1當前市政路橋(qiao)工程施工管(guan)理的現狀

路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)項目主要包括從事橋(qiao)梁、公(gong)(gong)路(lu)施工(gong)(gong)生產的(de)(de)一切工(gong)(gong)程項目，所以，在施工(gong)(gong)過程中，公(gong)(gong)路(lu)和(he)橋(qiao)梁都有自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)管理特點，具體可以歸結為以下兩點。

1.1管理復雜化

在路(lu)(lu)橋修建過程(cheng)(cheng)當中(zhong)會(hui)需要多種(zhong)多樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)產品，這樣(yang)(yang)決定(ding)了路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目管理(li)具有(you)復雜性(xing)(xing)(xing)。與此同時，路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)成果是(shi)一個使用功(gong)能多樣(yang)(yang)化(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)產品，其使用功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)多樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)決定(ding)了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)產品類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)多樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。一般來(lai)說(shuo)，路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)需要根據當地的(de)(de)(de)實際情況進(jin)行修建，所以即使路(lu)(lu)橋的(de)(de)(de)使用功(gong)能相同和工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)類(lei)型相同，但(dan)是(shi)也(ye)會(hui)由于當地環境區域的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同而(er)呈現(xian)出不(bu)同，具有(you)一些微小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)差別。從這兩方面看(kan)來(lai)，路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)項目管理(li)是(shi)一個非(fei)常(chang)復雜的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)。

1.2管理困難化

路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)是(shi)一(yi)個流動(dong)(dong)性(xing)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目，這(zhe)(zhe)就為(wei)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理增加了諸(zhu)多困難。企業的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)可以在一(yi)個固(gu)定的(de)(de)地方進(jin)行(xing)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)和生(sheng)活，但是(shi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目卻與此(ci)不同(tong)，一(yi)般(ban)來說，路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)在一(yi)年或(huo)幾年當中要進(jin)行(xing)跨區(qu)域作(zuo)業，這(zhe)(zhe)就使得(de)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)流動(dong)(dong)性(xing)生(sheng)產(chan)給員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活帶來很大的(de)(de)不方便。一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程都處在偏(pian)遠的(de)(de)鄉村，員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)之余沒有豐富的(de)(de)業余生(sheng)活，沒有辦(ban)法提(ti)高(gao)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)積極性(xing)，也就沒法提(ti)高(gao)生(sheng)產(chan)效益(yi)，所以路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)管理很困難。

1.我國路橋工程技術(shu)的(de)發展特點

1.1路橋工程建設性質復雜(za)

路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程技術發(fa)展過程中，雖然技術發(fa)展還算先(xian)進(jin)，但是卻有著諸多未知因(yin)素(su)，例如(ru)路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設復雜多變，雖然對(dui)(dui)于道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計與(yu)(yu)探討已經(jing)準備充分，但是影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)未知因(yin)素(su)眾(zhong)多，因(yin)此在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)前對(dui)(dui)于道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)察(cha)尤(you)為重要(yao)，注(zhu)意道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)與(yu)(yu)周圍建(jian)筑物間的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)關系，道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)人文設計，所以說(shuo)單有道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖紙是沒有必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而且城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸性質也要(yao)了(le)解清楚，如(ru)果城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重載拉(la)運發(fa)展良好，那就需要(yao)對(dui)(dui)于城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堅韌性多加考慮，總(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)建(jian)設與(yu)(yu)發(fa)展對(dui)(dui)于城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃有著重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。同時城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設性質復雜，路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是大(da)規模，大(da)范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間長，需要(yao)耗費的(de)(de)(de)(de)精力大(da)，對(dui)(dui)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)者與(yu)(yu)設計者會(hui)產生很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理壓力。

1.2質(zhi)量問題尤為重要

在(zai)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程實施(shi)(shi)(shi)起，雖(sui)然其建設性質(zhi)復雜，需(xu)要(yao)考慮(lv)諸多因素，如工(gong)(gong)程實施(shi)(shi)(shi)的危(wei)險(xian)因素，工(gong)(gong)程實施(shi)(shi)(shi)的穩定因素，但是無(wu)論如何(he)，最主要(yao)的其實是路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)質(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)題(ti)，尤(you)其是路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程建設方(fang)面，簡單來說如果檢(jian)查不合格，工(gong)(gong)程不僅需(xu)要(yao)重新(xin)開始，還會(hui)大大降低(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)精力，甚至還會(hui)產生(sheng)信任危(wei)機。萬(wan)一施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)題(ti)沒有被檢(jian)查出(chu)來，一旦路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)開始正式開通，出(chu)現(xian)事(shi)故危(wei)機則(ze)是讓人悔(hui)之晚矣。所以(yi)作為路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程的核心(xin)，即路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)質(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)題(ti)，需(xu)要(yao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)者注(zhu)意，并時刻記住不為私人利(li)益偷換施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)材料，而監督者要(yao)實時監察以(yi)防偽劣(lie)材料出(chu)現(xian)，危(wei)害市民生(sheng)命安全。

2.路橋工程技(ji)術存(cun)在的弊端(duan)

1引言

職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是構建(jian)國(guo)家教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)長遠競爭優勢的(de)戰(zhan)略舉措，是適應國(guo)家信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與工(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)融(rong)(rong)合(he)發展(zhan)要(yao)求，是提(ti)高老師和學(xue)(xue)生信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)素養、崗位信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)術職業(ye)能力和就業(ye)創(chuang)業(ye)技(ji)能的(de)緊迫任務(wu)，是我(wo)國(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)作的(de)重要(yao)內(nei)容，是職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)基礎能力建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)重要(yao)任務(wu)，是支撐職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)改革創(chuang)新的(de)重要(yao)基礎，是提(ti)高人(ren)才培養質量的(de)關鍵(jian)環節[1]。為推進信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)術與高職教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)深度(du)融(rong)(rong)合(he)，逐步實(shi)現職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，全國(guo)各(ge)高職院校開始了(le)課(ke)程信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)熱潮，讓(rang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)從(cong)理論到實(shi)踐，從(cong)宏(hong)觀到微觀,從(cong)規劃到課(ke)堂(tang)的(de)落地。作者長期從(cong)事于高職路橋工(gong)程類課(ke)程教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)，在本文中以《工(gong)程測量》為例介紹課(ke)程信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)過(guo)程，總結信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)經驗，反(fan)思信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和實(shi)施方案，以提(ti)高高職課(ke)程信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)水(shui)平。

2課(ke)程信息化教學設計分析(xi)

在進(jin)行(xing)課程(cheng)信(xin)息(xi)化教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)設(she)計前，必須要進(jin)行(xing)設(she)計分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，它是信(xin)息(xi)化設(she)計的前提。課程(cheng)信(xin)息(xi)化教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)設(she)計分(fen)(fen)析(xi)包(bao)括學(xue)情分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)目標(biao)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)內容分(fen)(fen)析(xi)和教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)方法手段(duan)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)。

2.1學情分析

在(zai)課(ke)程信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)是知(zhi)識(shi)構(gou)建、知(zhi)識(shi)吸收和(he)(he)(he)(he)內化的(de)(de)主體，是信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化課(ke)堂的(de)(de)主角(jiao)，是與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師情感的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)者，與同(tong)伴學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)協作(zuo)者、合作(zuo)者，其(qi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科基礎知(zhi)識(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)掌握(wo)程度，自主學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，信(xin)息(xi)(xi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應(ying)用能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)團隊協作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)等(deng)直接(jie)影響信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)設(she)計中各(ge)個環節[2]。因此(ci)，在(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)情分(fen)析中，必須從學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)原有(you)(you)的(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)基礎、原有(you)(you)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)水平、信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)、思維認知(zhi)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)、身心情感等(deng)各(ge)方面進行(xing)分(fen)析。在(zai)高(gao)職(zhi)路(lu)橋工(gong)程類課(ke)程信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)情分(fen)析的(de)(de)重要性(xing)體現得尤為突出(chu)。因為隨著高(gao)考制度的(de)(de)改(gai)革，各(ge)高(gao)職(zhi)院校生(sheng)(sheng)源類別多樣化和(he)(he)(he)(he)結構(gou)多樣化，其(qi)專業(ye)(ye)基礎和(he)(he)(he)(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)差異性(xing)很(hen)大。以武漢交(jiao)通(tong)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院為例，路(lu)橋工(gong)程類專業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)普通(tong)高(gao)考統招生(sheng)(sheng)、技(ji)(ji)能(neng)高(gao)考學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)、單(dan)招學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)、“3+2”中高(gao)職(zhi)銜(xian)接(jie)培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)四種不同(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)源，技(ji)(ji)能(neng)高(gao)考學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)、單(dan)招學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)“3+2”學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)進入高(gao)職(zhi)以前(qian)已經學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)了《工(gong)程測(ce)量(liang)》基本操作(zuo)，且測(ce)量(liang)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)已經達到一(yi)定水平，而普通(tong)高(gao)考統招生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)《工(gong)程測(ce)量(liang)》學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)方面是零點起(qi)步，其(qi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)基礎完全(quan)不同(tong)。

1路橋工程施工項目成本控制的原則

成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果決(jue)定(ding)了(le)(le)路橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經營效益，因(yin)此必(bi)(bi)須(xu)高度重視(shi)和落(luo)實項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)。在制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)和落(luo)實成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)時(shi)(shi)應當遵循以下四(si)個原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)最低化原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最終目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，在于(yu)通過各種(zhong)管理手(shou)段(duan)和措施(shi)，達到最大(da)程(cheng)度降(jiang)(jiang)低成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)此，在實行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，不僅要(yao)(yao)挖(wa)掘各方(fang)面(mian)(mian)降(jiang)(jiang)低成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能，還要(yao)(yao)將這(zhe)些可能變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現實。二(er)是(shi)(shi)全面(mian)(mian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涵蓋工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian)，因(yin)此在進行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)也是(shi)(shi)全企業(ye)(ye)、全員、全過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和管理，這(zhe)樣才能將影響(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各方(fang)面(mian)(mian)因(yin)素都始終置于(yu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之中。三是(shi)(shi)動態控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)。施(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)性和漸進性決(jue)定(ding)了(le)(le)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)強化對(dui)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。四(si)是(shi)(shi)目(mu)(mu)標管理原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)。在成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中必(bi)(bi)須(xu)預先設(she)定(ding)目(mu)(mu)標并根據實際情(qing)況情(qing)況進行(xing)分(fen)解和落(luo)實，并對(dui)目(mu)(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任落(luo)實情(qing)況進行(xing)檢查，及時(shi)(shi)對(dui)目(mu)(mu)標執行(xing)情(qing)況進行(xing)評價(jia)和修正，確(que)保(bao)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)始終符合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)和要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。

2路橋工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)項目(mu)成本(ben)預測和控制措施

在(zai)正常情況(kuang)下，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)標(biao)價是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)造價的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)限，路橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業需要在(zai)此(ci)價格內采取(qu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)降低成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)和(he)辦法，列出(chu)合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本預(yu)測(ce)(ce)值(zhi)，以此(ci)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)支出(chu)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)效益。而(er)(er)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)多采取(qu)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式作(zuo)(zuo)為基(ji)本單位進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)，因此(ci)對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)測(ce)(ce)是(shi)重中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)重。項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本主(zhu)要包括完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)清單所需的(de)(de)(de)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、材料、機械成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本以及(ji)現(xian)場管(guan)理(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本，在(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本預(yu)測(ce)(ce)都應當(dang)對(dui)(dui)這些方(fang)(fang)面以及(ji)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)其(qi)他方(fang)(fang)面支出(chu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)全(quan)面預(yu)測(ce)(ce)，將(jiang)所有為組織(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生產經(jing)營活動所發生的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)都囊括在(zai)內。對(dui)(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)測(ce)(ce)最終應當(dang)體現(xian)在(zai)對(dui)(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)，而(er)(er)對(dui)(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應當(dang)體現(xian)在(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)面面和(he)各(ge)個(ge)環(huan)節。首先要提(ti)(ti)高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人員的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意識，通過(guo)(guo)全(quan)員意識的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)升，讓全(quan)員參與(yu)到(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)來。其(qi)次(ci)，要對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)全(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)析，收(shou)集好相關(guan)原始資料，通過(guo)(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本預(yu)測(ce)(ce)、計劃成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以及(ji)實際(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本核算(suan)、過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監控(kong)，用(yong)數據說話，用(yong)數據分(fen)析問題(ti)，找到(dao)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)解決辦法。再(zai)次(ci)，要處理(li)(li)好成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系，找準工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期與(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)最佳結合點，確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量，并(bing)注意在(zai)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)后及(ji)時(shi)結算(suan)回收(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款。

3路橋工程施工項目成本控(kong)制(zhi)的方法

在(zai)(zai)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中，一是(shi)要(yao)(yao)從工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序上控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)，關鍵在(zai)(zai)于作業(ye)(ye)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)和(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，因此要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)際，確(que)立施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)定額標(biao)準，實(shi)(shi)行承包(bao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，讓(rang)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟收入體現(xian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)情況，以(yi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化(hua)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。二(er)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)從質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)上控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。在(zai)(zai)一般情況下(xia)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)三者之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)較為復(fu)雜，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)短、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)高而(er)又造價(jia)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況一般都是(shi)理(li)想狀態(tai)，在(zai)(zai)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中是(shi)少(shao)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)強調(diao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)時，對(dui)(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)就(jiu)(jiu)應(ying)當相對(dui)(dui)寬松；而(er)如(ru)果強調(diao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)和(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，則在(zai)(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)就(jiu)(jiu)應(ying)當有所降低(di)。從施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)而(er)言(yan)，正(zheng)確(que)處(chu)理(li)好質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三者之(zhi)間(jian)相互制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約、相互影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辯證統一關系(xi)，尋(xun)求(qiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)以(yi)及各(ge)種(zhong)客觀(guan)因素和(he)(he)外部要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)合點(dian)，最(zui)理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)以(yi)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率和(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，滿(man)足技術和(he)(he)經濟方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。三是(shi)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)類型(xing)采用(yong)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辦法。從性質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)言(yan)，費(fei)用(yong)主要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、材料(liao)、機械等(deng)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)，在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)施成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時應(ying)當根(gen)據(ju)(ju)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)采取不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施。在(zai)(zai)機械方面，要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)展，合理(li)使用(yong)機械。而(er)對(dui)(dui)于占較高比例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)費(fei)用(yong)，應(ying)當把住材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采購、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、運輸、驗收、倉儲(chu)、領用(yong)以(yi)及結(jie)算(suan)等(deng)各(ge)個環節，以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)貨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批量(liang)(liang)、批次(ci)以(yi)及進(jin)(jin)貨運輸距離等(deng)方面作好規劃。

摘(zhai)要：本(ben)文結合(he)筆者多年路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制實踐經驗,從路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制的(de)內容入(ru)手(shou),詳細闡述了項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制措施(shi),并從路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制與(yu)管理的(de)角度詳細分(fen)析(xi)探討了項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制方法和改進措施(shi),以實現項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制的(de)總體目(mu)標(biao)。

關(guan)鍵詞：路橋工程；施(shi)工項目；成(cheng)本控制

20世紀90年代以(yi)來，隨(sui)著我國社會主義市場經濟體制(zhi)的(de)(de)逐(zhu)步建立，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)意(yi)識到，在生(sheng)(sheng)存與發展(zhan)的(de)(de)競爭中(zhong)，成本管理(li)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用舉(ju)足(zu)輕重(zhong)。這對(dui)于交通行業(ye)(ye)，尤(you)其(qi)是路橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)是機遇與風(feng)險同在。路橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在任(ren)務取得、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組織、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)式、資(zi)產結構、資(zi)金應用、經營(ying)(ying)管理(li)等(deng)方(fang)面發生(sheng)(sheng)著一系列(lie)變(bian)化(hua)。但(dan)最(zui)值得一提(ti)的(de)(de)是在工(gong)(gong)程建設中(zhong)實行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)項目成本控制(zhi)是企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)存和(he)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)基礎和(he)核心(xin)，在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段搞好成本控制(zhi)，達到增收節支的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是項目經營(ying)(ying)活動中(zhong)最(zui)為重(zhong)要的(de)(de)環節。

1項目成本控制的內容(rong)

施工(gong)階段成(cheng)本控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基(ji)本原理是把(ba)計(ji)劃(hua)作(zuo)為項(xiang)目控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)目標值，定(ding)期把(ba)工(gong)程進(jin)展過(guo)程中的(de)實際支出(chu)額與目標值進(jin)行比(bi)較，發現(xian)并(bing)找出(chu)實際支出(chu)與投資控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標值之間(jian)的(de)偏(pian)差，分析(xi)偏(pian)差產生的(de)原因，并(bing)采取糾偏(pian)措施加以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)保證(zheng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標的(de)實施。成(cheng)本控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)主要內容為：

1.1成本計劃(hua)實施

摘要(yao):科學(xue)合(he)理地控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程造價是取得良好投(tou)資效(xiao)益和社會(hui)效(xiao)益的(de)(de)前提(ti)。建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程造價的(de)(de)確定與(yu)投(tou)資控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)實質就是運用科學(xue)技術(shu)原理和經(jing)(jing)濟及法(fa)律手段，解決工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)活動中的(de)(de)技術(shu)與(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟、經(jing)(jing)營與(yu)管理等實際問題。本文結(jie)合(he)筆者多(duo)年建(jian)(jian)筑項目(mu)工(gong)程造價控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)管理實踐經(jing)(jing)驗，詳細分析探討(tao)了建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程項目(mu)成本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)內(nei)容、特(te)點及主要(yao)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)措施，并進行了具(ju)體總結(jie)

關鍵詞:工程造價;造價管理;成本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi);控(kong)制(zhi)措施

建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，是(shi)(shi)指運(yun)用科學原理(li)(li)和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)法規手段，解(jie)決工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設活動中的(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)確定與(yu)控制、技術與(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)營與(yu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)等實際問題，它體現在投資決策、設計、發包、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)預結(jie)算各(ge)個(ge)階段，是(shi)(shi)對建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)綜合反映，是(shi)(shi)建筑(zhu)領(ling)域的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部分(fen)和(he)關鍵性工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)成本的(de)(de)發生涉(she)及到項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)整個(ge)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周期(qi)，從(cong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準備開始，經(jing)(jing)(jing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)至(zhi)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)移交后的(de)(de)保質期(qi)結(jie)束。筆(bi)者曾(ceng)參(can)與(yu)多(duo)個(ge)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控制與(yu)成本控制與(yu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，現就工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)成本控制與(yu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)措施(shi)進行分(fen)析探討。

一、施工工程項目成(cheng)本控制的(de)內容

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)指(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中，把控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)觀(guan)念滲透到施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理的(de)(de)措施(shi)中，通過技術(shu)、方(fang)(fang)法(fa)比(bi)較、經濟分析和(he)(he)效果評價，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中所消耗的(de)(de)資源和(he)(he)費用開支進行指(zhi)導、監督、調節和(he)(he)限制(zhi)(zhi)，及時糾(jiu)正將要(yao)發生和(he)(he)已經發生的(de)(de)偏差(cha)，把各(ge)項(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)費用控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)案的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)之內(nei)。

(1)運用目(mu)標管理(li)控制工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成本目(mu)標，成本是按(an)單位工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)測算(suan)，并根據(ju)預(yu)期目(mu)標確定(ding)的，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)利潤按(an)公式:利潤=工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價-目(mu)標成本-稅金。

1.傳統路橋工(gong)程物資管(guan)理中存在的問題

1.1物資管理基礎工作(zuo)不規范

在傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)物資(zi)管理工作中(zhong)，會(hui)形成大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)料(liao)(liao)、領(ling)料(liao)(liao)、驗收(shou)入庫單(dan)(dan)據以及合同文(wen)件(jian)(jian)等，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)(dan)據和(he)(he)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)都(dou)需要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過人工的(de)(de)(de)整理和(he)(he)歸檔，歸檔只(zhi)是簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)編號保(bao)存(cun)起來(lai)。一年下來(lai)，產生的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)據和(he)(he)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)巨大(da)(da)，因此如(ru)果需要(yao)(yao)查找時會(hui)較(jiao)為困難，另(ling)外保(bao)存(cun)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)(dan)據和(he)(he)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)本身就較(jiao)為困難，同時傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)手(shou)工記賬的(de)(de)(de)方式還存(cun)在較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)局限性，往往會(hui)出現在物資(zi)管理過程中(zhong)手(shou)續不齊全(quan)、登記不及時或者漏等的(de)(de)(de)問題，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些都(dou)給物資(zi)管理帶(dai)來(lai)了難度。

1.2物資的庫存(cun)量相(xiang)對較(jiao)大

在(zai)(zai)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)資管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)，對于物(wu)資的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)，雖(sui)然制定(ding)了相關計劃，但(dan)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)實際采購(gou)(gou)(gou)中(zhong)，采購(gou)(gou)(gou)人(ren)(ren)員往(wang)往(wang)憑借自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)想法進行采購(gou)(gou)(gou)，這(zhe)會(hui)導致物(wu)資采購(gou)(gou)(gou)中(zhong)出現某項(xiang)物(wu)資采購(gou)(gou)(gou)過(guo)(guo)多(duo)或(huo)者過(guo)(guo)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。采購(gou)(gou)(gou)過(guo)(guo)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，會(hui)造成多(duo)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)資得不(bu)到利用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，而對于采購(gou)(gou)(gou)過(guo)(guo)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)資，就(jiu)無法滿(man)足(zu)施工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，造成停工待料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，這(zhe)就(jiu)要求物(wu)資部(bu)分重新組織人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)物(wu)力(li)(li)進行物(wu)資的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)(gou)，這(zhe)樣不(bu)僅浪費(fei)了人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)、物(wu)力(li)(li)和材料，同時也(ye)使得物(wu)資部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)管(guan)理(li)工作得不(bu)到保證，使得物(wu)資管(guan)理(li)失去控制。

1.3物資管理員(yuan)的工作量大、工作效率(lv)有限(xian)

摘要:路橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)技術方(fang)案是指(zhi)導(dao)施(shi)工(gong)過程的(de)重(zhong)要依(yi)據,為(wei)施(shi)工(gong)過程提供技術指(zhi)導(dao)和合(he)理的(de)管理安排,優秀的(de)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案可以為(wei)企業、單位節省資金和人(ren)力,對路橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)單位有著(zhu)重(zhong)要的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。

關鍵詞:路(lu)橋工程;施(shi)工技術方案;重要性

施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案是路橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中單位工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)或分部(bu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中某施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法的(de)分析,是對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施過程(cheng)(cheng)所耗用的(de)勞動力、材(cai)料、機械、費用以及工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)等在(zai)合(he)理(li)組織的(de)條件下(xia),進行(xing)技術經濟的(de)分析,力求采用新(xin)技術,從(cong)中選(xuan)擇最有施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法即最優方案。對(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目中一些施工(gong)(gong)(gong)難點和(he)關鍵分部(bu)、分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),都應該編制專門的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案。

1路橋(qiao)施工方案(an)在施工中(zhong)的作用

施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案的(de)(de)建立,目的(de)(de)是提高質量、加快工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)、降低成本、提高項目工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益與(yu)社會效(xiao)益。為了讓施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)程(cheng)的(de)(de)順利開展,保證現場的(de)(de)合理(li)(li)布置,需要制定合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)、順序(xu)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)流程(cheng),采用(yong)兼顧工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)先進(jin)性(xing)(xing)和經(jing)濟上的(de)(de)合理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法,既能滿足工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)需要,又能發揮(hui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機械的(de)(de)效(xiao)能,并通(tong)過技(ji)術(shu)、組織、經(jing)濟、管理(li)(li)等方面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)全(quan)面(mian)分(fen)析(xi),綜(zong)合考慮,科學、合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)編(bian)制,經(jing)過分(fen)析(xi)比較后選擇(ze)最(zui)佳的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案。

2施(shi)工(gong)方案對施(shi)工(gong)質量的影響(xiang)

1工程實踐

本路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)屬(shu)于連接兩地(di)區之(zhi)間的(de)高速(su)公路(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，不(bu)僅工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)要(yao)求緊，而且對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量要(yao)求高，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全程(cheng)(cheng)26．4km，其中橋隧長度是(shi)總(zong)里程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)40．1%，雙向四車道，設計時速(su)80km/h，投(tou)(tou)資總(zong)額約30億元，預計2015年年底完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。因此(ci)，某施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位在承(cheng)建該工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目過程(cheng)(cheng)中，始(shi)終結合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實踐，注(zhu)重對(dui)其的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術管理(li)，目前工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)尚未(wei)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，已經(jing)完成了(le)投(tou)(tou)資26億元，2014年年底將(jiang)實現路(lu)(lu)基貫通的(de)目標。

2公路橋梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)技術管理內涵

該施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位在本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，始終(zhong)本(ben)著安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)第一(yi)和(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)至上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念，對(dui)其施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)可行性、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)以(yi)及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)等方(fang)面，進行了全(quan)(quan)(quan)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)。始終(zhong)嚴格按照(zhao)高速公路施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)和(he)(he)(he)標準(zhun)，科(ke)學(xue)合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織，統(tong)一(yi)安(an)(an)排該路橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)所采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，并(bing)(bing)結合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)要求(qiu)進行了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)和(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編制(zhi)，在確保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)水平得到(dao)有效(xiao)發(fa)揮(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升夯實了基(ji)(ji)礎。在整個(ge)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)管理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)，始終(zhong)致(zhi)力于(yu)現有施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進，不僅(jin)促進了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升，而(er)且有效(xiao)地(di)降低了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投資成本(ben)。與此同時(shi)，開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)來，始終(zhong)注重技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)和(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貫徹，并(bing)(bing)將設計、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)劃、安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產保障和(he)(he)(he)技(ji)術(shu)創新均納(na)入本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)管理(li)(li)范(fan)(fan)(fan)疇，在多(duo)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調和(he)(he)(he)科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)籌安(an)(an)排下，在2014年底就能(neng)完(wan)成路基(ji)(ji)全(quan)(quan)(quan)程(cheng)(cheng)貫通任務。

3公路(lu)橋梁工程施工技(ji)術管理措(cuo)施

3．1注重施工技術規范(fan)、制度(du)和標準的貫徹

道(dao)路(lu)是國民經濟的(de)(de)重要命脈，由于其特(te)有的(de)(de)靈活性和優越性，發(fa)揮著其他(ta)運輸方式不可替代(dai)的(de)(de)作用。隨著我(wo)國道(dao)路(lu)橋梁(liang)(liang)建設(she)規模的(de)(de)不斷擴大(da)，在(zai)道(dao)路(lu)建設(she)中(zhong)，橋梁(liang)(liang)占據(ju)相當大(da)的(de)(de)工作量(liang)，然(ran)而隨之出(chu)現的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)題(ti)也(ye)日(ri)益增多(duo)，產(chan)生這(zhe)些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)原因是多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣的(de)(de)。

1道路橋梁施工特性

公路、橋梁工程勘測具有線長、量大、時空跨度大的(de)特點，是一項涉及面廣、工作條件差、勞動強度大的(de)社(she)會綜合性工作。

1．1施工人員的流(liu)動(dong)性(xing)較大

道路(lu)橋梁工程施工人員的流(liu)動(dong)勝，主要表現(xian)為：各(ge)工種的工人在一個工程項目的不(bu)同(tong)部位上進(jin)行流(liu)動(dong)；工人在一個工地現(xian)場范圍(wei)內各(ge)個施工對象上進(jin)行流(liu)動(dong)；職工隊伍在不(bu)同(tong)工地、不(bu)同(tong)建設地區間輾轉流(liu)動(dong)。

1．2路橋施工生(sheng)產周(zhou)期長(chang)