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摘要：我國勞動教育政策的歷史變遷可(ke)以分為孕育(yu)(yu)(yu)初(chu)塑(su)、探(tan)索發展、改革轉型(xing)(xing)、完善確立四(si)個時期，演變(bian)過程(cheng)顯現(xian)出如下特征(zheng)：政策(ce)的(de)(de)目標、內(nei)容(rong)走向分類多元；教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)內(nei)容(rong)及實(shi)施途(tu)徑日趨完善；課程(cheng)綱要(yao)及體(ti)系逐漸趨于規范合(he)理；勞(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)位(wei)和(he)作(zuo)用(yong)日漸凸顯。根據歷史制度主義邏輯框架(jia)，演化(hua)出勞(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政策(ce)變(bian)遷(qian)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)斷裂均衡、關鍵節點、路徑依賴和(he)漸進轉型(xing)(xing)四(si)種模式。通過分析(xi)政策(ce)變(bian)遷(qian)成效，發現(xian)我國(guo)勞(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政策(ce)的(de)(de)變(bian)遷(qian)從體(ti)力勞(lao)動到腦體(ti)并用(yong)轉變(bian)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)模式被迭代(dai)更(geng)新，從單純勞(lao)動技能(neng)到勞(lao)動價值觀塑(su)造(zao)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)內(nei)容(rong)被重新定義，從促(cu)進工農(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)到助力現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)建設轉型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)功能(neng)被深化(hua)拓展。

關鍵詞(ci)：勞動教育；歷(li)史制度主義；政(zheng)策(ce)變(bian)遷；社會(hui)網(wang)絡分析

勞動教育是我國教育工作在不同時期的重要議題之一。新中國成立以來，勞動教育事業在探索中不斷前進，走出了一條具有中國特色的發展道路。勞動教育政策作為以勞育人實踐的依據，對深化勞動教育改革具有指導性作用。因此，國家相繼頒布了系列勞動教育相關政策，以充分發揮勞動教育的育人效果，保障勞動教育目標的貫徹落實，使其逐步走向規范化、科學化。現已基本形成一套較為系統、完整的勞動教育政策體系。盡管如此，目前我國勞動教育政策仍然存在不少問題，主要表現為知識空間中“有教育無勞動”、實踐空間中“有勞動無教育”等[1]。因此，梳理我國勞動教育政策演進軌跡,總結勞動教育政策的發展趨勢，分析其中的得失與經驗，對提升新時代勞動教育工作具有現實意義[2]。與此同時，學界也掀起了有關勞動教育研究的熱潮，取得了一定的研究成果。王洪晶等[3]探析了勞動教育政策目標的漸進轉型，進一步推動了勞動教育政策目標體系的現代化發展。周君佐等[4]通過梳理大學生勞動教育現狀，為優化高校勞動教育制度提供了策略。吳嘉佳等人則強調勞動教育政策實施的效果，提出構建完善的勞動教育制度和評價體系[5]。徐雪平等已經關注到勞動教育政策執行偏差和實施困境，認為確立學生主體地位[6]、全方位滲透勞動價值觀[7]、建立專門教師隊伍[8]、建立多元主體評價共同體[9]等一系列應對策略可以有效緩解現存問題。雖然上述觀點為本研究提供了頗具價值的經驗基礎和理論線索，但仍存在一些局限。一是研究對象多集中在分析單一勞動教育政策文本，多采用靜態描述，而對于政策演進脈絡的歷史維度動態圖景以及理論解釋則鮮有探討；二是研究內容多為針對勞動教育的具體某方面提出政策建議的范式，少有研究能夠綜合考察政策變遷形成的內在因素及作用機制；三是關于將勞動教育置于歷史制度主義框架下，采用社會網絡分析方法的研究仍付諸闕如。因此，制度作為推進勞動教育發展的重要內生資源之一，有其自身的演變邏輯和發展脈絡。歷史制度主義恰好從歷史維度提供了動態變遷視角和內在邏輯機理分析。據此，基于優化勞動教育政策的現實需要和既有研究不足的張力，本研究依據歷史制度主義分析框架，綜合運用社會網絡方法，分析勞動教育政策變遷軌跡、機制和成效，以期為勞(lao)動教育政策制定提(ti)供(gong)實證依(yi)據。

一、理論基礎：歷史制度主義分析框架

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)主要(yao)由國(guo)(guo)家層(ceng)面頒(ban)布(bu)基(ji)礎性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)以(yi)供各(ge)地參(can)考和(he)(he)研(yan)(yan)(yan)發更為具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施方(fang)案。各(ge)地區、學校的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)通(tong)常遵循國(guo)(guo)家政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)。本(ben)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究通(tong)過(guo)追蹤國(guo)(guo)家政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)文件(jian)，了(le)解勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)遷軌(gui)跡(ji)。具(ju)體而言，我(wo)們通(tong)過(guo)檢索(suo)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)部網(wang)站(zhan)“文獻(xian)”一欄中(zhong)歷(li)年(nian)發布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)部公報》、教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)部令、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)法(fa)規等文件(jian)逐一排(pai)查(cha)(cha)，篩選(xuan)出(chu)(chu)1949年(nian)以(yi)來(lai)與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)文本(ben)。此外，本(ben)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究還查(cha)(cha)找了(le)與(yu)主題相關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究文獻(xian)，對勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)有關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)進(jin)(jin)行核(he)查(cha)(cha)與(yu)補充(chong)，共(gong)得到28份(fen)文件(jian)，建(jian)立了(le)含(han)有149545個漢字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)料(liao)庫。運用(yong)社會(hui)網(wang)絡分析(xi)(xi)方(fang)法(fa)對四個階段(duan)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)熱點(dian)進(jin)(jin)行量(liang)化分析(xi)(xi)，并(bing)繪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵詞共(gong)現網(wang)絡關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)圖(tu)。在(zai)此基(ji)礎上探究我(wo)國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)遷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)跡(ji)、機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)成(cheng)效(xiao)。歷(li)史(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)是教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新理論(lun)基(ji)礎之一[10]。瑟倫（Thelen,K.）等人于1992年(nian)首次提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)“歷(li)史(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念[11]。這一概念提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)后迅速得到廣泛運用(yong)，理論(lun)也逐漸完善。歷(li)史(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)強(qiang)調(diao)以(yi)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)序列(lie)為基(ji)礎來(lai)剖析(xi)(xi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)演變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)(ji)，通(tong)過(guo)詳細(xi)闡釋關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵事件(jian)來(lai)分析(xi)(xi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)遷過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)因素。該理論(lun)最早建(jian)構(gou)了(le)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)論(lun)基(ji)礎，并(bing)在(zai)新制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三種流派中(zhong)占據特(te)別關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)，成(cheng)為有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)變(bian)(bian)遷分析(xi)(xi)工具(ju)[12]。歷(li)史(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)注(zhu)重(zhong)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)聯序列(lie)性(xing)和(he)(he)關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵節(jie)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)[13]，展示歷(li)史(shi)(shi)演變(bian)(bian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多重(zhong)變(bian)(bian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)與(yu)作用(yong)[14]，重(zhong)點(dian)關(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)中(zhong)觀層(ceng)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)分析(xi)(xi)。其主旨在(zai)于注(zhu)重(zhong)梳理特(te)定(ding)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)點(dian)和(he)(he)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)序列(lie)（即關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵節(jie)點(dian)），展現政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)遷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體演進(jin)(jin)脈絡和(he)(he)內在(zai)邏輯(ji)(ji)規律（即路徑依賴(lai)）。基(ji)于此，本(ben)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究對我(wo)國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)在(zai)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)遷理路和(he)(he)特(te)征，從(cong)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)視角構(gou)建(jian)了(le)新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立以(yi)來(lai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)(xi)框架（圖(tu)1）。

二、政策勾畫：勞動教育政策的變遷軌跡與主題特征

（一）勞動教育(yu)政策的(de)變遷軌跡

勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演進歷程(cheng)既具有階(jie)段性，又具有連續性；其(qi)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)內(nei)容既呈現繼承性，也呈現發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)性。本研究結合不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)政治、經濟、文化(hua)背景下頒(ban)布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)內(nei)容、價(jia)值取向以及政策(ce)(ce)(ce)工具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，主要依據(ju)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)內(nei)容、價(jia)值取向與(yu)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)工具三個方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，繪制(zhi)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)總體政策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演變(bian)(bian)軌跡(ji)。在變(bian)(bian)遷(qian)歷程(cheng)中(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)由(you)于受到政治、經濟、社(she)會(hui)、文化(hua)等眾多(duo)外部因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)形式(shi)會(hui)呈現出不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)態(tai)勢。“關鍵(jian)節(jie)點”指歷史變(bian)(bian)遷(qian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要時(shi)間節(jie)點或(huo)(huo)歷史發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉折時(shi)期(qi)，抑或(huo)(huo)重大決策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)時(shi)期(qi)，在政策(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)遷(qian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)發(fa)揮著不(bu)(bu)(bu)可或(huo)(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。基(ji)于此，本研究根據(ju)關鍵(jian)事件(jian)要點，以1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)《關于改進和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)學教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指示(shi)》、1959年(nian)(nian)(nian)《關于全日制(zhi)學校的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學、勞(lao)(lao)動和生活安排的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定》、1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)《關于正式(shi)頒(ban)布(bu)(bu)中(zhong)學德(de)育(yu)(yu)大綱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通知》、2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)《大中(zhong)小學勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)指導(dao)綱要（試行）》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頒(ban)布(bu)(bu)為(wei)關鍵(jian)節(jie)點，將新中(zhong)國成(cheng)立以來勞(lao)(lao)動教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)政策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演變(bian)(bian)過程(cheng)劃分為(wei)以下四(si)個階(jie)段。

1．孕育初塑期（1949—1956年）

新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)成立之初(chu)，由于社會(hui)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恢(hui)復與(yu)(yu)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)開始受到黨和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視，將(jiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)相結(jie)合(he)成為適應社會(hui)主(zhu)義發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)形(xing)式，為該(gai)時(shi)期(qi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發展(zhan)(zhan)奠(dian)定了基礎。我國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)開始得以(yi)孕(yun)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)初(chu)塑。從勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)關鍵(jian)(jian)詞(ci)共現(xian)網絡(luo)關系圖（圖2）來看，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)對參(can)(can)加(jia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、技(ji)(ji)術等涉及(ji)程度高(gao)(gao)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)內容上(shang)(shang)，國(guo)(guo)家層面堅持教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)相結(jie)合(he)，開始關注與(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發展(zhan)(zhan)新(xin)形(xing)式，逐(zhu)漸(jian)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在基礎教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)發揮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)目標上(shang)(shang)，確立了勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成為解決初(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)、高(gao)(gao)小畢(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)就(jiu)業問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)手段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)目標。價值(zhi)取向上(shang)(shang)，這一階段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)注重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技(ji)(ji)能、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養，鼓勵中(zhong)(zhong)小學畢(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)畢(bi)業后從事(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，既(ji)是(shi)(shi)解決教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)資(zi)源短缺、解放生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力、促進經(jing)濟恢(hui)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)理念，也初(chu)步體(ti)(ti)現(xian)了“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)創(chuang)造一切”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)觀。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)工(gong)具上(shang)(shang)，“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)”是(shi)(shi)契合(he)該(gai)時(shi)期(qi)社會(hui)主(zhu)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)目標，是(shi)(shi)該(gai)時(shi)期(qi)經(jing)濟快速發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)途徑，“參(can)(can)加(jia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”是(shi)(shi)對該(gai)階段(duan)(duan)發展(zhan)(zhan)目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)保障(zhang)，開設“手工(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”是(shi)(shi)提高(gao)(gao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)能，也是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)。從“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)”“參(can)(can)加(jia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”“技(ji)(ji)術”等關鍵(jian)(jian)詞(ci)可以(yi)看出政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)導是(shi)(shi)這一階段(duan)(duan)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)工(gong)具。

2．探索(suo)發展期（1957—1977年）

1957年(nian)后，我(wo)國(guo)逐(zhu)步進(jin)入社會主義(yi)(yi)初級(ji)階段(duan)。以1958年(nian)《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)在學生中(zhong)提(ti)倡勤工儉學的(de)(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)(ding)》與(yu)《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)指示》的(de)(de)(de)(de)頒布為起點(dian)，我(wo)國(guo)開始更關(guan)注勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治意(yi)義(yi)(yi)。這一(yi)時(shi)期(qi)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)部等(deng)相關(guan)部門對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)一(yi)系(xi)列要(yao)求(qiu)和規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。圖(tu)3展(zhan)現(xian)了(le)(le)1957—1977年(nian)我(wo)國(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策關(guan)鍵詞(ci)共(gong)現(xian)網(wang)絡(luo)關(guan)系(xi)，圖(tu)中(zhong)，“體力(li)(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)”“生產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)課”等(deng)在該(gai)網(wang)絡(luo)中(zhong)處于(yu)(yu)比(bi)較重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)，它們與(yu)其(qi)他詞(ci)語共(gong)同出(chu)(chu)現(xian)在同一(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策文(wen)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)次數(shu)較多，是該(gai)階段(duan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策主題中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱點(dian)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策內(nei)容上(shang)(shang)(shang)，生產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)成為該(gai)階段(duan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)內(nei)容，如何使勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)更好服務工農業經濟生產成為勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱點(dian)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)相繼出(chu)(chu)臺(tai)多項政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，大力(li)(li)動(dong)(dong)(dong)員學生參(can)(can)加(jia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，尤(you)其(qi)是參(can)(can)加(jia)生產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策目標上(shang)(shang)(shang)，從“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學質(zhi)量”一(yi)詞(ci)多次被提(ti)及可(ke)以看出(chu)(chu)，這一(yi)階段(duan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心目標是使受教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)者(zhe)“成為有社會主義(yi)(yi)覺(jue)悟的(de)(de)(de)(de)有文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)”[15]，嚴抓質(zhi)量，確保政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策目標貫徹落實。價值取(qu)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值取(qu)向(xiang)逐(zhu)漸發生明顯(xian)變化，出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)“以參(can)(can)加(jia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)代替(ti)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學”的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象，甚至逐(zhu)漸將勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作為懲罰(fa)師生的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)之一(yi)。該(gai)階段(duan)我(wo)國(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)開始逐(zhu)步被淡化，呈異(yi)化發展(zhan)態(tai)勢。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策工具上(shang)(shang)(shang)，前(qian)期(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)采取(qu)了(le)(le)一(yi)系(xi)列規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)措施(shi)以推進(jin)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)性，一(yi)是頒布相關(guan)文(wen)件規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和生活(huo)安排；二(er)是嚴格規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)學生參(can)(can)加(jia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)長和類型；三是對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)及實施(shi)形式等(deng)方面做了(le)(le)具體要(yao)求(qiu)。

3．改革(ge)轉型期（1978—1999年(nian)）

改革開放(fang)后(hou)，我國勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)進入(ru)改革轉(zhuan)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)階(jie)段。從關(guan)鍵詞共現網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)關(guan)系圖(tu)(tu)（圖(tu)(tu)4）和表(biao)1中(zhong)12個關(guan)鍵詞來看(kan)，“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態度”處于網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)中(zhong)心位(wei)置，“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)習慣”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)課”也(ye)處在網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)中(zhong)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)位(wei)置，表(biao)明(ming)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態度”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”成為該階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策熱點。政(zheng)策內容上(shang)(shang)(shang)表(biao)現為國家層面著眼于勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一是開始注重(zhong)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)習慣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)成；二(er)是逐(zhu)漸重(zhong)視(shi)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)；三是開設勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)課以(yi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)。這(zhe)進一步(bu)促使學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)逐(zhu)漸從思(si)想上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)念轉(zhuan)變到行動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實踐，在勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實踐中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)會運用基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)知(zhi)識(shi)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)。政(zheng)策目(mu)標(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)表(biao)現為明(ming)晰中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)階(jie)段勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)。該時期初高中(zhong)階(jie)段勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)是培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)習慣”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)點”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態度”，培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)德、智、體全(quan)面發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設者和接(jie)班人[16]。價(jia)值取向上(shang)(shang)(shang)表(biao)現為國家逐(zhu)漸重(zhong)視(shi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)熱愛勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感和價(jia)值觀(guan)。在關(guan)鍵詞共現網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)關(guan)系中(zhong)“愛勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”一詞被(bei)提(ti)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次數較多，表(biao)明(ming)這(zhe)一階(jie)段政(zheng)府開始著眼于培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)值觀(guan)和勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)情(qing)感，培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)型人才以(yi)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)社會經濟(ji)快速(su)發展。政(zheng)策工具上(shang)(shang)(shang)表(biao)現為勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)仍舊(jiu)是以(yi)政(zheng)府為主導、學(xue)(xue)校參與(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式存(cun)在。從“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)課”可以(yi)充分(fen)看(kan)出政(zheng)府著手培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)，規范課程內容、形式等，在學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)做、在做中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)，穩步(bu)推(tui)進勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)改革與(yu)轉(zhuan)型。

4．完善(shan)確立期(qi)（2000—2021年）

中國(guo)的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)經歷了從局部到全面、從體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)到腦力(li)的(de)轉(zhuan)變[17]，進(jin)入(ru)了一(yi)(yi)個(ge)系統、內涵豐富(fu)的(de)新發展階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)發展進(jin)入(ru)完善(shan)確立期。圖5展現了2000—2021年我(wo)國(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)策關鍵(jian)詞(ci)(ci)共現網絡關系，從圖5和表2中最重要的(de)16個(ge)關鍵(jian)詞(ci)(ci)來(lai)看，處于該(gai)網絡中心位置的(de)關鍵(jian)詞(ci)(ci)是“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)能力(li)”“加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)觀”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)成果”“服務(wu)性(xing)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)”，表明(ming)該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)政(zheng)策熱點已由“生(sheng)產(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)態度(du)(du)”轉(zhuan)為加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)、培養勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)觀。政(zheng)策內容上(shang)(shang)(shang)，一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面逐步完善(shan)我(wo)國(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)目標與內容，提出(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)與社會實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)相結(jie)合；另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)大(da)中小學(xue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)并明(ming)確指導綱要，對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)提出(chu)(chu)了更加(jia)(jia)細(xi)化的(de)要求和具體(ti)(ti)(ti)落實(shi)(shi)方(fang)案。政(zheng)策目標上(shang)(shang)(shang)，該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)更加(jia)(jia)趨向于對學(xue)生(sheng)價值觀的(de)引領，強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)多學(xue)科(ke)的(de)融合發展，并從制(zhi)度(du)(du)化角度(du)(du)進(jin)行(xing)了進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步說明(ming)[18]。價值取向上(shang)(shang)(shang)，該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)注重培養學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)價值觀。從“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)精神”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)觀”“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)成果”可以看出(chu)(chu)該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)策著眼于從精神層面上(shang)(shang)(shang)引導學(xue)生(sheng)熱愛勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)、珍(zhen)惜(xi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)成果、感悟勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)精神。政(zheng)策工具上(shang)(shang)(shang)，以政(zheng)府和學(xue)校為主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，提出(chu)(chu)大(da)中小學(xue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)實(shi)(shi)施方(fang)案，強(qiang)(qiang)化勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)落實(shi)(shi)力(li)度(du)(du)；構建(jian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)綱，建(jian)立勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)考核評(ping)價體(ti)(ti)(ti)系。這一(yi)(yi)時期的(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)進(jin)入(ru)完善(shan)確立時期。

（二(er)）勞動教(jiao)育政策變(bian)遷(qian)的(de)主(zhu)題特征(zheng)

新中國成立(li)以來勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政策變遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主題特征可以歸納為：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標、內容走向(xiang)(xiang)多元分類(lei)；二是(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施途徑日益(yi)完善(shan)、課程(cheng)綱要及體系(xi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)趨(qu)(qu)于(yu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)合(he)理(li)、地位和作用越來越凸顯；三是(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)走向(xiang)(xiang)制度性規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)性，從草案逐(zhu)漸(jian)發展(zhan)(zhan)為教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)立(li)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，體現(xian)(xian)了勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)突出(chu)地位[19]。結合(he)表(biao)(biao)3，發現(xian)(xian)國家層面要求嚴格規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)課程(cheng)綱要及體系(xi)，加(jia)強(qiang)對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)施過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監督(du)、考(kao)核以及評(ping)價，強(qiang)調(diao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)素養考(kao)核評(ping)價制度，整個勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)課程(cheng)綱要及體系(xi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)趨(qu)(qu)于(yu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)合(he)理(li)。至此，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政策體系(xi)正式確立(li)。表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)為：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)斷提升(sheng)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略地位，如密集發布(bu)(bu)相關政策文本，促使勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)內容更加(jia)完善(shan)；二是(shi)(shi)完善(shan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)施路徑，構(gou)建(jian)“德智體美勞(lao)(lao)(lao)”全面發展(zhan)(zhan)育(yu)(yu)(yu)人體系(xi)，并層層推進，率先實(shi)現(xian)(xian)中小學(xue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貫(guan)徹(che)落(luo)實(shi)。在此基礎上逐(zhu)步(bu)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)全國范(fan)(fan)圍內的(de)(de)(de)(de)大中小學(xue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)穩(wen)步(bu)發展(zhan)(zhan)。三是(shi)(shi)構(gou)建(jian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同機(ji)制，由單一(yi)部(bu)門(men)(men)政策發布(bu)(bu)主體逐(zhu)漸(jian)轉變為多部(bu)門(men)(men)協同，共同發力推進勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)穩(wen)步(bu)快速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)，全面保障我國勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貫(guan)徹(che)落(luo)實(shi)和高(gao)質量發展(zhan)(zhan)。

三、政策闡釋：勞動教育政策變遷的機制

（一）勞(lao)動(dong)教育政策(ce)變(bian)遷的模式

根據(ju)歷(li)(li)史(shi)制(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯框架，出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)四種(zhong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，包括斷裂(lie)均衡、關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點、路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)和(he)(he)漸(jian)(jian)進(jin)轉(zhuan)型(xing)[20]。這(zhe)(zhe)四種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)互孤(gu)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)互關(guan)聯(lian)且(qie)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)交集。它們(men)能(neng)很好地解(jie)釋勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)、變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)和(he)(he)持(chi)續穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)等核(he)心問題(ti)(ti)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。四種(zhong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。質(zhi)言之，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)混合(he)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。1．斷裂(lie)均衡和(he)(he)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)具有(you)(you)長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)特(te)(te)征，只(zhi)有(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)重大(da)突(tu)發(fa)(fa)事(shi)件或(huo)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點等外部沖(chong)(chong)擊下(xia)才(cai)可(ke)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)。然而，一旦外部沖(chong)(chong)擊過后(hou)(hou)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)又(you)會(hui)恢(hui)復穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)周期(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間歇性(xing)(xing)(xing)演(yan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)交替進(jin)行，既有(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)又(you)有(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突(tu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)[21]。斷裂(lie)均衡模(mo)式(shi)(shi)由關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點和(he)(he)路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)構(gou)成(cheng)。關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點強調政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)連續性(xing)(xing)(xing)，而路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)則強調政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)實(shi)施內(nei)(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷裂(lie)均衡模(mo)式(shi)(shi)需要(yao)歷(li)(li)經較長(chang)時間才(cai)能(neng)呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)來，新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)七十多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)程并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)算很長(chang)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)較為(wei)(wei)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征，其政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)演(yan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷漸(jian)(jian)進(jin)轉(zhuan)型(xing)與完善。1954年(nian)《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)改進(jin)和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指示(shi)》、1959年(nian)《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)全(quan)日制(zhi)學(xue)校的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活安(an)排的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)》、1995年(nian)《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)正式(shi)(shi)頒(ban)布(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)綱(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通知(zhi)》和(he)(he)2020年(nian)《大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)指導綱(gang)要(yao)（試(shi)行）》，以(yi)上四者(zhe)都是(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一定(ding)程度(du)上引起了(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)時期(qi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)波動(dong)(dong)(dong)，是(shi)(shi)劃(hua)分(fen)歷(li)(li)史(shi)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)依據(ju)。第(di)一個關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)賦(fu)能(neng)體(ti)(ti)力勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，著(zhu)(zhu)眼培養社會(hui)主義(yi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)價(jia)值觀。第(di)二(er)個關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點拉開了(le)(le)(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)步發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)序(xu)幕(mu)，具體(ti)(ti)規定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、原則、課時、實(shi)施形式(shi)(shi)等方(fang)面，是(shi)(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)進(jin)入公(gong)共(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)視野的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點。第(di)三個關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點確立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)與德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)互依存(cun)(cun)、共(gong)同(tong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內(nei)(nei)容。第(di)四個關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點標志著(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)已進(jin)入完善確立(li)階段(duan)。該(gai)階段(duan)頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)全(quan)面加(jia)強新時代大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見》規定(ding)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)一至二(er)年(nian)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)時長(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少于(yu)(yu)2小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時，其他年(nian)級不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少于(yu)(yu)3小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時。該(gai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)發(fa)(fa)揮著(zhu)(zhu)綱(gang)領性(xing)(xing)(xing)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，為(wei)(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)步發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)指明了(le)(le)(le)(le)道路(lu)(lu)(lu)。2．路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)和(he)(he)漸(jian)(jian)進(jin)轉(zhuan)型(xing)路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)理論(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)歷(li)(li)史(shi)制(zhi)度(du)主義(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)來解(jie)釋政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)持(chi)續和(he)(he)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)理論(lun)(lun)。該(gai)理論(lun)(lun)認為(wei)(wei)，一旦形成(cheng)路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)就越來越難以(yi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)或(huo)選擇(ze)可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)對(dui)長(chang)期(qi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)重大(da)影響(xiang)[22]。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立(li)通常(chang)會(hui)具有(you)(you)慣性(xing)(xing)(xing)，因而新政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)定(ding)通常(chang)需要(yao)高成(cheng)本。即(ji)使(shi)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)更有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)安(an)排，原始(shi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)仍然會(hui)被“鎖定(ding)”，并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷強化(hua)正反饋效(xiao)應。因此(ci)，路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)理論(lun)(lun)可(ke)以(yi)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)公(gong)共(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“報酬遞增(zeng)理論(lun)(lun)”[14]。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)概念(nian)未提出(chu)之前，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)長(chang)期(qi)堅持(chi)以(yi)科(ke)考為(wei)(wei)主、以(yi)分(fen)數論(lun)(lun)成(cheng)敗，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象滲(shen)透在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)各個方(fang)面。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)初期(qi)也存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“輕視勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，如勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)缺乏指導性(xing)(xing)(xing)綱(gang)要(yao)，呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)“底部沉重”式(shi)(shi)結構(gou)。隨著(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治、經濟、文化(hua)等穩(wen)(wen)步發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)得(de)到重視，“勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)被忽(hu)視、被輕視、被弱化(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)減少，但應試(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)仍然在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮著(zhu)(zhu)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。傳統(tong)應試(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)培養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“理論(lun)(lun)強、學(xue)術(shu)能(neng)力強、專業知(zhi)識豐富”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)術(shu)型(xing)人(ren)才(cai)，而勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)下(xia)培養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)理論(lun)(lun)與實(shi)踐相(xiang)結合(he)、全(quan)面發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)型(xing)人(ren)才(cai)。三大(da)改造后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)改革與轉(zhuan)型(xing)，著(zhu)(zhu)眼于(yu)(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)觀、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)技能(neng)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)精神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養與塑造，形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)較為(wei)(wei)規范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。即(ji)使(shi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)育(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)成(cheng)效(xiao)有(you)(you)所(suo)彰顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今天，也難免存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)貫徹落實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)，這(zhe)(zhe)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)演(yan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)過程存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑(jing)依賴(lai)特(te)(te)征。此(ci)外，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)演(yan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)也呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)顯著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漸(jian)(jian)進(jin)轉(zhuan)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)一特(te)(te)征。新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)七十多(duo)年(nian)來，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容由單一走向(xiang)分(fen)類多(duo)元，其主體(ti)(ti)由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)畢(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)、初中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)畢(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)到大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量保障(zhang)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)和(he)(he)考核(he)評(ping)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)也逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)從重量輕質(zhi)轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)提質(zhi)增(zeng)量，并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷完善其科(ke)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、規范(fan)(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、合(he)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)漸(jian)(jian)進(jin)轉(zhuan)型(xing)這(zhe)(zhe)一特(te)(te)征在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)方(fang)面均有(you)(you)所(suo)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。

（二）勞動(dong)教(jiao)育政策變遷的動(dong)力

歷史制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主(zhu)義(yi)學派認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械靜態方(fang)(fang)法來(lai)解(jie)(jie)釋政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，會(hui)產生(sheng)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)決定論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)解(jie)(jie)。深入了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)于理(li)解(jie)(jie)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)[23]，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)在(zai)考察勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)時(shi)如(ru)(ru)此(ci)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)來(lai)源通(tong)常有兩種(zhong)(zhong)：一(yi)是(shi)宏(hong)觀背景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，如(ru)(ru)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)；二是(shi)與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目標和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素。研究(jiu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)脈(mo)絡可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)生(sheng)因(yin)(yin)素，即勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目標與(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)不(bu)明顯，外源性(xing)(xing)因(yin)(yin)素即宏(hong)觀背景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素及(ji)(ji)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產、助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)是(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。另外，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)起指導性(xing)(xing)、決定性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)被提(ti)出、落實(shi)(shi)(shi)，受(shou)到了(le)(le)不(bu)同(tong)時(shi)期政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，本研究(jiu)構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)體系（圖6），政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)既可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)直接影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產和(he)(he)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)兩個中(zhong)介(jie)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)量影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。結合歷史制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)主(zhu)義(yi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)模(mo)型(xing)分析，綜合性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)模(mo)式(shi)特(te)別(bie)是(shi)“政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)復合體”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體作用(yong)受(shou)到了(le)(le)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注。該模(mo)式(shi)強調了(le)(le)對(dui)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)涵和(he)(he)價(jia)值機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)相(xiang)互作用(yong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)體系進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)。如(ru)(ru)圖6所(suo)(suo)(suo)示，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產實(shi)(shi)(shi)際上是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環境中(zhong)關(guan)鍵(jian)性(xing)(xing)宏(hong)觀政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，不(bu)同(tong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)重(zhong)心都由政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)背景(jing)所(suo)(suo)(suo)主(zhu)導，即一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)到政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)確(que)認(ren)，在(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)領域中(zhong)廣泛適(shi)用(yong)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)運(yun)用(yong)于勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)涵和(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)念(nian)(nian)。圖6所(suo)(suo)(suo)蘊含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府所(suo)(suo)(suo)追(zhui)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)基于政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)認(ren)同(tong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)服(fu)務(wu)成(cheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)者作為(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)部行(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者，在(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)落地實(shi)(shi)(shi)施過(guo)程中(zhong)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)積極響(xiang)應，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)從個體價(jia)值出發(fa)(fa)，追(zhui)求教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)者與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)之間(jian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)相(xiang)互作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。作為(wei)(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產和(he)(he)作為(wei)(wei)理(li)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)共同(tong)作用(yong)于勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，導致其(qi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。第一(yi)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)產階級服(fu)務(wu)、促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)了(le)(le)新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境中(zhong)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)立(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)提(ti)供了(le)(le)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)源。新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)提(ti)出“實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)生(sheng)產結合”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)，要(yao)(yao)求中(zhong)小學適(shi)當開(kai)展(zhan)有教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)意義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，并(bing)(bing)鼓勵學生(sheng)積極參(can)加(jia)生(sheng)產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，開(kai)設(she)(she)(she)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技術(shu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課等(deng)(deng)。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)得到重(zhong)視(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)參(can)加(jia)生(sheng)產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)渠道并(bing)(bing)多途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)得以(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施，也(ye)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，這一(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)有助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)于勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)體系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完善(shan)、優化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)提(ti)升勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)價(jia)值。然而(er)，促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)這一(yi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)對(dui)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)呈現(xian)存(cun)在(zai)適(shi)切性(xing)(xing)有限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)培養(yang)人(ren)(ren)、塑造(zao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)。勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)與(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)互交(jiao)織，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)其(qi)他四育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)互融(rong)互通(tong)，是(shi)貫穿(chuan)于一(yi)切教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特(te)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容[24]。促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)側重(zhong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技能、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)情感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府相(xiang)繼(ji)出臺(tai)培養(yang)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)技術(shu)等(deng)(deng)相(xiang)關(guan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)完善(shan)了(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容、實(shi)(shi)(shi)施途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)。第二，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)服(fu)務(wu)、助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)形(xing)(xing)(xing)塑了(le)(le)新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)服(fu)務(wu)、助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)是(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)背景(jing)下(xia)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)目標，必然會(hui)受(shou)到來(lai)自政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)慣性(xing)(xing)作用(yong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，并(bing)(bing)被更為(wei)(wei)宏(hong)觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)所(suo)(suo)(suo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約(yue)。在(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)初(chu)期，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、師(shi)資(zi)和(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)設(she)(she)(she)施等(deng)(deng)都相(xiang)對(dui)落后，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，該時(shi)期我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)出現(xian)了(le)(le)學生(sheng)無(wu)學可(ke)(ke)上、生(sheng)產領域勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)嚴重(zhong)不(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。為(wei)(wei)解(jie)(jie)決這些問題，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家出臺(tai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)鼓勵初(chu)中(zhong)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)參(can)加(jia)生(sheng)產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)解(jie)(jie)決勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)短缺、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)緩慢、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)師(shi)資(zi)不(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困境。在(zai)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)程度(du)上，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)僅(jin)對(dui)不(bu)同(tong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)恢復與(yu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有較為(wei)(wei)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作用(yong)，也(ye)對(dui)促(cu)(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)發(fa)(fa)揮著(zhu)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)作用(yong)。在(zai)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)層面(mian)，新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)隨著(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩步(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)主(zhu)義(yi)也(ye)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)向各個領域全面(mian)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，中(zhong)華傳統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也(ye)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)滲透到勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)面(mian)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。

四、政策效果：勞動教育政策變遷的成效

（一）從體力勞動到腦體并用轉變的教育模式被迭代(dai)更(geng)新

勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)是(shi)引導青少年實踐創新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)[25]。從學(xue)理上(shang)(shang)分(fen)析(xi)，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)應立(li)(li)足于(yu)通(tong)識(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)，立(li)(li)足于(yu)德育(yu)、智育(yu)、體育(yu)、美育(yu)，更應立(li)(li)足于(yu)課(ke)本知識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)理論基礎上(shang)(shang)。勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)不(bu)應被簡化為單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)體力(li)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)或智力(li)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)，而應是(shi)在科學(xue)研究的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)培養人才和(he)服務社(she)會(hui)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政策(ce)歷經一(yi)系列變(bian)遷，勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式也逐(zhu)漸豐富。1958年推行勤工儉(jian)學(xue)；1982年開設勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)技術教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)課(ke)；1995年提(ti)出將(jiang)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)納入中學(xue)德育(yu)內容，要(yao)求勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)與德育(yu)結(jie)合(he)(he)；2017年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)成(cheng)為中小學(xue)綜合(he)(he)實踐活動(dong)(dong)課(ke)程的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)實施途(tu)徑(jing)(jing)等。新(xin)(xin)中國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)以(yi)來，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式已發生(sheng)明(ming)顯改變(bian)，由以(yi)前(qian)單一(yi)體力(li)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)或智力(li)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)轉變(bian)為腦體并用、知行合(he)(he)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)形(xing)式。

（二(er)）從單純勞動技能到勞動價值(zhi)觀塑(su)造的教育內容被(bei)重新定(ding)義(yi)

勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)策變(bian)遷推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)事(shi)業的(de)(de)蓬勃發展，不斷完善的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)策促(cu)使勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)更(geng)快更(geng)好實(shi)(shi)施并(bing)貫徹到(dao)位，極大(da)地(di)有助于學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)形成(cheng)正確的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)取向，培(pei)養(yang)造就(jiu)高素質(zhi)人才。新中國成(cheng)立(li)后，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)目標(biao)、原則、內容(rong)、價值(zhi)等(deng)逐漸(jian)趨于完善。1955年開設(she)手工(gong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)課，學(xue)(xue)習與(yu)從事(shi)生(sheng)產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)；1958年勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)內容(rong)以(yi)勤工(gong)儉學(xue)(xue)為主(zhu)，落實(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)與(yu)生(sheng)產勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)相結合(he)，注(zhu)重(zhong)于養(yang)成(cheng)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)習慣，培(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)念；1982年著重(zhong)于勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)情感和勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技能的(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang)；21世(shi)紀以(yi)來(lai)將勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)重(zhong)心逐漸(jian)轉為重(zhong)視培(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)熱(re)愛勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)品質(zhi)和正確的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)價值(zhi)觀(guan)。新中國成(cheng)立(li)以(yi)來(lai)，我國勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)變(bian)遷為各級各類(lei)學(xue)(xue)校實(shi)(shi)施勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)指引，很大(da)程度(du)地(di)幫助學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)形成(cheng)正確的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)，進而推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)穩步蓬勃發展。

（三(san)）從(cong)促進工農業生產(chan)到助力現代化(hua)建設轉型的(de)教育功能(neng)被深化(hua)拓展

勞(lao)動(dong)教育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)功(gong)能從緩解勞(lao)動(dong)力短缺、經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)緩慢、教育(yu)(yu)(yu)師資不足等困境發(fa)展(zhan)為(wei)實(shi)現知(zhi)識分子和工(gong)農相(xiang)結合的(de)一條重(zhong)要(yao)途徑，再轉(zhuan)變為(wei)社會(hui)實(shi)踐、德育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容。與其(qi)他“四育(yu)(yu)(yu)”共同構(gou)建社會(hui)主義建設者(zhe)和接(jie)班(ban)人的(de)培養(yang)體系，成為(wei)中國特色社會(hui)主義教育(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)度的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容[3]。我(wo)國勞(lao)動(dong)教育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)政策歷經反復變革(ge)和不斷完善，其(qi)功(gong)能隨之不斷發(fa)生改變。目前已實(shi)現從勞(lao)動(dong)教育(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)無產(chan)階級服務、促進工(gong)農業生產(chan)到勞(lao)動(dong)教育(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)社會(hui)主義服務、助力現代化建設的(de)功(gong)能轉(zhuan)型。

結語

審思總結新中(zhong)國成立以(yi)來勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)政策發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)歷程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯與(yu)脈絡，以(yi)為完善新時(shi)代勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政策研究提供經驗基礎，對(dui)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)新時(shi)代勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)具有重(zhong)(zhong)要價值。首先，高度(du)重(zhong)(zhong)視勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)對(dui)國家發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略意義(yi)。充分(fen)認識(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)對(dui)于國家發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、社會進(jin)步與(yu)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)成長的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大意義(yi)，明確勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)是(shi)(shi)為國家發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)事業培養合格的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設者(zhe)和接班人(ren)(ren)(ren)，堅持勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)國家發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)并舉。其次，高度(du)重(zhong)(zhong)視勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)科體系(xi)建(jian)設。充分(fen)認識(shi)注重(zhong)(zhong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)師資培養是(shi)(shi)從源頭上解決(jue)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)師資短(duan)缺、專業不強等問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵措施，是(shi)(shi)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)學(xue)科建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要手段。最后，高度(du)重(zhong)(zhong)視完善勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)落實機(ji)制(zhi)。充分(fen)認識(shi)健全勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評價機(ji)制(zhi)是(shi)(shi)推(tui)進(jin)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)規范性發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要途徑，是(shi)(shi)評估(gu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)育(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)效果的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要標尺，對(dui)提升勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)質量具有重(zhong)(zhong)要意義(yi)。

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作(zuo)者(zhe):張敏 單位:湖南省教育科(ke)學研究(jiu)院(yuan)