導(dao)語：如何才能寫好一篇路橋(qiao)工程預算，這就(jiu)需(xu)要搜集(ji)整理更多的資(zi)料和文(wen)獻，歡迎閱讀(du)由公務員之家整理的十(shi)篇范文(wen)，供你借鑒。

篇1

關鍵詞：路橋交通；工程；預算造(zao)價；影響因素

路橋交通建設與百姓生活息息相關，沒有四通八達的道路橋梁建設基礎就沒有順暢便利的生活。因此，質量過硬的相關工程既是人民的福音，也是彰顯國家建設力量的重要舉措。預算造價作為工程整體行進的基礎，全面考量影響預算造價要素，反復斟酌工程資金需要，從細節處做好工程資金投入是保證工程質量的關鍵。針對路橋交通工程特點，借鑒過往預算造價經驗得出，路橋交通工程施工方案、建材價格漲幅趨勢與施工階段突發問題等是作用于路橋交通工程的重要因素。另外，除以上三種影響路橋交通工程預算造價(jia)的(de)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)因素(su)以外，施(shi)工方組織設計作為(wei)干預路橋交(jiao)通工程預算造價(jia)的(de)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)因素(su)，在估算工程施(shi)工成(cheng)本時同樣是不(bu)可忽視的(de)重要考察對象。

一(yi)、影響路橋交通工程造價(jia)的主要因(yin)素(su)

（一(yi)）建設(she)(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)建設(she)(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)(bao)含(han)在路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實際施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)料(liao)、人力(li)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。其中施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)料(liao)稱之為(wei)物(wu)化勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)，而(er)(er)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人力(li)則被稱為(wei)活勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)，二者總消(xiao)耗量(liang)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)該項路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)交通(tong)建設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)建設(she)(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。物(wu)化勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)所需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產材(cai)料(liao)由此次(ci)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)涉(she)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關建材(cai)、機(ji)械、車輛等組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，并(bing)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)機(ji)械購買、保養、維修等消(xiao)費支(zhi)出(chu)；而(er)(er)活勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)所需占用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業技術(shu)人員—包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)人員、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業機(ji)械操(cao)作(zuo)人員，建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人以及司機(ji)等等，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)活勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)消(xiao)耗量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾乎(hu)全(quan)部組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分。在對(dui)建設(she)(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)進(jin)行預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)造價(jia)時(shi)，通(tong)常(chang)使用(yong)建設(she)(she)(she)時(shi)經濟活動(dong)(dong)所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗費用(yong)，及相對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產資(zi)(zi)料(liao)數量(liang)乘(cheng)積作(zuo)為(wei)計(ji)算(suan)依據。在預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中不難(nan)得知，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)與(yu)(yu)該次(ci)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)金額呈現正比關系，對(dui)此次(ci)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)最(zui)終結果(guo)大(da)小起決定性(xing)作(zuo)用(yong)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)分配的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理性(xing)不僅關乎(hu)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)進(jin)展，同樣可以反(fan)作(zuo)用(yong)于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)支(zhi)出(chu)，協助施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位、投(tou)資(zi)(zi)方等最(zui)大(da)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度節(jie)約資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，節(jie)省成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)支(zhi)出(chu)項目無外(wai)乎(hu)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)必需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有關資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，而(er)(er)引進(jin)科(ke)學、先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)手(shou)段與(yu)(yu)環保節(jie)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑材(cai)料(liao)，對(dui)提升工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經濟效益，保障施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)與(yu)(yu)增進(jin)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率起積極作(zuo)用(yong)，并(bing)最(zui)終達到通(tong)過合(he)(he)適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)，極大(da)提升本(ben)(ben)次(ci)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)交通(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)造價(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)效益。

（二）施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)影(ying)響工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)因(yin)素(su)(su)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)。雖然施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)某種(zhong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度上能夠全局把(ba)控(kong)，但(dan)由于(yu)路(lu)橋(qiao)交(jiao)(jiao)通工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體系龐雜且牽(qian)(qian)涉(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員眾(zhong)(zhong)多；在(zai)此(ci)期(qi)間，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)某部(bu)分(fen)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)細節(jie)問題(ti)，致(zhi)使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)整(zheng)體欠佳，又或是一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)相關(guan)負責人(ren)(ren)玩忽職守、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)懈怠而(er)(er)導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問題(ti)屢見(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)鮮，該(gai)類問題(ti)很難(nan)完全杜絕，并(bing)且兼具(ju)(ju)不(bu)(bu)(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)。此(ci)外(wai)，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)間，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地段的(de)(de)自然條件(jian)(jian)與(yu)氣候條件(jian)(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)客(ke)觀因(yin)素(su)(su)，影(ying)響施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)同(tong)樣(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可避免。因(yin)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)問題(ti)，進(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)驗收(shou)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)波折，返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建材(cai)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)力等(deng)(deng)生產(chan)資料再(zai)消耗是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)展(zhan)初期(qi)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)準確評估的(de)(de)，意外(wai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本支出(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅浪費(fei)國家資源(yuan)，并(bing)且影(ying)響道路(lu)橋(qiao)梁及時(shi)投入使用，給人(ren)(ren)們生活(huo)出(chu)行造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)便。路(lu)橋(qiao)交(jiao)(jiao)通工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)相互作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用、相輔相成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，脫(tuo)離施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)考慮進(jin)(jin)行造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)是極(ji)度缺(que)乏正確性(xing)與(yu)合理(li)性(xing)的(de)(de)；施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)本身含(han)有(you)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)因(yin)素(su)(su)也使得(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)變得(de)比較復雜。路(lu)橋(qiao)交(jiao)(jiao)通工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)主要有(you)路(lu)基施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、橋(qiao)梁施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、路(lu)面(mian)(mian)修筑、路(lu)橋(qiao)互通施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、路(lu)橋(qiao)立(li)交(jiao)(jiao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、路(lu)面(mian)(mian)隧道施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)(deng)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段各個環(huan)節(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)把(ba)控(kong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)開(kai)展(zhan)較為(wei)(wei)艱難(nan)。同(tong)時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)所涉(she)(she)(she)及有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)之間的(de)(de)行政協商干涉(she)(she)(she)、對該(gai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)報(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問題(ti)都(dou)權衡著造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)高(gao)低。如(ru)(ru)何平衡多方(fang)面(mian)(mian)影(ying)響因(yin)素(su)(su)？在(zai)一(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)大型建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中所存在(zai)的(de)(de)巨大利(li)(li)益(yi)空間中穩(wen)住陣腳，不(bu)(bu)(bu)會在(zai)金錢與(yu)效益(yi)的(de)(de)驅使下(xia)損壞(huai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，保證建筑行業市(shi)場穩(wen)定(ding)？一(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)大型建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)牽(qian)(qian)涉(she)(she)(she)部(bu)門(men)眾(zhong)(zhong)多，倘若各抒己見(jian)，全部(bu)只從(cong)自身利(li)(li)益(yi)出(chu)發(fa)要求造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)，必然導(dao)致(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)失(shi)真(zhen)失(shi)衡。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)報(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)結果時(shi)，如(ru)(ru)若采用偷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)減料等(deng)(deng)惡劣行徑損公(gong)肥私(si)，導(dao)致(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)嚴重受損，延誤工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)付、驗收(shou)與(yu)使用。而(er)(er)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門(men)本身不(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)對應的(de)(de)資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)級，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)能力不(bu)(bu)(bu)過關(guan)，專業知識落后閉塞，沒有(you)先進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)手法(fa)(fa)；對市(shi)場中存在(zai)的(de)(de)新興技術、材(cai)料與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝等(deng)(deng)充耳不(bu)(bu)(bu)聞，使得(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)嚴重偏差(cha)，從(cong)而(er)(er)導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蒙受巨大損失(shi)，破壞(huai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。

二(er)、路(lu)橋(qiao)交(jiao)通工程預算造價分析(xi)

（一）編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)析(xi)通(tong)過完善(shan)、嚴謹(jin)的(de)編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對充分(fen)做好路橋交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)算工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)起決定性作(zuo)用(yong)。首先(xian)，全面把(ba)握本(ben)次工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)析(xi)觸及到的(de)全部材料，針(zhen)對此項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所處地理位置(zhi)、環境以(yi)及自(zi)然(ran)因素等有關外界條(tiao)件特(te)點，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)整體(ti)(ti)走向(xiang)與(yu)技術(shu)方(fang)案。根(gen)據以(yi)往預(yu)(yu)算工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)經驗(yan)，預(yu)(yu)算編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往往需(xu)提供(gong)實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)輔(fu)助(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)資料兩種作(zuo)為預(yu)(yu)算的(de)根(gen)據。在大部分(fen)實際(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)完成(cheng)之(zhi)后，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)應采取(qu)輔(fu)助(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場進(jin)行清理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，完善(shan)整體(ti)(ti)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)細(xi)節。再者(zhe)，編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)析(xi)需(xu)要(yao)采用(yong)各階段路橋交(jiao)通(tong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)，包含挖取(qu)地基、構架(jia)作(zuo)業(ye)臺等。編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)析(xi)的(de)主要(yao)目的(de)是(shi)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全局精準(zhun)把(ba)控，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定周密的(de)預(yu)(yu)算金額，協助(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)準(zhun)確把(ba)握行進(jin)周期，確保(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)保(bao)(bao)質保(bao)(bao)量(liang)完成(cheng)。

（二）橋涵(han)預算造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)橋涵(han)預算造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)工(gong)作牽涉的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)繁雜，需加以(yi)考量(liang)的項目眾(zhong)多，因此預算造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)工(gong)作開展十分困(kun)難。提升(sheng)橋涵(han)預算造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)精準度的關鍵(jian)，在于計算時(shi)(shi)需依照設計施(shi)工(gong)順序進(jin)(jin)行采集(ji)數據(ju)；故要(yao)求工(gong)作人員應(ying)在合適的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)行進(jin)(jin)階段(duan)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)收(shou)集(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)，盡量(liang)遵照輔助工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開展順序。采集(ji)計算數據(ju)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)注(zhu)意混凝土施(shi)工(gong)中不包(bao)括鋼筋，并(bing)且施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)(shi)搭(da)建的防護安全設施(shi)要(yao)除外計算，不可混為一談。

篇2

【關鍵(jian)詞(ci)】概預算；橋梁；措施

Probe preparation of highway bridge project budget

Wang Chun-lin

（Anhui Bridge Engineering Group Co.， Ltd Hefei Anhui 230031）

【Abstract】Here I will combine 118 engineering approach roads， bridges engineering talk down River Road and Bridge Bridge project budget estimate should pay attention to.

【Key words】Budget estimate；Bridge；Measures

在公路工(gong)程概預算編(bian)制工(gong)作中，橋(qiao)梁工(gong)程的(de)(de)計(ji)價是比較繁瑣的(de)(de)，而且又(you)是占造(zao)價文件(jian)篇(pian)幅(fu)最多的(de)(de)一(yi)項。下面本人(ren)就結合118工(gong)程進(jin)場道路、橋(qiao)梁工(gong)程中的(de)(de)倒(dao)水河大(da)橋(qiao)工(gong)程談談公路橋(qiao)梁工(gong)程概預算編(bian)制中應注意(yi)的(de)(de)問題。

1. 工程概況

倒水河大橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)工程(cheng)(cheng)位于新建(jian)陽邏機場以北進場路橫(heng)跨(kua)倒水河地段，里程(cheng)(cheng)樁號(hao)1+200～1+630之間，屬大型橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。上(shang)部結構全部采(cai)用(yong)預制T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)布置為(wei)4×20m（普通(tong)砼(tong)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)）+3×40m（后張預應力砼(tong)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)）+12×20m（普通(tong)砼(tong)T梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)）。本工程(cheng)(cheng)在河床中均采(cai)用(yong)樁基(ji)(ji)礎，40m和20mT梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)部分(fen)分(fen)為(wei)10.5m及1.2m鉆孔(kong)樁，雙柱(zhu)(zhu)墩，普通(tong)鋼筋砼(tong)帽(mao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)；20mT梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)岸墩即11#～18#采(cai)用(yong)雙柱(zhu)(zhu)墩，普通(tong)鋼筋砼(tong)帽(mao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)；0#橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)臺(tai)為(wei)三(san)柱(zhu)(zhu)肋板式橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)臺(tai)，樁基(ji)(ji)礎，19#橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)臺(tai)為(wei)三(san)柱(zhu)(zhu)肋板式橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)臺(tai)，擴大基(ji)(ji)礎。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)總長446.26米。

2. 提取工程量的(de)順序(xu)

我們按(an)照挖(wa)基(ji)基(ji)礎下部工(gong)程上部工(gong)程四(si)大模(mo)塊的順(shun)(shun)序，結合相應的輔助工(gong)程順(shun)(shun)序進行，使(shi)工(gong)作程序系統化(hua)(hua)、模(mo)塊化(hua)(hua)、高效化(hua)(hua)，最大程度地避免了漏項(xiang)或重(zhong)復的錯誤。

3. 措施項目(mu)及輔助工程量的確定

根據倒水(shui)河大(da)橋工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術的特點，其造價的基礎資料(liao)包括(kuo)以下兩下方面(mian)的內容：

（1）主體工程。

它包括橋梁基礎、下部和上(shang)部工(gong)程。由于設計圖紙已經給定(ding)，按照(zhao)定(ding)額的要求(qiu)，可較容易確定(ding)其計價的各(ge)項(xiang)工(gong)程量。

（2）措施項目及(ji)輔助(zhu)工程。

它(ta)們有(you)(you)助于主(zhu)體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)，是完(wan)成(cheng)主(zhu)體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所必須(xu)采(cai)取的(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)，但(dan)完(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)后隨之拆除。屬于基(ji)礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)圍堰、排水、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作平臺(tai)(tai)等(deng)；屬于上(shang)(shang)下(xia)部(bu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)拱盔、支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)、吊裝(zhuang)設備、提(ti)升(sheng)模(mo)架(jia)(jia)等(deng)；與基(ji)礎和上(shang)(shang)下(xia)部(bu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)都有(you)(you)關聯的(de)(de)有(you)(you)混凝土(tu)預(yu)(yu)制構件(jian)運(yun)輸、預(yu)(yu)制場及其設施(shi)（大型預(yu)(yu)制構件(jian)底座、張拉臺(tai)(tai)座、門架(jia)(jia)等(deng)）、拌和站等(deng)。這些項(xiang)目的(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)價(jia)數量都要根據建設項(xiang)目的(de)(de)實(shi)際情況和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)，參(can)考以(yi)往的(de)(de)經驗來(lai)取定(ding)，設計(ji)(ji)圖(tu)紙上(shang)(shang)是不反映的(de)(de)可塑性(xing)較大，而對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)又有(you)(you)極其重要的(de)(de)影響。因此，正(zheng)確取定(ding)各項(xiang)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)項(xiang)目及輔助工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)價(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量，就有(you)(you)著十分(fen)重要的(de)(de)現實(shi)意義。

4. 橋梁主(zhu)體各分部工程量的(de)確(que)定(ding)

4.1 開(kai)挖基(ji)坑(keng)。

基坑的(de)開挖按土方、石方、深度(du)、干處或(huo)濕處等不同情況，分別(bie)統(tong)計(ji)其數(shu)量(liang)(liang)，并結合施(shi)工期(qi)內河床水(shui)位的(de)高低，合理(li)確(que)定圍堰的(de)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)、基坑排水(shui)臺班消耗標準(zhun)、以(yi)(yi)及必(bi)須采取(qu)的(de)技(ji)術安全措施(shi)等。以(yi)(yi)上各項均需按照從實際出發、不留隱(yin)患的(de)原則，確(que)定其計(ji)價數(shu)量(liang)(liang)，將(jiang)所需費用(yong)計(ji)入工程造(zao)價內。

4.2 基礎工程。

橋梁基礎工(gong)程一般(ban)多采用的(de)是挖孔樁(zhuang)、鉆(zhan)孔樁(zhuang)、混凝土(tu)擴大(da)基礎形式。倒(dao)水河(he)大(da)橋采用的(de)是鉆(zhan)孔灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)形式。

鉆孔灌注樁基(ji)礎的施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)比較復雜，計(ji)(ji)算工(gong)(gong)程量要結(jie)合實際情況和施工(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji)(ji)進行，故(gu)應注意以下(xia)幾點：

4.2.1 根據(ju)現場地質(zhi)情(qing)況(kuang)，選(xuan)定鉆(zhan)孔機具的(de)類型。如(ru)本(ben)工程(cheng)樁基地質(zhi)為(wei)紫紅色含(han)礫砂巖、粗(cu)砂巖、粉砂巖、粘土巖等，鉆(zhan)探揭示厚度為(wei)40～130米，這(zhe)樣(yang)我們選(xuan)用回旋鉆(zhan)機，分別套用相關定額(e)。

4.2.2 本工(gong)程河床中間墩臺(tai)基礎設(she)計(ji)采(cai)用圍(wei)堰筑島填心進(jin)行鉆孔施工(gong)，我們(men)按(an)灌注樁外緣3.0m寬左(zuo)右(you)確定(ding)圍(wei)堰及筑島填心的工(gong)程量。計(ji)算埋設(she)護筒數量時，則視同為(wei)“干(gan)處(chu)(chu)”計(ji)價。在套用定(ding)額時，我們(men)比(bi)較(jiao)了干(gan)處(chu)(chu)和(he)濕處(chu)(chu)的單價，每噸鋼(gang)護筒的單價濕處(chu)(chu)比(bi)干(gan)處(chu)(chu)多了6倍左(zuo)右(you)。由此可見，必(bi)須嚴格區分干(gan)處(chu)(chu)和(he)濕處(chu)(chu)定(ding)額，否(fou)則預算值偏(pian)差很大。

4.2.3 在干(gan)處(chu)埋設護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)，一般可(ke)按每個(ge)護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)長2.0m或按設計數量(liang)計算；水中埋設鋼護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)可(ke)按設計數量(liang)計算，并按規(gui)定(ding)計算回收金額。對于鋼護(hu)(hu)筒(tong)應注(zhu)意(yi)以下兩點：

（1）當在(zai)干(gan)處(chu)埋護(hu)筒(tong)時，設計上一(yi)般要求(qiu)入土深為1.8m，四周(zhou)夯填0.2m粘土，總長為1.8m+0.2m=2m。所(suo)以，干(gan)處(chu)埋護(hu)筒(tong)時，其(qi)長度按2m計算。

（2）護筒直徑與鉆機類型(xing)、地質情(qing)況(kuang)有(you)關，一般情(qing)況(kuang)下，按樁徑加0.2m左(zuo)右即可。

4.2.4 鉆孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)定額(e)分(fen)為8種，并(bing)按(an)不同樁(zhuang)徑和(he)鉆孔(kong)深(shen)度劃分(fen)為多項定額(e)標(biao)準。故(gu)應(ying)按(an)照地質(zhi)(zhi)鉆探(tan)資料，對照定額(e)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定，分(fen)別確定其(qi)鉆孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程量。因鉆孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)量單位(wei)是以米計(ji)(ji)，故(gu)其(qi)鉆孔(kong)深(shen)度應(ying)以地表面與設(she)計(ji)(ji)樁(zhuang)底(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度為準。當在水中采用圍(wei)堰筑島填心施(shi)工時(shi)(shi)，則應(ying)以圍(wei)堰的(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)面與設(she)計(ji)(ji)樁(zhuang)底(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度為準。鉆孔(kong)廢渣若需遠運處理時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)根據棄置的(de)(de)(de)(de)平均運距另行計(ji)(ji)價。

4.2.5 一般(ban)1座墩臺(tai)的灌注樁基礎若只有2根時，就(jiu)不設置承(cheng)臺(tai)，而設計(ji)為系(xi)梁，這種系(xi)梁工(gong)程應按承(cheng)臺(tai)定額計(ji)價。當(dang)在陸(lu)地（或采用(yong)圍堰筑島填心(xin)鉆孔）進行承(cheng)臺(tai)或系(xi)梁施工(gong)時，應按實(shi)際計(ji)算挖基數量及其排水和廢方的遠運處理。

4.2.6 澆注水下混凝土的工程量(liang)，應按設計樁徑斷面乘(cheng)設計樁長計算，不應將擴(kuo)孔用量(liang)計入工程量(liang)。

4.3 下部(bu)工程。

橋梁的(de)下(xia)部構(gou)(gou)造(zao)工程，有砌石、現澆混凝(ning)土和預制安裝混凝(ning)土構(gou)(gou)件等(deng)不(bu)同結構(gou)(gou)形(xing)式。

編(bian)制概預算時(shi)，應按照分部分項工程逐一(yi)提取工程量(liang)，分別進(jin)行(xing)計價。墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)計價工程量(liang)為(wei)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)身(shen)及(ji)翼墻、墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)帽、拱座(zuo)、蓋梁及(ji)耳背(bei)墻、橋臺(tai)(tai)等二層(ceng)以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)帽石（有人行(xing)道時(shi)為(wei)第一(yi)層(ceng)以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)帽石），要區(qu)分砂漿(jiang)和混(hun)凝土的(de)(de)不同(tong)標號，臺(tai)(tai)背(bei)及(ji)錐坡內的(de)(de)砂性土回填夯(hang)實也需分別計價。

4.4 上(shang)部工(gong)程。

橋(qiao)梁的(de)上部構(gou)造工程，通常劃(hua)分為行(xing)車道、橋(qiao)面(mian)鋪裝(zhuang)(zhuang)和人行(xing)道3個部分，有現澆(jiao)混(hun)凝土、預制安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)混(hun)凝土構(gou)件(jian)、鋼(gang)桁架和鋼(gang)索吊橋(qiao)等不同結構(gou)形式。在提取上部構(gou)造的(de)計(ji)價工程量(liang)時按車行(xing)道橋(qiao)面(mian)鋪裝(zhuang)(zhuang)人行(xing)道的(de)順序進行(xing)，可(ke)避免重(zhong)復和遺漏。

4.4.1 預制及安裝結(jie)構主體工程。

本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程采用(yong)預(yu)制安(an)裝混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)結構。編制概預(yu)算時，剝離的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目有構件預(yu)制、安(an)裝和運輸，該3項均(jun)以構件的設計(ji)(ji)體積(ji)為(wei)準，構件的平均(jun)運距根據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計(ji)(ji)確(que)定(ding)為(wei)1公里；鋼(gang)筋、鋼(gang)絞線、現澆接(jie)縫混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)、泄(xie)水管、支座、伸縮縫（按(an)行車(che)道寬(kuan)度米計(ji)(ji)），均(jun)以施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖設計(ji)(ji)資料為(wei)準。預(yu)制人行道、緣石(shi)、欄桿柱及欄桿扶(fu)手等(deng)小型(xing)構件的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)，按(an)設計(ji)(ji)構件的

體積增計場內運輸和操作損耗1%。

4.4.2 預制及安(an)裝結(jie)構輔助(zhu)工程。

輔(fu)助(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目對(dui)于橋梁上部概預(yu)算單價影(ying)響很(hen)(hen)大(da)，很(hen)(hen)多項(xiang)目中(zhong)的(de)(de)上部指標出現偏差主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)因為輔(fu)助(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目取(qu)定(ding)有誤。現就本(ben)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)制安裝40m后張預(yu)應(ying)力(li)砼T梁為例簡要(yao)(yao)說明如下：（1）預(yu)制場的(de)(de)平整面積(ji)應(ying)根據建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規模的(de)(de)大(da)小來確(que)定(ding)，并應(ying)考慮按設(she)(she)計需要(yao)(yao)鋪設(she)(she)的(de)(de)碎石墊層。

（2）預制廠的(de)門架(jia)一般可按施工組(zu)織設計作為計價依(yi)據(ju)。

（3）概預(yu)算(suan)定(ding)額(e)中制(zhi)定(ding)了多種吊(diao)裝構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工方法和(he)配套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)吊(diao)裝設(she)(she)備，但(dan)各有其適用(yong)范圍，在編制(zhi)預(yu)算(suan)時(shi)，注意不要漏計(ji)。本工程采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是雙導梁(liang)架設(she)(she)安裝預(yu)制(zhi)T形(xing)梁(liang)；如(ru)橋梁(liang)結(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)為矩形(xing)板，則應采用(yong)人字(zi)扒桿(gan)安裝，每座橋計(ji)列一個人字(zi)扒桿(gan)；如(ru)橋梁(liang)結(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)為箱形(xing)拱橋，則應采用(yong)纜索吊(diao)裝設(she)(she)備作(zuo)為配套(tao)吊(diao)裝工具(ju)。

（4）公路工程(cheng)(cheng)概預(yu)算項(xiang)目表將預(yu)制(zhi)場(chang)的軌道(dao)鋪設列(lie)為臨時工程(cheng)(cheng)的一個項(xiang)目，所以不能(neng)將其計(ji)算在橋(qiao)梁(liang)的上部(bu)工程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)內。

4.5 鋼筋工程。

鋼筋工(gong)程都是與(yu)混凝土分(fen)開計量的(de)，其(qi)單位為噸，應按分(fen)部分(fen)項工(gong)程的(de)要求和(he)I、II級鋼筋，分(fen)別提取工(gong)程量。

（1）鋼(gang)筋(jin)應(ying)以設(she)計長度所計算的理(li)論質(zhi)量為準，施(shi)工焊接和下料等操(cao)作損耗(hao)，已計入定額(e)內(nei)，不得計入鋼(gang)筋(jin)的工程量內(nei)。

（2）I、II級鋼筋定額(e)消耗的區分。

一(yi)般(ban)的工程(cheng)量清單中都(dou)按國際慣例(li)將鋼(gang)(gang)筋分為I級鋼(gang)(gang)筋和II級鋼(gang)(gang)筋，而公(gong)路(lu)定額(e)中是合在(zai)一(yi)起的，并沒有按I、II級鋼(gang)(gang)筋分開，在(zai)套用這樣的定額(e)時就(jiu)要做(zuo)一(yi)些技(ji)術處理(li)。現以本工程(cheng)“預制(zhi)T形梁鋼(gang)(gang)筋（4-60-2）”為例(li)，確定I、II級鋼(gang)(gang)筋的額(e)定消耗。

交通部頒布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)《公路工程預(yu)算(suan)定額(e)》中，大部分定額(e)工料機的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)比較穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)，每噸鋼(gang)筋(jin)考慮加工損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)以后，其定額(e)的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)1.025t，損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)為(wei)2.5%。所以，無論是(shi)計(ji)算(suan)I級鋼(gang)筋(jin)還是(shi)計(ji)算(suan)II級鋼(gang)筋(jin)，其單位定額(e)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)量(liang)(liang)都應該是(shi)1.025t。

在(zai)定額4-60-2中，我(wo)們根據(ju)專業知識可以得出判斷，電(dian)焊(han)條(tiao)消(xiao)耗(hao)量、電(dian)焊(han)機的(de)(de)臺班消(xiao)耗(hao)量均是針對II級(ji)(ji)鋼筋(jin)(jin)發生的(de)(de)，I級(ji)(ji)鋼筋(jin)(jin)是不用電(dian)焊(han)或對焊(han)的(de)(de)。因(yin)此，我(wo)們在(zai)計(ji)算(suan)I級(ji)(ji)鋼筋(jin)(jin)時(shi)就要將(jiang)其消(xiao)耗(hao)去掉，而在(zai)計(ji)算(suan)II級(ji)(ji)鋼筋(jin)(jin)時(shi)則要加(jia)上。如對于II級(ji)(ji)鋼筋(jin)(jin)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)30KVA以內交(jiao)流電(dian)焊(han)機臺班的(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)式為(wei)：

（3.5/0.774）×0.251+3.5=4.635（臺班）

篇3

關鍵詞：市政(zheng)道(dao)路；橋梁工(gong)程；概(gai)預算；編(bian)制；造價(jia)

中圖分類號：TU723文(wen)獻標識碼： A

1 市(shi)政道路橋梁(liang)概(gai)算(suan)編制

市政道路橋設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)概算(suan)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位在(zai)初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)或(huo)擴大(da)(da)初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)階段，它是在(zai)投資估算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)控制下由設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位根據(ju)初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)或(huo)者(zhe)擴大(da)(da)初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)圖紙及說明書、設(she)(she)(she)(she)備清單(dan)、概算(suan)定額或(huo)概算(suan)指(zhi)標、各項費(fei)用(yong)取費(fei)標準等資料(liao)、類似(si)工程預(yu)（決）算(suan)文件等資料(liao)，用(yong)科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)方法計(ji)算(suan)和確定建筑安裝工程全(quan)部建設(she)(she)(she)(she)費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)文件。工程概預(yu)算(suan)是衡量完(wan)成國家計(ji)劃的(de)(de)(de)依據(ju)，又(you)是正確組織施工的(de)(de)(de)前提。概、預(yu)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)質量好壞，對國家基本建設(she)(she)(she)(she)資金使(shi)用(yong)是否合理有密(mi)切的(de)(de)(de)關系。

2 市(shi)政(zheng)道路橋梁設計(ji)概(gai)算編制前期準備工作

2.1收集各種(zhong)取費標準

在對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)橋梁進行(xing)設計(ji)概算(suan)編制(zhi)時，要根(gen)據(ju)其(qi)所在城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)地(di)域性，確定(ding)其(qi)合理(li)的(de)取費(fei)標準。目(mu)前，雖(sui)然全國有統一的(de)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)預算(suan)定(ding)額和(he)計(ji)價辦法，但各(ge)省市(shi)(shi)在執行(xing)的(de)過程(cheng)中，根(gen)據(ju)各(ge)地(di)方實際(ji)情(qing)況，綜合地(di)方的(de)規(gui)(gui)章、制(zhi)度(du)，頒(ban)發具(ju)有地(di)方特色的(de)建設工程(cheng)計(ji)價辦法和(he)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工程(cheng)預算(suan)定(ding)額，從而使(shi)得各(ge)地(di)就(jiu)有不同的(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)和(he)取費(fei)標準。

2.2熟悉設計(ji)圖紙(zhi)

進行外業調(diao)查、分析施(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設計在對城(cheng)市橋梁(liang)進行概算編(bian)制前，要全面(mian)熟悉(xi)和(he)了解設計圖紙資(zi)料、分析設計說明，了解橋梁(liang)工(gong)程的概況(kuang)、熟悉(xi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的平(ping)面(mian)布置和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的具體情況(kuang)，了解設計推薦的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)法和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)措施(shi)(shi)

2.3工程(cheng)量(liang)的(de)計算(suan)

2.3.1實體工程量計算

由于橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的特殊性(xing)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)圖紙的編制不(bu)同(tong)于建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員在完成(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)圖紙時，需要對(dui)實體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量進(jin)行計(ji)(ji)算，以工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)量表(biao)的形式作(zuo)為設(she)計(ji)(ji)圖紙的組成(cheng)部分。造價人(ren)員在編制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價之前，需要根(gen)據設(she)計(ji)(ji)圖紙，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)量表(biao)的準確性(xing)進(jin)行復核(he)(he)(he)。復核(he)(he)(he)的主(zhu)(zhu)要對(dui)象是對(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)造價影響比較大的混(hun)凝土和鋼筋(jin)。復核(he)(he)(he)的主(zhu)(zhu)要依據是以往工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)經驗積累對(dui)提供的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量根(gen)據不(bu)同(tong)的結構（基礎(chu)、橋(qiao)(qiao)墩、橋(qiao)(qiao)臺、蓋梁(liang)、板梁(liang)、箱梁(liang)等）進(jin)行分析和比較，分析其合(he)理性(xing)。

2.3.2輔助(zhu)工程量計算

輔(fu)(fu)助工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)有助于(yu)實(shi)體工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施，是(shi)完(wan)成實(shi)體工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所(suo)必須采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)措施。輔(fu)(fu)助工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)表現形式各(ge)種各(ge)樣，在基礎工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，有基坑的(de)(de)(de)支護(hu)、圍堰、抽水、工(gong)(gong)作平(ping)臺、護(hu)筒等；在上(shang)、下部結構(gou)中，有支架、拱(gong)架、模(mo)板等；在整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，有大型(xing)機(ji)械的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)輸、橋(qiao)梁的(de)(de)(de)吊裝、預制構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)輸、臨時便橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)搭設(she)等。輔(fu)(fu)助工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)數量(liang)，有的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)根據橋(qiao)梁工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所(suo)在地的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際情況和(he)施工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，并(bing)參考以往的(de)(de)(de)經驗來取定(ding)，

2.4定額的套用

2.4.1定(ding)額組合

城市橋梁(liang)設計概算從形式上(shang)是量(liang)(liang)與價(jia)的結合。確定(ding)(ding)(ding)工程量(liang)(liang)之(zhi)后，則需要根據(ju)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的施(shi)工方(fang)法、不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的工程部位、不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的地質條件，并(bing)根據(ju)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)地區(qu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)的內(nei)(nei)容、定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)的組成、定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)的說明和小注，來進行(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)的組合，以(yi)保(bao)證不(bu)(bu)(bu)重復、不(bu)(bu)(bu)漏項。以(yi)天津2008版市政定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)為例，在進行(xing)預應(ying)力鋼絞(jiao)線(xian)的定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)套用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)，其定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)的內(nei)(nei)容未包(bao)含錨具，在套用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)需要行(xing)套用(yong)(yong)錨具的相關定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)。

2.4.2定額抽換

根據每個地區市(shi)政(zheng)定額的(de)規定，在橋梁設計(ji)概(gai)算(suan)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過程中(zhong)，可以根據實際的(de)施(shi)工(gong)情(qing)況對定額中(zhong)相應的(de)機械、材料進行(xing)抽(chou)換(huan)，以適應新的(de)施(shi)工(gong)方法、工(gong)藝的(de)要(yao)求。標準換(huan)算(suan)主(zhu)要(yao)體現為(wei)由于實體結構(gou)混凝土(tu)標號不同而進行(xing)的(de)換(huan)算(suan)，比(bi)(bi)如(ru)將預(yu)拌(ban)C30混凝土(tu)換(huan)算(suan)為(wei)預(yu)拌(ban)C35混凝土(tu)；非標準換(huan)算(suan)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)根據施(shi)工(gong)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)方法和工(gong)程經(jing)驗進行(xing)的(de)換(huan)算(suan)，比(bi)(bi)如(ru)在預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)件吊裝運輸時，需要(yao)根據單(dan)件預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)件的(de)重量來調整汽車起重機的(de)噸位(wei)。

2.4.3定額(e)的補充生項(xiang)

在城市橋梁設計概(gai)算編制過(guo)程中，對(dui)于定(ding)(ding)額中未包含的(de)內(nei)容以(yi)及(ji)新工藝、新技術、新材(cai)料的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，往往找(zhao)不到合適的(de)定(ding)(ding)額套用(yong)(yong)，但在實際(ji)中必(bi)須發(fa)生的(de)項目，需要(yao)根據(ju)實際(ji)的(de)情況來(lai)進行定(ding)(ding)額的(de)補充生項，并輔以(yi)相應(ying)的(de)單價(jia)。

3 市政橋(qiao)梁概算編制注意事項分析

（1）在市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中，城(cheng)市(shi)橋梁概算(suan)不是(shi)獨立的(de)(de)，它與其他(ta)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)概算(suan)文件一(yi)起(qi)構成項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)概算(suan)文件。在編制過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，對于(yu)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作內容(rong)，有必要和(he)其他(ta)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)統一(yi)，比如瀝(li)青混凝土橋面鋪裝和(he)挖方，基礎回填、棄方等內容(rong)。同(tong)時，在對工(gong)(gong)(gong)料機的(de)(de)價格進行調整時，要與其它工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行統一(yi)，避免(mian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)內部計(ji)價的(de)(de)不統一(yi)。

（2）在橋梁概算編(bian)制過程(cheng)中，要理清工作(zuo)的步驟，做(zuo)到(dao)有條不(bu)紊、井然(ran)有序的工作(zuo)，使得城市(shi)橋梁概算的編(bian)制做(zuo)到(dao)不(bu)漏項、不(bu)重復。

（3）在橋梁概算的編制過程(cheng)中，由于工(gong)作比較繁瑣，涉及到的數字(zi)和單(dan)位比較多，在工(gong)程(cheng)量的輸入時要做到認真(zhen)仔細，確保(bao)其正確性。

4 如(ru)何做(zuo)好市(shi)政(zheng)道路工(gong)程的概預算工(gong)作

4.1在進(jin)行工程(cheng)概預(yu)算編制前掌握文件資(zi)料

4.1.1設計(ji)圖紙資料

設(she)(she)計(ji)資料(liao)是計(ji)算工程(cheng)量的(de)(de)主要依據。在看(kan)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)的(de)(de)時候,要看(kan)清楚(chu)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)表示各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同(tong)結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)尺寸外,了解各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同(tong)結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)構造做法。用為(wei)計(ji)價(jia)的(de)(de)基礎資料(liao)的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)工程(cheng)量,基本上都反映在工程(cheng)數量表上,而有(you)(you)些又是隱含在圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)上,如砼、砂漿標號、砌石工程(cheng)的(de)(de)規格(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)類以及(ji)施工要求;對新材(cai)料(liao)、新工藝(yi)的(de)(de)應用,如材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)性能、配比、施工要求,構筑物(wu)的(de)(de)平面、立面、結(jie)(jie)構大樣圖(tu)(tu)等(deng),都在設(she)(she)計(ji)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)及(ji)設(she)(she)計(ji)說明(ming)(ming)中有(you)(you)所表示及(ji)說明(ming)(ming)。

4.1.2 工(gong)程概預算定(ding)額及(ji)其有關文件

概(gai)(gai)預算(suan)定(ding)額(e)及(ji)其有關(guan)文件是編制工程概(gai)(gai)預算(suan)的基本資料和(he)計算(suan)標準。它包括已批準執行的概(gai)(gai)預算(suan)定(ding)額(e)、費用定(ding)額(e)、單位估(gu)價(jia)表、該地區的材料預算(suan)價(jia)格(ge)及(ji)其他有關(guan)文件。

4.1.3工具(ju)書等輔助(zhu)資料

在編(bian)制概預算(suan)過(guo)程中,為提高工(gong)作效(xiao)率(lv)、簡(jian)化計算(suan)過(guo)程,概預算(suan)人(ren)員(yuan)往(wang)往(wang)需要借助于五金手(shou)(shou)冊(ce)、材料(liao)手(shou)(shou)冊(ce),或把常用各種標準(zhun)配件預先編(bian)制成(cheng)工(gong)具(ju)性圖(tu)表(biao),在編(bian)制概預算(suan)時直接查(cha)用。特別對一些較(jiao)復雜的工(gong)程,收(shou)集所涉及的輔助資料(liao)不應(ying)忽(hu)視。

4 .2市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)圖(tu)概預算編制(zhi)方(fang)法分析(xi)

4.2.1 路基工程

路(lu)基(ji)土(tu)(tu)石方的(de)挖運工作,是按土(tu)(tu)壤類別,以天然(ran)(ran)密實體積(自然(ran)(ran)方)進(jin)行(xing)計(ji)算(suan)(suan),回(hui)填土(tu)(tu)按碾壓(ya)后(hou)的(de)體積計(ji)算(suan)(suan)。因此(ci),利用(yong)回(hui)填和借(jie)土(tu)(tu)回(hui)填時,應考慮(lv)定額中所規定的(de)換算(suan)(suan)系(xi)(xi)數,即(ji)采用(yong)以天然(ran)(ran)密實方為計(ji)量單位的(de)定額乘(cheng)(cheng)以規定的(de)換算(suan)(suan)系(xi)(xi)數進(jin)行(xing)計(ji)價;而回(hui)填碾壓(ya)是按壓(ya)實后(hou)體積計(ji)算(suan)(suan),不應乘(cheng)(cheng)換算(suan)(suan)系(xi)(xi)數。

4.2.2路基(ji)土石方的運(yun)距確定

應按照設(she)計圖(tu)紙的(de)(de)調配方案(an)以及取棄土(tu)(tu)(tu)場距(ju)離(li),來確定土(tu)(tu)(tu)方的(de)(de)丟棄及外借公里數。使用(yong)自卸汽(qi)車(che)運(yun)輸時,要多根據實際施(shi)工(gong)情況確定汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)噸數,選用(yong)太小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)噸數會導(dao)致與實際施(shi)工(gong)不符合,導(dao)致概預(yu)算(suan)(suan)價格(ge)脫離(li)實際;在確定施(shi)工(gong)機(ji)具(ju)的(de)(de)使用(yong)時,應充(chong)分考(kao)慮施(shi)工(gong)機(ji)具(ju)的(de)(de)經濟運(yun)距(ju)問題,如(ru)推(tui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)機(ji)推(tui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)石(shi)方的(de)(de)經濟距(ju)離(li),中小(xiao)(xiao)型推(tui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)機(ji)一般為50~100m,而汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)運(yun)距(ju)若小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)500m,也難以發揮汽(qi)車(che)運(yun)輸的(de)(de)優(you)勢。土(tu)(tu)(tu)方的(de)(de)運(yun)距(ju)確定,也應該充(chong)分考(kao)慮土(tu)(tu)(tu)方價格(ge)的(de)(de)市(shi)場因素,否則會導(dao)致概預(yu)算(suan)(suan)價格(ge)遠大于(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)方市(shi)場價格(ge)。

4.2.3 橋梁(liang)工程

（1）開(kai)挖基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)橋梁(liang)工程中的圍堰(yan)、筑(zhu)島根據實際情況(kuang)詳細計(ji)(ji)(ji)算出(chu)數量、抽(chou)水臺班。基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)的開(kai)挖工作應(ying)按(an)土方、石(shi)方、深度、干處(chu)或(huo)濕處(chu)等不同(tong)(tong)情況(kuang)分別統計(ji)(ji)(ji),基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)工程有砌石(shi)、混凝(ning)土、打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)和灌注樁(zhuang)(zhuang)等多種結構形式。基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)砌石(shi)和混凝(ning)土圬土,為(wei)(wei)天然地(di)基(ji)(ji)上的基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。回旋(xuan)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)按(an)不同(tong)(tong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)徑(jing)劃(hua)分,并按(an)地(di)質鉆(zhan)探資料(liao),計(ji)(ji)(ji)算入巖(yan)增加費,計(ji)(ji)(ji)量單位是以(yi)米(mi)計(ji)(ji)(ji),其鉆(zhan)孔(kong)深度,應(ying)以(yi)地(di)表與設計(ji)(ji)(ji)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)底的深度為(wei)(wei)準;沖(chong)擊式鉆(zhan)孔(kong),鉆(zhan)孔(kong)的土質劃(hua)分為(wei)(wei)砂、粘土層,碎、礫(li)石(shi)層,巖(yan)石(shi)層,計(ji)(ji)(ji)量單位是以(yi)立方米(mi)計(ji)(ji)(ji),按(an)不同(tong)(tong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)長樁(zhuang)(zhuang)徑(jing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算出(chu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)體積套定額。

（2）橋梁(liang)的下(xia)部構(gou)造工程(cheng)(cheng),有砌石、現澆混凝土(tu)和預制安裝混凝土(tu)構(gou)件等(deng)不同(tong)結(jie)構(gou)形式(shi)。墩臺的計(ji)價工程(cheng)(cheng)量為墩臺身及翼墻、墩臺帽、拱、蓋梁(liang)及耳背(bei)墻、橋臺的錐(zhui)形護坡(po)(po)以立方米計(ji)。臺背(bei)及錐(zhui)坡(po)(po)內的填土(tu)夯實不綜合在定額內,需要套土(tu)方定額另(ling)計(ji)。

5 結語

總而言之(zhi)，市政(zheng)道路工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)一般來說由國(guo)家投(tou)資建設,因(yin)此市政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的設計概算(suan)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖預(yu)算(suan),是(shi)(shi)辦理基(ji)本(ben)建設撥款的依據,其可靠性(xing)及(ji)準確(que)(que)性(xing)將對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的招投(tou)標(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)產生重(zhong)要(yao)的影(ying)響。概預(yu)算(suan)編(bian)(bian)制人員應對(dui)編(bian)(bian)制的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)概預(yu)算(suan)的內容及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)計算(suan)情(qing)況進行(xing)全面的核(he)對(dui),注(zhu)意各項取值是(shi)(shi)否(fou)正確(que)(que),是(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)的要(yao)求,分部分項劃分是(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合(he)規定,定額(e)取費(fei)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)合(he)理,有無(wu)漏項和(he)重(zhong)復計列(lie)情(qing)況,特別是(shi)(shi)注(zhu)意計量(liang)單(dan)位的小數點位置(zhi),定額(e)換算(suan)和(he)增計是(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合(he)要(yao)求等,以便發(fa)現錯誤,及(ji)時糾(jiu)正,提高市政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)概預(yu)算(suan)的準確(que)(que)性(xing)和(he)編(bian)(bian)制質量(liang)。

參考文獻：

篇4

科(ke)學有(you)效的(de)(de)物資成(cheng)本核(he)算措(cuo)施是提(ti)高路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)經(jing)濟(ji)效益的(de)(de)最佳途徑，尤其(qi)是在全(quan)球經(jing)濟(ji)一體化(hua)的(de)(de)背景環境(jing)下，路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)之間的(de)(de)競(jing)爭越發(fa)(fa)激烈。因此，若想要更好地立足市場，路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)就必須加(jia)強物資成(cheng)本核(he)算管理，在確(que)保項目質量性能的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，最大(da)(da)限度地降(jiang)低施工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本，從而確(que)保人力(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)、財力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)揮最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)功效價值，這樣(yang)才(cai)能為我國路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)(gong)事業(ye)的(de)(de)穩健發(fa)(fa)展提(ti)供保障。

二、路橋施工企(qi)業物資(zi)成(cheng)本核算內(nei)容

路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)涉及多(duo)個(ge)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環節，而(er)這(zhe)(zhe)都會成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為影響(xiang)物資成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)因素。具體而(er)言，路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業在進行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)時，主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)內容包括(kuo)幾個(ge)方面：一(yi)是(shi)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資。人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)是(shi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，因此必(bi)須要(yao)(yao)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)準確。在這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，相關人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)根據單位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)匯總表(biao)，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資分配指標細化編制，明確界定消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍，從而(er)使(shi)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)各項(xiang)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)清晰(xi)明了，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)的(de)(de)關鍵。二是(shi)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)指機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)安裝、拆卸、出(chu)(chu)場(chang)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，而(er)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目不同，機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)也(ye)各有(you)差異，如部分項(xiang)目是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)租(zu)賃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)，而(er)部分項(xiang)目則使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)自有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)方式就(jiu)(jiu)完(wan)全不同。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，租(zu)賃機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)要(yao)(yao)按(an)照(zhao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位與租(zu)賃單位的(de)(de)結算(suan)賬單進行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)，而(er)自有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)則應(ying)(ying)該根據機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)單機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或者(zhe)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)臺班實際計費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，然后進行(xing)最終的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)。[1]三是(shi)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。在路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，消(xiao)耗最大的(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)包括(kuo)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)、半成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)、配件、輔助(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)等，在進行(xing)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)時，一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)嚴格地區分工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)料(liao)(liao)(liao)和(he)(he)非生產(chan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)只有(you)直接應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，才能計入成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)在路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)時需(xu)要(yao)(yao)注意的(de)(de)。

三(san)、現下路橋施(shi)工(gong)企業物資成本核算中存在(zai)的(de)問題

（一）缺乏明確的成本核算(suan)工作計(ji)劃

在(zai)(zai)路橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)中(zhong)(zhong)，制(zhi)訂(ding)科(ke)學合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)，是控制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)關鍵，同時也是物(wu)資(zi)(zi)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。但是很顯然(ran)，現(xian)下的(de)(de)路橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)缺乏計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)性(xing)，并沒有做到(dao)根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)實際情況對(dui)路橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)勞務開(kai)(kai)支(zhi)、機械設(she)備開(kai)(kai)支(zhi)、材料(liao)開(kai)(kai)支(zhi)制(zhi)訂(ding)有序的(de)(de)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)。在(zai)(zai)這樣的(de)(de)情況下，路橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)相關人員在(zai)(zai)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時，其實存在(zai)(zai)很大(da)的(de)(de)盲目性(xing)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)并沒有合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)章法(fa)，容(rong)易出現(xian)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)缺項、漏項等問(wen)題，對(dui)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)精確(que)性(xing)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)影(ying)響。[2]此(ci)外，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)不明?_，對(dui)路橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)信(xin)息(xi)預先收(shou)集(ji)、處理(li)、傳遞造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，容(rong)易出現(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)信(xin)息(xi)滯后的(de)(de)問(wen)題，無法(fa)及(ji)時準確(que)地獲取會(hui)計(ji)(ji)信(xin)息(xi)，這加劇了(le)路橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)超支(zhi)的(de)(de)可能，使成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)陷(xian)入惡性(xing)循(xun)環之中(zhong)(zhong)。因此(ci)，路橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)，制(zhi)訂(ding)科(ke)學合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)物(wu)資(zi)(zi)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)十分重要(yao)。

（二）成本核算(suan)對象范圍控(kong)制不當

在(zai)路(lu)橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)中(zhong)，成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)范(fan)圍(wei)控(kong)制不(bu)當也(ye)是(shi)最易(yi)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，這(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)導(dao)致(zhi)路(lu)橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)成(cheng)本超支(zhi)失(shi)控(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)因。具體而(er)言(yan)，從現下路(lu)橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)對(dui)(dui)(dui)成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)情況分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，整體是(shi)粗糙、籠統、簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)將沒(mei)有聯系或者(zhe)聯系不(bu)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)視作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)個成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)來看，這(zhe)樣(yang)就使(shi)得原(yuan)本是(shi)獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)或者(zhe)是(shi)各個單(dan)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)中(zhong)實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本評估缺乏一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)性，影(ying)響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目實(shi)際成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)把(ba)握。此外，還有部分(fen)(fen)路(lu)橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)將成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)范(fan)圍(wei)劃分(fen)(fen)得過于細(xi)致(zhi)，這(zhe)樣(yang)實(shi)際上又出現了(le)很多間接費(fei)或者(zhe)分(fen)(fen)攤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，不(bu)但加大(da)了(le)路(lu)橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量，同時還會對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)及(ji)時反映造成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，由(you)此可以看出，成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)范(fan)圍(wei)控(kong)制不(bu)當是(shi)今后路(lu)橋施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)中(zhong)必須認真關注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。

（三）物資成本核算(suan)模式相對落(luo)后(hou)

在(zai)(zai)經濟市場環境下，路橋(qiao)施工(gong)企業物資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)工(gong)作模式(shi)(shi)(shi)，也應(ying)該(gai)緊(jin)跟時(shi)代的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢，這樣才能(neng)更好地(di)提升(sheng)物資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制的(de)準確性(xing)，并帶動企業進步發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。但是很顯然(ran)從(cong)目前(qian)的(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)情況分析，現(xian)下絕大(da)多數的(de)路橋(qiao)施工(gong)企業物資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)工(gong)作模式(shi)(shi)(shi)較為(wei)落后(hou)，還沿襲著傳統模式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)工(gong)作方法(fa)，在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)工(gong)作中還是將財(cai)務(wu)(wu)部門出具的(de)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)報告作為(wei)主要物資(zi)(zi)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)依據，而顯然(ran)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)部門出具的(de)財(cai)務(wu)(wu)報告往往是存在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)滯后(hou)性(xing)的(de)，而這就極易引(yin)發(fa)成(cheng)本(ben)失控(kong)問(wen)題(ti)。此外，在(zai)(zai)物資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)過程中，使用(yong)的(de)工(gong)具比(bi)較落后(hou)，無法(fa)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)完全(quan)的(de)電(dian)算(suan)(suan)化，手動定(ding)(ding)額換算(suan)(suan)不但耗時(shi)耗力，同時(shi)也容易出現(xian)誤差，并對最終(zhong)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)結果(guo)的(de)準確性(xing)造成(cheng)影響，這些都是在(zai)(zai)今后(hou)的(de)路橋(qiao)施工(gong)企業物資(zi)(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)工(gong)作開展(zhan)(zhan)中需要糾(jiu)正(zheng)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

四、解決路(lu)橋施工企業物資成本核算問題(ti)的對策

（一(yi)）明(ming)確物(wu)資(zi)成本核算控制計劃

路橋施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)物資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)工(gong)作開展中(zhong)，必須制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂(ding)明確合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)劃，這(zhe)樣核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)工(gong)作人員才能及時(shi)地跟進(jin)項目施(shi)工(gong)情況(kuang)，并在(zai)實(shi)際發(fa)生的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本與計(ji)(ji)劃成(cheng)(cheng)本金額(e)之間(jian)進(jin)行比較(jiao)，從而在(zai)出現差異時(shi)及時(shi)采取補救措施(shi)，通過(guo)動態(tai)化(hua)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)管理(li)(li)，避免不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)(de)資(zi)金超出損失，減少成(cheng)(cheng)本失控問題發(fa)生。[3]具(ju)體而言(yan)，在(zai)物資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)劃制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂(ding)過(guo)程中(zhong)，企業(ye)(ye)應(ying)(ying)先(xian)對(dui)物資(zi)的(de)(de)需(xu)求數量進(jin)行合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)，以(yi)求將成(cheng)(cheng)本控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)到最低，同(tong)時(shi)還應(ying)(ying)該對(dui)物資(zi)的(de)(de)發(fa)放、回收制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)有效的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，如定(ding)期進(jin)行清點，以(yi)一(yi)個月(yue)為(wei)標準，也(ye)可以(yi)根據具(ju)體情況(kuang)增加清點次數，但是物資(zi)清點時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)短于一(yi)個月(yue)，并且在(zai)清點過(guo)程中(zhong)，要(yao)有專業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)財務人員跟隨，并對(dui)物資(zi)消(xiao)耗(hao)情況(kuang)進(jin)行匯(hui)總報告(gao)，若是發(fa)現不(bu)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)消(xiao)耗(hao)要(yao)及時(shi)追究，從而更好地核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本，這(zhe)是明確物資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)劃的(de)(de)體現。

（二）明確(que)路橋工程成(cheng)本核算對象

在(zai)路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業物資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)中(zhong)(zhong)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象主要是(shi)指發生(sheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產費用(yong)，通過(guo)選擇性歸集的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)承(cheng)擔者，只(zhi)有明確(que)(que)路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象，才能為成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)的(de)準(zhun)確(que)(que)性提供保障。通常(chang)情況下(xia)，在(zai)路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象是(shi)以(yi)(yi)單(dan)項施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)作為核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象的(de)，因此(ci)在(zai)物資(zi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)中(zhong)(zhong)，相關人員首先應(ying)該在(zai)符合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象確(que)(que)定(ding)原則的(de)基礎上，對(dui)(dui)(dui)單(dan)項合(he)同(tong)(tong)進行(xing)分立或者多項合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)合(he)并處理(li)，這樣確(que)(que)定(ding)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象往(wang)往(wang)更便于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)分析，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有效(xiao)地減少施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)超支問題發生(sheng)。其次在(zai)明確(que)(que)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象后，需(xu)設置(zhi)好(hao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)科目，并設置(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)明細賬單(dan)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目中(zhong)(zhong)發生(sheng)的(de)各項費用(yong)進行(xing)認真(zhen)的(de)審核(he)(he)(he)(he)，區分好(hao)本(ben)(ben)(ben)期成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和其他期成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，以(yi)(yi)便確(que)(que)定(ding)計入共存成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)費用(yong)和計入各期成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)費用(yong)的(de)準(zhun)確(que)(que)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)金額，這是(shi)在(zai)路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業物資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)中(zhong)(zhong)明確(que)(que)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象的(de)一種體(ti)現，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)為成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)(he)(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)的(de)?嗜沸蘊峁┍U稀(xi)?

（三）變更現下物資成(cheng)本(ben)核算模(mo)式

傳統(tong)落(luo)(luo)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業物(wu)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)模式已經(jing)與現下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場不相適應，因此(ci)為了能(neng)夠更好地(di)保障路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益，提升路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場地(di)位，對現下物(wu)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)模式進行革(ge)新十分(fen)重要。對此(ci)，筆者(zhe)(zhe)提出(chu)以(yi)(yi)下建(jian)議(yi)，首先是(shi)建(jian)立科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)體系，根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程部實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)考慮合(he)(he)理(li)消(xiao)耗系數，從而(er)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)物(wu)資(zi)設(she)計需(xu)消(xiao)耗量(liang)，并對項(xiang)目部當期實際(ji)完成(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)進行收方(fang)和盤(pan)點，改變(bian)以(yi)(yi)往依靠(kao)財(cai)務(wu)部門出(chu)具財(cai)務(wu)報告(gao)作為主要物(wu)資(zi)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)依據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)落(luo)(luo)后信息收集模式，從而(er)保障物(wu)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性。其次是(shi)加(jia)大網(wang)絡計算(suan)(suan)(suan)軟件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)，如在編制綜合(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)臺(tai)賬或者(zhe)(zhe)編制物(wu)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)析(xi)報告(gao)時，都應該(gai)強化電算(suan)(suan)(suan)軟件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)，這(zhe)樣不僅可以(yi)(yi)極大地(di)節省人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)，同時也可以(yi)(yi)為路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業物(wu)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性提供保障，這(zhe)是(shi)更新物(wu)資(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要體現。

五、結語

篇5

關(guan)鍵詞：公路橋梁；預算(suan)

公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪設(she)是經(jing)濟(ji)飛速發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平臺與先行。由(you)于公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)基本建設(she)周期較長，技術(shu)專業要(yao)求高，投資額(e)大，這就要(yao)求我(wo)們(men)要(yao)合(he)理結合(he)各工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情況來確定公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)基本建設(she)工(gong)程造(zao)價，提高公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)投資經(jing)濟(ji)效益的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，為(wei)奠定施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利進(jin)展(zhan)，我(wo)們(men)必(bi)須加(jia)強對(dui)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)基本建設(she)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)算。

為確(que)保公(gong)路橋梁(liang)的(de)合理投資(zi)和設計(ji)施工質量，掌握公(gong)路橋梁(liang)基本建設工程預算的(de)重點(dian)和方法，我認為：

首先是編制預算(suan)之前，擬(ni)定工(gong)作方(fang)案，確(que)定編制原則。不僅包括單位最高管理(li)(li)當局用來授(shou)權與(yu)指揮經濟活動的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種方(fang)式方(fang)法(fa)，也包括核算(suan)、審核、分析各(ge)(ge)種信(xin)息資料及(ji)報告的(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序和步(bu)驟，同(tong)時包括對(dui)單位經濟活動進行綜合(he)計劃、控制和評價而指定的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)項(xiang)規(gui)章制度(du)。這里還涉(she)及(ji)到業主、承包商，還包括監理(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師；業主內部財務與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)協調；再就是涉(she)及(ji)到財務與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)(li)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價部門的(de)(de)直(zhi)接聯系；其(qi)實(shi)最根本(ben)的(de)(de)是保(bao)護單位財產、檢查有關數據的(de)(de)正確(que)性和可靠性，提高經營效率，貫徹既(ji)定的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)方(fang)針。

第二是(shi)掌握熟悉計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)定(ding)(ding)額的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容和(he)(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)規(gui)則和(he)(he)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)方(fang)(fang)法，應(ying)取(qu)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)項(xiang)目和(he)(he)標準(zhun)。隨著(zhu)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)發展與(yu)完善，建筑(zhu)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)基本放開，材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)變化(hua)較大，使(shi)(shi)得材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)形成較大差(cha)距。在(zai)(zai)對(dui)(dui)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)，一(yi)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)確定(ding)(ding)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)差(cha)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)；二是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)按設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖紙(zhi)(zhi)，核(he)(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)定(ding)(ding)額所(suo)需材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)或按施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)實際(ji)核(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)；三(san)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)核(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)與(yu)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)額以及(ji)應(ying)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購保管費(fei)(fei)和(he)(he)稅金。四是(shi)核(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)所(suo)取(qu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)應(ying)套(tao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)當期(qi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)，不得跨期(qi)高套(tao)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)編制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎數據資料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)按照設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖紙(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)何尺寸(cun)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數量(liang)(liang)，除設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圖紙(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)已列(lie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)復核(he)(he)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)外，有些工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)如(ru)構造物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挖基支護與(yu)排水等(deng)(deng)，需結合工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實際(ji)情況及(ji)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)調查進(jin)(jin)行(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)確定(ding)(ding)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)繁瑣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，涉及(ji)有關建設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)針政策，在(zai)(zai)公(gong)路(lu)建設(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)組(zu)成部分，在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)明確預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序、步(bu)驟(zou)、審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)。同(tong)時(shi)，整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)首先(xian)從(cong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度出(chu)發，對(dui)(dui)在(zai)(zai)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)分調查，結合具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條件和(he)(he)技(ji)術(shu)經(jing)濟(ji)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分析比較，提出(chu)優選的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)。例如(ru)平面布置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確定(ding)(ding)，也就決定(ding)(ding)了(le)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)費(fei)(fei)，a、場(chang)(chang)(chang)內運輸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)、臨時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、租(zu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)土地(di)費(fei)(fei)、平整(zheng)場(chang)(chang)(chang)地(di)費(fei)(fei)、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)運輸費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)；b、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、進(jin)(jin)度這三(san)者是(shi)相互連(lian)貫，因而，在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)首先(xian)考(kao)慮到機械設(she)(she)(she)備、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)供應(ying)及(ji)勞動力安排，以保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)順利(li)進(jin)(jin)展與(yu)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)c、采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，在(zai)(zai)建造橋梁(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)不僅有利(li)于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，同(tong)時(shi)可以減(jian)少(shao)許多(duo)輔助工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。D、運輸組(zu)織要(yao)(yao)(yao)求運距最短(duan)、運輸量(liang)(liang)最小，減(jian)少(shao)運轉次(ci)數，力求直(zhi)(zhi)達工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)，裝卸迅速和(he)(he)運轉方(fang)(fang)便。

第(di)三是(shi)熟悉施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)表資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)和(he)(he)文字(zi)說明、結(jie)合現場調查(cha)(cha)，做好(hao)核對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，正(zheng)確(que)(que)提(ti)取(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。我認為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)要(yao)(yao)點，就是(shi)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)進行審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)。一是(shi)對(dui)(dui)直接費(fei)(fei)(fei)進行審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)，包(bao)括對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)和(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額單位套用的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)單價和(he)(he)材料(liao)差價的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)、運(yun)雜費(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)和(he)(he)取(qu)費(fei)(fei)(fei)標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)。二是(shi)對(dui)(dui)獨立(li)費(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)。圖(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)說明書確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)；工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目費(fei)(fei)(fei)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)多少主要(yao)(yao)由工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小所決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確(que)(que)與否直接影(ying)響(xiang)著(zhu)預(yu)決(jue)算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實(shi)性、準確(que)(que)性。那么(me)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵是(shi)如(ru)(ru)何從設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)中提(ti)取(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，這(zhe)就需要(yao)(yao)我們必須(xu)讀懂圖(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)，認真(zhen)核對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)，按(an)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順序依次計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，做到不重不漏，最(zui)后填寫好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)單，以(yi)備查(cha)(cha)用數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，熟悉施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)。因(yin)此，在編制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價基礎(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，應(ying)該是(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)人員在完(wan)成設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)已經進行了計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)。例如(ru)(ru)：在橋(qiao)梁(liang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中計(ji)(ji)(ji)價工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)有(you)三個方面：a、一般(ban)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)圖(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)已經給定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，按(an)照定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額要(yao)(yao)求，基本確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)主體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)基價的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。b、根據(ju)建設(she)(she)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際情況和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求來確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)輔助(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基價數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。又如(ru)(ru)屬(shu)于(yu)基礎(chu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)挖基坑、排水、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作平(ping)臺、護筒(tong)及循環系統等(deng)(deng)；屬(shu)于(yu)上(shang)下部工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)支(zhi)架、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電梯、吊(diao)裝(zhuang)設(she)(she)備等(deng)(deng)；與基礎(chu)和(he)(he)上(shang)下部工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)有(you)關(guan)聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)混凝(ning)土構件運(yun)輸、預(yu)制場等(deng)(deng)。C、根據(ju)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，逐項(xiang)列入橋(qiao)梁(liang)造(zao)價內如(ru)(ru)（1）施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業進行施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產、生活建筑(zhu)物(wu)和(he)(he)其(qi)他設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)，以(yi)費(fei)(fei)(fei)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式計(ji)(ji)(ji)入現場經費(fei)(fei)(fei)內；（2）大型(xing)臨時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，包(bao)括臨時(shi)軌道鋪設(she)(she)、便道、便橋(qiao)、臨時(shi)電力線路、臨時(shi)通訊(xun)線路等(deng)(deng)。

第四是了解施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃中(zhong)的(de)(de)內容(rong)，確定先進合理、安全可靠(kao)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法。在這一點上我認為施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案主要包括四項內容(rong):施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法的(de)(de)確定、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)具(ju)的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順序的(de)(de)安排和流水施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)組(zu)織。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期就會不(bu)同(tong)，所(suo)需機(ji)具(ju)也不(bu)同(tong)，因而發(fa)生的(de)(de)費用也會不(bu)同(tong)。因此，正確選(xuan)擇施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案是降(jiang)低成本的(de)(de)關鍵所(suo)在。

在安全(quan)施工方面(mian)一定要認(ren)真貫徹“安全(quan)第一，預防(fang)為(wei)(wei)主”的方針，實行安全(quan)管理，努力做(zuo)到安全(quan)工作制度化，安全(quan)管理規范化，防(fang)護設(she)施標(biao)準(zhun)化，文(wen)明施工秩序(xu)化，實現“人身傷(shang)害死亡事(shi)故(gu)為(wei)(wei)零，重(zhong)大(da)機械、設(she)備事(shi)故(gu)為(wei)(wei)零，重(zhong)大(da)火災、交通事(shi)故(gu)為(wei)(wei)零，輕傷(shang)事(shi)故(gu)頻率控制”的目標(biao)。

最后，進行工程(cheng)造價(jia)和各種價(jia)格、費用的分析和累(lei)計(ji)計(ji)算，復核及審核，編寫說明、成稿裝訂。

篇6

【關鍵詞】公(gong)路橋梁加固；增(zeng)設齒(chi)板、轉向塊；預算(suan)定額(e)

1引言

我國運(yun)營橋梁中，每年有相(xiang)當(dang)數量的(de)(de)舊橋由于(yu)(yu)不同程度的(de)(de)病(bing)害(hai)或由于(yu)(yu)提高荷(he)載等(deng)(deng)級(ji)等(deng)(deng)原因需(xu)要(yao)進行加固(gu)(gu)(gu)，同時(shi)一些剛投(tou)入運(yun)營的(de)(de)橋梁由于(yu)(yu)超(chao)載運(yun)輸等(deng)(deng)原因造成(cheng)承載能力(li)不足(zu)而需(xu)要(yao)加固(gu)(gu)(gu)。在(zai)大量的(de)(de)公(gong)路橋梁加固(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)程中，體(ti)外(wai)預(yu)應(ying)力(li)做為一種(zhong)可靠的(de)(de)加固(gu)(gu)(gu)措(cuo)施被廣(guang)泛使用(yong)，該(gai)體(ti)系有預(yu)應(ying)力(li)鋼筋（束(shu)）、錨固(gu)(gu)(gu)系統、轉(zhuan)向(xiang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、水平束(shu)定位裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)(deng)組成(cheng)。在(zai)以往(wang)的(de)(de)加固(gu)(gu)(gu)設計(ji)預(yu)算中，造價(jia)人員通常使用(yong)部(bu)頒預(yu)應(ying)力(li)定額來確定預(yu)應(ying)力(li)束(shu)造價(jia)，而轉(zhuan)向(xiang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)參考(kao)拱橋上部(bu)構件的(de)(de)定額，這(zhe)樣(yang)往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)產(chan)生較大誤差，和實際不符。

筆者參(can)與(yu)了較多的公路橋梁加固(gu)設(she)計，并且通(tong)過實際工(gong)程案(an)例調研，以(yi)及后續(xu)定(ding)額造價(jia)(jia)測算等工(gong)作，以(yi)社會平(ping)均水平(ping)為原則(ze)編制補充了齒板、轉(zhuan)向塊預算定(ding)額，這樣對確定(ding)橋梁加固(gu)工(gong)程施工(gong)圖預算，以(yi)及編制招標控制價(jia)(jia)、投標報價(jia)(jia)的奠定(ding)了基礎。

2 增設(she)轉向(xiang)裝置子目劃(hua)分(fen)及(ji)工作(zuo)內容

2.1 子目劃分

根(gen)據實際施工(gong)方案(an)以及《公路(lu)橋梁加(jia)固工(gong)程施工(gong)規范》（JTG/T J23-2008）的(de)規定， 轉向(xiang)裝置主要包(bao)括齒板、轉向(xiang)塊及滑塊，其中滑塊多(duo)為鋼結(jie)構(gou)，在定額的(de)編制中僅考慮混凝(ning)土結(jie)構(gou)的(de)齒板和(he)轉向(xiang)塊以及鋼筋(jin)，以及施工(gong)過程中的(de)鑿毛、植筋(jin)。故定額分為鑿毛、植筋(jin)、轉向(xiang)裝置混凝(ning)土及鋼筋(jin)四個子目。

2.2 工作內容

基于規范及施工現場調研，增設轉向裝置確定(ding)的工程(cheng)內容為：1）鑿毛混(hun)凝土，清理(li)(li)；2）植筋； 3）模板制(zhi)作、安(an)裝、拆除、修理(li)(li)、涂脫模劑、堆放；4）鋼筋除銹、制(zhi)作、成型、電焊、綁扎(zha)、入模；5）混(hun)凝土運輸、澆筑、搗固及養生(sheng)。

2.3 編制重點

從加固工作流程上可以分為三大部分，首先是原結(jie)構混凝土鑿毛(mao)，其次是鉆孔植筋，最后是立模澆筑混凝土。應通過分析人工、材(cai)料、機械的(de)消(xiao)耗綜合確定(ding)(ding)各項消(xiao)耗，定(ding)(ding)額在編制過程中(zhong)要著重(zhong)考慮轉(zhuan)向裝置(zhi)的(de)模板接觸(chu)面積(ji)計(ji)算(suan)和周轉(zhuan)性材(cai)料回收次數的(de)確定(ding)(ding)。

對于加固工程(cheng)來說(shuo)，周(zhou)轉(zhuan)性(xing)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)如連接件、鐵件、模(mo)板等想要達到(dao)07部頒(ban)預算定(ding)額(e)的(de)規定(ding)的(de)周(zhou)轉(zhuan)次數比較(jiao)困難，因此在(zai)定(ding)額(e)的(de)編制過程(cheng)中此類材(cai)(cai)料(liao)均在(zai)原周(zhou)轉(zhuan)次數上進行了下調(diao)。另外(wai)，由(you)于轉(zhuan)向(xiang)裝(zhuang)置的(de)體(ti)積較(jiao)小，故模(mo)板接觸面積較(jiao)大，在(zai)計算中取25.5/10m?混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)。

3 工料機消耗分析(xi)

3.1 人工

本(ben)定(ding)(ding)額人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)消耗指標(biao)根(gen)(gen)據全過程實物量法測(ce)算確定(ding)(ding)，并且參照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)定(ding)(ding)額中人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)消耗指標(biao)計算，即(ji)預算定(ding)(ding)額的(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)數量=（基(ji)本(ben)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)+超運距用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)+輔助用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)）×人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)幅(fu)度(du)差系(xi)數，其中人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)幅(fu)度(du)差系(xi)數考慮了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)搭接、交叉作(zuo)業、質量檢查、配合施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機械移動、其他零星工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)等因素對功效的(de)影(ying)響。根(gen)(gen)據測(ce)算綜合取定(ding)(ding)為鑿毛1.1工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)/10，植筋6.4工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)/100根(gen)(gen)，轉(zhuan)向裝(zhuang)置混(hun)凝土91.7工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)/10m?實體，鋼筋12.6工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)/t。

3.2材料

材料消耗(hao)依據(ju)理論(lun)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)以(yi)及實測數據(ju)綜合確定(ding)，根據(ju)實際用(yong)料情況本定(ding)額材料消耗(hao)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)如表1：

表(biao)1 體(ti)外預應(ying)力(li)加固轉向裝置主要(yao)材料消耗

其他(ta)零星(xing)材(cai)料如手套、鏟子、灰(hui)刀等(deng)計入(ru)其他(ta)材(cai)料費。

3.3機械

機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)班(ban)(ban)消(xiao)耗根據工(gong)程(cheng)內(nei)容及實(shi)測數(shu)(shu)據綜(zong)合確定，計入該種機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)幅度差(cha)系數(shu)(shu)，考慮了如機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)空轉、閑置臺(tai)(tai)(tai)班(ban)(ban)、機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)轉運、工(gong)程(cheng)質量檢查等影響。本定額機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)班(ban)(ban)主(zhu)要(yao)有30kN以(yi)(yi)內(nei)單(dan)筒慢動(dong)卷揚機(ji)(ji)、32kV?A以(yi)(yi)內(nei)交流電弧焊(han)機(ji)(ji)、手持式風(feng)動(dong)鑿(zao)巖機(ji)(ji)、3m?/min以(yi)(yi)內(nei)機(ji)(ji)動(dong)空氣(qi)壓縮機(ji)(ji)、3kw以(yi)(yi)內(nei)電動(dong)手持沖擊鉆(zhan)、40mm以(yi)(yi)內(nei)鋼筋(jin)切斷機(ji)(ji)等。

4 定額組成(cheng)及基價(jia)

 根據工料機實(shi)際消耗可以最(zui)終得到加固預算定額表(biao)格見(jian)表(biao)2。

表2轉向(xiang)裝置預算定額 單(dan)位：10m?實體及1t鋼(gang)筋

5 定額費用測評

本定(ding)(ding)額(e)中各個定(ding)(ding)額(e)子目的(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分充(chong)分考慮實際公路(lu)橋梁(liang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目以(yi)及(ji)(ji)《公路(lu)橋梁(liang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)設計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》（JTG/T J22-2008）、《公路(lu)橋梁(liang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》（JTG/T J23-2008）中規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)方法(fa)，做(zuo)到統一、規(gui)范(fan)(fan)。在(zai)定(ding)(ding)額(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)測評中，通過(guo)以(yi)往橋梁(liang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)件，這些項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)通常以(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所在(zai)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)各省養護定(ding)(ding)額(e)為依據進行編(bian)(bian)制或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)決(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)，有(you)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)性。由于(yu)暫時沒有(you)配套使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《編(bian)(bian)制辦法(fa)》，故具體測評過(guo)程(cheng)中，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和原預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)件相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費率、單價，這樣通過(guo)綜合使用(yong)(yong)(yong)上述定(ding)(ding)額(e)，計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)出來工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)進行對比。

表3體外預(yu)應力(li)轉向裝置加固造(zao)價對比

加固(gu)內容 原費用(yong) 本加固(gu)定(ding)額(e)計算費用(yong) 差值 比例 項目(mu)名稱

轉向(xiang)裝置（含鑿毛、植筋） 1469元/ m? 1471.3元/ m? 2.3 0.2% 韓家店Ⅱ號大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)主橋(qiao)(qiao)加固工(gong)程

1335元(yuan)/ m? 1430元(yuan)/ m? 95 7.1% 銅川(chuan)k5+357立交橋(qiao)

1390元(yuan)/ m? 1425元(yuan)/ m? 35 2.5% 西(xi)樟高速公路改擴建項目舊橋(qiao)加固(gu)工程(cheng)

通過和(he)工程(cheng)案例對比(bi)，本(ben)定額造價和(he)實際工程(cheng)發生費用基本(ben)在(zai)一個水(shui)平，能夠比(bi)較好的(de)反(fan)映(ying)體外(wai)預應力轉向(xiang)裝置(zhi)加固的(de)實際造價，這對提高橋(qiao)梁加固的(de)工作效(xiao)率，設計方案進行技(ji)術(shu)經濟比(bi)較和(he)技(ji)術(shu)經濟分析，合理編(bian)制標(biao)底、投標(biao)報(bao)價有著(zhu)重(zhong)要的(de)意義。

參考文獻

[1] JTG/T J22-2008 公路橋梁加固設計規范[S]

[2] JTG/T B06-02-2007 公路橋梁加固設計規范(fan)[S]

篇7

關鍵(jian)詞：路(lu)橋工程；成本控制

中圖分類(lei)號(hao)(hao)：F045.33 文獻(xian)標(biao)識碼(ma)：A 文章編號(hao)(hao)：

引言

對路(lu)橋工(gong)程成本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)所存在(zai)的(de)(de)問題(ti)進行分析與探討，有助于我們發(fa)現當前路(lu)橋工(gong)程成本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)漏洞和不足(zu)之處。然(ran)后，我們就(jiu)可以根據(ju)這(zhe)些不足(zu)之處尋找問題(ti)的(de)(de)根源，并據(ju)此制(zhi)(zhi)定一些針對性的(de)(de)措施來(lai)提(ti)高成本控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)水平。

1、路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程施工(gong)項目(mu)成本(ben)控制存在的問題

1.1路橋工程建設中，對(dui)成本控制的(de)認識(shi)還缺乏一定(ding)的(de)高度

在實際的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造中，無論是(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成本(ben)(ben)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)上，比較(jiao)注重的(de)依然是(shi)(shi)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際建(jian)(jian)(jian)造成本(ben)(ben)的(de)管理(li)和控制，而對于擴大投資(zi)收(shou)益的(de)管理(li)上還(huan)存(cun)在比較(jiao)大的(de)滯(zhi)后(hou)性。比如說在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量與成本(ben)(ben)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)期之間(jian)尋找(zhao)一個最合適的(de)平衡(heng)點，才是(shi)(shi)成本(ben)(ben)控制實現最大利益化(hua)的(de)重要(yao)措施，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中往往忽(hu)略其最大化(hua)的(de)管理(li)收(shou)益，只是(shi)(shi)單(dan)方面的(de)以(yi)控制成本(ben)(ben)和降(jiang)低成本(ben)(ben)為成本(ben)(ben)管理(li)的(de)最終目(mu)的(de)。

1.2工(gong)程實際(ji)成本的確定往往存在一定的困難

我國目(mu)前所施行的(de)(de)依然是定額編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)成本(ben)確定制(zhi)度，隨著新(xin)材料(liao)、新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝在路橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設中的(de)(de)不(bu)斷使用(yong)，在編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預算(suan)的(de)(de)時候就不(bu)得不(bu)經常性的(de)(de)進行定額換(huan)算(suan)，從而使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預算(suan)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)偏離了(le)最(zui)為真實的(de)(de)市場價格信(xin)息，而存在著換(huan)算(suan)的(de)(de)誤差(cha)。

1.3工程變更的(de)隨意性太(tai)大(da)，從而增加了工程的(de)實際建造成(cheng)本

在(zai)路(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，如(ru)果對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每一個階段以及每一個影響性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)都進行有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制與管理，就可(ke)以安(an)全無虞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)進度(du)以及工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際成本在(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)內如(ru)期地實(shi)施。但是，在(zai)實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中由于建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位(wei)急于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速完工(gong)、施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)為(wei)了(le)(le)能(neng)夠最(zui)大限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲得利潤，對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)圖紙以及建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)重視程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)不(bu)(bu)夠或者說(shuo)是準備得不(bu)(bu)夠充分，致使路(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中變更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象太過(guo)(guo)于頻繁，并且對(dui)變更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審批(pi)、復核的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視度(du)不(bu)(bu)夠，隨意(yi)處(chu)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象太過(guo)(guo)嚴重。這(zhe)就為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加提供了(le)(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會，致使工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)成本遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過(guo)(guo)了(le)(le)當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預算，與成本計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)有了(le)(le)比較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距(ju)。

1.4施工材料浪(lang)費(fei)嚴(yan)重

施(shi)(shi)工過程中建設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)和投資(zi)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)經濟地位(wei)處于對立，這引發了施(shi)(shi)工單(dan)(dan)位(wei)不注重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)工中的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本控制，尤其是施(shi)(shi)工材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)用量控制。路橋施(shi)(shi)工中施(shi)(shi)工材料(liao)成(cheng)本所占總成(cheng)包成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)比例較大，施(shi)(shi)工單(dan)(dan)位(wei)為了保質(zhi)保量而(er)選(xuan)擇(ze)一些(xie)較貴的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型材料(liao)，造成(cheng)了施(shi)(shi)工材料(liao)價格偏高，同(tong)時施(shi)(shi)工單(dan)(dan)位(wei)不注重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)工材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)處理和回收，形成(cheng)了材料(liao)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)流失，這給施(shi)(shi)工單(dan)(dan)位(wei)帶(dai)來了極大的(de)(de)(de)損失。

1.5采購管理相對(dui)落后(hou)

路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)采(cai)購(gou)管理是路(lu)(lu)橋項(xiang)目管理的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部分，其是整個(ge)路(lu)(lu)橋建(jian)設(she)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)保證，也(ye)是實現路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)順利開展的(de)(de)基礎。對(dui)于路(lu)(lu)橋項(xiang)目采(cai)購(gou)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，其采(cai)購(gou)的(de)(de)物資品種較多(duo)、技術性較強(qiang)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)任務量(liang)(liang)較大，并且具有一定的(de)(de)風險，所(suo)以采(cai)購(gou)過程(cheng)(cheng)具有多(duo)樣性。在(zai)市(shi)場材(cai)料價格保持正常狀(zhuang)態(tai)時(shi)看不出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)，但(dan)從長期(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看，市(shi)場材(cai)料價格會發生(sheng)較大的(de)(de)變化(hua)，所(suo)以稍(shao)有失誤就(jiu)會影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)等(deng)，甚(shen)至會造成承包單位的(de)(de)虧損(sun)。

1.6施(shi)工企業的競爭意識不夠強烈(lie)

在當前公路工(gong)(gong)程建設的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，招投標依(yi)然是(shi)選擇施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業最(zui)主要的(de)方式。但是(shi)在標底制作的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業由于自身財(cai)務預算能(neng)力不足或者(zhe)是(shi)對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)不確定因(yin)素的(de)預測能(neng)力不足，致使難以真實(shi)有(you)效的(de)決算出(chu)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)最(zui)低標底。以什么樣的(de)價格才能(neng)中(zhong)標或者(zhe)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)利潤空(kong)間有(you)多大？都(dou)是(shi)困擾其投標的(de)重(zhong)要原因(yin)。

2、路(lu)橋工程的成本控制方法(fa)

2.1 施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制。路橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)管理在很大程度(du)上取決(jue)于作業層(ceng)的(de)(de)管理力度(du)，所以我(wo)們有(you)必要(yao)對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制進(jin)行(xing)分析。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)要(yao)結合(he)現場的(de)(de)實際情況進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)組(zu)織，制定出(chu)(chu)適(shi)合(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環境(jing)和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周期(qi)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)，強(qiang)化施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)每道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)質量，讓(rang)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)個人經濟(ji)收入與完成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量相聯系，調動(dong)(dong)挖潛降(jiang)耗的(de)(de)積(ji)極(ji)性。通過合(he)理組(zu)織施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍，積(ji)極(ji)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)合(he)理化建議活(huo)動(dong)(dong)，優(you)化施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案等達到控(kong)制和降(jiang)低成本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

2.2 質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)進度(du)(du)的(de)(de)控制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。按規范施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，精工(gong)(gong)(gong)細作(zuo)，杜絕發生(sheng)返工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)報(bao)廢，做(zuo)到優質(zhi)和(he)低成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)有機統一。工(gong)(gong)(gong)期越(yue)(yue)短(duan)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)期成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)越(yue)(yue)小；但工(gong)(gong)(gong)期不是(shi)越(yue)(yue)短(duan)越(yue)(yue)好，當工(gong)(gong)(gong)期短(duan)至一定限度(du)(du)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)期成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)則(ze)會急(ji)劇上升。工(gong)(gong)(gong)期成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)表(biao)現在(zai)兩個方面，一是(shi)為了保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)期而(er)采取(qu)的(de)(de)措施(shi)費用(yong)；二是(shi)因(yin)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)期拖延而(er)導致的(de)(de)業(ye)主(zhu)索賠。這種情況可(ke)能是(shi)由于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環境與自然條件引起的(de)(de)，也可(ke)能是(shi)內部因(yin)素所導致。不盲目(mu)搶工(gong)(gong)(gong)期趕進度(du)(du)，均衡地安排(pai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程進度(du)(du)，盡量(liang)減少人為停(ting)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)損失，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)期成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)綜合達到最低值，對(dui)提高企業(ye)經濟效益將(jiang)發揮積極作(zuo)用(yong)。

2.3 成(cheng)(cheng)本費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。根據成(cheng)(cheng)本控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)概念知(zhi)道(dao)，實施成(cheng)(cheng)本控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵在于制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)本控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)標準，因此(ci)，對(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)本實施控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，也(ye)主要是(shi)用(yong)不同(tong)標準的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)。一般(ban)來(lai)說(shuo)，有定(ding)額控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和預(yu)算控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無論是(shi)定(ding)額控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)還是(shi)預(yu)算控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，按(an)其費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)經濟性質(zhi)來(lai)劃(hua)分，基本上可分為對(dui)材料、機(ji)械費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，對(dui)人工費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其它(ta)費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。

3、路(lu)橋(qiao)工程成(cheng)本控制的具體措施

3.1 提高成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)意識。路橋(qiao)項目伊始階段就需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)參與(yu)施工(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)作人員(yuan)和(he)技術人員(yuan)進行成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)培訓，強(qiang)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)理(li)念(nian)和(he)意識的(de)(de)培養，培訓過程(cheng)需(xu)要(yao)全員(yuan)參與(yu)，同時(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)高層人員(yuan)也要(yao)需(xu)要(yao)進行成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)學習，盡可能的(de)(de)把(ba)施工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)降低，所以路橋(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)中企(qi)(qi)業(ye)不能忽視成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)，建立(li)適合自己企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)管理(li)模式和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)模式，提高成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)意識。

3.2 施(shi)工(gong)全過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)和控(kong)制。路橋工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)中其(qi)復雜性因素較多，施(shi)工(gong)中要(yao)想(xiang)控(kong)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)支出(chu)，需要(yao)對施(shi)工(gong)任(ren)務和施(shi)工(gong)支出(chu)進(jin)行成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，通過(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)預測、計劃成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)編制、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算、統計核(he)算、業務核(he)算等方(fang)式(shi)，加(jia)強項目的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，結合影響成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)升降的(de)(de)主要(yao)因素，制定(ding)出(chu)節約成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和控(kong)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)支出(chu)方(fang)式(shi)。要(yao)想(xiang)做好成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)還需要(yao)對施(shi)工(gong)中的(de)(de)原始資料進(jin)行收集，各(ge)單位各(ge)部門要(yao)準確提供施(shi)工(gong)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)技術數據(ju)，同時做好比較，以數據(ju)說話，發現問(wen)(wen)題及時找出(chu)解決問(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)辦法(fa)，改善經營，降低成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，達到成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

3.3 調(diao)(diao)整好施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期。路橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期相對(dui)較(jiao)長，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位要(yao)對(dui)整體的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)間進行(xing)調(diao)(diao)整，尤其是季節性施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段，因(yin)(yin)季節帶來的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)障礙和不可預見因(yin)(yin)素較(jiao)多，其會嚴重的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度，這就(jiu)無形的(de)(de)增(zeng)加了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)成本支出，所以在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)要(yao)尋找最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期，避免因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期延誤造成的(de)(de)損(sun)失。在(zai)(zai)總體施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案確定后，對(dui)技術難度高、成本影(ying)響(xiang)大的(de)(de)分(fen)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)技術方案、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝設(she)計，在(zai)(zai)安全、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期得到有效控制的(de)(de)前(qian)提下進行(xing)論證和優選，追求成本的(de)(de)最(zui)小化。

結語

做(zuo)好路橋工程項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本控(kong)制，建立科學有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)管(guan)理和成本控(kong)制體系，有利(li)于(yu)保障國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟利(li)益(yi)(yi)以(yi)及人民大眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)合法權益(yi)(yi)，杜絕工程建設中的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源浪(lang)費(fei)，以(yi)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)投資建設較高水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)路橋工程。

參考文獻：

[1] 劉曉東, 趙(zhao)天(tian)臣. 路橋施工企業(ye)成本、費用控制(zhi)所面(mian)臨的困惑及(ji)原因分析[J].黑龍江科技信(xin)息, 2011, (34): 296.

篇8

路橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)主要包括從(cong)事橋(qiao)梁、公路施工(gong)(gong)生產(chan)的一(yi)切(qie)工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)，所以，在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)過程中，公路和橋(qiao)梁都有自己的管理特點(dian)，具(ju)體可以歸結為以下(xia)兩點(dian)。

1.1管理復雜化

在路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)修建過程(cheng)(cheng)當中會需(xu)要多(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)，這(zhe)樣(yang)決定了路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目管理具有復雜性。與此同(tong)(tong)時，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成果是(shi)一(yi)個使用功能多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)化性的(de)(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)，其使用功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性決定了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)產品(pin)類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性。一(yi)般來(lai)說，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)需(xu)要根(gen)據當地的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情況進行修建，所(suo)以即使路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用功能相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)類型相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，但是(shi)也會由于(yu)當地環境區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)而呈現出不同(tong)(tong)，具有一(yi)些(xie)微小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差別。從這(zhe)兩方(fang)面看來(lai)，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)項目管理是(shi)一(yi)個非常復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)。

1.2管理困難化

路(lu)橋的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產是(shi)一(yi)個流動性的(de)(de)(de)項目，這(zhe)就為路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管理增加了諸多困(kun)難。企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產可(ke)以在一(yi)個固定的(de)(de)(de)地方進行加工(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)，但是(shi)路(lu)橋施(shi)工(gong)(gong)項目卻與此不(bu)同，一(yi)般(ban)來說，路(lu)橋施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)在一(yi)年或幾(ji)年當中(zhong)要進行跨區域作業(ye)，這(zhe)就使得路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)流動性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產給(gei)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)帶來很大的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)方便。一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)都處在偏遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)村(cun)，員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)在工(gong)(gong)作之(zhi)余(yu)沒(mei)有豐富的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)余(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)，沒(mei)有辦(ban)法提高員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)積極性，也就沒(mei)法提高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產效益(yi)，所以路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)管理很困(kun)難。

2市政(zheng)路橋(qiao)工程施工的綜合管理(li)芻議

2.1市政(zheng)路橋工程(cheng)施(shi)工的質量管理

市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理是(shi)一個(ge)很(hen)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理環節，一般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)概念是(shi)指通過工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)產(chan)品，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)滿(man)(man)足(zu)用戶從事(shi)生產(chan)、生活所(suo)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)和(he)使(shi)用價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)符(fu)合(he)設計和(he)合(he)同規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)標準(zhun)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)是(shi)一個(ge)龐大的(de)(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)分為多層(ceng)次(ci)、多方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)達(da)到整體優化的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。由于市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)有自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性(xing)，它(ta)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間內和(he)使(shi)用條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)達(da)到指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。除此(ci)之(zhi)外(wai)，市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)滿(man)(man)足(zu)公共需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)，必須滿(man)(man)足(zu)國家規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)。所(suo)以(yi)一般(ban)情況下(xia)(xia)，市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)是(shi)一個(ge)動態過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在這(zhe)個(ge)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，通過控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)來保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，具(ju)體要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)到以(yi)下(xia)(xia)幾點：首先(xian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)認真(zhen)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，對于一些要(yao)(yao)(yao)求較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方進行反(fan)復測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，確保各(ge)項(xiang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)結果均在可(ke)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)(fan)之(zhi)內。其次(ci)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)加強原材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，杜絕不合(he)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)原材料進場，保證從源頭做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)防范(fan)(fan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。除此(ci)之(zhi)外(wai)，還應(ying)該加強施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗檢測(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，一旦(dan)有不合(he)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)產(chan)生，要(yao)(yao)(yao)及時分析(xi)原因，調整施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案，采取(qu)補救措施(shi)。最(zui)后要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢驗，這(zhe)是(shi)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)否達(da)到預定目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)手(shou)段，一般(ban)要(yao)(yao)(yao)明(ming)確質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)、內容和(he)手(shou)段，并以(yi)高(gao)標準(zhun)、嚴(yan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求來把好(hao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關。

2.2市(shi)政路橋工(gong)程施工(gong)的成本管理

節約路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本，這(zhe)是提(ti)高施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位的(de)經濟效益的(de)一個重要措(cuo)施。所(suo)以在市政(zheng)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中要按照工(gong)(gong)(gong)程預(yu)算進行施工(gong)(gong)(gong)，并依據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程預(yu)算嚴(yan)格執(zhi)行施工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本的(de)控制，從(cong)而在允許、合格的(de)范圍內不斷節約路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本，實現施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位可持續發展道(dao)路(lu)(lu)。

2.2.1保證質量，控制成本

創(chuang)新是一(yi)個企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可持續發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)動力(li)源泉，對(dui)于路橋(qiao)(qiao)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制(zhi)也(ye)需要(yao)創(chuang)新。路橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術更新可以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率，有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)降(jiang)低了施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)拉(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)越長(chang)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)付(fu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)就會越高(gao)(gao)，所以(yi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)需要(yao)處理施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，要(yao)制(zhi)定出最(zui)佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，要(yao)實(shi)現施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效益最(zui)大。同時，我們也(ye)應該看到，只有(you)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)嚴加把關，提高(gao)(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)格率，才能確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)度(du)按計劃實(shi)現。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)當中要(yao)對(dui)于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條件復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目，要(yao)計算(suan)好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)延誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失和(he)增加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)費用，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決算(suan)之(zhi)后(hou)要(yao)及時的(de)(de)(de)(de)收回(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款。在整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)當中總體的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案確(que)定之(zhi)后(hou)，要(yao)專門(men)討論技(ji)(ji)(ji)術難(nan)度(du)較高(gao)(gao)、成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)影響較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)方案，要(yao)減少施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)最(zui)小(xiao)，實(shi)現效益最(zui)大化。

2.2.2制(zhi)(zhi)定路橋(qiao)施工成本控制(zhi)(zhi)核算(suan)分析(xi)體(ti)系

路橋(qiao)工程(cheng)施工成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)需要建立成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)核算(suan)系(xi)統，確(que)保成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)工作可以順利進(jin)行(xing)。施工單位(wei)要經常進(jin)行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核算(suan)工作，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核算(suan)是會計成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)報表不可少(shao)的(de)東(dong)西，項目(mu)各個部門要進(jin)行(xing)協商(shang)達成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一致。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核算(suan)的(de)目(mu)的(de)就是要提供成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)有效分析，減少(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)開支和工程(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、堅強路橋(qiao)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)管(guan)理。

2.2.3成(cheng)本控制的評估

項目在(zai)完(wan)成成本(ben)審核分(fen)析后要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)進行成本(ben)總(zong)體的(de)評估，工(gong)(gong)程建設需要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)反映(ying)出成本(ben)控(kong)制的(de)實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況。成本(ben)控(kong)制評估可以反映(ying)出施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)的(de)機械、材(cai)料、管(guan)理費、人工(gong)(gong)成本(ben)是否按照成本(ben)預算進行的(de)，要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)進行總(zong)結經驗(yan)教訓(xun)，在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)建設過程要(yao)明(ming)確成本(ben)控(kong)制的(de)注意事項和重點(dian)，要(yao)不斷(duan)的(de)完(wan)善管(guan)理理念和成本(ben)控(kong)制。

2.3市(shi)政(zheng)路橋工程施工的進(jin)程管(guan)理

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)會有(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)問題，進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是一個(ge)(ge)(ge)大(da)型項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分，進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)幫助大(da)型項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)順利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)按時(shi)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)。進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不是為(wei)了(le)(le)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)，是為(wei)了(le)(le)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)影響(xiang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)全部(bu)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是指(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)按照(zhao)經過(guo)審批的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)計(ji)劃進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設，建設過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法定(ding)期跟蹤工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)(kuang)，根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情況(kuang)(kuang)采(cai)取有(you)效(xiao)措施(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)調整(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)計(ji)劃，保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)按照(zhao)建設計(ji)劃進(jin)(jin)行(xing)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)按照(zhao)約定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)。路橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，從項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建議書(shu)批準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)就(jiu)要(yao)開始抓(zhua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)部(bu)要(yao)根據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情況(kuang)(kuang)以(yi)(yi)及各部(bu)門之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)賴關系基礎上，把進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)納(na)入總(zong)體(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)范圍之(zhi)內，要(yao)預測(ce)分析各項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求結構和(he)需求量，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)均衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)需求曲線，要(yao)合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)用各項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系以(yi)(yi)及施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)峰期與低谷期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)差，從整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)(ge)(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)做好項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)預算、合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)安(an)排時(shi)間(jian)等，綜合整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)(ge)(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)計(ji)劃，調整(zheng)(zheng)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)這個(ge)(ge)(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)按時(shi)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)。管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)讓施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位按照(zhao)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年度(du)(du)(du)、季度(du)(du)(du)、月度(du)(du)(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分解(jie)，通過(guo)實(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量來具體(ti)表示，以(yi)(yi)此來完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，監督檢查施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)和(he)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情況(kuang)(kuang)。

2.4市政路橋工程施(shi)工的(de)安全管理

安(an)(an)全(quan)管理在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程當(dang)中是一個重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)注意(yi)事項(xiang)，包(bao)括員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)人身安(an)(an)全(quan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程安(an)(an)全(quan)等。生活(huo)當(dang)中要(yao)(yao)(yao)把生活(huo)去的(de)(de)(de)各種設(she)施建設(she)布置整齊(qi)，員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)宿舍、辦公室(shi)等地(di)方(fang)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)干凈、整潔、物(wu)品(pin)擺放(fang)整齊(qi)。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)各種物(wu)料(liao)物(wu)品(pin)要(yao)(yao)(yao)整齊(qi)擺放(fang)、設(she)備(bei)分類存放(fang)等，不準(zhun)有(you)廢料(liao)垃圾存在(zai)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)始終保(bao)(bao)持(chi)場地(di)清(qing)潔整齊(qi)。在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場要(yao)(yao)(yao)提倡(chang)“安(an)(an)全(quan)第一、預(yu)防為主”方(fang)針，要(yao)(yao)(yao)健全(quan)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)安(an)(an)全(quan)生產制度，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)人要(yao)(yao)(yao)進行安(an)(an)全(quan)培訓，提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)意(yi)識，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)(de)(de)人身安(an)(an)全(quan)。

3總結

篇9

關鍵詞：公路；養護；定額；編制

根據《公路(lu)(lu)養護(hu)技術(shu)規范》，公路(lu)(lu)的養護(hu)按工(gong)(gong)程性質(zhi)、規模大(da)小、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)難易程度劃分為小修(xiu)保(bao)養、中修(xiu)、大(da)修(xiu)及改善工(gong)(gong)程。本文從養護(hu)工(gong)(gong)程討論小修(xiu)保(bao)養定額的編制。

1公路養護工(gong)程預(yu)算編制需求

公路養(yang)護(hu)(hu)與(yu)新(xin)、改建工程不同，涉及面大、管理(li)困難。為使養(yang)護(hu)(hu)管理(li)工作在人、材(cai)、機、費(fei)用(yong)有(you)一個統一衡量標準，合理(li)制定(ding)養(yang)護(hu)(hu)定(ding)額(e)，能夠比較準確(que)確(que)定(ding)養(yang)護(hu)(hu)工程項目所需費(fei)用(yong)。

2公路小(xiao)修保(bao)養(yang)工(gong)程定(ding)額的作用(yong)

主(zhu)(zhu)要在以(yi)下三個方面：（1）是市(shi)、縣公(gong)路(lu)管理機(ji)(ji)構編制小(xiao)修保(bao)(bao)養(yang)工程預算并上報小(xiao)修保(bao)(bao)養(yang)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)費(fei)用的主(zhu)(zhu)要依(yi)據(ju)；（2）省公(gong)路(lu)管理機(ji)(ji)構下達各地(di)小(xiao)修保(bao)(bao)養(yang)資金計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)的編制依(yi)據(ju)；（3）是公(gong)路(lu)養(yang)護管理進(jin)行小(xiao)修保(bao)(bao)養(yang)工程招(zhao)投標費(fei)用計(ji)(ji)價(jia)的依(yi)據(ju)。

3公路養護工(gong)程(cheng)預算定(ding)額特點(dian)

（1）具有養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)程所特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)額項(xiang)目(mu)。公(gong)(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)是保證路面整潔(jie)、行(xing)車安(an)(an)全、邊坡(po)穩定(ding)，排水通(tong)(tong)(tong)暢(chang)，構(gou)筑物、橋(qiao)、隧(sui)完好。沿(yan)線(xian)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)齊全，綠化美觀，創造暢(chang)、潔(jie)、舒、美、安(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)條件。如路面清掃保潔(jie)、橋(qiao)涵整修及(ji)清除(chu)淤(yu)泥、雜物、沿(yan)線(xian)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修復及(ji)更換(huan)等項(xiang)目(mu)都是養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)程所特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在編制養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)程預算(suan)定(ding)額時(shi)必(bi)須完善這部分內容。（2）公(gong)(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)程獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織。養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)不同于新、改(gai)建項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模化作業(ye)(ye)(ye)，養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)條件也(ye)不同于新、改(gai)建項(xiang)目(mu)。同時(shi)，由于公(gong)(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保通(tong)(tong)(tong)、交通(tong)(tong)(tong)組(zu)織，造成了養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)效低、措施(shi)(shi)(shi)費用高。（3）公(gong)(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)程獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全管理模式。公(gong)(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)，主要(yao)(yao)以(yi)保障(zhang)公(gong)(gong)路安(an)(an)全暢(chang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)。而公(gong)(gong)路行(xing)車密度大、車速快，在養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)時(shi)必(bi)須設(she)(she)置養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)并(bing)按規(gui)范(fan)要(yao)(yao)求設(she)(she)置安(an)(an)全標志，既要(yao)(yao)減少養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)對社會車輛(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)影響，又(you)要(yao)(yao)保障(zhang)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)安(an)(an)全。因(yin)此養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)維修作業(ye)(ye)(ye)必(bi)須增加安(an)(an)全設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)管理費用。

4預(yu)算定額的編制原則

4.1按(an)全省(sheng)平均先進水平的原(yuan)則

平(ping)(ping)均(jun)先進水平(ping)(ping)一般應(ying)低于(yu)先進水平(ping)(ping)，略高(gao)于(yu)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)水平(ping)(ping)。

4.2簡明適用原則

編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)落(luo)實簡明適(shi)用(yong)原則(ze)是對使(shi)用(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)的(de)可操作性(xing)便于了解掌(zhang)握。編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)養護預(yu)(yu)算定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)落(luo)實簡明適(shi)用(yong)原則(ze)是對使(shi)用(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)的(de)可操作性(xing)。預(yu)(yu)算定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)力求簡明適(shi)用(yong)原則(ze)中，預(yu)(yu)算定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)的(de)項目齊全具有重要(yao)作用(yong)。在編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)時對于重要(yao)的(de)、能(neng)經常使(shi)用(yong)的(de)項目要(yao)劃(hua)分(fen)詳細(xi)，對不重要(yao)的(de)、使(shi)用(yong)次數少(shao)的(de)項目劃(hua)分(fen)要(yao)粗，要(yao)掌(zhang)握重點。簡化工(gong)程量的(de)計算，簡單、易懂、可操作，能(neng)夠實際指(zhi)導養護預(yu)(yu)算的(de)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)與審核工(gong)作。

4.3專家編審責任制原則

養護定額的(de)編制工(gong)(gong)作政策性(xing)(xing)、專(zhuan)業性(xing)(xing)非常強，而且任務重，貫徹執(zhi)行(xing)這一原則(ze)非常重要(yao)(yao)。（1）在定額水(shui)平(ping)的(de)把握上，防止(zhi)由(you)于水(shui)平(ping)測(ce)算不(bu)準(zhun)確(que)而產(chan)生的(de)定額項(xiang)目(mu)之間高低不(bu)一的(de)現象，結(jie)合理解確(que)定建筑產(chan)品價(jia)格水(shui)平(ping)帶來的(de)不(bu)利影響。（2）定額項(xiang)目(mu)應能(neng)明(ming)確(que)地體(ti)現已經技術(shu)可(ke)靠，并采用(yong)新技術(shu)、新工(gong)(gong)藝、新材料的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)，防止(zhi)定額缺項(xiang)，使定額適用(yong)性(xing)(xing)大(da)大(da)降低。（3）定額項(xiang)目(mu)劃分(fen)(fen)應按照(zhao)工(gong)(gong)程實體(ti)消(xiao)耗與養護施工(gong)(gong)措施性(xing)(xing)消(xiao)耗的(de)分(fen)(fen)離，以滿(man)足施工(gong)(gong)單位經濟(ji)核算和按工(gong)(gong)程進行(xing)投標報價(jia)的(de)需要(yao)(yao)。

4.4與養護(hu)工程相適(shi)應的原(yuan)則

養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)預算(suan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)是(shi)為公(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)維修(xiu)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)，必須滿(man)足(zu)公(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)維修(xiu)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)項目要(yao)能體現目前及(ji)今后(hou)一段時(shi)間內大多(duo)數工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目，目前普遍使用或今后(hou)將普遍使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術(shu)、新(xin)(xin)材料(liao)、新(xin)(xin)設備都應(ying)(ying)(ying)在養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)中得到體現，使預算(suan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)與養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程相一致。養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)是(shi)在實(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)統計歸納，定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)料(liao)機消耗量能充(chong)分體現本(ben)省養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)平(ping)(ping)均先(xian)進水平(ping)(ping)。養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)總(zong)是(shi)相對晚于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程實(shi)踐。在編制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)是(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)盡量加(jia)快(kuai)進度，使定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)細目盡量齊全(quan)，以適應(ying)(ying)(ying)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，并能促進新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術(shu)、新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣。適應(ying)(ying)(ying)公(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)管(guan)理體制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改革和市場經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，滿(man)足(zu)市場機制(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)公(gong)路養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價管(guan)理需(xu)求和發展。

4.5貫徹國(guo)家政策、法規的原則

養(yang)護預算定(ding)額作為養(yang)護工程造價的重要計價依(yi)據(ju)，涉及國家(jia)、企業和勞動者的利益，具(ju)有“責任較(jiao)大、通行(xing)性強、關(guan)系(xi)公共利益”的特點，必須認真(zhen)執(zhi)行(xing)包括技術、經濟等方面的法律、法規等政(zheng)策。

5預算定額(e)的編制步(bu)驟(zou)

5.1準備工作(zuo)階段

組建《公路(lu)養護工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)算定額的編(bian)制》研(yan)討小(xiao)組，編(bian)制工(gong)(gong)作大綱，明確(que)編(bian)制計劃、目(mu)的和任務，全面展(zhan)開公路(lu)養護定額測(ce)定、編(bian)制研(yan)究工(gong)(gong)作。

5.2收集資料階(jie)段

（1）培訓(xun)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)測定(ding)(ding)(ding)人員，制定(ding)(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)測定(ding)(ding)(ding)表格，收(shou)集(ji)(ji)資料。收(shou)集(ji)(ji)基(ji)礎資料是編(bian)制養(yang)護定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)的(de)(de)一個重(zhong)點，但是要有目的(de)(de)針對性收(shou)集(ji)(ji)，根據(ju)公(gong)(gong)路養(yang)護工程(cheng)的(de)(de)特性，結合各地市公(gong)(gong)路局對所轄公(gong)(gong)路的(de)(de)養(yang)護管(guan)(guan)(guan)理經驗(yan)，進(jin)行(xing)研究(jiu)統計分析。（2）召開(kai)專(zhuan)家(jia)座(zuo)(zuo)談、研討會。邀請從事定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)編(bian)制、養(yang)護管(guan)(guan)(guan)理、監理、施工單(dan)位有經驗(yan)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業人員召開(kai)座(zuo)(zuo)談、研討會，從不同角度提出各自意見和建議(yi)。（3）收(shou)集(ji)(ji)現行(xing)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)、規范(fan)和政(zheng)策法規資料。a.現行(xing)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)路、橋梁工程(cheng)施工技術標準及規范(fan)。b.相關的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)路橋梁設計標準規范(fan)。c.收(shou)集(ji)(ji)有關管(guan)(guan)(guan)理部門積累的(de)(de)相關資料。

5.3定額測算(suan)分(fen)析論證階段

編制的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)是(shi)否合(he)理，定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)水平(ping)是(shi)否平(ping)均先進(jin)，需(xu)要進(jin)行(xing)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)對比(bi)(bi)(bi)、測(ce)算(suan)(suan)。測(ce)算(suan)(suan)是(shi)在相(xiang)同(tong)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)程(cheng)工(gong)作條件下，同(tong)類項目、相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作內(nei)容人(ren)工(gong)、材料和機(ji)(ji)械(xie)的(de)(de)(de)消耗量進(jin)行(xing)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)。我省(sheng)(sheng)安排六個(ge)地市(shi)(shi)進(jin)行(xing)養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)測(ce)算(suan)(suan)分析。一是(shi)要與交通部工(gong)程(cheng)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)、分析。二(er)是(shi)與外省(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)關養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)、分析。通過各(ge)市(shi)(shi)選取轄區(qu)內(nei)公路(lu)與橋(qiao)梁養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)項目進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)算(suan)(suan)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)以確定(ding)(ding)本定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)水平(ping)高(gao)低。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)安徽養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)計算(suan)(suan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)公路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)預算(suan)(suan)定(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)(e)計算(suan)(suan)約(yue)提高(gao)20%-60%之(zhi)間。這(zhe)與中修、小修及日常養(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)程(cheng)由于作業點分散、工(gong)程(cheng)量小，往往引起(qi)生產工(gong)人(ren)、機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)現場待工(gong)（閑置）率高(gao)、進(jin)退場和轉場頻繁(fan)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)相(xiang)吻合(he)的(de)(de)(de)。

6征(zheng)求意見及(ji)報批(pi)階段

（1）養(yang)(yang)護(hu)定額(e)初稿(gao)(gao)完成(cheng)以后(hou)，編制組下發(fa)初稿(gao)(gao)即征(zheng)求(qiu)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)稿(gao)(gao)到各養(yang)(yang)護(hu)管理、養(yang)(yang)護(hu)單位征(zheng)求(qiu)使用單位的(de)建議和(he)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)，通(tong)(tong)過分(fen)析歸納(na)反饋(kui)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)，在統(tong)一的(de)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)基礎(chu)上(shang)整理分(fen)類，修(xiu)改(gai)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)修(xiu)訂(ding)稿(gao)(gao)。（2）邀請省(sheng)內外(wai)多(duo)年(nian)從事養(yang)(yang)護(hu)、定額(e)和(he)設計工作的(de)專家對(dui)修(xiu)訂(ding)稿(gao)(gao)征(zheng)求(qiu)建議和(he)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)，通(tong)(tong)過分(fen)析歸納(na)反饋(kui)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)，在統(tong)一的(de)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)基礎(chu)上(shang)整理分(fen)類，修(xiu)改(gai)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)報批(pi)稿(gao)(gao)。（3）整理出一套完整、齊全、清晰并經審核后(hou)的(de)報批(pi)稿(gao)(gao)，待批(pi)復(fu)后(hou)進行出版發(fa)行使用。

篇10

 【關鍵(jian)字(zi)】道路橋(qiao)梁；施工(gong)管理(li)；問題；對(dui)策(ce)

引言：

隨(sui)著我國經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)迅猛發展，交(jiao)通行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)道路橋梁(liang)施(shi)工行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發展也欣(xin)欣(xin)向(xiang)榮。本文對橋梁(liang)施(shi)工由于管理控制不當而(er)造成的(de)(de)(de)質量安全問(wen)題進行了分析，提出了相(xiang)應對策，研(yan)究了提高工程質量的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)。

1道(dao)路橋梁建(jian)設施工管理中存在(zai)的(de)諸多(duo)問題

一般情況(kuang)下，道(dao)路橋(qiao)梁施工(gong)內容主(zhu)要包括修建臨時道(dao)路、機械設備(bei)的(de)搬(ban)運安裝、橋(qiao)墩樁基的(de)定(ding)位鉆探、混凝土澆筑構(gou)件以等作業。由于(yu)管理(li)控制措施的(de)不當(dang)，易造成裂(lie)縫、鋼筋被(bei)腐蝕等常見的(de)橋(qiao)梁施工(gong)問題(ti)。

1） 橋(qiao)梁的裂縫(feng)問(wen)題。裂縫(feng)能夠(gou)造成(cheng)混凝土強度下(xia)降，承(cheng)載力(li)減(jian)弱，同時也會造成(cheng)一定的經濟損失。致使(shi)裂縫(feng)產生的原因如下(xia)：

① 混凝(ning)土原材料(liao)質量差(cha)： 1 骨料(liao)品種質量差(cha)，為(wei)了降低(di)(di)成本(ben)，對(dui)骨料(liao)就近采挖，不經過檢驗就用(yong)于施工。2 水泥(ni)標號低(di)(di)，或(huo)放置(zhi)時間過久，致(zhi)使水泥(ni)變性，或(huo)受潮而性能低(di)(di)下(xia)。

② 在施工時，配合混凝土的比(bi)例不規范，隨意性大，或者只憑經(jing)驗不按標準規定進(jin)行配比(bi)操作。

③ 在混凝(ning)土(tu)澆筑過程中(zhong)，振(zhen)搗混凝(ning)土(tu)時過猛或不足，致使混凝(ning)土(tu)結構整體不均勻，局部骨(gu)料沉塌，混凝(ning)土(tu)干(gan)膜后顯現(xian)出蜂窩、麻(ma)面狀。

④ 在混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆筑后(hou)，由(you)于混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)在水(shui)化熱自干過程中受到混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)結構不均(jun)衡(heng)的預應力制約而形成(cheng)裂縫。

2）橋梁鋼(gang)筋銹蝕情(qing)況

鋼筋(jin)(jin)銹蝕(shi)(shi)是導致(zhi)橋梁很混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)結構破(po)壞的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)原因。混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層可以保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鋼筋(jin)(jin)不受外界不良條件(jian)的(de)影(ying)響，然而，混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)表面一般存(cun)在著微小裂縫和(he)銹蝕(shi)(shi)。混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)中鋼筋(jin)(jin)銹蝕(shi)(shi)是受到氯化(hua)物的(de)侵入、碳化(hua)、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層厚度(du)(du)較薄等因素影(ying)響，其銹蝕(shi)(shi)時間和(he)銹蝕(shi)(shi)程度(du)(du)通常與(yu)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)層厚度(du)(du)、混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)強度(du)(du)和(he)鋼筋(jin)(jin)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)結構的(de)周圍環境條件(jian)有(you)關。鋼筋(jin)(jin)腐蝕(shi)(shi)會(hui)造成整個(ge)道路橋梁的(de)質量性嚴重(zhong)下降，影(ying)響結構的(de)耐久性。

2橋(qiao)梁項目施工管理(li)對策

1）裂縫的相應對策

① 明確責任領導和(he)有關人員負責人，做到重(zhong)點把關，嚴(yan)防死守。強化監(jian)理責任，發揮好第三方監(jian)理的職能(neng)，嚴(yan)格執(zhi)行監(jian)理程(cheng)序，明確溝通協調機制，認(ren)真做好關鍵工序的旁站和(he)檢驗(yan)，及(ji)時糾正不合理工藝。

② 對于(yu)施(shi)工(gong)管理人員而言，必須(xu)不斷的(de)(de)(de)學習，提(ti)高自己，建立(li)健全(quan)(quan)質量意識，認(ren)真組織，精心施(shi)工(gong)，不斷總結(jie)經驗，分析(xi)公路(lu)工(gong)程各種(zhong)常見病(bing)、多發病(bing)和通病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)及產生的(de)(de)(de)原因。在施(shi)工(gong)中盡可能地避免質量問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)發生。從而全(quan)(quan)面提(ti)高公路(lu)建設項(xiang)目整體的(de)(de)(de)耐久性、安全(quan)(quan)性和可靠性，保證其在設計(ji)使(shi)用年限內的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)使(shi)用。

③ 大(da)力推進(jin)(jin)施工標準化建設，在(zai)混凝(ning)土質(zhi)(zhi)量方面，以抓混凝(ning)土拌合站(zhan)、梁(liang)板預制場標準化為重(zhong)點，從進(jin)(jin)場材料(liao)就(jiu)嚴(yan)把(ba)關(guan)(guan)，集中(zhong)拌合，監理加強(qiang)平行(xing)試驗，規范質(zhi)(zhi)量管理行(xing)為，嚴(yan)格各道工序、工藝管理，使(shi)混凝(ning)土質(zhi)(zhi)量控制達到(dao)規范化、程序化，進(jin)(jin)一步提升混凝(ning)土質(zhi)(zhi)量。抓好細節管理，質(zhi)(zhi)量管理要精(jing)細化，關(guan)(guan)口前移，把(ba)問題解決在(zai)施工過程中(zhong)

2）鋼筋銹蝕相應(ying)對策

采取(qu)以下措(cuo)施，進(jin)行(xing)道(dao)路橋梁鋼筋的(de)保護工作：

① 適當再加深混凝(ning)土的(de)保護層厚度，增加鋼筋的(de)防腐性(xing)能(neng)；

② 保證混凝土強度(du)，做到最大程度(du)的保護(hu)鋼筋不被腐(fu)蝕的情況發生；

3提高橋梁(liang)工(gong)程質量的措(cuo)施

3.1 技術管理

對于路橋工程項(xiang)目，管理難度大，施工管理人員必須提前做(zuo)好(hao)各項(xiang)技(ji)術的準備。

（1）施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙熟練，使(shi)施工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序得(de)到(dao)(dao)優化(hua)。根據具體的(de)施工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong)要求，使(shi)每一道(dao)工(gong)(gong)序，每一分項（分部）工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)盡(jin)最大(da)限度得(de)到(dao)(dao)優化(hua)，同(tong)(tong)時需充分了解自(zi)身的(de)資(zi)源（材料(liao)供應、資(zi)金(jin)等(deng)(deng)）及氣候等(deng)(deng)自(zi)然條件，施工(gong)(gong)組織計劃制定做到(dao)(dao)認真、合理(li)，并通過(guo)橫道(dao)圖(tu)或網(wang)絡圖(tu)表(biao)示(shi)出來，從大(da)人小，由線及點，確保(bao)每一分項工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)能納人受控范(fan)圍之中。

（2）建(jian)立健全質(zhi)檢制(zhi)度(du)。從(cong)技術角度(du)出發，施工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)問題僅僅從(cong)施工(gong)過(guo)程中的每一道工(gong)序做出嚴格的要求(qiu)是(shi)遠遠不夠的。經實踐發現(xian)，只有建(jian)立完善的質(zhi)檢制(zhi)度(du)、確定(ding)科學的質(zhi)檢手段，定(ding)期進行質(zhi)量(liang)核檢，及時(shi)發現(xian)各個(ge)工(gong)序、各個(ge)施工(gong)工(gong)藝是(shi)否符合質(zhi)量(liang)驗收標準(zhun)，才能(neng)確保(bao)工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)。

（3）提(ti)前(qian)完成(cheng)技(ji)術儲(chu)備(bei)。所(suo)謂(wei)技(ji)術儲(chu)備(bei)即為技(ji)術管理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，技(ji)術工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)，新(xin)技(ji)術及新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)訓，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規范，技(ji)術交底(di)等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。要掌握(wo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)每一工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序步驟，只有(you)高素質的(de)(de)技(ji)術管理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)才能勝任，要對(dui)(dui)各方(fang)面突況準備(bei)好處理方(fang)案，這(zhe)就需要洞悉(xi)具體的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。通過對(dui)(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長有(you)計劃有(you)目的(de)(de)的(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)訓和技(ji)術交底(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，能夠使新(xin)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、新(xin)的(de)(de)材料特性得(de)到(dao)很好熟悉(xi)，共同(tong)提(ti)高技(ji)術操作、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水平，進(jin)而保證施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量。

3.2 道路(lu)橋(qiao)梁建設(she)項目(mu)建設(she)成本管理

成(cheng)本管(guan)理(li)是通(tong)過(guo)成(cheng)本核算來計(ji)劃和控(kong)(kong)制經濟(ji)活動的(de)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)預(yu)算管(guan)理(li)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)在編(bian)制預(yu)算之(zhi)前先做好前期準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)作收集(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘查報告(gao)、地形(xing)測量圖(tu)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設計(ji)圖(tu)紙、各(ge)類標準(zhun)圖(tu)集(ji)等(deng)相關資(zi)料，深入現(xian)場勘察(cha)、調查施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環境并進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案研究(jiu)，了解現(xian)行建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程預(yu)算定額、取費(fei)標準(zhun)、統一工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量計(ji)算規則及材(cai)料預(yu)算價格，先易(yi)后難地弄(nong)清施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目的(de)設計(ji)組成(cheng)結構(gou)。一般(ban)通(tong)過(guo)材(cai)料費(fei)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制、機(ji)械(xie)費(fei)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)費(fei)用的(de)控(kong)(kong)制以(yi)及對其他費(fei)用支出的(de)控(kong)(kong)制來節(jie)約成(cheng)本。

3.3 施工安全的(de)管理措施

（1）對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員進行定期(qi)培訓，不僅可以提(ti)高人員的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)熟練度(du)，提(ti)高對機械的掌(zhang)握運用程度(du)，增加(jia)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員的信心(xin)和(he)，還能大(da)大(da)減少安全隱(yin)患。并且提(ti)高生產效率。

（2）合理安排休息時間(jian)(jian)。因為工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)強度大(da)，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量大(da)合理、適時的安排人(ren)員的休息時間(jian)(jian)可以避免人(ren)員過度勞(lao)累而影響施工(gong)(gong)進度，讓工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)員在長時間(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)后得到充分的休息，并可以通過開展(zhan)文體活(huo)動，以增進施工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員的身心健康(kang)發展(zhan)。

4結束語

總之，現代(dai)化城市的(de)(de)建設(she)離不開(kai)道路橋梁工(gong)程。施工(gong)方在作(zuo)業當中(zhong)必須對工(gong)程項目采(cai)取有針(zhen)對性(xing)的(de)(de)管理方案，為工(gong)程施工(gong)創造良好安全的(de)(de)作(zuo)業環境(jing)，同時(shi)也(ye)讓道路橋梁實現其經(jing)濟價值(zhi)。

參考文獻：

[1]成都. 市政道路橋梁(liang)工程的施工管理策(ce)略解析[J]. 科(ke)技與企(qi)業(ye)，2015，04：46+48.