一、關于創造價值的勞動問題

現(xian)(xian)代(dai)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)在(zai)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那個(ge)時代(dai)，自(zi)然(ran)(ran)看到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些事物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)與(yu)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思所能(neng)看到(dao)和(he)預想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，而(er)且有(you)些人(ren)(ren)(ren)從(cong)(cong)這些表象(xiang)觀(guan)察人(ren)(ren)(ren)手來理(li)(li)(li)解(jie)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。「一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)觀(guan)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這種(zhong)觀(guan)點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)如(ru)果否定了物(wu)(wu)化勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，科技(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力(li)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)成立，相對剩余價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)包(bao)括超(chao)額剩余價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)無(wu)從(cong)(cong)得來，商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)二因(yin)(yin)素和(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)二重性就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)存在(zai)，所以創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)活(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。我們(men)知道，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力(li)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量(liang)，僅僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量(liang)。因(yin)(yin)此，把(ba)科學技(ji)術(shu)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)符合馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。另外(wai)，如(ru)果承(cheng)認(ren)物(wu)(wu)化勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則必(bi)然(ran)(ran)得出價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等于使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荒謬結論，從(cong)(cong)而(er)必(bi)然(ran)(ran)導致否定商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二因(yin)(yin)素。顯(xian)然(ran)(ran)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)結論是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錯誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。第二種(zhong)觀(guan)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)素創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)財(cai)富(fu)(或(huo)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))。這種(zhong)觀(guan)點從(cong)(cong)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)資本、技(ji)術(shu)和(he)經(jing)(jing)營管理(li)(li)(li)等生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)出發(fa)，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論在(zai)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)有(you)許(xu)多局限，應該轉向(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)素價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論或(huo)財(cai)富(fu)論。第三種(zhong)觀(guan)點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)聯合勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)化勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，同(tong)時片面強(qiang)調活(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)源(yuan)(yuan)泉也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。必(bi)須把(ba)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、具體(ti)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)抽象(xiang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、實物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)服務生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、活(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)物(wu)(wu)化勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辨證統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，才(cai)(cai)能(neng)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)和(he)實現(xian)(xian)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，才(cai)(cai)能(neng)正確(que)處理(li)(li)(li)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)內(nei)(nei)在(zai)矛盾(dun)和(he)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)所有(you)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟利益關(guan)系(xi)，促進(jin)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場經(jing)(jing)濟和(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。即認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)只有(you)聯合勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)才(cai)(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真正源(yuan)(yuan)泉。顯(xian)然(ran)(ran)，這些觀(guan)點都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片面地(di)從(cong)(cong)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)出發(fa)，或(huo)靜態(tai)地(di)看馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論，沒有(you)采取與(yu)時俱進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度(du)(du)。只有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)才(cai)(cai)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)且堅持勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(抽象(xiang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong))是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形成商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)源(yuan)(yuan)泉和(he)實體(ti)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)濟學中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)帶根本性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學真理(li)(li)(li)。它一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面為(wei)(wei)(wei)徹(che)底批判資本主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)剝削制(zhi)度(du)(du)乃至一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切剝削制(zhi)度(du)(du)，論證社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)、共產(chan)(chan)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)歷史發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然(ran)(ran)趨勢提供了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)理(li)(li)(li)論基石;另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)從(cong)(cong)深層(ceng)次上(shang)認(ren)識社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場經(jing)(jing)濟運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律性，促進(jin)其健康(kang)高效地(di)發(fa)展(zhan)提供了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論武器。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我們(men)對活(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概論要(yao)(yao)在(zai)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史條(tiao)件(jian)下進(jin)行新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)解(jie)，從(cong)(cong)當代(dai)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)來看，凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)直接生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)物(wu)(wu)質商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)和(he)文(wen)化商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)、以及直接為(wei)(wei)(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和(he)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，其中包(bao)括自(zi)然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)法人(ren)(ren)(ren)實體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部管理(li)(li)(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)科勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)都(dou)屬于創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。

二、關(guan)于知識、科學技(ji)術是否創造價值的問題

目前，國內(nei)有(you)許多學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。并(bing)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)把物化(hua)(hua)(hua)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)等同于(yu)資本加(jia)以(yi)批判，把剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)產(chan)品完(wan)全(quan)歸(gui)功(gong)于(yu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，是(shi)(shi)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論研究(jiu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)不(bu)(bu)同而(er)具(ju)有(you)內(nei)在聯系的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論扭曲。相(xiang)對剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)超(chao)額剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主要來(lai)源于(yu)物化(hua)(hua)(hua)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)通過物化(hua)(hua)(hua)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)發揮出(chu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)第(di)一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)產(chan)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大功(gong)能(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)用(yong)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)種有(you)代表性的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點雖然并(bing)不(bu)(bu)完(wan)全(quan)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)對價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定影(ying)響(xiang)或(huo)在一(yi)(yi)定條件下創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。他們(men)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)除了勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)以(yi)外，生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他因(yin)素雖然不(bu)(bu)直(zhi)接創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但也作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)決定因(yin)素參與價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)。先(xian)(xian)進(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在一(yi)(yi)定條件下創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)設備(bei)用(yong)于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)時，在能(neng)(neng)夠促使商品的(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)別價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小于(yu)社會(hui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，它就不(bu)(bu)僅轉移了價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)且還有(you)條件地創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)了價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企業帶來(lai)了超(chao)額利潤。第(di)三種觀點認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)對知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)否創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)一(yi)(yi)概而(er)論，要從(cong)(cong)生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)來(lai)具(ju)體分析(xi)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟初(chu)見端倪(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，大量內(nei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)在活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，以(yi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)象支(zhi)出(chu)形(xing)(xing)式，不(bu)(bu)僅能(neng)(neng)夠創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)且能(neng)(neng)夠創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)比過去創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);大量內(nei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)在生(sheng)產(chan)資料中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，只能(neng)(neng)在有(you)效轉移價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)吸收活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)所創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，激發并(bing)擴(kuo)張(zhang)、放大活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效能(neng)(neng)。我們(men)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)從(cong)(cong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件來(lai)看，先(xian)(xian)進(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，原(yuan)因(yin)就在于(yu):先(xian)(xian)進(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)及(ji)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體現的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)進(jin)設備(bei)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，具(ju)體表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物化(hua)(hua)(hua)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)本身(shen)。勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)只有(you)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)才創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，物化(hua)(hua)(hua)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)—無論它以(yi)何(he)種形(xing)(xing)式存在都不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在商品生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)，新(xin)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、新(xin)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)人(ren)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過程(cheng)，但不(bu)(bu)進(jin)人(ren)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)增殖過程(cheng)。不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)新(xin)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、新(xin)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本身(shen)在創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)掌握(wo)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)用(yong)新(xin)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、新(xin)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)在創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。.

三(san)、關(guan)于勞(lao)動價值論與按勞(lao)分(fen)配(pei)的關(guan)系問題

目前(qian)，在勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論與(yu)按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系問(wen)題上主(zhu)要有(you)(you)兩種(zhong)觀(guan)點，一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化與(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)實行按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)沒有(you)(you)關(guan)系。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論主(zhu)要回答了(le)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)什么、分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)多少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，而(er)沒有(you)(you)進(jin)一步回答如何分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，這不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務。馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)提出(chu)(chu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)實行按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制度(du)與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論無(wu)關(guan)。而(er)且認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)我國(guo)現階(jie)段(duan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論依(yi)據也(ye)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)制理論。第二種(zhong)觀(guan)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論與(yu)按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)原則(ze)(ze)雖然(ran)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)完全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因果關(guan)系，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)存在著(zhu)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論揭(jie)示了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類抽象勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(體(ti)力(li)和腦(nao)(nao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支出(chu)(chu))是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)創造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)財富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一現實源泉，復雜勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等于倍加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)單勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，因此，社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)理應向勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從事復雜勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)力(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者傾斜(xie)。我們(men)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論仍然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我國(guo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基石，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必須(xu)以與(yu)時(shi)俱進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)來看待按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)問(wen)題。馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)在描繪社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)時(shi)指出(chu)(chu)，在全(quan)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)范(fan)圍內，社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)在對社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)總產品作(zuo)各項必要扣除之后，以勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(質和量)為(wei)(wei)(wei)唯一尺度(du)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)消費品。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)創造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)所必須(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因而(er)也(ye)必然(ran)要參與(yu)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)，應該取得勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)收(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。而(er)且在過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論分(fen)(fen)(fen)析中，常常有(you)(you)一種(zhong)誤(wu)解，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)創造(zao)(zao)意味著(zhu)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歸屬(shu)(shu)要求。工人(ren)(ren)(ren)創造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)似乎應該完全(quan)屬(shu)(shu)于工人(ren)(ren)(ren)。其實，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)全(quan)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)創造(zao)(zao)、價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歸屬(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)等同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)創造(zao)(zao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)整(zheng)體(ti)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，離開了(le)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)協作(zuo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)整(zheng)體(ti)，就(jiu)(jiu)難有(you)(you)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)創造(zao)(zao);而(er)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歸屬(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歸屬(shu)(shu)于誰，則(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)收(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，并非參加(jia)了(le)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)創造(zao)(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)歸屬(shu)(shu)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)只能歸屬(shu)(shu)于勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)體(ti)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)參加(jia)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歸屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

生產(chan)要素的所有制決定產(chan)品和收入的分配

在有(you)關(guan)馬克(ke)思勞(lao)動價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)的(de)討論(lun)中，我(wo)們必須避開的(de)第二大理(li)(li)論(lun)誤區是(shi)：把(ba)馬克(ke)思的(de)勞(lao)動價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)看作是(shi)社(she)會主(zhu)義實行“按勞(lao)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)”的(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)基礎，為了給(gei)“按要素分(fen)配(pei)(pei)”的(de)主(zhu)張(zhang)找理(li)(li)論(lun)根(gen)據，為個(ge)人(ren)獲得非勞(lao)動收(shou)入辯護，而極力(li)宣揚“資本(ben)、土地也參(can)加生(sheng)產(chan)、也創造價(jia)值(zhi)”。這里說的(de)“按要素分(fen)配(pei)(pei)”是(shi)社(she)會產(chan)品和收(shou)入的(de)一種分(fen)配(pei)(pei)制(zhi)度，它使每個(ge)人(ren)都依據歸其所有(you)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)要素、包(bao)括(kuo)資本(ben)和土地等非勞(lao)動生(sheng)產(chan)要素得到個(ge)人(ren)收(shou)入。

其實(shi)，馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動價值(zhi)論并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)他(ta)主(zhu)張(zhang)在(zai)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)下實(shi)行(xing)(xing)“按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分配(pei)”的(de)(de)理(li)論基礎。把(ba)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動價值(zhi)論當成(cheng)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)“按勞(lao)(lao)(lao)分配(pei)”的(de)(de)理(li)論基礎，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)對馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)經濟(ji)思(si)想的(de)(de)誤解(jie)，是(shi)(shi)把(ba)馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)當成(cheng)了一個(ge)淺薄的(de)(de)“李嘉圖派社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)者”。馬(ma)克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)學說強(qiang)調生產(chan)要素(su)的(de)(de)所有制決定產(chan)品和收(shou)入的(de)(de)分配(pei)，連主(zhu)張(zhang)非勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動收(shou)入合理(li)性的(de)(de)薩伊等(deng)人(ren)實(shi)際上也不(bu)能否認(ren)這(zhe)一觀點。

馬克思《資本(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)》的(de)(de)理論(lun)(lun)體系本(ben)(ben)身(shen)就(jiu)(jiu)說明(ming)，他的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)根本(ben)(ben)就(jiu)(jiu)沒有否認資本(ben)(ben)主義所(suo)有制下(xia)“按(an)生產要素(su)(su)分配收(shou)入(ru)”的(de)(de)現(xian)實。相反地(di)，整(zheng)部《資本(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)》恰恰是以勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)為基礎來說明(ming)資本(ben)(ben)主義生產方式(shi)下(xia)個人如何能獲(huo)得利潤(run)和(he)地(di)租這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)非(fei)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)收(shou)入(ru)。在(zai)(zai)《資本(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)》最后部分里(li)，馬克思明(ming)確地(di)指(zhi)出(chu)，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)力、資本(ben)(ben)、土地(di)的(de)(de)所(suo)有者分別得到(dao)(dao)工資、利潤(run)和(he)地(di)租這(zhe)3種收(shou)入(ru)（注：《資本(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)》第三卷，人民出(chu)版(ban)社，1972年(nian)版(ban)，第1000-1001頁(ye)，第296頁(ye)。）。這(zhe)是極(ji)鮮明(ming)的(de)(de)一幅“按(an)要素(su)(su)分配”的(de)(de)圖景。也(ye)只有在(zai)(zai)資本(ben)(ben)所(suo)有者必須得到(dao)(dao)利潤(run)這(zhe)種非(fei)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)的(de)(de)個人收(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)條件下(xia)，而(er)且是在(zai)(zai)等量資本(ben)(ben)得到(dao)(dao)等量利潤(run)的(de)(de)條件下(xia)，才會(hui)形成(cheng)生產價(jia)格。生產價(jia)格本(ben)(ben)身(shen)就(jiu)(jiu)體現(xian)了“按(an)要素(su)(su)分配收(shou)入(ru)，資本(ben)(ben)家得到(dao)(dao)利潤(run)”的(de)(de)原則。馬克思的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)與主張“按(an)要素(su)(su)分配”的(de)(de)人的(de)(de)最大不同只在(zai)(zai)于，它把個人的(de)(de)非(fei)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)收(shou)入(ru)都定性為“剝(bo)削”。

在(zai)馬克(ke)思看來，社會(hui)中之所以(yi)會(hui)有(you)(you)“按要素分配”，個人(ren)(ren)之所以(yi)會(hui)得到(dao)資(zi)本(ben)的(de)利潤(run)、土地的(de)地租等非(fei)勞(lao)動(dong)收入，是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)有(you)(you)這些非(fei)勞(lao)動(dong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要素的(de)私人(ren)(ren)所有(you)(you)制。馬克(ke)思指出，在(zai)“資(zi)本(ben)主義生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)”中，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)資(zi)料“首先表現為(wei)資(zi)本(ben)家的(de)私有(you)(you)財產(chan)(chan)。這些資(zi)本(ben)家是(shi)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)階級社會(hui)的(de)受(shou)托人(ren)(ren)，但是(shi)他們會(hui)把從(cong)這種委托中得到(dao)的(de)全部果實(shi)裝進私囊”。這樣就產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了利潤(run)收入。而地租收入之所以(yi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)，是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)“土地所有(you)(you)權”“把已經生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)出來的(de)剩余價值(zhi)的(de)一部分，從(cong)資(zi)本(ben)的(de)口袋(dai)里轉(zhuan)移到(dao)它(ta)自己的(de)口袋(dai)里”（注(zhu)：《資(zi)本(ben)論》第三卷(juan)，人(ren)(ren)民出版社，1972年版，第1000-1001頁，第928頁。）。

馬克(ke)(ke)思在《哥達綱領批判》中系統地說(shuo)(shuo)明了他(ta)主(zhu)張(zhang)的“共產(chan)(chan)主(zhu)義”最(zui)初階段的分配(pei)方式。他(ta)在那里清楚地說(shuo)(shuo)明，他(ta)主(zhu)張(zhang)的“按勞分配(pei)”只是(shi)這(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)期在個(ge)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間(jian)分配(pei)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)品(pin)的原則。社(she)會總產(chan)(chan)品(pin)在個(ge)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間(jian)分配(pei)之(zhi)前，必須先扣除“補償消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)掉的生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)資(zi)料(liao)的部分”和“擴(kuo)大再生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的部分”，這(zhe)當(dang)然是(shi)因為實行(xing)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)資(zi)料(liao)公有制，“除了個(ge)人(ren)(ren)的消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)資(zi)料(liao)，沒有任何東西可(ke)以(yi)成為個(ge)人(ren)(ren)的財產(chan)(chan)”（注：《馬克(ke)(ke)思恩格(ge)斯全集(ji)》第19卷，人(ren)(ren)民出版社(she)，1979年版，第21頁(ye)。）。而這(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)期之(zhi)所以(yi)沒有非勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)的個(ge)人(ren)(ren)收入，也只能(neng)是(shi)因為實行(xing)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)資(zi)料(liao)公有制，非勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)的生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)素都歸公共所有，個(ge)人(ren)(ren)沒有什么可(ke)以(yi)據以(yi)獲(huo)取收入的非勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)素。

摘要(yao)：馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)主義(yi)(yi)是引導我(wo)國經濟建設(she)的(de)根本思(si)(si)想，而勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)值論又(you)是馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)主義(yi)(yi)政治經濟中的(de)重要(yao)部分。我(wo)國當代所(suo)遇到的(de)困難與瓶頸和馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)所(suo)處的(de)時代已截然不同。經濟的(de)飛速發展，產業的(de)不斷升級，人民生(sheng)活水平的(de)不斷提高等(deng)都對(dui)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)值理論有了(le)更高的(de)要(yao)求。因此，要(yao)在堅持馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)主義(yi)(yi)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)值理論的(de)基(ji)礎上進一步深化(hua)。要(yao)拓展勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)值論，就(jiu)要(yao)認定(ding)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)的(de)科學勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)值觀。同時要(yao)堅持一個前(qian)提條件，那就(jiu)是活勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)創造(zao)價(jia)值。

關鍵(jian)詞：勞(lao)動；勞(lao)動價(jia)值論(lun)；科技勞(lao)動；服(fu)務勞(lao)動；管理勞(lao)動

隨著社會經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深層次(ci)創(chuang)新，價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)也在不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)豐富(fu)，以前被認為并(bing)不(bu)(bu)能創(chuang)造價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)現在反而成為價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)主力。過去，馬克(ke)思的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)理論解決了很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困惑，是(shi)一個實用性(xing)很強的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論。而隨著經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，先前對于勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究已經不(bu)(bu)合(he)時宜。處于新時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)我(wo)們應該聯系時代特征，進一步發(fa)展(zhan)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論。同(tong)時，還應當加(jia)強對馬克(ke)思理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識，不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)為勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論增加(jia)新元素，從(cong)而使其(qi)更(geng)好(hao)地(di)為我(wo)們服務。本文在繼承馬克(ke)思的(de)(de)(de)(de)活勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)才(cai)能創(chuang)造價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，對創(chuang)造價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍進行拓展(zhan)。

一、勞動(dong)的形式和范圍

改(gai)革開放在為我國經濟(ji)帶來(lai)(lai)新(xin)活力的(de)同(tong)時，也帶來(lai)(lai)了很(hen)多亟待解決的(de)困惑，馬(ma)克思的(de)勞動(dong)價值理論在這種新(xin)的(de)經濟(ji)環境下面(mian)臨著(zhu)更加嚴峻的(de)挑戰(zhan)。當(dang)今(jin)時代，勞動(dong)出現(xian)了很(hen)多和(he)以往不同(tong)的(de)新(xin)景象(xiang)，勞動(dong)的(de)形(xing)式和(he)范圍(wei)發生了很(hen)大的(de)變化(hua)，很(hen)多新(xin)興勞動(dong)在當(dang)今(jin)社(she)會中的(de)地位逐步上升。

（一）生產物質商(shang)品的勞動

目前(qian)(qian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)界正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)深(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)廣泛(fan)地(di)(di)討論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。無(wu)(wu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)目前(qian)(qian)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)討論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)長期(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)都(dou)(dou)提出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)疑和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)難(nan)題。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)難(nan)題在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)無(wu)(wu)現(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)答案，應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)傳統(tong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)也(ye)(ye)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)令(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)信服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)經濟學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)面(mian)臨著(zhu)(zhu)前(qian)(qian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)未有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)峻挑(tiao)戰，也(ye)(ye)孕(yun)育(yu)著(zhu)(zhu)前(qian)(qian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)未有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展機遇。我們(men)(men)(men)應該(gai)(gai)抓(zhua)住機遇，迎(ying)接(jie)挑(tiao)戰，把(ba)(ba)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)研(yan)究(jiu)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步引向(xiang)深(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)，把(ba)(ba)創(chuang)立了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)但(dan)至今未獲應有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)各方(fang)(fang)面(mian)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)豐富(fu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)展。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)，本(ben)(ben)(ben)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)冒昧提出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)幾個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)新(xin)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)新(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)嘗試應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，分(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)破解(jie)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)到勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)興廢存(cun)亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)問題。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、幾個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)）價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)——價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)律(lv)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)觀點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)該(gai)(gai)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。”“社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)熟練程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下制(zhi)(zhi)造某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)23卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，52頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1972.）馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)觀點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)容。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)界通(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)量(liang)(liang)(liang)t[，1]及其(qi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)T[，1]表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)）。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)t[，1]參與(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)承(cheng)認勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)爭(zheng)議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)也(ye)(ye)許(xu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)爭(zheng)議，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)對t[，1]的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)深(shen)(shen)(shen)化(hua)、細化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)量(liang)(liang)(liang)化(hua)。其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，根(gen)據(ju)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)述和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐，t[，1]包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)著(zhu)(zhu)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)涵和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)外(wai)延(yan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)認識(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)深(shen)(shen)(shen)化(hua)、細化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)量(liang)(liang)(liang)化(hua)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)內(nei)(nei)涵來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)t[，1]至少(shao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)著(zhu)(zhu)三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，并(bing)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)造某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)熟練程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)；三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。后(hou)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)結合(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)（在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)概(gai)念完(wan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)）。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)（W）就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（t）和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)（N）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)函數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，即(ji)(ji)：W＝f（N，t）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)，N又(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)：工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)熟練程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)它(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)藝(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)結合(he)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)23卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，53頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1972.）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，每(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)又(you)(you)(you)都(dou)(dou)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)著(zhu)(zhu)許(xu)多(duo)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。具(ju)體(ti)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)熟練程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)（r），其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德、智、體(ti)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)質(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)又(you)(you)(you)取決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)于(yu)(yu)(yu)先天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)智力(li)(li)遺傳因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、后(hou)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，特(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主觀努(nu)力(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)努(nu)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)，科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)它(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)藝(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)（e），其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)技術(shu)發(fa)展水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)知識(shi)、信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲取、傳遞(di)、加(jia)工(gong)、貯存(cun)、應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對象所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)承(cheng)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、技術(shu)、知識(shi)、信息種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)結合(he)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)（g），其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)微觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，宏觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、教育(yu)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、政治管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)、法規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、紀(ji)律(lv)、制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、政策、措施、分(fen)工(gong)、協(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)（c），其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累、積(ji)聚、集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、籌措、運作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲取、配置、利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、更新(xin)改造等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五，自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)地(di)(di)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)（d），完(wan)整(zheng)地(di)(di)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)應該(gai)(gai)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)自(zi)(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)（已列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)外(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)，后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)又(you)(you)(you)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)土(tu)地(di)(di)、水(shui)(shui)源、森林、礦藏、日照、氣(qi)候(hou)、其(qi)他(ta)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。僅(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述五項要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)得出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：W＝f（r，e，g，c，d，t）以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)都(dou)(dou)影(ying)響到價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非加(jia)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)性(xing)、非線性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)外(wai)延(yan)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，無(wu)(wu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)世界都(dou)(dou)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)(zhu)多(duo)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)著(zhu)(zhu)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)都(dou)(dou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)向(xiang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)；這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)企業(ye)(ye)；企業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)合(he)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)股份制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)各自(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)（N）可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)分(fen)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)、大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)（N[，1]），從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)N與(yu)(yu)(yu)N[，1]的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)n（我們(men)(men)(men)把(ba)(ba)n叫做相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)）可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)分(fen)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1，大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)1.即(ji)(ji)N＝N[，1]，N＞N[，1]，N＜N[，1]，亦(yi)(yi)即(ji)(ji)n＝1，n＞1，n＜1.但(dan)無(wu)(wu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)N和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)t怎樣不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)投(tou)放到同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)都(dou)(dou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)W都(dou)(dou)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)n值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)越(yue)(yue)(yue)高，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)t里(li)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大(da)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大(da)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：W＝t[，1]＝nt當(dang)(dang)(dang)n不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，W與(yu)(yu)(yu)t成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)；當(dang)(dang)(dang)t不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，W與(yu)(yu)(yu)n成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)，即(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)N成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)N[，1]成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)；當(dang)(dang)(dang)W不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，t與(yu)(yu)(yu)n成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)；當(dang)(dang)(dang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)即(ji)(ji)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)；當(dang)(dang)(dang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)凝結的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)越(yue)(yue)(yue)高，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)(xu)(xu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)(yue)(yue)少(shao)，反之(zhi)(zhi)則相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)反。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)，我們(men)(men)(men)應該(gai)(gai)區別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)情(qing)況、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)概(gai)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，來(lai)(lai)(lai)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)認識(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)與(yu)(yu)(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)；否則就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)糾纏(chan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)清，爭(zheng)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)休。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、部(bu)門商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)（平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)）勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)權平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)n＝1，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)，W＝nT＝1T＝T.其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)T＝∑t＝∑t[，1]＝T[，1].所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，無(wu)(wu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、部(bu)門產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)耗費(fei)(fei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)述了(le)(le)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)于(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，又(you)(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)》第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)：“事實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)律(lv)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)物品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)分(fen)工(gong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)；因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)每(mei)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)只(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，也(ye)(ye)只(zhi)(zhi)把(ba)(ba)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)25卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，716頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1974.）馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)界通(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)T[，2]和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)量(liang)(liang)(liang)t[，2]表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)）。顯然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)完(wan)整(zheng)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)對社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)部(bu)門、對社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)對社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、對消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)及其(qi)購買力(li)(li)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)耗費(fei)(fei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)性(xing)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)性(xing)，即(ji)(ji)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)某(mou)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)某(mou)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”。（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)25卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，722頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1974.）然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)再根(gen)據(ju)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)分(fen)攤到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)單(dan)(dan)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即(ji)(ji)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)除以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應部(bu)分(fen)才(cai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)26卷(juan)(juan)(juan)（Ⅱ），120頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1974.）因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)，完(wan)整(zheng)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)（B）所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（T[，2]＝Bt[，1]）決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)該(gai)(gai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)（A）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（W），并(bing)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)分(fen)攤到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)單(dan)(dan)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（w），即(ji)(ji)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（t[，1]、T[，2]）共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)W和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)w）。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)，即(ji)(ji)：W＝T[，2]＝Bt[，1]＝B（T[，1]／A）＝（B／A）T[，1]＝b[，T]w＝W／A＝T[，2]／A＝Bt[，1]／A＝bt[，1]＝bnt其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，T[，1]＝T，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)A量(liang)(liang)(liang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)耗費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，t為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，n為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，b＝B／A為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)稀缺率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把(ba)(ba)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)b列(lie)(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)把(ba)(ba)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)了(le)(le)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)復雜多(duo)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)，“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)交(jiao)換(huan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志、設想和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)轉移(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷地(di)(di)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)著(zhu)(zhu)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)23卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，91頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1972.）這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，進(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)觀點(dian)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)隨著(zhu)(zhu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下波(bo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)與(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)偏(pian)離，而(er)(er)(er)(er)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)律(lv)地(di)(di)必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)地(di)(di)向(xiang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)近，與(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致。再從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)趨勢來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)，“如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，那么另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，并(bing)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步分(fen)析(xi)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，又(you)(you)(you)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。”（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)25卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，213頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1974.）這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)彈(dan)性(xing)，會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)把(ba)(ba)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)也(ye)(ye)把(ba)(ba)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)拉向(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)衡點(dian)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣，雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)任何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)合(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)過(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，并(bing)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)它(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果”。（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)25卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，212頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1974.）這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，A＝B即(ji)(ji)b＝1，因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)整(zheng)體(ti)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)，價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仍然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)應該(gai)(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：W＝bT＝Tw＝bt[，1]＝t[，1]這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)，似(si)乎b可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)失，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)b＝1即(ji)(ji)A＝B，亦(yi)(yi)即(ji)(ji)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)仍然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)起(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)他(ta)任何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)合(he)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)A≠B，b≠1，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)b都(dou)(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)失，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)都(dou)(dou)起(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，既(ji)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（t和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)T），又(you)(you)(you)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（t[，1]和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)T[，2]）。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，既(ji)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，又(you)(you)(you)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)隱含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)并(bing)進(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)(er)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)況和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)、科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)技術(shu)、經營管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、土(tu)地(di)(di)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，既(ji)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，又(you)(you)(you)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，既(ji)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)耗費(fei)(fei)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，又(you)(you)(you)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)了(le)(le)交(jiao)換(huan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)隱含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)著(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；而(er)(er)(er)(er)且(qie)(qie)(qie)(qie)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大(da)，越(yue)(yue)(yue)普遍(bian)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大(da)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既(ji)保留了(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)內(nei)(nei)核，又(you)(you)(you)融(rong)合(he)了(le)(le)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)、供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)、積(ji)累勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)內(nei)(nei)核，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)既(ji)堅持了(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)觀點(dian)、又(you)(you)(you)綜(zong)合(he)了(le)(le)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，它(ta)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)，經得起(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)交(jiao)換(huan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢驗。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)結合(he)點(dian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)切(qie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)點(dian)，我們(men)(men)(men)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)吸納各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)而(er)(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)得到進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步豐富(fu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)展，并(bing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步探討各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)（和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝通(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)綜(zong)合(he)。（二(er)）價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)——價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)律(lv)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)二(er)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)與(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)觀點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨幣(bi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物化(hua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨幣(bi)名稱(cheng)。（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)23卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，119頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1972.）貨幣(bi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尺(chi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)內(nei)(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尺(chi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)即(ji)(ji)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。（注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)：《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)恩(en)(en)(en)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)斯全(quan)(quan)(quan)集(ji)(ji)(ji)》，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)版(ban)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)23卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，112頁(ye)，北(bei)京(jing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，1972.）由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)內(nei)(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尺(chi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、分(fen)、秒；外(wai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尺(chi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)貨幣(bi)、計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)（以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)行紙幣(bi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)）是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、角、分(fen)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)應該(gai)(gai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)交(jiao)換(huan)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)觀點(dian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)容。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，諸(zhu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)1小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)＝10元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)章中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)見(jian)，其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)，至少(shao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)創(chuang)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨幣(bi)轉換(huan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)h，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)邊相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)：如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)當(dang)(dang)(dang)h＝10元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)／小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)使(shi)(shi)(shi)10元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)／小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)×1小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)＝10元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。我們(men)(men)(men)設商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)G，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)W，貨幣(bi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)h，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)通(tong)(tong)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：G＝hW＝hbt[，1]這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)與(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)還(huan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)多(duo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)少(shao)、或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)差(cha)(cha)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)地(di)(di)點(dian)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流通(tong)(tong)環(huan)節商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)含(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)著(zhu)(zhu)某(mou)些(xie)追加(jia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)（如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)季(ji)節、氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)）、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)競爭(zheng)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家政策因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)心理(li)(li)(li)(li)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)偶然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)已被列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)）。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)即(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)納入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)W之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)余因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)差(cha)(cha)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)△G表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)，列(lie)(lie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)決(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)子項，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)完(wan)善為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：G＝hW＋△G其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)△G可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)小，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)負(fu)(fu)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)負(fu)(fu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)抵(di)銷(xiao)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)∑△G＝0.從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)仍然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、即(ji)(ji)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)乘(cheng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)貨幣(bi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，即(ji)(ji)∑G＝∑hW＝h∑W＝h∑T.由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)此(ci)，h＝∑G／∑W＝∑G／∑T就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)（一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)）來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，G應該(gai)(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)凈值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)，W或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)T應該(gai)(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)乘(cheng)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)全(quan)(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)。由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)目前(qian)(qian)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性(xing)，G可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)近似(si)地(di)(di)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（GDP）計(ji)(ji)算(suan)，W或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)T可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)近似(si)地(di)(di)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)（R）乘(cheng)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（T）計(ji)(ji)算(suan)，即(ji)(ji)：h＝GDP／RT通(tong)(tong)過(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)份的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)h值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)h值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)h′。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)，即(ji)(ji)：h′＝（h[，j]＋1）／h[，j]（其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)j為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)期(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)份）根(gen)據(ju)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料，我們(men)(men)(men)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)體(ti)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)h值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)h′值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)近幾年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)測算(suan)列(lie)(lie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)1：表(biao)(biao)(biao)1中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)h值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測算(suan)表(biao)(biao)(biao)GDPRThh一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)居民(min)(min)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)（億元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)）（萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)）（小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）（元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）（%）儲蓄利率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)物價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)（%）（上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)=100）1990185316390924401.191992266526555424401.67121.97.56106.41994467596719922403.11145.310.98124.11996678856885020244.87126.89.18108.31998783456995720245.53104.54.7799.22000894047115020006.28108.12.25100.4說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明：T根(gen)據(ju)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行每(mei)周5.5天(tian)(tian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)、從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行每(mei)周5天(tian)(tian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)、從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)節日假由(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)7天(tian)(tian)延(yan)長至10天(tian)(tian)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)。資(zi)(zi)(zi)料來(lai)(lai)(lai)源：《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)摘要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)（2001）》，《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)鑒（1998）》

一、勞動和勞動價值論問題研究的背景

1.《資(zi)本(ben)論(lun)》是一部偉大的(de)歷史(shi)宏篇。馬(ma)克思在《資(zi)本(ben)論(lun)》及其(qi)手(shou)稿(gao)等論(lun)著中，對(dui)勞動和勞動價(jia)值(zhi)理(li)(li)論(lun)進行了精(jing)辟的(de)闡述。要研究(jiu)勞動和勞動價(jia)值(zhi)理(li)(li)論(lun)，必須認真攻讀《資(zi)本(ben)論(lun)》。

 《資本論》是馬克思用畢生心血考察(cha)和研(yan)究資本主義(yi)生產方(fang)式(shi)寫(xie)成的科學巨著。

馬克(ke)思(si)原計劃以《政治經(jing)濟學批判(pan)》為(wei)總標題，分六冊(ce)(ce)寫(xie)(xie)作：《資本(ben)(ben)》、《土(tu)地所有制》、《雇(gu)傭勞動》、《國家》、《對外貿易(yi)》和《世界市場》（注：參見《馬克(ke)思(si)恩格(ge)斯全(quan)集》第(di)(di)13卷(juan)(juan)（人(ren)民出版社，1962年）第(di)(di)7頁。）。1859年6月，《政治經(jing)濟學批判(pan)》第(di)(di)一(yi)分冊(ce)(ce)出版后，他(ta)(ta)又決(jue)定(ding)改變他(ta)(ta)的寫(xie)(xie)作計劃，著手(shou)寫(xie)(xie)作《資本(ben)(ben)論》三卷(juan)(juan)本(ben)(ben)。1867年9月14日，由馬克(ke)思(si)撰寫(xie)(xie)并親(qin)自校(xiao)訂的《資本(ben)(ben)論》第(di)(di)一(yi)卷(juan)(juan)出版。

1883年馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)逝世后(hou)(hou)，恩(en)格斯對馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)的(de)遺(yi)稿進行了(le)整理，先后(hou)(hou)于(yu)1885年和(he)1894年出版了(le)《資本(ben)論》第(di)二卷、第(di)三(san)卷。恩(en)格斯逝世后(hou)(hou)，有關剩余(yu)價值學說(shuo)的(de)其他遺(yi)稿，由(you)考茨(ci)基以《剩余(yu)價值理論》為書名編輯出版，但他對馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)的(de)手稿作了(le)許多刪改(gai)和(he)變動。1954-1961年，蘇(su)共中央編譯局按馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)的(de)手稿次序和(he)內容重新編輯出版了(le)《剩余(yu)價值理論》。

《資(zi)本論(lun)》把高(gao)度的(de)科(ke)(ke)學性和革命性統(tong)一(yi)在(zai)一(yi)起，是(shi)一(yi)部(bu)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)、邏輯嚴密的(de)經濟(ji)學著作。它(ta)批(pi)判(pan)地(di)繼承了資(zi)產階級古(gu)典政(zheng)治經濟(ji)學的(de)科(ke)(ke)學成(cheng)分，論(lun)證(zheng)了資(zi)本主(zhu)義(yi)產生的(de)歷史必然(ran)性，肯定了它(ta)的(de)歷史地(di)位，揭示(shi)了它(ta)內部(bu)不(bu)可克(ke)服(fu)的(de)矛(mao)盾，及其必然(ran)被社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)所取(qu)代的(de)客(ke)觀規律。它(ta)不(bu)僅是(shi)一(yi)部(bu)經濟(ji)學巨著，而(er)且是(shi)一(yi)部(bu)哲學巨著、一(yi)部(bu)科(ke)(ke)學社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)巨著，是(shi)馬克(ke)思(si)(si)主(zhu)義(yi)的(de)百科(ke)(ke)全書，是(shi)“工人(ren)階級的(de)圣(sheng)經”（注(zhu)：《馬克(ke)思(si)(si)恩格斯全集》第23卷，人(ren)民(min)出版社(she)，1972年(nian)，第36頁。）。

【摘要】罪(zui)犯(fan)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)具有何種(zhong)價(jia)值，在(zai)學界一直存(cun)在(zai)爭議(yi)，而對勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)養制度的(de)(de)存(cun)廢(fei)，罪(zui)犯(fan)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)應具有何種(zhong)權利以及勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)改造(zao)的(de)(de)行(xing)刑方(fang)式的(de)(de)評價(jia)等諸多(duo)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)解決(jue)都(dou)亟待(dai)于對罪(zui)犯(fan)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)值的(de)(de)既定(ding)評價(jia)。對罪(zui)犯(fan)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)懲(cheng)罰、教(jiao)(jiao)育、經(jing)濟價(jia)值進(jin)行(xing)假(jia)定(ding)，對實踐(jian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)諸多(duo)問(wen)題(ti)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析，進(jin)而得出勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)養制度和死(si)刑應當廢(fei)除，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)應當成為最(zui)廣泛和有效的(de)(de)行(xing)刑方(fang)式，罪(zui)犯(fan)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)應給予(yu)全(quan)額的(de)(de)報酬。

【關鍵詞】罪犯勞動；價值評價；價值假定；問題(ti)分(fen)析

1問題的提出：實(shi)踐(jian)呼吁對罪犯勞動(dong)的價(jia)值評(ping)價(jia)

《違法行為矯正法》列(lie)入了立法規劃，這(zhe)使得(de)學界(jie)乃至社會各界(jie)對勞(lao)動教養(yang)制度的(de)重(zhong)新關注。而(er)對勞(lao)動教養(yang)的(de)審視就不(bu)得(de)不(bu)理清它和勞(lao)動、勞(lao)動改造(zao)之(zhi)間的(de)千絲成萬縷的(de)關系，問題在于：

(1)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)具有怎樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質和(he)(he)功能？勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)人類最(zui)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐活動(dong)(dong)(dong)，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步和(he)(he)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。馬克思在談(tan)到勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偉大作用時指出：人類“通過生產而發展和(he)(he)改造著自身(shen)，造成新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量和(he)(he)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念，造成新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交往方式，新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要和(he)(he)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)言(yan)。”[1]勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)創造人、勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)塑(su)造人、勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)提高人，但不(bu)同形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)否有著不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質和(he)(he)價值？

2、勞(lao)動(dong)以(yi)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式在勞(lao)動(dong)教(jiao)養和勞(lao)動(dong)改(gai)(gai)造中(zhong)體現著(zhu)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征和性(xing)質。有(you)人(ren)認為，通過對(dui)勞(lao)動(dong)教(jiao)養制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史考察并不(bu)難發現，勞(lao)動(dong)教(jiao)養既是一種強制(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)育(yu)改(gai)(gai)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種措施，也是安置就(jiu)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種辦法(fa)。勞(lao)動(dong)改(gai)(gai)造中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)罪犯勞(lao)動(dong)則是要體現監獄或(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)改(gai)(gai)造原則中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)懲罰與改(gai)(gai)造相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針。那么，同(tong)(tong)樣方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)是否真的(de)(de)(de)(de)會在不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度中(zhong)具有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質及價(jia)值(zhi)呢？而(er)對(dui)這(zhe)些(xie)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)解答，則需要人(ren)們(men)對(dui)罪犯勞(lao)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)評價(jia)。

摘要：隨著(zhu)科(ke)技革命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)及知(zhi)識經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)興起(qi)，知(zhi)識在(zai)價(jia)值(zhi)創造中的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)越來越大(da)，有(you)人試圖用(yong)“知(zhi)識價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)”取代馬克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)勞動價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)，馬克(ke)思(si)勞動價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)面，臨新的(de)(de)(de)挑戰。在(zai)知(zhi)識經濟(ji)時代，勞動價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)仍有(you)著(zhu)鮮活的(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)力(li)。當然，馬克(ke)思(si)創立的(de)(de)(de)勞動價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)并不是(shi)僵化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)也(ye)應該隨著(zhu)時代的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)而發展(zhan)。

關鍵(jian)詞(ci)：知識價(jia)值(zhi)論勞動價(jia)值(zhi)論知識經濟(ji)

馬(ma)克思(si)(si)的(de)勞動(dong)(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論是(shi)馬(ma)克思(si)(si)主(zhu)義(yi)基本原理(li)的(de)重要(yao)組成部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，是(shi)馬(ma)克思(si)(si)主(zhu)義(yi)政治經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)學的(de)基石，是(shi)馬(ma)克思(si)(si)運用(yong)辯證(zheng)唯(wei)物主(zhu)義(yi)和(he)歷史(shi)唯(wei)物主(zhu)義(yi)，對當時的(de)生產力和(he)生產關系(xi)進行了(le)系(xi)統(tong)調查(cha)和(he)深入(ru)分(fen)(fen)析的(de)基礎(chu)上建立起來的(de)。實(shi)踐證(zheng)明，馬(ma)克思(si)(si)創(chuang)立的(de)勞動(dong)(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論是(shi)經(jing)得起實(shi)踐檢(jian)驗的(de)正確的(de)理(li)論。隨著時代(dai)的(de)發展，馬(ma)克思(si)(si)的(de)勞動(dong)(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論不斷(duan)受(shou)到一些挑(tiao)戰，特別是(shi)進入(ru)知識(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)時代(dai)，“知識(shi)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論”的(de)提出引起了(le)人們對勞動(dong)(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論的(de)質疑。

一、“知(zhi)識價值(zhi)論”的提出及其對“勞(lao)動價值(zhi)論”的質疑

20世紀50年代(dai)以(yi)來(lai)，伴隨(sui)著(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力的(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)展和科技的(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)大(da)進步，直接參(can)與(yu)物質(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)在(zai)發(fa)達國家(jia)越來(lai)越少，在(zai)發(fa)達國家(jia)白領工(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)數目(mu)已(yi)經(jing)超(chao)過藍領工(gong)(gong)人(ren)；科技產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)、信(xin)息(xi)咨(zi)詢(xun)業(ye)、金融保險業(ye)以(yi)及為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活服(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)眾(zhong)多非物質(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)部門在(zai)國民經(jing)濟中所占(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)比重卻日益提(ti)高。不(bu)管是發(fa)達國家(jia)還是發(fa)展中國家(jia)都加大(da)對高科技領域和教育的(de)(de)(de)投資，以(yi)便在(zai)激烈的(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)競爭中占(zhan)有一定席(xi)位……近十幾年來(lai)，信(xin)息(xi)技術(shu)發(fa)展迅速，人(ren)類基因(yin)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，納米技術(shu)等不(bu)斷取得新成就(jiu)，人(ren)類已(yi)經(jing)邁入知識(shi)經(jing)濟時代(dai)。

國際經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合作發展(zhan)組織(OECD)的(de)(de)報(bao)告《以(yi)知(zhi)識為基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)》為知(zhi)識經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)下了一個著名定(ding)(ding)義(yi)：“知(zhi)識經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)是指(zhi)(zhi)建立在知(zhi)識和信(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產、分(fen)(fen)配(pei)和使用基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)上的(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。”知(zhi)識經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)是指(zhi)(zhi)建立在知(zhi)識更新(xin)和信(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產、分(fen)(fen)配(pei)和應用之上的(de)(de)新(xin)型經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。它以(yi)知(zhi)識和信(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產、分(fen)(fen)配(pei)和使用為基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)，以(yi)創造性的(de)(de)人力(li)資源為依托，以(yi)高科技(ji)(ji)產業(ye)和信(xin)息(xi)(xi)產業(ye)為支柱，在經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)增長源泉上。技(ji)(ji)術進步對經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)增長起(qi)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)作用。

論文關健詞：勞(lao)動價值(zhi)論效用(yong)勞(lao)動價值(zhi)

論文摘要：本文從勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論的(de)(de)局限性(xing)(xing)出發，探討了(le)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)與價值(zhi)問(wen)題(ti)，提出了(le)具(ju)體勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)二重(zhong)性(xing)(xing)觀(guan)點(dian)，把(ba)具(ju)體勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)分為效用勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和非效用勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，嘗(chang)試把(ba)效用勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)納(na)入勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論的(de)(de)討論范圍，來解決(jue)傳統勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論中(zhong)爭(zheng)議較(jiao)大的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論在17世紀由威廉(lian)·配第提出，經過(guo)了(le)亞(ya)當·斯密、大衛(wei)·李嘉(jia)圖等古典經濟學家的(de)奠定和發展(zhan)，馬(ma)克(ke)思則(ze)在前人研究的(de)基礎上，提出了(le)一(yi)套比(bi)較完整、嚴密的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論。但是(shi)，馬(ma)克(ke)思主義的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論在解釋當今經濟現(xian)象時卻無(wu)法完全令人信服(fu)，這也(ye)是(shi)生產費用價值(zhi)論、邊際效用價值(zhi)論等西方經濟學理論擁有(you)較大市場的(de)原因(yin)。有(you)必(bi)要(yao)對勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論進(jin)行發展(zhan)、補充和完善，使其適應時展(zhan)的(de)需(xu)要(yao)，本文嘗(chang)試從(cong)新角(jiao)度研究勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)與價值(zhi)問(wen)題(ti)，希望能起(qi)到拋磚引(yin)玉的(de)作(zuo)用，促進(jin)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)論的(de)發展(zhan)。

1.勞動價值論的局(ju)限性(xing)

1.1關于(yu)價值創(chuang)造的源泉

勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)論認為，直(zhi)接(jie)生產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)是(shi)創(chuang)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)唯一源(yuan)泉，而過(guo)(guo)(guo)去勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)不能增加任何新價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)。與(yu)此相應(ying)(ying)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)去勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)物化(hua)—生產(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)料，在(zai)生產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中只(zhi)起轉移價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。這(zhe)就表明新價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造(zao)僅與(yu)生產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)相聯，而與(yu)生產(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)數量質量變(bian)化(hua)無關。這(zhe)無法解(jie)決減少了的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)和(he)增加了的(de)(de)(de)新價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)之間的(de)(de)(de)矛盾。值(zhi)得研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，在(zai)科(ke)學技術廣泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)于生產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)去勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)中凝結著大(da)量科(ke)技成果并(bing)大(da)量代替活(huo)(huo)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)今(jin)天(tian)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)去勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)及其物化(hua)形態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)料在(zai)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)創(chuang)造(zao)中的(de)(de)(de)地位和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)否變(bian)化(hua)?在(zai)直(zhi)接(jie)生產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)以外的(de)(de)(de)知識勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)地位和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)到底如何?如果拘(ju)泥(ni)于傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)論，就不能說明如今(jin)的(de)(de)(de)現實。

摘要：本文從馬克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)勞(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)科學內涵出(chu)發，通過引入(ru)貨幣和(he)競爭等(deng)因素說明勞(lao)動(dong)怎(zen)樣決定商品的(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)。本文既堅(jian)持馬克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)勞(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)基本原理，突出(chu)理論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)繼承性，又對馬克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)勞(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)做(zuo)出(chu)現時代的(de)(de)闡釋，突出(chu)了(le)理論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)發展性和(he)馬克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)(si)主義(yi)理論(lun)(lun)(lun)與(yu)時俱進的(de)(de)理論(lun)(lun)(lun)品質。

關鍵(jian)詞：勞動價值論；價值；貨幣(bi)；

競爭勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)是馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)主義(yi)政(zheng)治經濟(ji)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)基礎(chu)，正是馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)通過勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)二重性(xing)原(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)創立(li)，克(ke)(ke)(ke)服古典經濟(ji)學(xue)(xue)家的(de)(de)局限，把勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)上升為(wei)(wei)科學(xue)(xue)，并以此為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu)創立(li)了剩(sheng)余(yu)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)說，構(gou)建起了馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)主義(yi)政(zheng)治經濟(ji)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)科學(xue)(xue)理(li)論(lun)體系。但(dan)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)也是不(bu)斷發展(zhan)的(de)(de)，馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)具有與時俱進(jin)的(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)品質，但(dan)這(zhe)種“進(jin)”絕(jue)不(bu)是對(dui)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)的(de)(de)泛化、歪曲，相反應是對(dui)其繼承和發展(zhan)。本文在堅持馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)(ke)思(si)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)的(de)(de)基本內核(he)的(de)(de)前(qian)提下對(dui)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)怎樣決(jue)定(ding)商品的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)做出新的(de)(de)闡釋。

一、“泛勞(lao)動價值(zhi)論(lun)”的表現及勞(lao)動決定商品價值(zhi)的前提

1.在(zai)“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”范(fan)疇(chou)上的(de)(de)泛(fan)化(hua)，脫離商(shang)(shang)品(pin)來(lai)討(tao)論(lun)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)。根據辭海和哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)詞典的(de)(de)解(jie)釋，“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”有(you)三層(ceng)含(han)義:①日常(chang)含(han)義是(shi)指事(shi)物的(de)(de)用(yong)途或積極作用(yong)，如研(yan)究價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。②專指商(shang)(shang)品(pin)的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即“商(shang)(shang)品(pin)的(de)(de)交(jiao)換關系或交(jiao)換價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)表現(xian)出來(lai)的(de)(de)共同(tong)(tong)東(dong)西。這個“共同(tong)(tong)東(dong)西”就(jiu)是(shi)凝結在(zai)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一般的(de)(de)無差別的(de)(de)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)，其大小(xiao)取決于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)的(de)(de)社會必要勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)時間。因此“‘價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)是(shi)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)”，就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)耗費，即支付的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)成本(ben)。勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)成本(ben)越低(di)即價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)越小(xiao)，說明勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)產(chan)率越高(gao)，人(ren)類(lei)(lei)征服自然的(de)(de)能力越強。③哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)含(han)義是(shi)指客體對(dui)(dui)于(yu)主體的(de)(de)意(yi)義。當客體對(dui)(dui)主體有(you)積極意(yi)義時就(jiu)有(you)正價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，反之(zhi)則為負價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。效用(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)者實際上是(shi)在(zai)日常(chang)含(han)義的(de)(de)層(ceng)面上使用(yong)“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”一詞的(de)(de)含(han)義，因而價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)他那(nei)里就(jiu)是(shi)使用(yong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。同(tong)(tong)時，價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)的(de)(de)特有(you)屬性(xing)，因此不(bu)能脫離商(shang)(shang)品(pin)來(lai)談論(lun)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)研(yan)究有(you)泛(fan)化(hua)“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)傾向，仿佛什么東(dong)西只要對(dui)(dui)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)有(you)用(yong)就(jiu)有(you)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

從“價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)概念演進看，西方(fang)最早使用“價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”一(yi)詞的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)古(gu)希臘(la)奴隸(li)主(zhu)階(jie)級(ji)杰出思想家(jia)色諾芬(fen)，但色諾芬(fen)使用“價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”一(yi)詞的(de)(de)(de)含義，實際上是(shi)(shi)價(jia)格(ge)。其(qi)后是(shi)(shi)亞里(li)士(shi)多德，他在《政治(zhi)學(xue)》一(yi)書中論述貨幣的(de)(de)(de)產生和(he)發展過程時寫道(dao):“起初這些金屬(shu)就憑大(da)小輕重(zhong)來(lai)計值(zhi)(zhi)，最后，為(wei)(wei)免除大(da)家(jia)分(fen)別稱量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)煩勞，每塊經稱量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)就打上烙印，由這種烙印表明(ming)其(qi)‘價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”，。價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)語在中世紀被(bei)廣泛(fan)使用，但通(tong)常將(jiang)“價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”與“公平(ping)價(jia)格(ge)”或“公正價(jia)格(ge)”聯系在一(yi)起。重(zhong)商主(zhu)義學(xue)派將(jiang)“價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)”看做是(shi)(shi)商品流通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)既定前提(ti)。英國古(gu)典(dian)經濟學(xue)家(jia)亞當·斯密第一(yi)次明(ming)確(que)地(di)將(jiang)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)使用價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)和(he)交換價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)。

摘(zhai)要：隨(sui)著科技革(ge)命(ming)的(de)發展及知(zhi)識(shi)經(jing)濟的(de)興起，知(zhi)識(shi)在價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)創造中(zhong)的(de)作用越來(lai)越大(da)，有(you)人試圖用“知(zhi)識(shi)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)”取代(dai)(dai)馬(ma)克思的(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)，馬(ma)克思勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)面，臨(lin)新(xin)的(de)挑(tiao)戰。在知(zhi)識(shi)經(jing)濟時(shi)代(dai)(dai)，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)仍有(you)著鮮活的(de)生命(ming)力。當然(ran)，馬(ma)克思創立的(de)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)并不(bu)是(shi)僵化的(de)理論(lun)(lun)也應該隨(sui)著時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)發展而發展。

關鍵詞：知(zhi)識價值論勞(lao)動價值論知(zhi)識經濟

馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)主(zhu)義基(ji)本原理(li)的(de)(de)重要組成部分(fen)，是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)主(zhu)義政治(zhi)經(jing)濟學(xue)的(de)(de)基(ji)石(shi)，是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)運用辯證唯(wei)物主(zhu)義和歷史唯(wei)物主(zhu)義，對(dui)當時(shi)的(de)(de)生產力和生產關(guan)系(xi)(xi)進行了(le)系(xi)(xi)統調查和深入分(fen)析的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)建(jian)立起來的(de)(de)。實踐證明，馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)創立的(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)是(shi)經(jing)得起實踐檢驗的(de)(de)正確的(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)。隨著時(shi)代的(de)(de)發展，馬(ma)(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)不斷受到一(yi)些挑戰，特別是(shi)進入知(zhi)識經(jing)濟時(shi)代，“知(zhi)識價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)”的(de)(de)提出引起了(le)人們(men)對(dui)勞(lao)動(dong)價(jia)值(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)質疑。

一、“知識(shi)價值論”的提出及其(qi)對“勞動價值論”的質疑

20世紀(ji)50年(nian)代以來(lai)(lai)，伴隨著生產(chan)(chan)力的(de)快速發展和科技(ji)的(de)巨(ju)大(da)(da)進步，直接參與物質產(chan)(chan)品生產(chan)(chan)的(de)工人(ren)在發達國(guo)家越來(lai)(lai)越少，在發達國(guo)家白領(ling)(ling)工人(ren)的(de)數目已經(jing)超(chao)過藍領(ling)(ling)工人(ren)；科技(ji)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)、信息咨詢業(ye)、金融保險業(ye)以及為生產(chan)(chan)與生活(huo)服務的(de)眾多非(fei)物質生產(chan)(chan)部門在國(guo)民(min)經(jing)濟中所占的(de)比重卻(que)日益(yi)提高。不管是發達國(guo)家還是發展中國(guo)家都(dou)加大(da)(da)對(dui)高科技(ji)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)和教育的(de)投(tou)資，以便在激烈(lie)的(de)國(guo)家競爭中占有一定(ding)席位(wei)……近十(shi)幾年(nian)來(lai)(lai)，信息技(ji)術發展迅速，人(ren)類(lei)基因工程(cheng)，納米技(ji)術等不斷取得新(xin)成就，人(ren)類(lei)已經(jing)邁入知識經(jing)濟時代。

國際經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合作發(fa)展組織(OECD)的(de)(de)報告《以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)》為(wei)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)下了一個著(zhu)名定義：“知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)是指建立在(zai)(zai)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)和(he)信息(xi)的(de)(de)生產、分(fen)配和(he)使用基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)上(shang)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。”知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)是指建立在(zai)(zai)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)更(geng)新和(he)信息(xi)的(de)(de)生產、分(fen)配和(he)應用之(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)新型經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。它以(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)和(he)信息(xi)的(de)(de)生產、分(fen)配和(he)使用為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)，以(yi)創造性的(de)(de)人力(li)資源(yuan)為(wei)依托，以(yi)高科技(ji)產業和(he)信息(xi)產業為(wei)支柱，在(zai)(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)增長(chang)源(yuan)泉(quan)上(shang)。技(ji)術進步對經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)增長(chang)起決定作用。