(shi)對各風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)事(shi)件后果進(jin)行(xing)評價(jia)(jia),確(que)定(ding)(ding)其嚴重(zhong)程度的(de)(de)順序和對風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)采取的(de)(de)應對措(cuo)施。在實踐中,這三個階段常(chang)常(chang)相互重(zhong)疊,需要反(fan)復交替(ti)進(jin)行(xing)。

(2)風(feng)險管理決策與實施

風險管理決策必須建(jian)立(li)在對可行(xing)性(xing)進行(xing)周密(mi)調查分析的基礎上,它包括風險規劃、風險控制(zhi)、風險監督(du)三個階段。

風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規(gui)劃(hua)是(shi)制定(ding)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)(bi)策略(lve)及(ji)具(ju)體實(shi)(shi)施(shi)措(cuo)施(shi)和(he)手段的過(guo)程。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制是(shi)在風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)事件發生時,實(shi)(shi)施(shi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理(li)計劃(hua)中的規(gui)避(bi)(bi)措(cuo)施(shi),并在項目(mu)情況(kuang)發生變化(hua)時,重新進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)分析、制定(ding)新的規(gui)避(bi)(bi)措(cuo)施(shi)、進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)監督則(ze)是(shi)監視項目(mu)的進展和(he)項目(mu)環境及(ji)其(qi)因素的變化(hua),核(he)對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)(bi)策略(lve)和(he)措(cuo)施(shi)的實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)效果是(shi)否與預見的相(xiang)同,尋找機會改善和(he)細化(hua)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)(bi)計劃(hua),獲取反饋信息,以便將來(lai)的決策更符合(he)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)。

2 海外油氣勘探開發項目風(feng)險分析

海外油氣勘(kan)探開發項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)分(fen)析是(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)險(xian)管理研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)很重要的(de)(de)一環,它包括對(dui)各種類型(xing)的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)描述,為風(feng)險(xian)對(dui)策研(yan)究(jiu)提供依據。

2.1 油(you)氣勘探開發風險(xian)的特征和(he)識別

1. 油氣勘探開發(fa)風險(xian)的特征(zheng)

石(shi)油(you)天(tian)然氣(qi)的(de)地質(zhi)模(mo)糊(hu)性(xing)(xing)和流動復雜性(xing)(xing),帶來了油(you)氣(qi)開采行(xing)業(ye)的(de)高(gao)風險(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)。具體體現在:(1)高(gao)科技(ji)、高(gao)投(tou)入、高(gao)風險(xian)(xian);(2)綜合性(xing)(xing)風險(xian)(xian)高(gao);(3)投(tou)資(zi)回收期長;(4)地下資(zi)源量(liang)的(de)不確(que)定性(xing)(xing)高(gao);(5)高(gao)風險(xian)(xian)伴隨高(gao)利潤。

2.風險識別

海外油氣勘探開發(fa)區塊選擇的機會多,完全以經(jing)濟效益為中心,投資風險大,勘探開發(fa)的面積(ji)、時間和所獲利潤有(you)嚴(yan)格的限制。

本文主要運用風(feng)險因素(su)預先法、環(huan)境分析(xi)法和問卷調查法對海(hai)外油氣勘探開發風(feng)險進行分析(xi)。具體(ti)思(si)路如下(xia):

(1)根據(ju)風(feng)險(xian)因素(su)預先分析法對可(ke)能(neng)出現的風(feng)險(xian)因素(su)進行詳盡(jin)分析,避免(mian)盲目投資,及早采取措施。

(2)利用環(huan)境(jing)分析(xi)法對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目所處環(huan)境(jing)給項(xiang)(xiang)目帶來的(de)內在風險進行識別。

(3)利用問卷調查法,從定性和定量兩方面較(jiao)全面地識(shi)別和把握各(ge)類風險的特(te)征,以便更好地采(cai)取(qu)相應對策。

2.2海(hai)外油氣(qi)勘探開發項目(mu)風(feng)險評價的思路和原則

本文運用層(ceng)次分析法(fa)和模糊綜合評價法(fa),以一組較為客觀(guan)的指標體系對海外油氣勘探開發風險(xian)進(jin)行綜合評價。基本思(si)路如下:

(1)評價要結合油氣勘探(tan)開發(fa)行業(ye)的(de)特殊(shu)性,并緊(jin)緊(jin)圍(wei)繞海(hai)外(wai)油氣勘探(tan)開發(fa)風險的(de)基(ji)本構成要素及相互關系。

(2)評價指(zhi)標的(de)選擇盡(jin)可能(neng)的(de)全面、客(ke)觀,突出綜合評價的(de)特點。

(3)評價(jia)結果不僅滿足評價(jia)對象(xiang)的排序,還要為改進和提(ti)(ti)高風險管理的能力提(ti)(ti)供思路。

同(tong)時,為保(bao)證油(you)氣(qi)勘探(tan)開發風(feng)險評(ping)價結果的科學性、正確性、實用性、全面性和可比(bi)性,在構(gou)建(jian)風(feng)險評(ping)價指標體系時應遵循以下基本原(yuan)則:

(1)綜合性原(yuan)則(ze),構建的指標體系要(yao)綜合地揭示海(hai)外勘探(tan)開發(fa)項目(mu)風險的整體信息(xi)。

(2)層(ceng)次性的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze),評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)指(zhi)標(biao)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)設置能準確反映各層(ceng)次之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)配關(guan)系(xi)(xi),各指(zhi)標(biao)有明(ming)確內涵,按照層(ceng)次遞進(jin)關(guan)系(xi)(xi),組(zu)成層(ceng)次分明(ming)、結構合理、相互(hu)關(guan)聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti),保證評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)科學性。

(3)系統(tong)性原(yuan)則,油氣勘探(tan)開發(fa)風險評(ping)價(jia)受各種因素(su)及其組合效果的(de)(de)影響,采取系統(tong)設計、評(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則,全(quan)面反(fan)映評(ping)價(jia)對(dui)象的(de)(de)優劣。

(4)可行性(xing)原(yuan)則(ze),選擇的(de)(de)指(zhi)標應適應現行的(de)(de)勘探開發工作(zuo)的(de)(de)實際(ji),指(zhi)標設(she)計方法簡便(bian)易(yi)行、體(ti)系科學合理(li),含義清(qing)晰(xi)、數(shu)量得當,提高(gao)實際(ji)評估(gu)的(de)(de)可操(cao)作(zuo)性(xing)。

2.3 海外油氣(qi)勘探開發(fa)項目風(feng)險評價指(zhi)標選取

建立合理的海外(wai)油(you)氣勘探開發風(feng)險評(ping)價指標體系,必(bi)須全面考(kao)慮海外(wai)油(you)氣勘探開發風(feng)險的構成要素,并結(jie)合油(you)田(tian)的實際情況,選(xuan)取的評(ping)價指標為:

1.環境風險

海外油(you)氣勘探開發(fa)項目(mu)的環境風(feng)險包括:政(zheng)治風(feng)險、法(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險、經濟(ji)風(feng)險。

(1)政(zheng)治風險是指在海外(wai)油氣勘探(tan)開發項(xiang)目中(zhong),由(you)于未預見(jian)到的(de)政(zheng)治因素變化而給項(xiang)目可能帶來(lai)經濟損失(shi)的(de)風險,有(you)(you)國有(you)(you)化風險、戰爭風險、政(zheng)策變動風險和(he)資(zi)金移動風險四種形式。

(2)法律風(feng)險(xian)主(zhu)要(yao)指石油法規(gui)的變化可能帶(dai)來的損失。

(3)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)風險(xian)是指(zhi)由于項(xiang)目(mu)運行(xing)過程中與項(xiang)目(mu)有關(guan)的經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)因素發生意想不到的變化(hua)而產生的風險(xian),經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)風險(xian)源主要有東道國經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)狀況(kuang)、國際經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)環境(jing)及相關(guan)項(xiang)目(mu)的運行(xing)情況(kuang)。

2.地質風險

地質風(feng)(feng)險是可(ke)采(cai)油氣藏存在(zai)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險,主要(yao)是來源于地質的(de)復雜性與資(zi)料的(de)缺乏和心理上的(de)因素。它的(de)評價(jia)指標分為五(wu)個單項地質條件(jian)(jian):烴源條件(jian)(jian)、儲層(ceng)條件(jian)(jian)、保存條件(jian)(jian)、圈閉條件(jian)(jian)和運聚配套條件(jian)(jian)。

3.市場風險

市(shi)場(chang)風險(xian)是指由于市(shi)場(chang)上各(ge)種不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)因素(su)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang),導致(zhi)油氣勘探(tan)開發投(tou)資(zi)(zi)項目預測的(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)收益與實際收益存在(zai)差距的(de)(de)可能性(xing),它對投(tou)資(zi)(zi)項目的(de)(de)效(xiao)益影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)很(hen)大,主(zhu)要體(ti)現在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)競爭狀(zhuang)況、需求前景的(de)(de)不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)、市(shi)場(chang)價格的(de)(de)不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)等。

4.工程技術風險

工(gong)程技術風險指所(suo)估算的(de)油(you)氣體積(ji)是(shi)否的(de)確存在于地下,儲量(liang)和開采(cai)速度是(shi)否像設計的(de)那樣。本文(wen)選(xuan)取工(gong)程技術難度、地面環境和交通(tong)狀況作為(wei)評價指標。

5.管理風險

管(guan)理(li)風(feng)險是(shi)在油(you)氣勘探開發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)經營和管(guan)理(li)過程中,由于管(guan)理(li)不善,項(xiang)目(mu)有(you)關各方不協(xie)調以及其他不確(que)定(ding)性(xing)而引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接影響到(dao)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)獲利能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險,包括:人力資源狀況、項(xiang)目(mu)經理(li)素(su)質、組(zu)織(zhi)結(jie)構、核心成員(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)流的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)性(xing)、合同風(feng)險、銜(xian)接風(feng)險、成員(yuan)(yuan)團(tuan)結(jie)與(yu)協(xie)調狀況等。

2.4 海(hai)外(wai)油氣勘探開發(fa)項目風險評價

根據建模(mo)的(de)目(mu)的(de)和所遵(zun)循的(de)原則,本(ben)文(wen)選(xuan)擇多級(ji)模(mo)糊綜合(he)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)作(zuo)為油田海外(wai)(wai)油氣勘探(tan)開發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)風險(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)模(mo)型。海外(wai)(wai)油氣勘探(tan)開發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)風險(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)過(guo)程就(jiu)是針(zhen)對(dui)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)者、評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)對(dui)象、評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)目(mu)標、評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)指標、評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)策(ce)略五個基本(ben)要素(su)逐(zhu)步確(que)定問(wen)題。

目前,某油田正在操作(zuo)和即(ji)將實(shi)施的海外勘探開發(fa)項(xiang)目有18個,本(ben)文選取正在評(ping)估(gu)的埃及C區Ⅰ、Ⅱ區塊勘探開發(fa)項(xiang)目風險(xian)指(zhi)標(biao)作(zuo)為評(ping)價(jia)對(dui)象。

通過(guo)運(yun)用多級模糊綜合(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)對風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析,某油(you)田埃(ai)及C區Ⅰ、Ⅱ區塊勘探開發項(xiang)目風(feng)險(xian)被評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)為小(xiao)、較小(xiao)、中(zhong)、較大(da)、很大(da)的(de)(de)概率(lv)分(fen)(fen)別為:17.52%、19.83%、34.24%、14.38%、14.03%。按照最(zui)大(da)隸屬原(yuan)則,該項(xiang)目的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)綜合(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估(gu)等(deng)級為中(zhong)。從(cong)一級模糊評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)結果來看,此項(xiang)目風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)地質風(feng)險(xian)、工程技術(shu)風(feng)險(xian)在5個被評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)對象中(zhong)風(feng)險(xian)分(fen)(fen)值為“中(zhong)”,環境風(feng)險(xian)和市場風(feng)險(xian)等(deng)級為“較小(xiao)”,管理風(feng)險(xian)綜合(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)分(fen)(fen)值為“小(xiao)”。但(dan)埃(ai)及C區Ⅰ、Ⅱ區塊勘探開發項(xiang)目風(feng)險(xian)綜合(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估(gu)等(deng)級卻為“中(zhong)”。

從該油田海外油氣(qi)勘探(tan)開發項目風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)指(zhi)(zhi)標體系5大(da)風險(xian)(xian)的22個(ge)(ge)指(zhi)(zhi)標權重的計算結果(guo)可以看出,地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)風險(xian)(xian)和(he)工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)風險(xian)(xian)所包含的8個(ge)(ge)指(zhi)(zhi)標的綜合(he)權重分值最(zui)高。所以最(zui)終的結果(guo)將更加(jia)接近于(yu)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)風險(xian)(xian)和(he)工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)風險(xian)(xian)的模(mo)糊綜合(he)評(ping)判值,這和(he)實際項目的風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)結果(guo)吻(wen)合(he)。

3 海外油氣勘探開(kai)發項(xiang)目風險對策

海外油氣勘探開發項目(mu)投入(ru)巨大,因此制訂項目(mu)相關(guan)的(de)風險對(dui)策研究就顯得尤(you)為(wei)重(zhong)要。

3.1 實行全方位的“彈性外交”

(1)對于政治風險通(tong)常可以采取回避、保險、談判特許三種(zhong)措施。

①回避是指除非投資前東道國或地(di)區已經發(fa)生戰爭、暴亂、征用財產、國有化等極端狀況,一般(ban)不輕易停止投資計劃的實施。

②保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是對處于有政治風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的地(di)區的資產保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。當風險(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生并(bing)給投資者造成經濟損失后(hou),保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)機構按合同(tong)支付保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)賠償金。

③談(tan)(tan)判特許(xu)是在(zai)實施(shi)海外油氣勘(kan)探開(kai)發(fa)項目之(zhi)前,應(ying)設法與資源國(guo)政府談(tan)(tan)判,并達(da)成(cheng)協議(yi),獲得某種法律保障,盡量(liang)減少政治風險發(fa)生的(de)可能。

(2)對法(fa)律風險,在(zai)項目實(shi)施前要詳細了解資(zi)源國對外資(zi)的(de)立法(fa)形式和立法(fa)內容,對相關法(fa)律文件深(shen)入分析(xi)和研究,以便在(zai)法(fa)律的(de)允許范(fan)(fan)圍內從事海外油氣勘探(tan)開發(fa)投資(zi)。同時(shi),通過有效合理的(de)途(tu)徑保(bao)護自身權益,盡量做到防范(fan)(fan)于未然。

3.2 采(cai)用先(xian)進科學技術

目(mu)前,國內外許多學者就(jiu)海外油氣勘探開發項目(mu)地(di)質風險(xian)分析進行進一步的研究,提出了降低地(di)質風險(xian)的途徑:

(1)用先進地震勘探技術提高數(shu)據的精度,建(jian)立(li)適(shi)合不同類型(xing)的石油儲層的地質思維,在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎上對構造(zao)及油氣的存在(zai)做出(chu)恰當、準確的解釋,同時通過(guo)其它途徑收集(ji)盡可能多的資料。然(ran)后將(jiang)利用這兩(liang)種方法得到的數(shu)據進行(xing)地質成功概率(lv)的計算(suan),當所的結果較低時,要及時將(jiang)工作(zuo)重心轉移到其它區塊。

(2)參與(yu)地質風險評價的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)要(yao)具有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)專業知(zhi)識,對(dui)各種因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識保持客觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度,盡量減(jian)少主觀(guan)原因造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計算結果失真。

(3)杜絕(jue)決(jue)策者(zhe)的作風和各(ge)種私(si)心雜念,使決(jue)策者(zhe)做出的決(jue)策真正建立在(zai)事實的基(ji)礎(chu)之上。

3.3 建立科學投(tou)資(zi)決策(ce)方法

減少海外勘(kan)探(tan)開(kai)發(fa)項(xiang)目市(shi)場風(feng)險的方法有兩種:一(yi)(yi)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)有效的談判或影響力(li)獲得特(te)殊的有利條(tiao)款;二是(shi)為降低一(yi)(yi)定比例的前期投(tou)入而自愿(yuan)放(fang)棄一(yi)(yi)些項(xiang)目股份。這些方法都要(yao)求合法的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)風(feng)險。在具體(ti)的實(shi)(shi)施過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中堅持(chi)“兩增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)、兩掌握”:增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)技術評價的可靠性,把握項(xiang)目的發(fa)展(zhan)前景;增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)經(jing)濟(ji)評估的實(shi)(shi)效性,把握經(jing)濟(ji)風(feng)險要(yao)點;掌握風(feng)險分割(ge)原理,合理分攤(tan)風(feng)險,有效地減輕企(qi)業的過(guo)(guo)分負擔;掌握石油企(qi)業財務策略,實(shi)(shi)現風(feng)險轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)(yi),充分運用(yong)資(zi)本(ben)經(jing)營,選(xuan)擇好資(zi)本(ben)經(jing)營杠桿(gan)的支撐點,使有限的資(zi)本(ben)發(fa)揮(hui)更佳(jia)的作用(yong)。

3.4 搞好項目工程(cheng)技術論(lun)證

根據勘探開發對象的(de)地質(zhi)、地面條件(jian),勘探開發階段和所(suo)要(yao)解決的(de)地質(zhi)問題,合理(li)地選擇和配(pei)置(zhi)各項(xiang)勘探開發技(ji)術(shu)是(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)者的(de)重要(yao)任(ren)務(wu)之一。工程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)論證一般分為三個階段:

(1)根據項目(mu)的(de)地質任務,確定擬采用的(de)工程技術種類。

(2)通過資(zi)料收集和評估,提出單項工程技(ji)術框架方案。

(3)完(wan)善工程技術(shu)方案,編寫論證報告。

3.5 提高項目(mu)管理水平

國(guo)際(ji)工程項目經理(li)應該懂技(ji)術、懂商(shang)務(wu)、認真負責,能夠(gou)與(yu)收主(zhu)、工程師(shi)建立良好(hao)的(de)溝(gou)通與(yu)信任,與(yu)項目其他部(bu)門負責人形(xing)成一(yi)個團(tuan)隊。

篇3

關鍵詞:物資采購;風(feng)險;風(feng)險防范

物資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)風(feng)險(xian)易對(dui)(dui)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的資(zi)金鏈(lian)造(zao)成(cheng)影(ying)響,對(dui)(dui)于經(jing)營實業(ye)(ye)(ye)的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來講,資(zi)金鏈(lian)斷裂(lie)等資(zi)金問題(ti)是企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的“頭(tou)號威脅”。除此(ci)之外,物資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)風(feng)險(xian)還會對(dui)(dui)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產品質量控制(zhi)、庫存管理(li)等方面造(zao)成(cheng)負面影(ying)響。因此(ci),經(jing)營者在(zai)管理(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的過程中,必須認真對(dui)(dui)待物資(zi)采(cai)購(gou),采(cai)取有效的措施防范采(cai)購(gou)風(feng)險(xian)。

一、物資采購過(guo)程中的存在(zai)的風(feng)險

企(qi)業(ye)物資(zi)(zi)采購雖然具有強烈的(de)(de)可控性,但是受到了(le)人員(yuan)、制(zhi)度、政策、經濟市場等(deng)變量因素的(de)(de)影響,給物資(zi)(zi)采購過程加(jia)注了(le)更多的(de)(de)潛藏風險,如果不能加(jia)以控制(zhi),很有可能給企(qi)業(ye)帶(dai)來(lai)致(zhi)命的(de)(de)危機。

(一)自然風險

 企(qi)業物(wu)資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)需要通(tong)過不同的(de)(de)運輸方(fang)式將物(wu)資(zi)運送至指定(ding)地點,在(zai)運輸的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中,自然災(zai)害(hai)是對物(wu)資(zi)最大的(de)(de)威(wei)脅,同時也(ye)(ye)包(bao)含(han)了許多不可預測的(de)(de)情況的(de)(de)發(fa)生。在(zai)現實(shi)社(she)會當中,每年都會發(fa)生高速公路(lu)貨(huo)車(che)側翻、追尾等(deng)車(che)禍事(shi)故,給當事(shi)企(qi)業造成了嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)損失。自然環境(jing)中的(de)(de)暴(bao)雪(xue)、海(hai)嘯、地震、洪水等(deng)也(ye)(ye)會引起采(cai)購(gou)(gou)風險。另外,工程(cheng)建設、道路(lu)修(xiu)繕(shan)等(deng)工程(cheng)原(yuan)因也(ye)(ye)會引發(fa)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)風險,致使物(wu)資(zi)無法在(zai)預訂(ding)時間內達(da)到(dao)指定(ding)地點。自然因素往往是不可控制的(de)(de),在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)的(de)(de)操作(zuo)中只能依靠變化路(lu)線、運輸方(fang)式等(deng)手段進行預防。

(二)政策風險

政(zheng)策風(feng)險主要是來自于企(qi)業自身(shen)以及(ji)政(zheng)府。企(qi)業在物資(zi)采(cai)購的(de)(de)過程中,企(qi)業內部很可能作出項目調(diao)整(zheng)、資(zi)金調(diao)整(zheng)等變動,這(zhe)勢(shi)必會對物資(zi)采(cai)購造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)影響(xiang),而國家所制定(ding)的(de)(de)某(mou)些政(zheng)策,如相關產品生產指標、生產原料(liao)控制等,同樣會對物資(zi)采(cai)購造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)影響(xiang)。

(三)市場風險

采購過(guo)程中(zhong),市(shi)場供(gong)求關系發生(sheng)(sheng)變動(dong)、產(chan)品(pin)市(shi)場價值發生(sheng)(sheng)改變、同類新產(chan)品(pin)的推出等將會導(dao)致采購風險,對(dui)企業產(chan)品(pin)制造與銷售造成打擊(ji),從而影響該產(chan)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)原料的采購。

(四)質量風險

物(wu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)采購質(zhi)量風(feng)險(xian)很多(duo)時候是(shi)由(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金風(feng)險(xian)和供應方誠(cheng)信問題引(yin)起(qi)的。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)在采購前,對(dui)供應方未進(jin)行全面的考察,最后被(bei)供應方欺瞞,交付給(gei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)劣質(zhi)的物(wu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。而(er)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金風(feng)險(xian)則是(shi)由(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)內部(bu)引(yin)起(qi)的,或是(shi)因為資(zi)(zi)(zi)金鏈(lian)問題,或是(shi)因為采購人貪污問題而(er)引(yin)發的。

(五)招標(biao)采購風險分析

1、制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)風險(xian)。企業采用招標(biao)方式進行物資采購一般(ban)都會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)定一套招標(biao)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),這(zhe)其中便隱藏了物資采購風險(xian),招標(biao)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)不嚴謹、存在漏洞、不符合法(fa)律,或者(zhe)招標(biao)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)無法(fa)全面(mian)執(zhi)行都會(hui)對物資采購造成影響。

2、計(ji)劃風險。計(ji)劃風險主要表現為(wei):物(wu)資采購項目上報過遲;資金抽掉困難、抽調不及時或資金縮水;招標(biao)公布與(yu)文(wen)件發售時間安排不合(he)理;招標(biao)文(wen)獻(xian)存(cun)在(zai)法(fa)律漏(lou)洞,招標(biao)流程不符合(he)法(fa)律要求。

3、標(biao)(biao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)風(feng)險。招標(biao)(biao)周(zhou)期過長,周(zhou)期內(nei)標(biao)(biao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)價值(zhi)與(yu)標(biao)(biao)價發生重大變(bian)化,出(chu)現貶值(zhi),將引(yin)起采購(gou)風(feng)險;短時間內(nei)標(biao)(biao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)供求關(guan)系、標(biao)(biao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)性等發生變(bian)化也將引(yin)起采購(gou)風(feng)險。標(biao)(biao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)風(feng)險主要表現為(wei):

(1)集團對于標(biao)物存在多種標(biao)碼和描述(shu),導致(zhi)實際標(biao)物與(yu)標(biao)書內表述(shu)不符,標(biao)價前后出現嚴(yan)重(zhong)差(cha)異。這樣的(de)風險在很(hen)多的(de)企業(ye)當中都(dou)存在。給其物資采購風險防(fang)范帶來了一定的(de)困難。

(2)資(zi)金編碼套(tao)用、物料描述錯誤等引起的報(bao)價錯誤,影(ying)響潛在(zai)投標(biao)人競標(biao)與報(bao)價。

(3)招(zhao)(zhao)標方案(an)設計不(bu)完(wan)善、不(bu)嚴謹,為(wei)招(zhao)(zhao)標工(gong)作的(de)進行帶來了阻礙。在實際的(de)招(zhao)(zhao)標工(gong)作中,招(zhao)(zhao)標方案(an)的(de)質量決定(ding)著招(zhao)(zhao)標工(gong)作的(de)成敗。

二、企業物資采(cai)購(gou)風(feng)險防范措施分析

企業管(guan)理控制物資采購風(feng)險可從以(yi)下幾個方(fang)面進行(xing):

(一(yi))完善企物資采購鏈條

企業物(wu)資采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)需(xu)(xu)要擁有一個相對(dui)完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)資采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)鏈(lian)條(tiao),并(bing)與(yu)鏈(lian)條(tiao)上下游保(bao)持良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合作(zuo)(zuo)關系。首先來講,企業應(ying)當制定明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)流(liu)程標準(zhun),保(bao)障采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)物(wu)資品質(zhi)與(yu)數量,穩定物(wu)資采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供求關系;其(qi)次,還(huan)(huan)要加強(qiang)對(dui)物(wu)資供應(ying)商的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)與(yu)合作(zuo)(zuo),不斷深(shen)化(hua)雙方(fang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系,建立信任;其(qi)三,則(ze)需(xu)(xu)要企業合理設(she)計(ji)采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)方(fang)式(shi):在(zai)(zai)實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)當中,很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業都選擇(ze)(ze)使(shi)用招標方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行(xing),這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)雖然有利于挑選更加優質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供應(ying)商,但是在(zai)(zai)供應(ying)關系管理與(yu)長期合作(zuo)(zuo)等方(fang)面還(huan)(huan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一些漏洞。因此,企業在(zai)(zai)選擇(ze)(ze)采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,需(xu)(xu)要謹慎考(kao)慮,不可盲目跟風;第四,則(ze)需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)運輸方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行(xing)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)(ze),巧妙避免(mian)自然風險,并(bing)降低運輸成(cheng)本。

(二)建立完(wan)善的采(cai)購(gou)風險管理與控(kong)制機(ji)制

建(jian)(jian)立完善的(de)(de)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險管理(li)與(yu)控(kong)制機制最為重要(yao)的(de)(de)步驟是建(jian)(jian)立風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險評(ping)估(gu)機制。在這一(yi)過程中,企(qi)業可以(yi)參考西方(fang)企(qi)業采(cai)購(gou)(gou)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險管理(li)與(yu)控(kong)制制度,提升風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險評(ping)估(gu)機制的(de)(de)有效性,準確對采(cai)購(gou)(gou)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險進行預(yu)警,建(jian)(jian)立健(jian)全風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險防(fang)范體系,加(jia)強(qiang)對各(ge)類型采(cai)購(gou)(gou)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)控(kong)制與(yu)管理(li)。與(yu)此同(tong)時,企(qi)業還(huan)應當建(jian)(jian)立一(yi)套物(wu)資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)監(jian)督系統,全程把關企(qi)業物(wu)資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)(gou),對風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險進行捕捉、識別和破(po)解,加(jia)強(qiang)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)流程的(de)(de)監(jian)督與(yu)控(kong)制力量,尤其要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)對市(shi)場風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險和政策風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)監(jian)督和抵御,實施(shi)監(jian)控(kong)物(wu)資(zi)市(shi)場的(de)(de)供求關系與(yu)物(wu)資(zi)價(jia)值變(bian)動。

(三)加(jia)強對采購(gou)部門(men)的管理

采(cai)(cai)購部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門是(shi)企(qi)(qi)業物資(zi)采(cai)(cai)購的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門,對于他們的(de)(de)(de)管理將(jiang)能(neng)夠有效的(de)(de)(de)削弱(ruo)物資(zi)采(cai)(cai)購過程中的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)。加強對采(cai)(cai)購部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)管理應從兩個方面進行(xing)(xing)(xing),第一(yi),聯合財務部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),加強采(cai)(cai)購部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)管理:采(cai)(cai)購部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)物資(zi)采(cai)(cai)購計劃,常易(yi)出現(xian)錯誤的(de)(de)(de)地方就是(shi)資(zi)金(jin),內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)時現(xian)資(zi)金(jin)外流、資(zi)金(jin)不足等情況;第二,加強部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門運(yun)作的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度管理:企(qi)(qi)業需制(zhi)(zhi)定規范(fan)(fan)財務部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門運(yun)作的(de)(de)(de)相關制(zhi)(zhi)度,提升(sheng)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)控制(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)力和風(feng)險(xian)防范(fan)(fan)意識,同時加強對采(cai)(cai)購部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)監督,強化內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)監督與控制(zhi)(zhi)力量。

結束語

物(wu)資采購維(wei)持了企(qi)業(ye)的運作,對于它的管(guan)理是整個(ge)企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)理中(zhong)(zhong)的重中(zhong)(zhong)之重。需要(yao)企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)理者(zhe)具備識別風(feng)險(xian)的敏銳“嗅覺”,沉著應對物(wu)資采購過程中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)現的各類風(feng)險(xian)。(作者(zhe)單位(wei):蘭州生物(wu)制品研究所有限責任公(gong)司)

參考文獻:

[1] 潘輝.企(qi)業物資招標采購風險分析與防范[J].石油石化物資采購,2015(02):315-316.

[2] 余祖光.企業物資采購(gou)存在的主要(yao)風(feng)險及防范對策[J].科技視界(jie),2012(26):166-168.

篇4

關鍵詞 跨國投資(zi) 石油(you)投資(zi) 風險(xian) 對策

一、引言

從(cong)2009年始,國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)三大石(shi)油(you)(you)公(gong)司開始海外(wai)跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)業(ye)務,其主要(yao)(yao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)方(fang)式為并購、服務合同以及(ji)貸款協議等(deng)形式。隨著(zhu),國(guo)(guo)(guo)內企業(ye)海外(wai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)活動的(de)日(ri)益(yi)(yi)增(zeng)加,其所帶來的(de)風險(xian)也日(ri)益(yi)(yi)增(zeng)加。如何辨識(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)石(shi)油(you)(you)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)所帶來的(de)風險(xian),對國(guo)(guo)(guo)內石(shi)油(you)(you)企業(ye)具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)現(xian)實意義。投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)風險(xian)即投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者在(zai)東道國(guo)(guo)(guo)進行投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)活動所遇到的(de)各種類(lei)型的(de)不確定的(de)風險(xian),從(cong)而(er)給(gei)海外(wai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)活動帶來損失。目(mu)前,國(guo)(guo)(guo)內石(shi)油(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源不能實現(xian)自(zi)給(gei)自(zi)足(zu),跟不上經濟發展的(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)狀況變得日(ri)益(yi)(yi)嚴峻。因此,到外(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)尋(xun)找新的(de)經濟資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源就(jiu)成(cheng)為企業(ye)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)共識(shi)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)家對跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)極其重視,并大力提倡“走出去”戰略,國(guo)(guo)(guo)內產(chan)業(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家“走出去”戰略的(de)推動下,跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)活動日(ri)益(yi)(yi)增(zeng)加。特別是(shi)在(zai)全球金融危(wei)機(ji)之(zhi)后(hou),這(zhe)種趨勢(shi)得到了進一步強化,特別是(shi)在(zai)石(shi)油(you)(you)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)領域。

二、跨國石油(you)投資(zi)的風險(xian)

跨國(guo)(guo)石(shi)(shi)油投資(zi)(zi)作為海外(wai)投資(zi)(zi)項目(mu),具(ju)有—般(ban)投資(zi)(zi)項目(mu)所不(bu)具(ju)備的投資(zi)(zi)風(feng)險。通常涉及的是跨國(guo)(guo)因素(su),包括在投資(zi)(zi)地不(bu)同國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的政治、法律以及文(wen)化(hua)等跨國(guo)(guo)背(bei)景因素(su)。文(wen)章結合(he)國(guo)(guo)內外(wai)對(dui)跨國(guo)(guo)風(feng)險分類(lei)的研究,對(dui)跨國(guo)(guo)石(shi)(shi)油投資(zi)(zi)風(feng)險進(jin)行了分類(lei),具(ju)體(ti)分類(lei)如下:

第一,人類(lei)社會無法抗(kang)拒(ju)的自然風險。該(gai)種風險是(shi)自然界作用下產生(sheng)的風險,對跨國(guo)(guo)投資所帶來(lai)的潛在發生(sheng)風險的可能性。如(ru),在投資國(guo)(guo)展開(kai)的海(hai)上石(shi)油開(kai)采,這類(lei)跨國(guo)(guo)石(shi)油投資的自然風險就具(ju)有(you)不可抗(kang)拒(ju)性,一旦發生(sheng),損失將極巨(ju)大(da)。

第二,投(tou)資地區政(zheng)治(zhi)環境惡(e)劣(lie),特別是戰爭風險(xian)(xian)。由(you)于(yu)政(zheng)治(zhi)風險(xian)(xian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際被稱為(wei)所(suo)有投(tou)資風險(xian)(xian)中的第一(yi)風險(xian)(xian),因而國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)跨國(guo)(guo)(guo)石油(you)投(tou)資者必須要(yao)對(dui)投(tou)資區域的戰爭風險(xian)(xian)進行有效、權威的評(ping)價。如(ru),在中東地區的跨國(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)資就要(yao)充分考慮戰爭的風險(xian)(xian),否則(ze)將給國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)企業帶(dai)來不可彌補的損失。

第三,投資所在(zai)(zai)區域的(de)政治法(fa)律風險。政治法(fa)律風險與國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)政權之間(jian)存在(zai)(zai)著緊密(mi)的(de)聯(lian)系。由(you)于突發(fa)性(xing)(xing)政治性(xing)(xing)事件(jian)以及東(dong)道國(guo)(guo)(guo)政府的(de)法(fa)律法(fa)規政策等的(de)不連續或者不穩(wen)定,會(hui)給我國(guo)(guo)(guo)跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)石油投資造(zao)成極其不利的(de)影響。

第四,金融風(feng)險(xian)。目(mu)前,欠發(fa)達國家通(tong)常面臨著國際收支(zhi)平(ping)衡(heng)問(wen)題,該(gai)問(wen)題的存在導(dao)致這類國家常常采用限制性的外匯管制措施,導(dao)致投資(zi)利潤(run)與資(zi)產的轉移(yi)或輸出受到阻礙,致使跨(kua)國石油(you)投資(zi)極易(yi)蒙(meng)受損失(shi)。

第(di)五(wu),市(shi)場(chang)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。國(guo)(guo)際石(shi)油(you)價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)動為跨(kua)(kua)國(guo)(guo)石(shi)油(you)投資帶(dai)來了巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。該(gai)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)要是因金融(rong)市(shi)場(chang)波動而(er)導致發生的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。包括股權、匯率(lv)以及利率(lv)等風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。隨著(zhu)世界石(shi)油(you)市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)格穩定階段的(de)(de)(de)結束,跨(kua)(kua)國(guo)(guo)石(shi)油(you)投資的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)所造成損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao),而(er)國(guo)(guo)際原油(you)價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)跌(die)漲暴(bao)將成為最大(da)市(shi)場(chang)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)之一。

第六,技(ji)術風險該(gai)種風險是跨國投(tou)資企(qi)業(ye)投(tou)資后能(neng)否因為技(ji)術而(er)順利完成(cheng)相關業(ye)務,為企(qi)業(ye)帶(dai)來利潤的風險。如果企(qi)業(ye)不能(neng)成(cheng)功的開(kai)發產品,不能(neng)順利的進行石油勘(kan)探和(he)開(kai)發,那么將給企(qi)業(ye)帶(dai)來預期(qi)收益的風險。

三、應對跨國(guo)石油投資風險的措(cuo)施

跨(kua)(kua)國石油投(tou)資具有巨大的潛在風(feng)險,文章(zhang)在對(dui)跨(kua)(kua)國石油投(tou)資風(feng)險進行綜合分析的基礎上,提出(chu)了相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的應(ying)(ying)對(dui)對(dui)策(ce)體系,具體應(ying)(ying)對(dui)對(dui)策(ce)如下(xia):

第一,加大(da)對(dui)政(zheng)治(zhi)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評估和管(guan)理。在(zai)(zai)實施跨國石油投(tou)資(zi)前要全面、準確、綜(zong)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)投(tou)資(zi)地區(qu)和國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)局(ju)進行(xing)評估,仔細分析(xi)其在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)治(zhi)、法律、政(zheng)策(ce)、法規等各(ge)種因素,盡(jin)量避(bi)免在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)治(zhi)風(feng)險(xian)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域進行(xing)投(tou)資(zi)。在(zai)(zai)遇到(dao)風(feng)險(xian)時,可以尋求中(zhong)國政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫(bang)助,對(dui)所能遇到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在(zai)(zai)風(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)監控。借助國家力量對(dui)企(qi)業無法涉及的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家領域問題(ti)進行(xing)跨國交(jiao)涉,以便企(qi)業對(dui)對(dui)投(tou)資(zi)區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)環境(jing)有深(shen)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)了解,避(bi)免風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現。

第二(er),加大對(dui)市(shi)場風(feng)險(xian)的應(ying)對(dui)。密(mi)切關注石油市(shi)場的風(feng)險(xian),要對(dui)國際市(shi)場的趨(qu)勢,作出準確的分析,并將此結(jie)果作為跨國石油投資(zi)決策的參考(kao)。

第(di)三,加大相關技(ji)術研(yan)發。跨(kua)(kua)國(guo)石(shi)(shi)油(you)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)相關技(ji)術水(shui)平的高低,對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)能否獲得預期(qi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)效果的影響(xiang)極大。在國(guo)內石(shi)(shi)油(you)公司(si)所擁有的地(di)質研(yan)究、人才儲(chu)備以及(ji)勘探設備等是跨(kua)(kua)國(guo)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)能否降低風險的硬性要(yao)求(qiu)。要(yao)充分發揮(hui)國(guo)內企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在工藝(yi)、銷售等技(ji)術上的優勢,保證項(xiang)目能正(zheng)常運轉(zhuan),降低跨(kua)(kua)國(guo)石(shi)(shi)油(you)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項(xiang)目的風險。

第四(si),國內(nei)企業(ye)(ye)要采取正確(que)的(de)跨國投資策(ce)略。國內(nei)企業(ye)(ye)要實施本地(di)化(hua)戰略,規(gui)避可能出(chu)現的(de)投資風險。本地(di)化(hua)戰略的(de)可以降(jiang)低相應的(de)進入(ru)門檻和政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)風險,有助于國內(nei)企業(ye)(ye)在當(dang)地(di)樹(shu)立(li)良好的(de)企業(ye)(ye)形象,降(jiang)低政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)敏感度,獲(huo)得優惠政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce),進而(er)降(jiang)低風險。國內(nei)企業(ye)(ye)要與當(dang)地(di)政(zheng)(zheng)府建立(li)良好關系,注意遵(zun)守當(dang)地(di)的(de)法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規(gui),規(gui)避法(fa)律(lv)風險。

四、結論

海外投資項(xiang)目通常涉及東道(dao)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)、法律(lv)以及文化等(deng)背景因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)不同(tong),因(yin)此涉及的(de)(de)潛在(zai)風險很多。目前,由(you)于(yu)(yu)海外的(de)(de)投資活動存在(zai)著(zhu)各(ge)種風險,對(dui)于(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)內企業(ye)實(shi)施(shi)跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)石油投資帶來了(le)巨大的(de)(de)挑戰(zhan),挑戰(zhan)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)內企業(ye)同(tong)樣是機遇。目前,國(guo)(guo)內理論界對(dui)此展開了(le)大量有(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)。文章在(zai)綜(zong)合過往研究(jiu)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上,對(dui)國(guo)(guo)內企業(ye)可能遇到的(de)(de)跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)石油投資風險進(jin)行了(le)詳盡(jin)的(de)(de)分析,并提出了(le)應對(dui)措施(shi),對(dui)政(zheng)府部門以及相關石油企業(ye)具有(you)一定的(de)(de)借鑒意義。

參考文獻:

[1]顧(gu)永康(kang).跨(kua)國(guo)石油投(tou)資的風險管(guan)理[J].中(zhong)國(guo)石化,2008(7).

[2]馮燕玲(ling),劉峰(feng),姚萬(wan)民.委內瑞拉石油(you)投資風險(xian)及中(zhong)國企業(ye)應(ying)對策略淺析[J].中(zhong)外能源,2011(4).

篇5

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞:創業板上市公(gong)司 財(cai)務風險

創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是(shi)為成(cheng)長(chang)型(xing)、科(ke)技型(xing)以(yi)及(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)供的(de)一(yi)條(tiao)新(xin)的(de)直接(jie)(jie)融(rong)資(zi)渠道(dao),創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)主要是(shi)一(yi)些(xie)達到《證券法》新(xin)規定的(de)發(fa)行條(tiao)件但尚(shang)未(wei)達到主板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)標準的(de)中小型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)設立為風(feng)(feng)險投(tou)資(zi)提(ti)供了退出(chu)渠道(dao),從(cong)而推動風(feng)(feng)險投(tou)資(zi)快速發(fa)展。從(cong)全球范圍來看,創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)都(dou)以(yi)高(gao)風(feng)(feng)險性著稱,如著名的(de)納斯達克市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)退市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)率(lv)一(yi)直居高(gao)不(bu)下。有(you)資(zi)料(liao)表明,1995年(nian)(nian)到2007年(nian)(nian)間(jian),納斯達克的(de)退市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)司數(shu)(shu)量接(jie)(jie)近(jin)或(huo)超過同期(qi)新(xin)上(shang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)司的(de)數(shu)(shu)量,尤其(qi)從(cong)1999年(nian)(nian)到2001年(nian)(nian)3年(nian)(nian)間(jian),納斯達克退市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)司占(zhan)美國市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)退市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總數(shu)(shu)的(de)比例(li)達到40%。我(wo)國創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)自運行以(yi)來,市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)風(feng)(feng)險已經(jing)顯現(xian)(xian)。從(cong)已經(jing)公(gong)(gong)布(bu)的(de)2011年(nian)(nian)三季(ji)(ji)報可(ke)以(yi)看出(chu),不(bu)少創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)司上(shang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之后(hou)和上(shang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之前判若兩(liang)樣,業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績下滑(hua),財務(wu)狀況變差。統計數(shu)(shu)據顯示(shi),在2009-2010年(nian)(nian)間(jian),創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)司有(you)32家凈利潤復合(he)年(nian)(nian)增長(chang)率(lv)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)負(fu)增長(chang),更有(you)76家之多的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)司在2011年(nian)(nian)前三季(ji)(ji)度出(chu)現(xian)(xian)凈利潤呈(cheng)現(xian)(xian)負(fu)增長(chang)。以(yi)“高(gao)成(cheng)長(chang)”性著稱的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),其(qi)成(cheng)長(chang)性墊了底。雖然由于運行時間(jian)短(duan),創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)還沒有(you)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)退市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),但財務(wu)狀況持續(xu)惡(e)化,終將(jiang)會給創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和投(tou)資(zi)者(zhe)帶來損失(shi)。因此,加強對創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)財務(wu)風(feng)(feng)險研究,幫助廣大投(tou)資(zi)者(zhe)認(ren)識創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)險性,避免投(tou)資(zi)風(feng)(feng)險是(shi)非常必要的(de)。

財務風險分(fen)析模型(xing)選(xuan)擇(ze)及(ji)多元判別(bie)模型(xing)形(xing)式

企(qi)(qi)業(ye)財(cai)(cai)務(wu)風險(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)主要有定(ding)性分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)與定(ding)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)。定(ding)性分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)由(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)者(zhe)通過(guo)對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)財(cai)(cai)務(wu)運(yun)行(xing)狀況、組織管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種風險(xian)綜(zong)合(he)判(pan)(pan)斷得出風險(xian)結論的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有標準(zhun)化調查法(fa)(fa)、四階段癥狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)、三個月資金周(zhou)轉(zhuan)表法(fa)(fa)、流程圖分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)及(ji)管理(li)(li)評分(fen)(fen)(fen)法(fa)(fa)。定(ding)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)掌握(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大量企(qi)(qi)業(ye)財(cai)(cai)務(wu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)資料,運(yun)用(yong)(yong)數學模(mo)型(xing)(xing)或數理(li)(li)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)對統(tong)計(ji)(ji)數據(ju)資料進行(xing)加工(gong)處理(li)(li),而得出分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)判(pan)(pan)斷結論。定(ding)性分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)依靠(kao)主觀判(pan)(pan)斷,主觀隨意性強,缺陷明(ming)顯(xian),定(ding)量財(cai)(cai)務(wu)風險(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)引起更多關注和研(yan)究, 各(ge)種企(qi)(qi)業(ye)財(cai)(cai)務(wu)風險(xian)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)陸續出現(xian)。按照(zhao)所選(xuan)預(yu)(yu)測變(bian)量信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同,已(yi)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)務(wu)風險(xian)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)有:一(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)判(pan)(pan)別分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(Univariate),即單(dan)變(bian)量分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)模(mo)型(xing)(xing);多元(yuan)(yuan)判(pan)(pan)別分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(Multiple Discriminant Analysis,MDA);多元(yuan)(yuan)邏輯回歸模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(Multivariate Logit Regression,MLR);人工(gong)神(shen)經網絡模(mo)型(xing)(xing)(BP-ANN)。我國常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)量研(yan)究方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)有3種,即多元(yuan)(yuan)判(pan)(pan)別分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(MDA)、多元(yuan)(yuan)邏輯回歸(MLR)和BP人工(gong)神(shen)經網絡(BP-ANN)。

多元(yuan)判別法(fa)主(zhu)要原理是通過統計技術篩選出一些(xie)變(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang),這些(xie)變(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)滿足在(zai)(zai)兩組間差(cha)別盡(jin)可能大(da),但(dan)在(zai)(zai)兩組內(nei)部的離(li)散度(du)最(zui)小的條(tiao)件,使(shi)得多個標識變(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)轉換(huan)為分類變(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)時信(xin)息損失最(zui)小。多元(yuan)判別法(fa)具有(you)數據(ju)易得、結構簡單、計算方(fang)便等優點,如果財務指標選擇(ze)合(he)理,模型(xing)有(you)很高(gao)的預測準確性。本文選用多元(yuan)判別法(fa)構建創業板上(shang)市公(gong)司財務風險數量(liang)(liang)分析模型(xing)。

判(pan)(pan)別(bie)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)判(pan)(pan)別(bie)研究(jiu)對象(xiang)(xiang)所屬類(lei)(lei)別(bie)的(de)(de)一種統計(ji)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)方(fang)法。進(jin)行判(pan)(pan)別(bie)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)時必須(xu)已知觀測對象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)和一些(xie)表(biao)明觀測對象(xiang)(xiang)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)變(bian)量值。判(pan)(pan)別(bie)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)從這(zhe)些(xie)變(bian)量中篩(shai)選出能提供(gong)較(jiao)多信息的(de)(de)變(bian)量,并使用(yong)篩(shai)選出的(de)(de)變(bian)量建立判(pan)(pan)別(bie)函(han)數,要(yao)(yao)求建立的(de)(de)判(pan)(pan)別(bie)函(han)數對觀測樣(yang)本分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)時的(de)(de)錯判(pan)(pan)率最小。本文主要(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)兩類(lei)(lei)分(fen)(fen)司(si):一類(lei)(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)財(cai)務風(feng)險公司(si),另一類(lei)(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)財(cai)務良好公司(si)。通(tong)過(guo)找出反映這(zhe)兩類(lei)(lei)公司(si)相關性高的(de)(de)特征(zheng)變(bian)量而建立判(pan)(pan)別(bie)函(han)數,作為(wei)創業板(ban)上市公司(si)財(cai)務風(feng)險分(fen)(fen)析(xi)模型(xing)。模型(xing)的(de)(de)形式是(shi)(shi)(shi):

PS=a1X1+a2X2+a3X3+…+anXn+C

其(qi)中:PS為判別(bie)值,X1、X2、X3…Xn是(shi)反映研究對象的特(te)征變量,如財務(wu)比率(lv)。a1、a2、a3…an為各(ge)變量的判別(bie)系(xi)數,C為常量。

財務風(feng)險分析模型建立

(一)28家創業(ye)板上(shang)市公司基本情況

我(wo)國創業(ye)板首批28家公司于2009年10月30日上市交易。28家上市公司行業(ye)分布涉及(ji)6大(da)行業(ye),資(zi)產(chan)規模最小(xiao)的為(wei)3.64億元(yuan)(yuan)人民(min)幣,最大(da)的為(wei)27.43億元(yuan)(yuan)人民(min)幣,平均資(zi)產(chan)為(wei)9.90億元(yuan)(yuan)人民(min)幣,具(ju)體行業(ye)分布和規模情況如表1所示。

(二)樣本選擇

樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)選自A股(gu)上(shang)市(shi)公司(si),數據源于證券(quan)時報網數據庫。樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)選擇原則是:樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)所(suo)在(zai)行業(ye)(ye)要與(yu)28家(jia)(jia)(jia)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)板(ban)上(shang)市(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)相同,樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)規(gui)模(總(zong)資產(chan))要與(yu)28家(jia)(jia)(jia)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)板(ban)上(shang)市(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)盡量(liang)接(jie)近(jin)。最后(hou)選擇了符(fu)合條件的(de)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)數量(liang)112家(jia)(jia)(jia),其中有(you)(you)56家(jia)(jia)(jia)ST公司(si)和56家(jia)(jia)(jia)非(fei)ST公司(si)。樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)公司(si)行業(ye)(ye)分布及(ji)規(gui)模情況(kuang)如表(biao)2所(suo)示。由表(biao)2可(ke)見,樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)總(zong)體平(ping)均規(gui)模與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)板(ban)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)非(fei)常接(jie)近(jin),樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)平(ping)均資產(chan)與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)板(ban)平(ping)均資產(chan)比例接(jie)近(jin)1,僅有(you)(you)社會(hui)服務業(ye)(ye)偏(pian)差(cha)大(da)一些,但所(suo)占企(qi)業(ye)(ye)數量(liang)有(you)(you)限,對樣(yang)(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)總(zong)體影響不(bu)大(da)。

(三)財務比(bi)率選擇

財務(wu)(wu)比(bi)率(lv)可從企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)盈利(li)(li)能力(li)(li)、償債(zhai)能力(li)(li)、營(ying)運能力(li)(li)和成(cheng)長(chang)能力(li)(li)四個方(fang)面來(lai)選擇,結合我國上市公司(si)的(de)財務(wu)(wu)特點(dian)和數(shu)據的(de)易得性,本(ben)文選定如(ru)下11個財務(wu)(wu)比(bi)率(lv)作為分析的(de)起(qi)點(dian):凈(jing)(jing)(jing)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)收(shou)益率(lv)=凈(jing)(jing)(jing)利(li)(li)潤/股東(dong)權(quan)(quan)益;銷(xiao)售凈(jing)(jing)(jing)利(li)(li)率(lv)=凈(jing)(jing)(jing)利(li)(li)潤/銷(xiao)售收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)凈(jing)(jing)(jing)額;營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)潤率(lv)=主(zhu)(zhu)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)利(li)(li)潤/主(zhu)(zhu)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru);存(cun)貨(huo)周轉率(lv)=銷(xiao)售成(cheng)本(ben)/存(cun)貨(huo);應收(shou)帳款(kuan)周轉率(lv)=主(zhu)(zhu)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)/應收(shou)帳款(kuan)凈(jing)(jing)(jing)額;總(zong)(zong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)周轉率(lv)=主(zhu)(zhu)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)/平均(jun)總(zong)(zong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan);股東(dong)權(quan)(quan)益比(bi)率(lv)=股本(ben)權(quan)(quan)益/總(zong)(zong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan);流(liu)動(dong)比(bi)率(lv)=流(liu)動(dong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)/流(liu)動(dong)負債(zhai);總(zong)(zong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)增長(chang)率(lv)=(本(ben)年(nian)總(zong)(zong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)-上年(nian)總(zong)(zong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan))/上年(nian)總(zong)(zong)資(zi)(zi)產(chan);凈(jing)(jing)(jing)現金流(liu)量對負債(zhai)比(bi)率(lv)=年(nian)經營(ying)現金凈(jing)(jing)(jing)流(liu)量/年(nian)末流(liu)動(dong)負債(zhai);主(zhu)(zhu)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)增長(chang)率(lv)=(本(ben)期主(zhu)(zhu)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)-上期主(zhu)(zhu)要業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru))。

(四(si))模型建立(li)過程

模型建立過程是根(gen)(gen)據已(yi)知觀測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)分(fen)類(0,1)和表明觀測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)特征(zheng)的(de)財(cai)務(wu)比(bi)率變量(liang)(liang),推導(dao)(dao)出判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)函(han)數,并把各觀測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)自變量(liang)(liang)值回代(dai)到判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)函(han)數中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),根(gen)(gen)據判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)函(han)數對觀測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)所屬類別(bie)(bie)進行(xing)判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)。首先(xian)將112家(jia)公(gong)(gong)司隨(sui)機分(fen)成2組(zu),第一組(zu)有(you)(you)56家(jia)公(gong)(gong)司,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)28家(jia)ST公(gong)(gong)司,28家(jia)績優公(gong)(gong)司;第二組(zu)也有(you)(you)56家(jia)公(gong)(gong)司,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)同樣有(you)(you)28家(jia)ST公(gong)(gong)司和28家(jia)非ST公(gong)(gong)司。第一組(zu)樣本(ben)(ben)作(zuo)(zuo)為推導(dao)(dao)建立判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)函(han)數的(de)估計樣本(ben)(ben),第二組(zu)作(zuo)(zuo)為檢(jian)驗判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)函(han)數的(de)測(ce)(ce)試樣本(ben)(ben)。然(ran)后(hou)(hou)將估計樣本(ben)(ben)組(zu)財(cai)務(wu)數據輸入SPSS統計軟件,利用軟件中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)析(xi)工具來幫助計算,建立模型。經過判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)析(xi),從原(yuan)來的(de)11個特征(zheng)財(cai)務(wu)比(bi)率變量(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最后(hou)(hou)推導(dao)(dao)出只有(you)(you)6個變量(liang)(liang)的(de)判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)函(han)數,即:

PS=0.002X1-0.034X2+0.414X3+

0.004X4+1.067X5+0.03X6-2.046

(1)

其中:X1為凈資產(chan)收益率,X2為流動比率,X3為經營現金流量對負債比率,X4為總(zong)資產(chan)增長率,X5為總(zong)資產(chan)周(zhou)轉(zhuan)率,X6為股東權益比率。

(五)判別函數檢驗

表3給(gei)出了判(pan)(pan)別函(han)數(shu)(shu)所能解釋的(de)方差變(bian)異,可以看出判(pan)(pan)別函(han)數(shu)(shu)解釋了所有變(bian)異的(de)100%。“Wilks`的(de)Lambda”表格用來檢驗函(han)數(shu)(shu)有無統計學(xue)上的(de)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)意義,從Sig值(zhi)看,判(pan)(pan)別函(han)數(shu)(shu)在0.01的(de)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)性(xing)水平上都是很顯(xian)(xian)(xian)著(zhu)的(de)。

實證分析結果

估計樣(yang)本(ben)分(fen)類的(de)(de)準確性。用建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)判(pan)別(bie)(bie)函數對56個估計樣(yang)本(ben)可以很好分(fen)類,結(jie)果(guo)令(ling)人滿意,非ST企(qi)(qi)業有25家判(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)值(zhi)大(da)于0.4,ST企(qi)(qi)業有25家判(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)值(zhi)小(xiao)于0,如果(guo)將判(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)值(zhi)大(da)于0.4作為非ST企(qi)(qi)業判(pan)據(ju),判(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)值(zhi)小(xiao)于0作為ST企(qi)(qi)業判(pan)據(ju),原始樣(yang)本(ben)錯判(pan)2例,準確率達到96.4%(見表4)。

臨界值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)確定。根據(ju)估計樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)界線可(ke)以(yi)選擇0和0.4,但還需要測試(shi)樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)檢(jian)驗。為(wei)(wei)此,用建立的(de)(de)(de)函數(1)式(shi)算出(chu)56個測試(shi)樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)PS值(zhi)(見表(biao)(biao)4)。結果表(biao)(biao)明非(fei)ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)中,估計樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)和測試(shi)樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)共有(you)56家(jia)(jia)(jia),有(you)49家(jia)(jia)(jia)企(qi)業PS值(zhi)大于(yu)0.4。雖然(ran)有(you)3家(jia)(jia)(jia)ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)被誤判(pan)(pan)為(wei)(wei)非(fei)ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),但根據(ju)財務(wu)(wu)上的(de)(de)(de)謹(jin)慎性原則(ze),依(yi)然(ran)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)PS值(zhi)大于(yu)0.4即(ji)代表(biao)(biao)該(gai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)財務(wu)(wu)良(liang)好公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)中,估計樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)和測試(shi)樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)共有(you)56家(jia)(jia)(jia),有(you)50家(jia)(jia)(jia)PS值(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)0。雖然(ran)有(you)2家(jia)(jia)(jia)非(fei)ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)被誤判(pan)(pan)為(wei)(wei)ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),可(ke)以(yi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)PS值(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)0即(ji)代表(biao)(biao)該(gai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)財務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。另(ling)外在PS大于(yu)0小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)0.4之間,ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)有(you)3家(jia)(jia)(jia),非(fei)ST公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)有(you)5家(jia)(jia)(jia),因此將PS值(zhi)處于(yu)0到0.4區間的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)判(pan)(pan)定為(wei)(wei)財務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險不確定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。據(ju)此可(ke)以(yi)得出(chu)以(yi)下判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)法則(ze):凡判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)(fen)(PS值(zhi))小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)0的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)被判(pan)(pan)為(wei)(wei)財務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si);凡判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)(fen)(PS值(zhi))大于(yu)0小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)0.4的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)被判(pan)(pan)為(wei)(wei)財務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險不確定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),需要關注;凡判(pan)(pan)別(bie)(bie)分(fen)(fen)(PS值(zhi))大于(yu)0.4的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)被判(pan)(pan)為(wei)(wei)財務(wu)(wu)良(liang)好公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。

首批28家創(chuang)業板上市公司(si)財務(wu)風險(xian)分析

運用(yong)以(yi)上(shang)判別模(mo)型(xing)對首(shou)批28家(jia)(jia)創業(ye)板上(shang)市公司進行財務(wu)風(feng)險分析。數據來(lai)源于(yu)證(zheng)券時報(bao)(bao)網,采(cai)用(yong)2010年年報(bao)(bao)數據,計(ji)算結(jie)果見表5,首(shou)批28家(jia)(jia)創業(ye)板上(shang)市公司總體(ti)PS分值(zhi)不高,最高得分僅為0.78,遠小于(yu)估計(ji)樣本(ben)組的(de)最高得分2.92和測試樣本(ben)組的(de)最高得分2.47,說明(ming)首(shou)批上(shang)市創業(ye)板企(qi)業(ye)財務(wu)表現沒有預期的(de)好。具體(ti)看,28家(jia)(jia)中有15家(jia)(jia)企(qi)業(ye)財務(wu)狀(zhuang)況良好,4家(jia)(jia)企(qi)業(ye)財務(wu)狀(zhuang)況有風(feng)險,有9家(jia)(jia)企(qi)業(ye)財務(wu)風(feng)險不確(que)定,需要關注。

綜上(shang),創業(ye)板(ban)自運行以(yi)來,表(biao)現難(nan)以(yi)讓人滿意。特別(bie)是(shi)經過精挑細選的首批28家(jia)創業(ye)板(ban)公司,成(cheng)長性一般,估(gu)值水平偏(pian)高,有部分企業(ye)可能發(fa)生(sheng)財(cai)務危機,因此(ci)對于創業(ye)板(ban)應(ying)該格(ge)外關注(zhu)。此(ci)外,本文建(jian)立(li)的模型變量少、數據(ju)收集容易,操作(zuo)快速(su)、簡便、成(cheng)本低(di),預測效果佳,可作(zuo)為投資者投資決策的輔助工(gong)具(ju),廣泛應(ying)用于證券投資實踐中。

參考文獻:

1.陳越.財務危(wei)機預替指(zhi)標體系的構建(jian)[J].會計之(zhi)友,2005(2)

2.徐良平.中小企業創新(xin)融資(zi)與創業板市場(chang)[M].上(shang)海(hai)交通大學出版社,2007

篇6

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞:醫(yi)院 市場風險(xian)(xian) 財務(wu)管理 風險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)

隨著(zhu)(zhu)我國(guo)(guo)社會主義市(shi)場經(jing)濟(ji)體制不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完善,當前(qian)我國(guo)(guo)醫(yi)(yi)療(liao)衛生(sheng)行(xing)業市(shi)場化改(gai)革不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)推行(xing),投資主體呈現多(duo)元化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格局,國(guo)(guo)有、私(si)營和中外合(he)資等(deng)形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)療(liao)機構層出不(bu)(bu)窮,醫(yi)(yi)療(liao)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭(zheng)也不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)加劇。在市(shi)場競爭(zheng)日益(yi)激烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下,醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拓寬融(rong)資的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠道(dao),籌集更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)資金,才(cai)能促進醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康(kang)發(fa)展(zhan)。然而在醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)負(fu)債經(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,必(bi)然會伴(ban)隨著(zhu)(zhu)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場風(feng)險(xian)(xian),對(dui)財(cai)務(wu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監控對(dui)保障醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)正常運行(xing)十分重要(yao)。因(yin)此,醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)重視(shi)對(dui)財(cai)務(wu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監測,建立科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務(wu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)預警體系(xi),實現對(dui)潛在財(cai)務(wu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實時(shi)監控。本(ben)文對(dui)當前(qian)我國(guo)(guo)醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務(wu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)進行(xing)分析,分析醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)控制風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)策。

一、當前我(wo)國醫(yi)院面臨(lin)的(de)財務風險分(fen)析

目(mu)前(qian),我國醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)的(de)財(cai)務風(feng)險的(de)存在主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是因為行業競爭的(de)加(jia)劇以(yi)及醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)獲得越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo)的(de)私(si)營權,這(zhe)給(gei)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)帶(dai)來發展機遇(yu)的(de)同時(shi),也帶(dai)來不小的(de)挑戰。許多(duo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)對(dui)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療經費(fei)的(de)增長幅度(du)控制不當,運營成本持(chi)續攀升,這(zhe)些都導致了(le)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)的(de)發展遇(yu)到了(le)困(kun)境。再(zai)加(jia)上醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)財(cai)務風(feng)險意識淡(dan)薄,只注重眼前(qian)利益(yi)導致財(cai)務風(feng)險不斷加(jia)大。目(mu)前(qian),我國醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)面(mian)臨的(de)財(cai)務風(feng)險主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括以(yi)下幾個方面(mian):

(一)我國醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療改革的(de)(de)推進(jin)促進(jin)了老百姓(xing)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)增長,政府(fu)財政不足(zu)以(yi)及醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)內部資金(jin)的(de)(de)匱乏導(dao)致醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)大量的(de)(de)舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)。通(tong)過舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)的(de)(de)方式(shi)來完成基(ji)本設施(shi)、設備以(yi)及人才(cai)的(de)(de)引進(jin),以(yi)求(qiu)(qiu)吸(xi)(xi)納更(geng)多的(de)(de)患者。這種負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)的(de)(de)發展方式(shi)使得醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)運營成本急劇(ju)上升(sheng),大量的(de)(de)貸款使得醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)資產負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)率偏高(gao),長期負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)問(wen)題嚴重。醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)不斷吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)新(xin)技術和新(xin)項(xiang)目,造(zao)成了公(gong)共醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療費用的(de)(de)攀升(sheng)。這種負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)經營很可能導(dao)致醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)失(shi)控,短(duan)期負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)和長期負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)的(de)(de)共同(tong)作用導(dao)致資金(jin)鏈的(de)(de)斷裂。

(二(er))醫(yi)(yi)療行業競爭的(de)(de)加(jia)劇,市(shi)場規則下,不斷有民營和中外合資(zi)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)療機構(gou)出現,給市(shi)場上現有醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)造成(cheng)巨大(da)的(de)(de)競爭壓力。醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)不斷增加(jia)醫(yi)(yi)療設(she)施的(de)(de)改進,不按照(zhao)政府要求(qiu)用藥、收費,造成(cheng)醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)支(zhi)出超標,造成(cheng)資(zi)金短缺的(de)(de)問題。

(三)應收賬(zhang)款風險(xian)。隨(sui)著新醫(yi)(yi)改的(de)(de)推行,引入第三方(fang)支(zhi)付的(de)(de)前提下(xia),患(huan)者往往會(hui)對(dui)超(chao)低(di)的(de)(de)價格產生過度消費,造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)醫(yi)(yi)療資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)浪費。此外(wai),醫(yi)(yi)院的(de)(de)應收賬(zhang)款管理缺乏應有的(de)(de)催(cui)帳觀念和風險(xian)意識,常常會(hui)錯過收賬(zhang)的(de)(de)最(zui)好時機,給醫(yi)(yi)院造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)大量(liang)的(de)(de)呆(dai)賬(zhang)和死賬(zhang),使醫(yi)(yi)院蒙受巨大損失。隨(sui)著醫(yi)(yi)療改革(ge),第三方(fang)支(zhi)付的(de)(de)主體變成(cheng)(cheng)了政(zheng)(zheng)府,患(huan)者只交少(shao)量(liang)存款,然后(hou)由政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)(de)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)補貼對(dui)醫(yi)(yi)院進行補助,但政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)(de)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)補貼往往較長時間才能到賬(zhang),這也造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)了醫(yi)(yi)院的(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)周轉(zhuan)困難。

(四)為了提(ti)高醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療服(fu)務水(shui)平(ping),醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)大量采購先(xian)進的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療設備(bei)。但(dan)是在(zai)設備(bei)的(de)(de)采集過程(cheng)中,由于缺乏對(dui)(dui)設備(bei)的(de)(de)技術(shu)、市場(chang)和財(cai)務的(de)(de)可(ke)行性(xing)研究(jiu),對(dui)(dui)設備(bei)的(de)(de)市場(chang)前景、設備(bei)的(de)(de)先(xian)進性(xing)沒有進行可(ke)行性(xing)分(fen)析,同時對(dui)(dui)設備(bei)使用帶來的(de)(de)未(wei)來現金(jin)流量的(de)(de)影響預測,導致醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)盲目購買設備(bei),造成資金(jin)的(de)(de)浪費,甚至使醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)背上沉(chen)重的(de)(de)經(jing)濟負(fu)擔。

二、新時期控制醫院市場(chang)風險的(de)策略(lve)分析

(一(yi))完(wan)善醫院財(cai)務管理,加(jia)強財(cai)務監督

隨著新時期醫療(liao)改革(ge)的(de)推(tui)進,財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)成為醫院(yuan)控制市場(chang)風險(xian)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。想要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)醫院(yuan)的(de)財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),首先應該在思想上充分重視,明確(que)新時期醫院(yuan)加(jia)強財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)意(yi)義(yi)。其次,醫院(yuan)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)者(zhe)除了具(ju)備良(liang)好(hao)的(de)醫療(liao)專業知識外,還要(yao)(yao)加(jia)強財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)方面的(de)知識學(xue)習(xi),轉變(bian)以(yi)(yi)前只重醫療(liao)衛生建設,忽(hu)視市場(chang)風險(xian)和(he)財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)觀念和(he)做法。長期以(yi)(yi)來,醫院(yuan)往往因為沒有合理(li)高效的(de)財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)機(ji)制,導致醫院(yuan)的(de)市場(chang)風險(xian)加(jia)大,嚴重的(de)影響了醫院(yuan)的(de)發展,因此,新時期加(jia)強醫院(yuan)財(cai)務管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)對于規避市場(chang)風險(xian)具(ju)有十分重要(yao)(yao)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。

(二(er))建(jian)立健(jian)全財務風險預警機制,加強財務風險防范(fan)

隨著醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場風(feng)險(xian)(xian)越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo),醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)想要(yao)健(jian)康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,就(jiu)必須(xu)完善風(feng)險(xian)(xian)預警機制(zhi),加(jia)強(qiang)對財(cai)務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范(fan)。首先,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應該加(jia)強(qiang)對成功(gong)企業財(cai)務(wu)(wu)管(guan)理(li)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學習,建立健(jian)全醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)預警機制(zhi),綜(zong)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)自身存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漏洞和(he)潛在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian),利用各種會(hui)計(ji)方法,積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)策略進行調(diao)整(zheng),有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范(fan)市場風(feng)險(xian)(xian);其(qi)次,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領導應該轉變(bian)管(guan)理(li)思想,改變(bian)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)只重視(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療建設,忽視(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念。積極(ji)學習財(cai)務(wu)(wu)知識,增強(qiang)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識,正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領導全體(ti)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)人員(yuan)參與風(feng)險(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范(fan);最后,要(yao)樹立全體(ti)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)意(yi)識,建立健(jian)全良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)管(guan)理(li)機制(zhi),提高醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)素質,實行科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)績效考核制(zhi),提高財(cai)務(wu)(wu)管(guan)理(li)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效率(lv),有(you)效控制(zhi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)潛在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。

(三)加強(qiang)醫(yi)院(yuan)內控制度建設

由(you)于醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控制(zhi)制(zhi)度不(bu)健全,導致醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資產不(bu)斷(duan)流(liu)失(shi),財(cai)務(wu)會(hui)計(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)息失(shi)真以及(ji)醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)最(zui)終(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)管(guan)理(li)失(shi)敗。通過內(nei)部(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)機構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立(li)和(he)完(wan)善,可以及(ji)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)財(cai)務(wu)管(guan)理(li)活動(dong)和(he)醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)財(cai)務(wu)信(xin)(xin)息存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),進而可以提高醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)計(ji)(ji)信(xin)(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量,不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li),提高醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。如果醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)較小,不(bu)能建立(li)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)機構(gou),也應該定(ding)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聘請滋生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注冊會(hui)計(ji)(ji)師對(dui)醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)會(hui)計(ji)(ji)賬目和(he)財(cai)務(wu)報表進行系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審核,及(ji)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現財(cai)務(wu)管(guan)理(li)中存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),促進醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)管(guan)理(li)更加完(wan)善。醫(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)也可以指(zhi)定(ding)專人(ren)定(ding)期或不(bu)定(ding)期對(dui)重(zhong)要(yao)業務(wu)活動(dong)及(ji)信(xin)(xin)息進行審核,這(zhe)樣(yang)可以減(jian)少(shao)重(zhong)大問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現。

三、結語

隨著新醫(yi)改的(de)推進,醫(yi)院所面臨(lin)的(de)市(shi)場(chang)環境越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)復(fu)雜,大量市(shi)場(chang)風險(xian)的(de)威脅(xie)著醫(yi)院的(de)健康(kang)發(fa)展。因此,醫(yi)院必須(xu)加(jia)強(qiang)財務管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo),建立健全風險(xian)預警機制,加(jia)強(qiang)醫(yi)院內(nei)部控制工(gong)作(zuo),不斷提高醫(yi)院應(ying)對市(shi)場(chang)風險(xian)的(de)能力,促進醫(yi)院的(de)健康(kang)發(fa)展。

參考文獻:

篇7

關鍵詞:資產(chan)證券(quan)化;操(cao)作風險;CAPM 模型

中圖分類號:F830.91文獻(xian)標志(zhi)碼(ma):A文章編號:1673-291X(2010)27-0066-03

引言

資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)證券(quan)化是(shi)20世紀(ji)70年代全球(qiu)金融市(shi)場(chang)最具活力的(de)(de)金融創(chuang)新之(zhi)一,歐美等(deng)西方(fang)發(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家最先使用這(zhe)個金融創(chuang)新工(gong)具進行(xing)融資(zi)(zi)(zi),成(cheng)功(gong)地改善了(le)金融環境和促(cu)進了(le)金融制度的(de)(de)發(fa)展。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)證券(quan)化的(de)(de)實際運(yun)用還(huan)處(chu)于起步(bu)階段。2005年11月,以建(jian)行(xing)建(jian)元和開(kai)元一期為試點項目的(de)(de)信貸資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)證券(quan)化在銀行(xing)間(jian)債券(quan)市(shi)場(chang)上市(shi)交易,標志(zhi)著中國(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)證券(quan)化的(de)(de)實施(shi)正(zheng)式(shi)拉(la)開(kai)序幕,時(shi)至今日,在將近兩年的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)里,中國(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)證券(quan)化行(xing)進的(de)(de)腳步(bu)并非一帆(fan)風(feng)順,而是(shi)步(bu)履(lv)蹣跚、舉步(bu)維艱。究其(qi)原因:除了(le)市(shi)場(chang)因素,不乏操作風(feng)險的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)證券(quan)化結構煩瑣、操作流(liu)程(cheng)復雜,要順利實施(shi)這(zhe)項工(gong)作,對各參與方(fang)的(de)(de)協調配合、組織管理能力要求較高,存在的(de)(de)操作風(feng)險較多。

操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)是由不完善或有問題(ti)的(de)內部(bu)(bu)程序、人員及系統或外部(bu)(bu)事件所(suo)造成損失的(de)風(feng)險(xian), ① 2003年,國際清算銀(yin)行(xing)(BIS)下屬的(de)巴(ba)塞(sai)爾(er)委員會(Basel Committee)將操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)納入風(feng)險(xian)資本的(de)計算和監管框(kuang)架(jia)。從而(er)金融風(feng)險(xian)被定(ding)義(yi)為信(xin)用風(feng)險(xian)、市(shi)場(chang)風(feng)險(xian)和操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)等三(san)大(da)主要風(feng)險(xian) [1]。

目前,中(zhong)國對(dui)資產(chan)證券化(hua)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)還(huan)限于信用風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和市場風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),而隨(sui)著證券化(hua)實施(shi)項(xiang)目的(de)深入,對(dui)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)也事在必(bi)行(xing)、迫在眉睫。本文將操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)理論(lun)運用到中(zhong)國資產(chan)證券化(hua)的(de)試點工作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong),文章試圖從量化(hua)的(de)角度對(dui)建行(xing)建元(yuan)和開元(yuan)一期的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行(xing)評估。并通過(guo)實際風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析(xi)給(gei)予檢驗。使我們真正(zheng)認識到操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)存在,也為資產(chan)證券化(hua)的(de)監(jian)管機構(gou)全面而系統分(fen)析(xi)金融風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)提供一些理論(lun)依據。

一、 操作風險研究文(wen)獻綜述

從全球(qiu)范(fan)圍看(kan),盡管(guan)操作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)近(jin)些年(nian)來給不(bu)少金(jin)(jin)融機構(gou)造成了(le)(le)相當(dang)嚴重的(de)損失,巴塞(sai)爾新協(xie)議也(ye)(ye)從制度化的(de)角(jiao)度對操作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)提出了(le)(le)近(jin)乎(hu)標準化的(de)要(yao)求,但迄今為止,已經建立起有效操作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)體系的(de)金(jin)(jin)融機構(gou)并(bing)不(bu)多見(jian),操作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)管(guan)理(li)結構(gou)、程序、方法、工具和模型(xing)也(ye)(ye)遠遠沒有信用風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)和市場(chang)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)那樣成熟。特(te)別是(shi)定量化研究(jiu),還處(chu)在一個探索與發展的(de)階段。

盡管(guan)操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的定量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理難于(yu)(yu)其他風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理,但(dan)人類不畏困難、勇(yong)于(yu)(yu)追求(qiu)的腳步一(yi)刻都不會停止。由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)涉及(ji)到(dao)人的因(yin)素,以(yi)及(ji)它涵蓋了(le)很多低(di)概率但(dan)是(shi)損失(shi)程度(du)大(da)(da)的損失(shi)事(shi)件,在很長(chang)一(yi)段(duan)時間內,操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)一(yi)直被視為是(shi)不可度(du)量(liang)(liang)的,或者(zhe)(zhe)至(zhi)少是(shi)很難用(yong)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)度(du)量(liang)(liang)的。但(dan)是(shi)隨(sui)著監管(guan)機(ji)構對操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的重視、更多成(cheng)(cheng)熟的統(tong)計方(fang)(fang)法(fa)和(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)擬計算技術的介(jie)入,以(yi)及(ji)損失(shi)事(shi)件歷史數(shu)據累積(ji)日益豐富,最近兩年(nian)出(chu)(chu)現了(le)一(yi)些用(yong)來度(du)量(liang)(liang)操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的數(shu)量(liang)(liang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)。巴(ba)塞(sai)爾委員(yuan)會2004年(nian)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)計算操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)監管(guan)資本要(yao)求(qiu)的三種方(fang)(fang)法(fa):基本指標(biao)法(fa)(Basic Indicator Approach)、標(biao)準法(fa)(Standardised Approach)和(he)高級衡量(liang)(liang)法(fa)(Advanced Measurement Approach)。后來,專家學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)們(men)(men)也(ye)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)一(yi)些不同(tong)于(yu)(yu)巴(ba)塞(sai)爾委員(yuan)會的方(fang)(fang)法(fa),如在險(xian)(xian)價值方(fang)(fang)法(fa),極值理論,波(bo)動率模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing),神(shen)經網絡模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing),CAPM模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing),信度(du)理論、Delta-EVT模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)等(deng)。但(dan)我(wo)們(men)(men)必須(xu)認識到(dao)這些模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的度(du)量(liang)(liang)也(ye)不是(shi)萬能的,其效果還(huan)有待檢驗,真正成(cheng)(cheng)熟、準確(que)的模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)還(huan)沒有出(chu)(chu)現。按(an)照操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)度(du)量(liang)(liang)的出(chu)(chu)發角度(du)不同(tong),有學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)將這些數(shu)量(liang)(liang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)分成(cheng)(cheng)兩個(ge)大(da)(da)類: 由(you)(you)上(shang)至(zhi)下(xia)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)和(he)由(you)(you)下(xia)至(zhi)上(shang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing) [2]。

由(you)(you)上(shang)至下模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(Top-down Models)是在假設(she)對(dui)企業(ye)的(de)內部(bu)經營(ying)狀況不甚了解,將其作為一個(ge)(ge)黑(hei)箱(xiang),對(dui)其市值(zhi)(zhi)、收入、成本等變量進行分(fen)析,然(ran)后(hou)計算操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)險的(de)值(zhi)(zhi)。使用這種(zhong)思路建(jian)立的(de)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)包括(kuo):標(biao)準法、基本指標(biao)法、CAPM 模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)、波動率模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing);由(you)(you)下至上(shang)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)(Bottom-up Models)是在對(dui)企業(ye)各個(ge)(ge)業(ye)務部(bu)門的(de)經營(ying)狀況及各種(zhong)操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)險的(de)損失(shi)事件(jian)有(you)了深入的(de)研究(jiu)之(zhi)后(hou),然(ran)后(hou)分(fen)別考慮各個(ge)(ge)部(bu)門的(de)操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)險,最終將其加總作為整個(ge)(ge)企業(ye)的(de)操(cao)(cao)作風(feng)險。按照這種(zhong)思路建(jian)立的(de)度量模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)包括(kuo):高級(ji)衡量法、在險價值(zhi)(zhi)方法、極值(zhi)(zhi)理論(lun)、神經網絡模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)、信(xin)度理論(lun)、Delta-EVT模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)等。

21世紀以來,國(guo)內(nei)學者對(dui)金(jin)融領(ling)域操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)積極的(de)探(tan)索:巴曙松(2002)分析了(le)(le)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)特點(dian)和巴塞爾(er)新(xin)資(zi)本協(xie)議對(dui)于(yu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)相關(guan)規定的(de)演變,并討論了(le)(le)當前國(guo)際金(jin)融界(jie)通常采(cai)用的(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)衡量(liang)方(fang)法;沈沛龍、任若恩(2002)對(dui)新(xin)巴塞爾(er)協(xie)議中(zhong)關(guan)于(yu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)本金(jin)計算的(de)理(li)論依(yi)據和計算框架進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)剖析;葉(xie)永剛(gang)、顧京圃(2003)等學者依(yi)托中(zhong)國(guo)建設(she)銀行(xing)(xing),對(dui)國(guo)有(you)商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)內(nei)部控(kong)(kong)(kong)制體(ti)系進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)分析和設(she)計,其中(zhong)專門論述了(le)(le)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制問(wen)題;中(zhong)國(guo)工商銀行(xing)(xing)總行(xing)(xing)(2003)也從自(zi)身實際出發對(dui)內(nei)部控(kong)(kong)(kong)制與評價的(de)理(li)論和實務問(wen)題進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)研(yan)(yan)究,大(da)量(liang)援引內(nei)部案例說明了(le)(le)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防范問(wen)題;蔣東明等學者(2004 )從管理(li)程序和組織(zhi)結構再造的(de)角(jiao)度研(yan)(yan)究了(le)(le)商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題,并設(she)計了(le)(le)一種(zhong)中(zhong)國(guo)商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)程序的(de)模式 [3]。

這(zhe)些研究工作(zuo)從操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)度量(liang)技術、管理(li)機制、監管機制要求等方(fang)面出(chu)發,對操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)進行了(le)系統的(de)闡述(shu)和設計,極大地推動了(le)操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)理(li)論的(de)發展。

二、定量研究

在金融領(ling)域的(de)內部損失數(shu)據建立(li)不完全(quan)的(de)情況下,對操作(zuo)風險(xian)定(ding)量研(yan)究最(zui)好的(de)選擇(ze)是由上至下模型(xing),從公開報道中獲取需要的(de)數(shu)據達到我們的(de)目的(de)。本文使(shi)用CAPM 模型(xing),針對中國資產證(zheng)券(quan)化的(de)試點項目:建行(xing)建元和開元一期在實施過程中可能(neng)存在的(de)操作(zuo)風險(xian)進行(xing)定(ding)量研(yan)究。

(一)模型引入

CAPM 即Capital Asset Pricing Model的(de)(de)縮寫,最(zui)早由Chase Manhattan Bank使用(yong),是金(jin)融領域廣泛應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)資產定價(jia)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing),最(zui)簡單的(de)(de)CAPM模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)討論了(le)特定資產的(de)(de)預期回報率或要求回報率同回報率的(de)(de)不確定性之(zhi)間(jian)存在著某種關系,即在有(you)效市場(chang)上風險(xian)和收益的(de)(de)關系 [4]。套用(yong)CAPM模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)衡量(liang)操作(zuo)風險(xian)時,考慮各個風險(xian)因(yin)素對目(mu)(mu)標變量(liang)的(de)(de)影響。計(ji)算目(mu)(mu)標變量(liang)的(de)(de)方差(cha),然后將市場(chang)風險(xian)、信用(yong)風險(xian)因(yin)素所造成(cheng)的(de)(de)方差(cha)從中剔除,將剩余的(de)(de)方差(cha)作(zuo)為操作(zuo)風險(xian)值。因(yin)此,按照選取目(mu)(mu)標變量(liang)的(de)(de)不同,就依次有(you)了(le)證(zheng)券(quan)因(yin)素模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)、收入(ru)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)、成(cheng)本模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)等(deng)。其(qi)中,收入(ru)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)度量(liang)結果優(you)于其(qi)他模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)(樊(fan)欣、楊曉光2003),因(yin)此,本文實證(zheng)分析所使用(yong)的(de)(de)研(yan)究工具是以收入(ru)為目(mu)(mu)標變量(liang)的(de)(de)CAPM模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)。

收(shou)入(ru)(ru)因(yin)(yin)素(su)模型將(jiang)(jiang)企業的(de)(de)(de)凈(jing)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)作(zuo)為目標變量,然后考慮可能影響(xiang)凈(jing)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)市場風險(xian)、信用風險(xian)因(yin)(yin)素(su),凈(jing)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)波動(dong)在很大程(cheng)度上(shang)可以被這些(xie)因(yin)(yin)素(su)解釋,而(er)余下的(de)(de)(de)那些(xie)不能解釋的(de)(de)(de)部分將(jiang)(jiang)被作(zuo)為該(gai)企業由于操作(zuo)風險(xian)引起的(de)(de)(de)波動(dong)。模型如下:

rt=a+b1 +b2 +b3 +…+c

其中,rt 是企業的收(shou)益率,pit是第 i 個風(feng)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)素的收(shou)益率,bi 代表了對這些因(yin)(yin)素的敏感程度,即系數。由于操作風(feng)險(xian)引起的凈(jing)收(shou)入波動:

σ2=σ2total (1-R2)

假設(she)凈收入的(de)波(bo)動服從(cong)正(zheng)態分布,那么根據(ju)正(zheng)態分布的(de)特點(dian),我(wo)們(men)將 3.1 倍(bei)標準差作(zuo)為操作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian),這樣就(jiu)包括(kuo)了(le) 99.9%的(de)置信(xin)區間。這樣基本就(jiu)可以(yi)包括(kuo)了(le)操作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)引起(qi)的(de)未預期損失(Unexpected Loss)。

OpRisk = 3.1σ

該(gai)方(fang)法的前提是市(shi)場(chang)的有效性(xing),即認為(wei)市(shi)場(chang)風(feng)險、信用風(feng)險等各種風(feng)險因素已經在凈收入中表現出(chu)來(lai)。

(二)數(shu)據選取(qu)及(ji)變量(liang)分析

2005年11月,中(zhong)國以(yi)建行(xing)建元和(he)開(kai)元一(yi)期為試點(dian)的信貸資產(chan)證券化項目工作正式(shi)拉開(kai)了(le)序幕,建行(xing)建元發行(xing)有效期從2005.11.10~2037.11.26 ,開(kai)元一(yi)期從2005.12.21~2007.6.30。為了(le)交(jiao)流和(he)研(yan)究的需要,專(zhuan)家(jia)和(he)學者們專(zhuan)門(men)建立了(le)資產(chan)證券花(hua)網站(省(sheng)略),里面(mian)積累了(le)大量的數據(ju)。本文從中(zhong)選取(qu)了(le)建行(xing)建元和(he)開(kai)元一(yi)期受(shou)托(tuo)機構公開(kai)報道的財務數據(ju),這些數據(ju)翔(xiang)實、準確(que)、可靠。

根據CAPM模(mo)(mo)型對(dui)(dui)數據的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,分別以(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)行(xing)建(jian)(jian)元(yuan)(yuan)和開元(yuan)(yuan)一期凈(jing)收入(ru)為(wei)被(bei)解(jie)(jie)釋變量,一般(ban)來(lai)說,影(ying)響(xiang)凈(jing)收入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)是信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險、市(shi)場(chang)風(feng)(feng)險以(yi)(yi)及(ji)操(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險等,而(er)操(cao)作風(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)度量大小是除去信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險和市(shi)場(chang)風(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)剩余(yu)值,因(yin)此(ci),文(wen)章轉(zhuan)換為(wei)研(yan)究信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險和市(shi)場(chang)風(feng)(feng)險對(dui)(dui)凈(jing)收入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)關(guan)系。在資產(chan)證券(quan)化(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中,決定信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)是貸款人違(wei)約(LGD)或提前償還(huan)貸款(prepayment);決定市(shi)場(chang)風(feng)(feng)險損失(shi)大小的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)因(yin)素(su)是利(li)率變動或二級市(shi)場(chang)流動性不強(qiang)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)國家GDP、CPI等。證券(quan)化(hua)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)收入(ru)來(lai)源于資本(ben)和利(li)差(cha),由經驗與多次(ci)試算,本(ben)文(wen)選(xuan)取影(ying)響(xiang)凈(jing)收入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)變量:違(wei)約率、提前償付率、利(li)差(cha),本(ben)金①等作為(wei)解(jie)(jie)釋變量。因(yin)此(ci),模(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)形式為(wei):

Income=a+b1(capital)+b2(Loan-Deposit)+b3(prepayment)+b4(LGD)

(三)統計結果

用(yong)SPSS軟件對(dui)上述(shu)數據進行回歸計算,分別計算凈(jing)收入總方差(cha)、R-Square.操(cao)作(zuo)風險對(dui)應(ying)的(de)方差(cha)、操(cao)作(zuo)風險對(dui)應(ying)的(de)標準(zhun)差(cha),以及0.1%水(shui)平下操(cao)作(zuo)風險的(de)估計值。得出結果如下:

表1 統計結果

在上表中,操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)方差(cha)= 凈收入的(de)方差(cha)×(1- R2),操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)標準差(cha)為(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)方差(cha)的(de)平(ping)方根值(zhi), 0.1%水平(ping)下操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)估計值(zhi)為(wei) 3.1 倍操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)標準差(cha)。

方(fang)(fang)差分(fen)析表中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)R-Square 值反映了因變量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)差在(zai)多大程度(du)上可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)被模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)所解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)值越接近于 1,說明模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)能力越強。在(zai)本文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong), 能被模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)所解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)由于市場風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)和信用風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),不能被模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)差被認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)由操作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)建行建元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果中(zhong),R-Square 值為(wei) 0.859, 說明 85.9%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)差可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)由模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi), 即操作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)占(zhan)(zhan)到總方(fang)(fang)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 14.1%。在(zai)開元一(yi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果中(zhong), 回歸(gui)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)R-Square 值為(wei) 0.975,即模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)差中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 97.5%。同時也(ye)說明操作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)在(zai)總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)差中(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)到 2.5%。在(zai)國際上, 業界(jie)一(yi)般(ban)認為(wei)操作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)在(zai)總風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)有比例為(wei) 10%~ 20%,本文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實證結果與國際判斷基本吻(wen)合,無論是(shi)(shi)事實,還是(shi)(shi)偶然,至少我們可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)斷定(ding),目前中(zhong)國資產證券化試(shi)點項目中(zhong)存在(zai)操作風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。

表1還可以看出,從(cong)操(cao)作(zuo)風險的絕(jue)對(dui)值(zhi)看,開(kai)元一(yi)期(qi)大于(yu)建(jian)行(xing)建(jian)元,但開(kai)元一(yi)期(qi)2005年11月(yue)發(fa)行(xing)證券化貸款額(e)度為41.77億元,而建(jian)行(xing)建(jian)元發(fa)行(xing)額(e)度為30.17億元。從(cong)相對(dui)值(zhi)來看,開(kai)元一(yi)期(qi)單(dan)位資(zi)本金的操(cao)作(zuo)風險小于(yu)建(jian)行(xing)建(jian)元。

三、實際風險分析

為了更進一(yi)(yi)步驗證上(shang)面的統計結果,我們(men)可以(yi)考察實際的情況,雖然不能取得內部損(sun)失數(shu)據,但可以(yi)通過公(gong)開的信息資料作出判斷。從2005年12月至2007年4月,收集建行(xing)建元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)開元(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)期兩家(jia)受托公(gong)司披露的重大(da)訴訟(song)仲裁事項的信息情況,對他(ta)們(men)的經(jing)營管(guan)理水(shui)平有一(yi)(yi)個直觀(guan)的了解。下表是截至 2007 年 4月1 日建行(xing)建元(yuan)(yuan)和(he)開元(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)期的訴訟(song)仲裁對比數(shu)據表(見表2):

表2 資(zi)產(chan)池中(zhong)進入處(chu)置(zhi)程(cheng)序(xu)的信托財產(chan)情(qing)況表

從上表可以看出(chu),建行(xing)建元在(zai)2005年至到(dao)2007年初,涉(she)及(ji)到(dao)訴訟處置18起(qi),非訴訟處置39起(qi),而(er)開元一(yi)期在(zai)這期間(jian)沒有(you)發生信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)資產中進入(ru)法律訴訟程(cheng)序的情況。但(dan)開元在(zai)2007年第一(yi)期信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)資產支持(chi)證券發行(xing)收(shou)入(ru)數額因未能達到(dao)最低募集資金額而(er)失敗。

對建行(xing)建元來(lai)講, 雖然每次報告幾(ji)乎(hu)都有(you)訴訟或(huo)(huo)非訴訟的司法程(cheng)序出(chu)現,并且(qie)時間越(yue)(yue)后情況越(yue)(yue)嚴(yan)重,但(dan)多數是由于(yu)信(xin)貸資產拖欠、違(wei)約等情況,應該歸(gui)于(yu)信(xin)用(yong)風險; 同時也不排除受托機構(gou)或(huo)(huo)貸款(kuan)服務機構(gou)在(zai)運營過(guo)程(cheng)中內(nei)部(bu)控(kong)制不足出(chu)現錯誤(wu)產生糾紛、或(huo)(huo)者資產選擇(ze)的失誤(wu)等,這部(bu)分(fen)損失屬于(yu)操作風險。

在上面的(de)(de)(de)結果中, 我(wo)們驚訝地發(fa)(fa)現(xian):開元(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)期(qi)在本文考(kao)察的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)段(duan)內沒有發(fa)(fa)生一(yi)訟或非訴訟的(de)(de)(de)司法案件。難道真是開元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營管理(li)無可挑剔嗎?通過對(dui)比,建(jian)元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)是15 162筆(bi)住房抵押貸(dai)款,開元(yuan)(yuan)是由(you)51筆(bi)涉及電(dian)(dian)力、電(dian)(dian)信、鐵路、石油、采礦(kuang)等(deng)行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)組成,與建(jian)元(yuan)(yuan)相比,開元(yuan)(yuan)基礎(chu)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)優良、管理(li)難度小(xiao),因而經(jing)營管理(li)中的(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)風(feng)險小(xiao),而這一(yi)基本事實能(neng)夠在CAPM模型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)定量(liang)分(fen)析中反應出(chu)來,說明了模型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)運用有其合理(li)與可信的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)面。

開元(yuan)2007年發(fa)行(xing)的失敗客觀上歸(gui)咎于市場因素,發(fa)行(xing)時(shi),中(zhong)國資本市場利(li)空消(xiao)息不(bu)斷涌(yong)現,已發(fa)行(xing)債券產品流(liu)動性不(bu)佳,但主觀上也反應了人員的操作失誤:選擇時(shi)機不(bu)成熟,選擇對象不(bu)合適,產品設計不(bu)合理等(deng)等(deng),與操作風險有關。

結論

經(jing)過上(shang)(shang)面的(de)(de)統(tong)計分(fen)析,我們(men)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)得(de)出(chu)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)幾點結(jie)論:(1)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)證(zheng)券(quan)化(hua)的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)CAPM模型(xing)(xing)進行度量(liang)。盡管其(qi)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能不太(tai)準確(que), 但是仍然可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)從結(jie)果(guo)(guo)中(zhong)對證(zheng)券(quan)化(hua)業務操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)大致的(de)(de)了(le)解。因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)畢竟(jing)給了(le)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)衡(heng)量(liang)的(de)(de)工(gong)具。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)它(ta)來(lai)幫助監管機(ji)構(gou)(gou)或(huo)者投資(zi)者評估(gu)金融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)(li)水平;證(zheng)券(quan)化(hua)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)它(ta)來(lai)改善(shan)內(nei)部控制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、提(ti)高管理(li)(li)(li)水平。(2)以(yi)(yi)收入(ru)為(wei)被解釋(shi)變量(liang)的(de)(de)模型(xing)(xing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在某種程度上(shang)(shang)反映(ying)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)值的(de)(de)大小。通(tong)過實(shi)證(zheng)研(yan)究(jiu),從2005年12 月至(zhi)2007年4月,中(zhong)國(guo)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)證(zheng)券(quan)化(hua)試點項(xiang)目所產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)在合理(li)(li)(li)范圍內(nei)。目前,開元一(yi)(yi)(yi)期的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)小于建(jian)(jian)行建(jian)(jian)元。(3)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)數(shu)據的(de)(de)質量(liang)與(yu)(yu)數(shu)量(liang)是影(ying)響研(yan)究(jiu)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要因(yin)素。本文(wen)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)獲得(de)的(de)(de)數(shu)據歷史(shi)太(tai)短, 并且是公(gong)開報道的(de)(de)數(shu)據,排除了(le)內(nei)部欺詐、隱(yin)瞞的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能,僅(jin)僅(jin)反應(ying)的(de)(de)是高頻率低風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)那一(yi)(yi)(yi)類損(sun)(sun)失(shi),在操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)只能算(suan)是“冰山一(yi)(yi)(yi)角”,影(ying)響了(le)我們(men)對結(jie)果(guo)(guo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性的(de)(de)判(pan)斷。資(zi)產(chan)(chan)證(zheng)券(quan)化(hua)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)乃至(zhi)于對其(qi)他金融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)量(liang)化(hua)分(fen)析與(yu)(yu)評估(gu)還任重而道遠。因(yin)此, 為(wei)有效地測定(ding)(ding)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian), 金融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)本著對自己負責的(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)念,應(ying)當(dang)收集和積累“實(shi)話實(shi)說”的(de)(de)內(nei)部損(sun)(sun)失(shi)數(shu)據,盡可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能地讓數(shu)據更(geng)加完(wan)整、更(geng)加真實(shi),為(wei)發展(zhan)由下(xia)至(zhi)上(shang)(shang)理(li)(li)(li)論模型(xing)(xing),建(jian)(jian)立(li)更(geng)加實(shi)用(yong)、有效的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)度量(liang)研(yan)究(jiu)奠定(ding)(ding)基礎(chu)。

參考文獻:

[1]Basle Committee on Banking Supervision.Operational Risk Management.省略,1998-09.

[2]樊欣,楊曉光.操作風險(xian)度量: 國內兩(liang)家股份制商業(ye)銀行(xing)的(de)實證分析[J].系統(tong)工程,2004,(5):44.

篇8

關鍵詞(ci):電(dian)力企業(ye),風險(xian)管理,定量風險(xian)評估

0、引言

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)作為高(gao)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)產業,不僅源于(yu)其公用(yong)事業屬性(xing),以及(ji)技(ji)術資金密集、供求瞬時(shi)平衡、生(sheng)產運(yun)行(xing)連續(xu)等特征,同時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)項目投資額(e)巨大、建(jian)設周期(qi)長、沉沒成本高(gao),而且,隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)建(jian)設進(jin)程的深(shen)入,市場(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)越(yue)來越(yue)多,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易(yi)關(guan)系(xi)復雜(za),不同主(zhu)體(ti)之(zhi)間協調(diao)困難,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業規劃建(jian)設、生(sheng)產經營的不確定性(xing)加大、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)增加。根據“十(shi)一(yi)五”期(qi)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)的任務,面(mian)對我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)化(hua)發展的現狀,增強(qiang)(qiang)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)意(yi)識,樹(shu)立風險(xian)(xian)(xian)觀念(nian),加強(qiang)(qiang)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理將是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業的重(zhong)要(yao)任務。本文在闡述了企業風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理基(ji)本框架流程及(ji)其主(zhu)要(yao)內容的基(ji)礎上,提出電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業定量風險(xian)(xian)(xian)評估(gu)的主(zhu)要(yao)內容及(ji)方法,以期(qi)推(tui)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理工作的開展。

1、風險(xian)管理的主(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)容

風(feng)(feng)險(xian)作為客觀存在(zai),要求人(ren)們考察(cha)研究風(feng)(feng)險(xian)時,要從決策(ce)角度認識到風(feng)(feng)險(xian)與人(ren)們有目的(de)活(huo)動(dong)、行動(dong)方案選擇及事物的(de)未來變化有關。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)形成(cheng)過(guo)程和風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)客觀性(xing)、損(sun)失性(xing)、不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)特征共同構成(cheng)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)形成(cheng)機制(zhi)分析和風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理的(de)基礎。

人(ren)們一(yi)(yi)般(ban)對風(feng)險持(chi)厭惡(e)態度,都(dou)想減小風(feng)險損失,追求風(feng)險與收(shou)益的均衡(heng)優化。風(feng)險管理(li)(li)的提(ti)出與發展與企業發展狀況、社會背(bei)景(jing)密不可分。風(feng)險管理(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)門(men)管理(li)(li)學(xue)科,首先在(zai)美國應運而生,之后傳到西歐、亞洲(zhou)、拉丁美洲(zhou)。美國大多(duo)數企業都(dou)設置專職部(bu)門(men)進行風(feng)險管理(li)(li),許多(duo)大學(xue)的工商管理(li)(li)學(xue)院(yuan)都(dou)開設風(feng)險管理(li)(li)課程(cheng)。風(feng)險管理(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)門(men)科學(xue)與藝術,既需(xu)要(yao)(yao)定性(xing)分析(xi),又(you)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)定量估計;既要(yao)(yao)求理(li)(li)性(xing),又(you)要(yao)(yao)求人(ren)性(xing);不但需(xu)要(yao)(yao)多(duo)學(xue)科理(li)(li)論(lun)指導,還需(xu)要(yao)(yao)多(duo)種方法(fa)支持(chi)。

源(yuan)于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意(yi)識(shi)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)主要包(bao)括(kuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)三大(da)部份。根據風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形成的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)需要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估(gu)計(ji)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估(gu)計(ji)需要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)頻率(lv)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)與后(hou)果(guo)分(fen)(fen)析(xi),而(er)后(hou)果(guo)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)又包(bao)括(kuo)情景分(fen)(fen)析(xi)與損失(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)。通過(guo)(guo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi),可(ke)(ke)得(de)到特(te)定系統所有風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估(gu)計(ji),對(dui)(dui)此再參(can)照相(xiang)應的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準及可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受性,判斷系統的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是否可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受,是否采取(qu)安全措(cuo)施,這就(jiu)是風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)總稱為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)。為(wei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)定量(liang)(liang)化估(gu)算(suan),要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)定量(liang)(liang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(Quantitative Risk Assessment—QRA)。在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang),針對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況采取(qu)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)措(cuo)施與對(dui)(dui)策方(fang)案,以控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、抑制(zhi)、降(jiang)低(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),即風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)不僅要定性分(fen)(fen)析(xi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因素(su)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故及損失(shi)(shi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況,而(er)且要盡可(ke)(ke)能基于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準及可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受性對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)定量(liang)(liang)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)以盈利為(wei)目的(de)(de)的(de)(de)工業企業也希望將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損失(shi)(shi)價(jia)(jia)值化并給出貨幣(bi)衡量(liang)(liang)標準。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)就(jiu)是風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)三者密(mi)切(qie)相(xiang)聯的(de)(de)動態過(guo)(guo)程,見圖1。

2、風險管(guan)理(li)的組織實施與基本流程

為有效實(shi)(shi)施(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),企業應由(you)(you)專門的(de)(de)(de)組織及相(xiang)關人員(yuan)(yuan)按(an)一定(ding)(ding)程序組織實(shi)(shi)施(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作。據《幸福》雜(za)志對美國(guo)500多家大公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)調查知,84%的(de)(de)(de)公司(si)由(you)(you)中層以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)經理(li)(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)負責風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)趨勢是(shi)董事(shi)會下屬設(she)立風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)委員(yuan)(yuan)會全面(mian)負責公司(si)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),組織實(shi)(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)流程是(shi):①制定(ding)(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)規(gui)劃;②風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)辯識;③風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)評估;④風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)策(ce)略方案選擇;⑤風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)策(ce)略實(shi)(shi)施(shi);⑥風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)策(ce)略實(shi)(shi)施(shi)評價。如圖(tu)2所示。

3、電(dian)力(li)企業定量風(feng)險評估(QRA)

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)QRA的(de)(de)建立與(yu)發展(zhan)從(cong)內(nei)部(bu)來(lai)看,不僅(jin)已(yi)有(you)可靠(kao)性分(fen)析、安全(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)析、質量管(guan)理(li)、項目管(guan)理(li)等(deng)各專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)分(fen)析作基礎,從(cong)外部(bu)而言有(you)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用戶(hu)、政府與(yu)社會公(gong)眾、咨詢(xun)機(ji)構等(deng)眾多相關(guan)主體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)關(guan)注。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)QRA對(dui)(dui)(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)作用主要(yao)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在:通過(guo)QRA有(you)利于(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)將(jiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)水(shui)平(ping)控制(zhi)在規(gui)定標準的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)水(shui)平(ping)之內(nei),并(bing)(bing)符合(he)(he)最低合(he)(he)理(li)可行原則;通過(guo)開展(zhan)QRA可幫(bang)助企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)識別風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian),并(bing)(bing)按輕(qing)重(zhong)緩急排序(xu),以有(you)助于(yu)管(guan)理(li)者將(jiang)精(jing)力(li)(li)、財力(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)集(ji)中于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)緊急領域,使風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)決(jue)(jue)策更為合(he)(he)理(li)、效(xiao)果更好(hao)、成本最小;通過(guo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)各種風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)控制(zhi)方(fang)案或安全(quan)(quan)(quan)改(gai)進措(cuo)施(shi)進行QRA,使決(jue)(jue)策者對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)案措(cuo)施(shi)進行優(you)劣選擇,為公(gong)司提出決(jue)(jue)策支持。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)將(jiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其它企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和主體(ti)(ti)帶來(lai)連帶影響,并(bing)(bing)產生放大效(xiao)應,電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統安全(quan)(quan)(quan)、可靠(kao)、高效(xiao)、優(you)質是各行各業(ye)(ye)(ye)和政府管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門共同(tong)的(de)(de)愿望。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)施(shi)QRA具有(you)現(xian)實(shi)意(yi)義。

3.1 電力(li)企業QHA的基(ji)本框架模式

電力(li)企業(ye)(ye)QRA是指在(zai)工業(ye)(ye)系(xi)統QRA的(de)基礎上,考慮電力(li)系(xi)統的(de)技(ji)術經(jing)濟特(te)點及運行規(gui)律,結(jie)合電力(li)體(ti)制改革及電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)進程(cheng)而以概率模(mo)型表征的(de)全(quan)面風(feng)險(xian)管理理論方法。為(wei)便(bian)于實(shi)施風(feng)險(xian)管理,保(bao)證(zheng)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)(ping)估質量,滿(man)足風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)(ping)估過程(cheng)各階段的(de)不同要求,構建如圖3所示的(de)適用于電力(li)企業(ye)(ye)QRA的(de)基本框架模(mo)式。在(zai)具體(ti)實(shi)施時,允(yun)許依實(shi)際情況而有所改變。

3.2 電力企(qi)業QRA的主(zhu)要工作(zuo)內(nei)容

(1)確定(ding)目標(biao)及范圍。包(bao)括風(feng)險管理的目的與意(yi)義(yi),待分析(xi)系統的設備配(pei)置、工作流程、資金(jin)、人(ren)員、管理、信(xin)息、地區、人(ren)文環境等,即確定(ding)QRA實現目標(biao)和(he)實施條件等。

(2)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險辨識。即找出(chu)(chu)待(dai)評(ping)價(jia)系統(tong)中所有潛在的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險因(yin)素,并進行初步(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),通過安全檢(jian)查(cha)看系統(tong)是否達到(dao)規范(fan)要求。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險辯識的(de)(de)基本途徑有歷史事故(gu)(gu)統(tong)計分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、安全檢(jian)查(cha)表(biao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)險與可(ke)(ke)操作性研究(HZOPS)、故(gu)(gu)障模式(shi)與影響(xiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(FMEA)、故(gu)(gu)障模式(shi)影響(xiang)及(ji)危急分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(FMECA)、故(gu)(gu)障樹分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(ETA)、事故(gu)(gu)樹分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(ETA)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)險分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)調(diao)查(cha)表(biao)、保單檢(jian)視(shi)表(biao)、資產風(feng)(feng)(feng)險暴露分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表(biao)、財務報(bao)表(biao)、流程圖、現場(chang)檢(jian)查(cha)表(biao)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)險趨(qu)勢估計表(biao)等。為(wei)配合保險公司(si)對(dui)出(chu)(chu)險事項的(de)(de)處理,可(ke)(ke)采用從(cong)下至(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)歸納法、從(cong)上(shang)至(zhi)下的(de)(de)演繹法及(ji)兩者綜(zong)合運用。針(zhen)對(dui)特定風(feng)(feng)(feng)險,可(ke)(ke)選用基于(yu)系統(tong)平面布置的(de)(de)區(qu)域分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、隱(yin)含(han)事件分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、德(de)爾(er)菲(fei)法及(ji)基于(yu)事故(gu)(gu)樹分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險事故(gu)(gu)網絡法等。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險辯識不只局(ju)限于(yu)系統(tong)硬(ying)件,還(huan)應考慮人為(wei)因(yin)素、組織制度等系統(tong)軟件。

風(feng)險(xian)綜(zong)合(he)集(ji)成是(shi)指對(dui)所有風(feng)險(xian)按其(qi)特(te)性類型分(fen)門別類加以匯(hui)總整理。因電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)特(te)點(dian)及電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場化(hua)改革(ge)特(te)點(dian),把電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統風(feng)險(xian)按廠網分(fen)開的行(xing)業(ye)結構進行(xing)分(fen)類。

對于發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業而言,主(zhu)要有電(dian)(dian)(dian)源規(gui)劃(hua)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、報價(jia)競(jing)價(jia)上網風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、供求(qiu)平衡風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、市場(chang)力抑制(zhi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、備用容量(liang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、信用風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、法律風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、項目風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、中介機構風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業而言,主(zhu)要有電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃(hua)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網融資風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、購電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力交易(yi)轉移風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輔(fu)助(zhu)服務風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、成本分攤風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻塞風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、備用率風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力監管風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。另外,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)業還將面臨電(dian)(dian)(dian)力可靠性(xing)、安(an)全性(xing)、穩定性(xing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。

風(feng)險(xian)綜(zong)合集成(cheng)后的(de)(de)初(chu)步風(feng)險(xian)分(fen)析是對已辯識出的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)進(jin)行初(chu)步分(fen)析評(ping)估(gu),確(que)定(ding)(ding)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)等級或水(shui)平(ping)。風(feng)險(xian)水(shui)平(ping)低的(de)(de)可忽略不計或僅(jin)作定(ding)(ding)性評(ping)估(gu),風(feng)險(xian)水(shui)平(ping)高(gao)的(de)(de)要在(zai)定(ding)(ding)性分(fen)析基礎上,進(jin)行定(ding)(ding)量評(ping)估(gu)。

(3)頻(pin)率(lv)分析(xi)。即(ji)確定(ding)風險可(ke)能發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv),其方(fang)法主要(yao)有(you)歷史數(shu)據(ju)統計分析(xi)、故障樹分析(xi)與失效理論模(mo)型分析(xi)。歷史數(shu)據(ju)統計分析(xi)是根(gen)據(ju)有(you)關事(shi)故的(de)歷史數(shu)據(ju)預(yu)測今后可(ke)能發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)。因此要(yao)建(jian)立

風險數據(ju)庫,既作為(wei)(wei)QRA的(de)基(ji)礎,又作為(wei)(wei)風險決策(ce)的(de)依據(ju)。故障樹分析作為(wei)(wei)一種自上而下的(de)邏輯分析法,把可能發生(sheng)的(de)事故或系統(tong)失(shi)效(頂(ding)事件(jian))與基(ji)本(ben)部件(jian)的(de)失(shi)效聯系起來,根據(ju)基(ji)本(ben)部件(jian)的(de)失(shi)效概率(lv)計算出頂(ding)事件(jian)的(de)發生(sheng)概率(lv)。失(shi)效理論(lun)模型(xing)分析是在歷史數據(ju)與專家經驗的(de)基(ji)礎上,采(cai)用(yong)某種失(shi)效理論(lun)模型(xing)來計算風險發生(sheng)頻率(lv)。

(4)風(feng)險測(ce)定估(gu)(gu)計(ji)。根據風(feng)險特性及類型(xing),運用(yong)一定的數學工具測(ce)定或估(gu)(gu)計(ji)風(feng)險大小(xiao)。常用(yong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)有主(zhu)觀估(gu)(gu)計(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、客觀估(gu)(gu)計(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、期望(wang)值法(fa)(fa)(fa)、數學模(mo)型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、隨機模(mo)擬法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)馬爾(er)可夫模(mo)型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng)。

(5)后果(guo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)。即(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)特定風(feng)險在某種(zhong)環(huan)境(jing)作用下可(ke)能導致的(de)(de)各種(zhong)事故(gu)后果(guo)及損(sun)失(shi)。其(qi)方法主要有情(qing)景分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)與損(sun)失(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)。情(qing)景分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)通過事件(jian)樹模(mo)型分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)特定風(feng)險在環(huan)境(jing)作用下可(ke)能導致的(de)(de)各種(zhong)事故(gu)后果(guo)。損(sun)失(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)是分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)特定后果(guo)對其(qi)它事物的(de)(de)影響及利益損(sun)失(shi)并歸結為(wei)某種(zhong)風(feng)險指標。

(6)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)(biao)準及(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)受性。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)(biao)準及(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)受性應遵循(xun)最低(di)合(he)理可(ke)(ke)(ke)行(xing)(ALARP)原則(ze)(ze)。ALARP原則(ze)(ze)是(shi)指(zhi)任何系統都存在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),而且風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)平越(yue)低(di),即(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程度越(yue)小要進一步(bu)減(jian)少風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)越(yue)困難,其成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)會呈(cheng)指(zhi)數曲線(xian)上(shang)升。也就是(shi)說,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改進措施(shi)(shi)投資(zi)的邊際效(xiao)益遞減(jian),最終趨于零,甚(shen)至為負(fu)值。因此(ci),必須在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)平與(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)間折衷考慮。如果電力企業定量風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評估所得(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)平在(zai)不可(ke)(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)受線(xian)之上(shang),則(ze)(ze)該(gai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被拒絕(jue),如果風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)平在(zai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)受線(xian)之下,則(ze)(ze)該(gai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)受,無(wu)需采(cai)取風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改進措施(shi)(shi);如風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)平在(zai)不可(ke)(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)受線(xian)與(yu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)受線(xian)之間,即(ji)落人(ren)ALARP區(可(ke)(ke)(ke)容忍區),這時要進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改進措施(shi)(shi)投資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析或風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)收益分(fen)析。

分析(xi)結果如果證明進一(yi)步增加風(feng)(feng)險(xian)改進投(tou)(tou)資對電力企(qi)業的風(feng)(feng)險(xian)水平減小貢獻不(bu)大,則該(gai)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)是可接受的,即允許該(gai)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)存在,以節(jie)省投(tou)(tou)資成(cheng)本(ben)。ALARP原則的經濟學(xue)解(jie)釋類似投(tou)(tou)入要素(su)的邊際收(shou)益遞(di)減規(gui)律(lv)(lv)一(yi)樣,風(feng)(feng)險(xian)與風(feng)(feng)險(xian)措施(shi)投(tou)(tou)入間的風(feng)(feng)險(xian)曲線(xian)也呈(cheng)邊際收(shou)益遞(di)減規(gui)律(lv)(lv)。

3.3 電力企(qi)業QRA常用方(fang)法

根(gen)據電(dian)力企業QRA的工作(zuo)內容和(he)實現(xian)要(yao)求,結合電(dian)力企業本身特點(dian),電(dian)力企業QRA常用的方法(fa)主要(yao)有:安全檢查(cha)表即實施安全檢查(cha)的項目(mu)明細表;故障模(mo)式與影(ying)(ying)響分(fen)析(xi)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)故障模(mo)式影(ying)(ying)響分(fen)析(xi)與致命度分(fen)析(xi)(FMEACA)技(ji)術(shu);風險(xian)與可(ke)操作(zuo)性(xing)研究技(ji)術(shu);事件樹分(fen)析(xi)技(ji)術(shu);基(ji)于概率影(ying)(ying)響圖技(ji)術(shu)、人工智(zhi)能(neng)、專家系統、可(ke)靠性(xing)工程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)期(qi)望值法(fa)、風險(xian)主觀、客觀估計(ji)法(fa)、模(mo)糊評估法(fa)等。

篇9

    關鍵詞:電(dian)力企業,風險管理,定(ding)量(liang)風險評(ping)估

0、引言

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)作(zuo)為(wei)高風(feng)(feng)險(xian)產(chan)業,不(bu)僅源于(yu)其(qi)公用事業屬(shu)性,以及(ji)技術資(zi)金密集(ji)、供求瞬(shun)時(shi)平衡、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)運行連(lian)續等特(te)征(zheng),同時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)項目投資(zi)額巨大、建(jian)設周期長(chang)、沉(chen)沒成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)高,而(er)且,隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場建(jian)設進程的(de)(de)深(shen)入,市場主體越來(lai)越多(duo),電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交易關系復雜,不(bu)同主體之間協調困難,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業規劃建(jian)設、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營的(de)(de)不(bu)確(que)定性加(jia)大、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場風(feng)(feng)險(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)。根據“十一五(wu)”期間電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革的(de)(de)任務,面對我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場化發展的(de)(de)現狀,增(zeng)強風(feng)(feng)險(xian)意(yi)識(shi),樹立風(feng)(feng)險(xian)觀念,加(jia)強風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理將是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業的(de)(de)重要(yao)任務。本(ben)(ben)文在闡述了企業風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理基本(ben)(ben)框(kuang)架流程及(ji)其(qi)主要(yao)內容(rong)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),提(ti)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業定量風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評估的(de)(de)主要(yao)內容(rong)及(ji)方(fang)法,以期推動電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)開展。

1、風(feng)險管理的(de)主要內容

風(feng)險(xian)作為客觀(guan)存在,要求人(ren)們考(kao)察研(yan)究風(feng)險(xian)時,要從決策(ce)角度(du)認識到風(feng)險(xian)與(yu)人(ren)們有(you)目的(de)(de)活動、行(xing)動方案選擇(ze)及(ji)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)未來變(bian)化(hua)有(you)關。風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)過程和風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)客觀(guan)性(xing)(xing)、損(sun)失(shi)性(xing)(xing)、不確(que)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)特征(zheng)共(gong)同構(gou)成(cheng)風(feng)險(xian)形成(cheng)機制分析(xi)和風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)基礎。

人(ren)們一(yi)(yi)(yi)般對風(feng)(feng)險持厭惡(e)態度,都想減小風(feng)(feng)險損失,追求風(feng)(feng)險與(yu)收益(yi)的(de)(de)均(jun)衡優化。風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)提出與(yu)發(fa)展與(yu)企(qi)業(ye)發(fa)展狀況、社會背景密不可分。風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)門管理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科,首先在(zai)美(mei)(mei)(mei)國應運而生,之后(hou)傳(chuan)到西歐、亞洲(zhou)(zhou)、拉丁美(mei)(mei)(mei)洲(zhou)(zhou)。美(mei)(mei)(mei)國大多(duo)數企(qi)業(ye)都設置專職部(bu)門進(jin)行風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li),許多(duo)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)工商管理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)都開設風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)課程。風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)門科學(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)藝術,既需要(yao)(yao)定性(xing)分析,又需要(yao)(yao)定量估(gu)計;既要(yao)(yao)求理(li)(li)性(xing),又要(yao)(yao)求人(ren)性(xing);不但(dan)需要(yao)(yao)多(duo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科理(li)(li)論指導,還需要(yao)(yao)多(duo)種方(fang)法支持。

源于風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理主要(yao)(yao)包括風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)三(san)大部份。根據風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形成的(de)(de)(de)過程,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)需要(yao)(yao)進行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)(shi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估(gu)計。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估(gu)計需要(yao)(yao)進行頻率分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)與后(hou)果(guo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),而后(hou)果(guo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)又包括情(qing)景分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)與損(sun)失分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。通過風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),可(ke)得到特定(ding)系統所有風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估(gu)計,對(dui)此再(zai)參照相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準(zhun)及可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受性,判斷系統的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是否(fou)可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受,是否(fou)采(cai)取(qu)安(an)全措施(shi),這就是風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)總稱為風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)。為進行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)量化(hua)估(gu)算,要(yao)(yao)進行定(ding)量風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(quantitative risk assessment—qra)。在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,針對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)況采(cai)取(qu)相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)與對(dui)策方案,以控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、抑制(zhi)、降低風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),即風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理不僅要(yao)(yao)定(ding)性分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因素(su)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故及損(sun)失狀(zhuang)況,而且要(yao)(yao)盡可(ke)能基于風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準(zhun)及可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受性對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行定(ding)量評(ping)(ping)價(jia)。對(dui)于以盈利為目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業企業也希望將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)失價(jia)值(zhi)化(hua)并給出貨(huo)幣衡(heng)量標準(zhun)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理就是風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)三(san)者密切(qie)相聯的(de)(de)(de)動態過程,見圖(tu)1。

 

2、風險管理(li)的組織實施與基本(ben)流程(cheng)

為(wei)有效實(shi)(shi)施風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li),企業應由(you)專門的組(zu)織及(ji)相關人員按(an)一定程(cheng)序組(zu)織實(shi)(shi)施風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工作。據《幸福(fu)》雜志對美國500多家大公(gong)司的調查知,84%的公(gong)司由(you)中層(ceng)以上的經(jing)理(li)(li)(li)人員負責(ze)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的趨勢是(shi)董事會(hui)下(xia)屬設立風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)委員會(hui)全(quan)面負責(ze)公(gong)司風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li),組(zu)織實(shi)(shi)施的流(liu)程(cheng)是(shi):①制定風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)規劃;②風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)辯識;③風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估;④風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)策(ce)略(lve)方案選擇(ze);⑤風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)策(ce)略(lve)實(shi)(shi)施;⑥風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)策(ce)略(lve)實(shi)(shi)施評(ping)價。

3、電力(li)企(qi)業定量(liang)風(feng)險評估(qra)

電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業qra的(de)建(jian)立(li)與發展從內部來看,不僅(jin)已有可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性分(fen)析、安(an)全分(fen)析、質量管(guan)(guan)理(li)、項目管(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)各(ge)專業分(fen)析作(zuo)基礎,從外部而言有電(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶、政府與社會公(gong)眾(zhong)、咨詢機構等(deng)眾(zhong)多相關(guan)主體的(de)關(guan)注。電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業qra對企(qi)業的(de)作(zuo)用主要體現在:通過(guo)qra有利(li)于企(qi)業將風(feng)險(xian)(xian)水平控(kong)(kong)制在規定標準的(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)水平之內,并符(fu)合(he)最(zui)(zui)低合(he)理(li)可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)原則(ze);通過(guo)開展qra可(ke)(ke)幫助企(qi)業全面(mian)識別風(feng)險(xian)(xian),并按輕(qing)重(zhong)緩(huan)急(ji)排(pai)序,以(yi)有助于管(guan)(guan)理(li)者(zhe)將精力(li)、財(cai)力(li)、物(wu)力(li)集(ji)中于風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)重(zhong)要緊(jin)急(ji)領域,使風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)決策更為(wei)合(he)理(li)、效果更好、成本最(zui)(zui)小;通過(guo)對各(ge)種(zhong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制方案或安(an)全改進(jin)措施進(jin)行(xing)(xing)qra,使決策者(zhe)對方案措施進(jin)行(xing)(xing)優劣選(xuan)擇,為(wei)公(gong)司提出決策支(zhi)持。電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業的(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)將對其它企(qi)業和主體帶(dai)來連帶(dai)影響,并產生放大效應,電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安(an)全、可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)、高效、優質是各(ge)行(xing)(xing)各(ge)業和政府管(guan)(guan)理(li)部門共同的(de)愿望。電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業實施qra具有現實意義。

3.1  電力企(qi)業qha的基本框架模式

電(dian)力企業(ye)qra是指在工業(ye)系(xi)統qra的基礎上,考(kao)慮電(dian)力系(xi)統的技術(shu)經濟(ji)特點及運行規律(lv),結合電(dian)力體制改革及電(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)化進程而以(yi)概率模(mo)型表征(zheng)的全面風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理理論方法(fa)。為便于實施風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理,保證風(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)質量,滿足風(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)過(guo)程各階段(duan)的不同要求,構建如圖3所示的適用于電(dian)力企業(ye)qra的基本框架模(mo)式。在具體實施時(shi),允許依實際情況而有所改變。

3.2  電力(li)企業qra的(de)主要(yao)工作(zuo)內容

 (1)確(que)定目(mu)標及(ji)范圍。包括風險管理的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)與(yu)意義,待分析系統的(de)(de)設備(bei)配(pei)置、工(gong)作流程(cheng)、資(zi)金、人員、管理、信息、地區(qu)、人文環境等,即確(que)定qra實(shi)現目(mu)標和實(shi)施條件等。

(2)風(feng)險(xian)辨識。即找出(chu)待評價系統中所(suo)有潛在的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素(su),并進行初(chu)步(bu)分析,通過安全檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)看系統是否達到(dao)規范要求。風(feng)險(xian)辯識的(de)(de)基本途徑有歷史事(shi)故統計分析、安全檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)表(biao)(biao)分析、風(feng)險(xian)與可操作性(xing)研究(hzops)、故障模式(shi)與影響(xiang)(xiang)分析(fmea)、故障模式(shi)影響(xiang)(xiang)及危急分析(fmeca)、故障樹分析(eta)、事(shi)故樹分析(eta)、風(feng)險(xian)分析調查(cha)(cha)表(biao)(biao)、保單檢(jian)視(shi)表(biao)(biao)、資(zi)產風(feng)險(xian)暴(bao)露分析表(biao)(biao)、財務報表(biao)(biao)、流程圖、現場檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)表(biao)(biao)、風(feng)險(xian)趨勢估計表(biao)(biao)等。為配(pei)合保險(xian)公司對出(chu)險(xian)事(shi)項的(de)(de)處理,可采用從下至上的(de)(de)歸納法(fa)、從上至下的(de)(de)演繹法(fa)及兩者綜合運用。針(zhen)對特定風(feng)險(xian),可選(xuan)用基于(yu)系統平面(mian)布置的(de)(de)區域分析、隱含事(shi)件分析、德爾菲法(fa)及基于(yu)事(shi)故樹分析的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)事(shi)故網絡法(fa)等。風(feng)險(xian)辯識不只(zhi)局限于(yu)系統硬件,還應考慮人(ren)為因(yin)素(su)、組織制度等系統軟件。

風險(xian)綜合集成是指對(dui)所有風險(xian)按其特性類型分(fen)門別類加以匯(hui)總因電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業特點及電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場化改革(ge)特點,把電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)風險(xian)按廠網分(fen)開的行(xing)業結(jie)構(gou)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)類。

對于(yu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)而言,主要有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源規劃風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、報價(jia)競價(jia)上網(wang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、供求平衡風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、市場(chang)力(li)抑制風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、備用容量風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、信用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、法律風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、項目風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、中介機構風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)而言,主要有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)融資風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易轉移風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輔助服(fu)務風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、成本分攤風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻塞風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、備用率(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)監(jian)管(guan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。另(ling)外,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)還將(jiang)面臨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)可靠性(xing)、安全性(xing)、穩(wen)定性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。

風(feng)險(xian)綜合集成后的(de)初步(bu)風(feng)險(xian)分析是對已辯識(shi)出的(de)風(feng)險(xian)進行初步(bu)分析評估(gu),確定(ding)(ding)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)等(deng)級或(huo)水平。風(feng)險(xian)水平低的(de)可(ke)忽略不計或(huo)僅作定(ding)(ding)性評估(gu),風(feng)險(xian)水平高的(de)要(yao)在定(ding)(ding)性分析基礎上(shang),進行定(ding)(ding)量評估(gu)。

(3)頻(pin)率(lv)分(fen)析(xi)。即確定(ding)風險可能發(fa)(fa)生的(de)頻(pin)率(lv),其方(fang)法(fa)主要有(you)(you)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)數(shu)據統計分(fen)析(xi)、故障(zhang)樹分(fen)析(xi)與失效理論(lun)模型分(fen)析(xi)。歷(li)史(shi)(shi)數(shu)據統計分(fen)析(xi)是根據有(you)(you)關事故的(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)數(shu)據預測今后可能發(fa)(fa)生的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)。因此要建立

風(feng)(feng)險數據庫,既作(zuo)為qra的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu),又作(zuo)為風(feng)(feng)險決策的(de)(de)(de)依據。故障(zhang)樹(shu)分析(xi)作(zuo)為一種(zhong)自上(shang)而下的(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)分析(xi)法,把(ba)可能發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)事故或(huo)系統失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)(頂(ding)事件(jian))與基本(ben)部(bu)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)聯(lian)系起來,根據基本(ben)部(bu)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)概率計算(suan)出頂(ding)事件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)概率。失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)理論模型(xing)分析(xi)是(shi)在歷史數據與專家經驗的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),采用某種(zhong)失(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)理論模型(xing)來計算(suan)風(feng)(feng)險發(fa)生(sheng)頻率。

(4)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)測定估計。根據風(feng)(feng)險(xian)特性及(ji)類型(xing)(xing),運用(yong)一定的數(shu)(shu)學(xue)工具測定或估計風(feng)(feng)險(xian)大小。常用(yong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)主要有主觀估計法(fa)(fa)(fa)、客觀估計法(fa)(fa)(fa)、期(qi)望值法(fa)(fa)(fa)、數(shu)(shu)學(xue)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、隨機模(mo)(mo)擬法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)馬爾可夫模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。

(5)后(hou)(hou)果(guo)分析(xi)(xi)。即分析(xi)(xi)特定風(feng)險在某(mou)種環(huan)境作用下可(ke)能(neng)導(dao)(dao)致的各種事故后(hou)(hou)果(guo)及損(sun)(sun)失(shi)。其方法主要(yao)有情(qing)(qing)景分析(xi)(xi)與損(sun)(sun)失(shi)分析(xi)(xi)。情(qing)(qing)景分析(xi)(xi)通(tong)過事件(jian)樹模型(xing)分析(xi)(xi)特定風(feng)險在環(huan)境作用下可(ke)能(neng)導(dao)(dao)致的各種事故后(hou)(hou)果(guo)。損(sun)(sun)失(shi)分析(xi)(xi)是分析(xi)(xi)特定后(hou)(hou)果(guo)對其它事物(wu)的影(ying)響及利益損(sun)(sun)失(shi)并歸結為某(mou)種風(feng)險指(zhi)標。

(6)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準及(ji)可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受(shou)性(xing)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準及(ji)可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受(shou)性(xing)應遵循最低(di)合理可(ke)行(xing)(alarp)原(yuan)則(ze)。alarp原(yuan)則(ze)是(shi)指(zhi)任何系(xi)統都存(cun)在風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),而且風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)平(ping)越(yue)低(di),即風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程度(du)越(yue)小要(yao)進一步減少風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)越(yue)困難,其成本會呈指(zhi)數曲(qu)線(xian)上升。也(ye)就是(shi)說,風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改(gai)進措(cuo)施投(tou)資的邊際效益(yi)遞(di)減,最終(zhong)趨(qu)于零,甚至為負值。因此,必須(xu)在風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)平(ping)與(yu)成本間(jian)折衷考慮。如果電力企業(ye)定量風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評估所得風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)平(ping)在不可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受(shou)線(xian)之上,則(ze)該(gai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被拒(ju)絕,如果風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)平(ping)在可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受(shou)線(xian)之下,則(ze)該(gai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受(shou),無需采取風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改(gai)進措(cuo)施;如風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)平(ping)在不可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受(shou)線(xian)與(yu)可(ke)接(jie)(jie)受(shou)線(xian)之間(jian),即落人alarp區(qu)(可(ke)容忍區(qu)),這時要(yao)進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改(gai)進措(cuo)施投(tou)資成本風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分析(xi)或風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)成本收益(yi)分析(xi)。轉載于范文中國網(wang) 。

分析結果如果證明進一步增加(jia)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)改進投(tou)資對電(dian)力企業的風(feng)險(xian)(xian)水(shui)平減(jian)小貢(gong)獻不大(da),則該風(feng)險(xian)(xian)是可接受(shou)的,即允許該風(feng)險(xian)(xian)存在,以(yi)節省投(tou)資成本。alarp原則的經(jing)濟學解釋類(lei)似投(tou)入(ru)要素的邊際收(shou)益遞(di)(di)減(jian)規(gui)律一樣(yang),風(feng)險(xian)(xian)與風(feng)險(xian)(xian)措施投(tou)入(ru)間的風(feng)險(xian)(xian)曲線(xian)也呈邊際收(shou)益遞(di)(di)減(jian)規(gui)律。

    3.3  電力企業qra常用(yong)方法

根據電(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)qra的(de)工(gong)作內容和(he)(he)實現要求,結合電(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)本(ben)身特點,電(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)qra常用的(de)方法(fa)主(zhu)要有:安(an)全檢查(cha)(cha)表(biao)即實施安(an)全檢查(cha)(cha)的(de)項目明細表(biao);故障模(mo)式與(yu)(yu)影響分析(xi)技術和(he)(he)故障模(mo)式影響分析(xi)與(yu)(yu)致命度分析(xi)(fmeaca)技術;風險與(yu)(yu)可操作性(xing)研究(jiu)技術;事件(jian)樹(shu)分析(xi)技術;基于概率影響圖(tu)技術、人(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)、專家系(xi)統(tong)、可靠(kao)性(xing)工(gong)程技術期(qi)望值法(fa)、風險主(zhu)觀(guan)、客觀(guan)估(gu)計法(fa)、模(mo)糊評(ping)估(gu)法(fa)等。

篇10

關鍵詞(ci):電力企業,風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理,定(ding)量風(feng)險(xian)評估

0、引言

電(dian)(dian)力(li)作為高(gao)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye),不僅源于其(qi)公用事業(ye)屬性(xing),以及技術資金密集、供求瞬時(shi)平衡、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)運(yun)行連續等特征,同時(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)項目(mu)投資額(e)巨大(da)、建設(she)周期長、沉(chen)沒成本(ben)高(gao),而且,隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)制改革和(he)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場建設(she)進程的(de)(de)(de)深入,市場主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)越來越多,電(dian)(dian)力(li)交易關系復雜(za),不同主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)之間(jian)協調困(kun)難,電(dian)(dian)力(li)行業(ye)規劃建設(she)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營的(de)(de)(de)不確定(ding)性(xing)加大(da)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場風(feng)險(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加。根(gen)據(ju)“十一五”期間(jian)電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)制改革的(de)(de)(de)任務(wu),面對(dui)我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場化發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)現狀,增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)意識,樹立風(feng)險(xian)(xian)觀念,加強(qiang)(qiang)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理將是電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)任務(wu)。本(ben)文在(zai)闡述了企業(ye)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理基本(ben)框架流程及其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)內容的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,提出電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)定(ding)量(liang)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)內容及方法,以期推動電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理工作的(de)(de)(de)開展(zhan)。

1、風險管理的(de)主要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)

風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)作為客觀存(cun)在,要求人們考(kao)察(cha)研(yan)究風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時,要從決策角度(du)認識到(dao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與人們有目的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)、行動(dong)方案選擇及(ji)事物的(de)(de)(de)未(wei)來(lai)變化有關。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成過程和(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)客觀性(xing)、損失性(xing)、不確定性(xing)特征共同構成風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)成機(ji)制(zhi)分析和(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理的(de)(de)(de)基礎。

人們(men)一般對風險(xian)持厭惡態度,都想減(jian)小風險(xian)損失(shi),追求(qiu)風險(xian)與收益的均衡優化。風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的提出與發展與企業發展狀況(kuang)、社會背景密(mi)不(bu)可(ke)分。風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)一門管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)學科,首先(xian)在(zai)美(mei)國(guo)應(ying)運(yun)而(er)生,之后傳到西歐、亞(ya)洲、拉丁(ding)美(mei)洲。美(mei)國(guo)大多數企業都設(she)置專職部門進(jin)行(xing)風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li),許多大學的工商管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)學院(yuan)都開設(she)風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)課程。風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)一門科學與藝術,既需(xu)(xu)要定性分析,又(you)需(xu)(xu)要定量(liang)估(gu)計;既要求(qiu)理(li)(li)(li)性,又(you)要求(qiu)人性;不(bu)但(dan)需(xu)(xu)要多學科理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)指導(dao),還需(xu)(xu)要多種方法支持。

源于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意識的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)主要(yao)包括(kuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)三大部(bu)份(fen)。根據風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形成(cheng)的過(guo)程,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)需要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨識、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估計(ji)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估計(ji)需要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行頻率(lv)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)與(yu)后果分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi),而(er)后果分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)又包括(kuo)情景分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)與(yu)損(sun)失(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)。通過(guo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi),可(ke)(ke)得到(dao)特(te)定(ding)系統所有風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)估計(ji),對此再參(can)照(zhao)相(xiang)應的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準(zhun)及可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受性(xing),判(pan)斷系統的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是否(fou)可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受,是否(fou)采取(qu)安(an)全(quan)措施(shi),這就(jiu)是風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價總稱為(wei)(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估。為(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)量(liang)化估算,要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行定(ding)量(liang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(QuantitativeRiskAssessment—QRA)。在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估的基(ji)(ji)礎上(shang),針對風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)狀況采取(qu)相(xiang)應的措施(shi)與(yu)對策方案,以控制(zhi)、抑制(zhi)、降低風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),即風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)不僅要(yao)定(ding)性(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因素(su)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)及損(sun)失(shi)狀況,而(er)且要(yao)盡可(ke)(ke)能基(ji)(ji)于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準(zhun)及可(ke)(ke)接(jie)受性(xing)對風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行定(ding)量(liang)評(ping)價。對于(yu)以盈利為(wei)(wei)目的的工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)也希望將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)失(shi)價值化并給出(chu)貨幣衡(heng)量(liang)標準(zhun)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)就(jiu)是風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)三者密切相(xiang)聯的動(dong)態過(guo)程,見圖1。

2、風(feng)險管理的組(zu)織實施與基本流程

為(wei)有效實(shi)施風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li),企業(ye)應(ying)由專門的(de)組(zu)織及相關人員(yuan)按一(yi)定(ding)程序組(zu)織實(shi)施風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)工作。據(ju)《幸福》雜志對美國500多家大公(gong)司(si)的(de)調查知,84%的(de)公(gong)司(si)由中層以上的(de)經理(li)(li)人員(yuan)負(fu)責(ze)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)趨勢是(shi)董事會下屬設立風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)委(wei)員(yuan)會全面(mian)負(fu)責(ze)公(gong)司(si)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li),組(zu)織實(shi)施的(de)流(liu)程是(shi):①制定(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)規劃(hua);②風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)辯(bian)識;③風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估;④風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)策略方案選擇;⑤風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)策略實(shi)施;⑥風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)策略實(shi)施評(ping)(ping)價。

3、電力企(qi)業定量風險評估(QRA)

電力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)QRA的(de)(de)建立(li)與(yu)發展(zhan)從(cong)內部(bu)來(lai)看,不僅已有(you)可靠性分析(xi)、安全分析(xi)、質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、項目管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)等各(ge)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)分析(xi)作(zuo)基礎(chu),從(cong)外部(bu)而(er)言有(you)電力(li)(li)(li)(li)用戶、政府(fu)與(yu)社會公眾、咨詢(xun)機(ji)構等眾多相關主(zhu)體的(de)(de)關注(zhu)。電力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)QRA對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用主(zhu)要體現(xian)在:通過(guo)QRA有(you)利于(yu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)將(jiang)(jiang)風險(xian)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)控(kong)制在規定標準的(de)(de)風險(xian)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)之內,并(bing)符(fu)合最低合理(li)(li)可行原(yuan)則;通過(guo)開展(zhan)QRA可幫助企業(ye)(ye)(ye)全面識(shi)別(bie)風險(xian),并(bing)按輕重緩(huan)急排序,以有(you)助于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)者將(jiang)(jiang)精力(li)(li)(li)(li)、財力(li)(li)(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)(li)(li)集(ji)中于(yu)風險(xian)控(kong)制的(de)(de)重要緊急領域(yu),使(shi)風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)決策更(geng)為合理(li)(li)、效果更(geng)好、成本最小;通過(guo)對各(ge)種風險(xian)控(kong)制方案(an)或(huo)安全改進措施進行QRA,使(shi)決策者對方案(an)措施進行優(you)劣選擇,為公司提出決策支(zhi)持。電力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)風險(xian)將(jiang)(jiang)對其(qi)它企業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)主(zhu)體帶(dai)(dai)來(lai)連帶(dai)(dai)影響,并(bing)產生放大效應(ying),電力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統安全、可靠、高效、優(you)質(zhi)是(shi)各(ge)行各(ge)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)政府(fu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)部(bu)門共同的(de)(de)愿望(wang)。電力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)實施QRA具(ju)有(you)現(xian)實意義。

3.1電(dian)力企(qi)業QHA的基本框架模式

電(dian)力企(qi)業QRA是(shi)指在(zai)工業系統(tong)QRA的(de)基礎上,考(kao)慮(lv)電(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)技術經(jing)濟特點及運行規律,結合電(dian)力體制改革及電(dian)力市場化進(jin)程(cheng)而以概率(lv)模型表征的(de)全面風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)理(li)論方法。為便于實施風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li),保證風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)質量,滿(man)足風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)過程(cheng)各(ge)階段的(de)不(bu)同要求,構建如圖(tu)3所示的(de)適用于電(dian)力企(qi)業QRA的(de)基本框(kuang)架模式(shi)。在(zai)具體實施時(shi),允許(xu)依實際(ji)情況而有所改變。

3.2電力企業QRA的主要(yao)工(gong)作內容

(1)確(que)定目標及范圍。包括風險管(guan)理的目的與(yu)意義,待(dai)分析(xi)系(xi)統的設(she)備配置、工(gong)作流程、資(zi)金、人(ren)員、管(guan)理、信息、地區、人(ren)文(wen)環境等,即確(que)定QRA實現目標和實施(shi)條件等。

(2)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)識(shi)。即找出(chu)待評價系統(tong)中所有(you)潛在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素,并進(jin)行初步分析(xi)(xi),通過安全檢(jian)查看系統(tong)是(shi)否達到規(gui)范要求。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)辯識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)基本途徑有(you)歷史事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)統(tong)計分析(xi)(xi)、安全檢(jian)查表(biao)分析(xi)(xi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)可操(cao)作性研究(HZOPS)、故(gu)障(zhang)模(mo)式與(yu)影(ying)響分析(xi)(xi)(FMEA)、故(gu)障(zhang)模(mo)式影(ying)響及(ji)危急(ji)分析(xi)(xi)(FMECA)、故(gu)障(zhang)樹(shu)分析(xi)(xi)(ETA)、事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)樹(shu)分析(xi)(xi)(ETA)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分析(xi)(xi)調查表(biao)、保(bao)單檢(jian)視表(biao)、資產風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)暴露分析(xi)(xi)表(biao)、財務報表(biao)、流程圖(tu)、現場(chang)檢(jian)查表(biao)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)趨勢估計表(biao)等。為(wei)配(pei)合保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司對(dui)出(chu)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)項的(de)(de)(de)處理,可采(cai)用(yong)從下(xia)至上的(de)(de)(de)歸納法(fa)、從上至下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)演繹法(fa)及(ji)兩(liang)者綜合運用(yong)。針對(dui)特(te)定風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),可選(xuan)用(yong)基于系統(tong)平面布置的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域分析(xi)(xi)、隱(yin)含事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件分析(xi)(xi)、德爾菲法(fa)及(ji)基于事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)樹(shu)分析(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)網(wang)絡法(fa)等。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)辯識(shi)不只(zhi)局限于系統(tong)硬件,還應考慮人為(wei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素、組織制度等系統(tong)軟件。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)綜合集成(cheng)是(shi)指對(dui)所有(you)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)按其特(te)性類(lei)型分門(men)別(bie)類(lei)加以匯總整理。因(yin)(yin)(yin)電力工業(ye)特(te)點及(ji)電力市場(chang)化(hua)改革特(te)點,把(ba)電力系統(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)按廠網(wang)分開的(de)(de)(de)行業(ye)結構進(jin)行分類(lei)。

對于發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)而言(yan),主要(yao)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源規劃(hua)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、報價(jia)競價(jia)上網(wang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、供求平(ping)衡風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、市場力(li)抑制(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、備(bei)用容量(liang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、信用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、法律風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、項目風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、中介機(ji)構風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)而言(yan),主要(yao)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃(hua)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)融(rong)資風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)易轉移風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輔助(zhu)服務(wu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、成本分(fen)攤風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻塞風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、備(bei)用率風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)監管風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。另(ling)外(wai),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)還(huan)將(jiang)面(mian)臨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)可靠性、安全(quan)性、穩定性風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。

風險(xian)綜合集成后的初步風險(xian)分(fen)析(xi)是對(dui)已辯(bian)識出的風險(xian)進行初步分(fen)析(xi)評(ping)估,確定(ding)(ding)風險(xian)的等級或水(shui)平。風險(xian)水(shui)平低的可忽略(lve)不計或僅作定(ding)(ding)性評(ping)估,風險(xian)水(shui)平高的要在(zai)定(ding)(ding)性分(fen)析(xi)基礎上,進行定(ding)(ding)量評(ping)估。

(3)頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。即(ji)確定風(feng)險(xian)可(ke)能發(fa)(fa)生的(de)頻率(lv)(lv)(lv),其(qi)方法主(zhu)要有歷(li)史(shi)數(shu)據(ju)統(tong)計分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)、故(gu)障樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)與失效(xiao)理(li)論模(mo)(mo)型分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。歷(li)史(shi)數(shu)據(ju)統(tong)計分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)是根據(ju)有關事故(gu)的(de)歷(li)史(shi)數(shu)據(ju)預測今后可(ke)能發(fa)(fa)生的(de)頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)。因此(ci)要建立風(feng)險(xian)數(shu)據(ju)庫(ku),既作為(wei)QRA的(de)基礎,又(you)作為(wei)風(feng)險(xian)決策的(de)依據(ju)。故(gu)障樹(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)作為(wei)一(yi)種自(zi)上而下的(de)邏(luo)輯(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)法,把可(ke)能發(fa)(fa)生的(de)事故(gu)或系統(tong)失效(xiao)(頂事件)與基本(ben)部(bu)件的(de)失效(xiao)聯系起來,根據(ju)基本(ben)部(bu)件的(de)失效(xiao)概(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)(lv)計算(suan)出頂事件的(de)發(fa)(fa)生概(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。失效(xiao)理(li)論模(mo)(mo)型分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)是在歷(li)史(shi)數(shu)據(ju)與專家經(jing)驗的(de)基礎上,采用(yong)某種失效(xiao)理(li)論模(mo)(mo)型來計算(suan)風(feng)險(xian)發(fa)(fa)生頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)。

(4)風險(xian)測定(ding)估計。根據(ju)風險(xian)特(te)性及(ji)類型(xing),運用(yong)一定(ding)的(de)數學(xue)工具測定(ding)或估計風險(xian)大小。常用(yong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主要有主觀(guan)(guan)估計法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、客觀(guan)(guan)估計法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、期望值法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、數學(xue)模型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、隨機模擬法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和馬爾可(ke)夫模型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。

(5)后(hou)果(guo)分(fen)析(xi)。即分(fen)析(xi)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)風險(xian)在(zai)某種環(huan)境作用下(xia)可能導致的(de)各(ge)種事故后(hou)果(guo)及損(sun)失。其方法主要有情景分(fen)析(xi)與損(sun)失分(fen)析(xi)。情景分(fen)析(xi)通過事件(jian)樹(shu)模型分(fen)析(xi)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)風險(xian)在(zai)環(huan)境作用下(xia)可能導致的(de)各(ge)種事故后(hou)果(guo)。損(sun)失分(fen)析(xi)是分(fen)析(xi)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)后(hou)果(guo)對其它事物(wu)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)及利益損(sun)失并(bing)歸結為某種風險(xian)指標(biao)。

(6)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準及可接受性。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標準及可接受性應遵循最(zui)低(di)合理可行(xing)(ALARP)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。ALARP原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)是(shi)指(zhi)任何(he)系統都存在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),而且風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水平越低(di),即風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程度越小(xiao)要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)減(jian)少(shao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)越困難(nan),其(qi)成本(ben)會(hui)呈指(zhi)數曲線(xian)(xian)上(shang)升。也就(jiu)是(shi)說,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改(gai)進(jin)措施投(tou)資(zi)的(de)邊際(ji)效益遞減(jian),最(zui)終(zhong)趨于零,甚至為負值。因此,必須(xu)在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水平與(yu)成本(ben)間(jian)折(zhe)衷考慮。如果電力企(qi)業(ye)定量風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評估所得風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水平在不(bu)可接受線(xian)(xian)之上(shang),則(ze)(ze)該風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被(bei)拒絕,如果風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水平在可接受線(xian)(xian)之下,則(ze)(ze)該風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可接受,無需(xu)采取風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改(gai)進(jin)措施;如風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水平在不(bu)可接受線(xian)(xian)與(yu)可接受線(xian)(xian)之間(jian),即落人ALARP區(qu)(可容忍區(qu)),這(zhe)時要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改(gai)進(jin)措施投(tou)資(zi)成本(ben)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)或風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)成本(ben)收益分(fen)(fen)析(xi)。

分(fen)析結(jie)果如果證明進(jin)(jin)一步增加風(feng)(feng)險改(gai)進(jin)(jin)投資(zi)對電(dian)力企業的風(feng)(feng)險水平減(jian)小貢獻不(bu)大,則(ze)該風(feng)(feng)險是(shi)可接受(shou)的,即允許該風(feng)(feng)險存在(zai),以節省投資(zi)成本。ALARP原則(ze)的經濟學(xue)解釋類(lei)似投入(ru)要素的邊際收(shou)益遞減(jian)規律(lv)一樣,風(feng)(feng)險與風(feng)(feng)險措施投入(ru)間(jian)的風(feng)(feng)險曲線也呈邊際收(shou)益遞減(jian)規律(lv)。

3.3電力企業(ye)QRA常用(yong)方法

根據電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業QRA的(de)工(gong)(gong)作內容和(he)實現要求,結合電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業本(ben)身特點(dian),電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業QRA常用的(de)方(fang)法(fa)主要有(you):安全檢查表即實施安全檢查的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)明細表;故(gu)障模式與影(ying)響(xiang)分析技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)故(gu)障模式影(ying)響(xiang)分析與致(zhi)命度分析(FMEACA)技(ji)術(shu)(shu);風險與可操作性(xing)研究(jiu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu);事件樹(shu)分析技(ji)術(shu)(shu);基于概率影(ying)響(xiang)圖(tu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、人工(gong)(gong)智能(neng)、專家系(xi)統、可靠性(xing)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)期望值(zhi)法(fa)、風險主觀、客觀估(gu)計(ji)法(fa)、模糊評估(gu)法(fa)等。