1基礎內容介紹

大家(jia)或(huo)許對(dui)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程并不(bu)是很(hen)了解。路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)主(zhu)要包括兩(liang)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)：第一種(zhong)(zhong)是板(ban)式橋(qiao)(qiao)。板(ban)式橋(qiao)(qiao)在我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)生活幾(ji)乎所處可見(jian)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)承載(zai)量相對(dui)來說(shuo)比較大，在高速公路(lu)等地方多有采(cai)用(yong)；第二種(zhong)(zhong)是梁式橋(qiao)(qiao)。梁式橋(qiao)(qiao)在國外(wai)和國內一些較發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)也(ye)是比較常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。比如松花(hua)江(jiang)大橋(qiao)(qiao)等，都是屬于梁式橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍。對(dui)以上這兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)是路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程。而(er)在建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中所采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。

2我國現階段路橋工程技術(shu)存在(zai)的問題分析

2.1施工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)技(ji)術水平偏低(di)。不得不承認，現(xian)(xian)階(jie)段我國(guo)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術還是存在一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)。問(wen)題(ti)主要表現(xian)(xian)在幾個方面。第一(yi)就是施工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)技(ji)術水平偏低(di)的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術施工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)相(xiang)對來說所需(xu)要花(hua)費(fei)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資比較多，為(wei)了節約一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)資金支持，一(yi)些(xie)建筑商在進行路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設的(de)(de)過程中，所雇傭的(de)(de)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術人員(yuan)相(xiang)對來說只是普通(tong)的(de)(de)百姓(xing)，有些(xie)人甚至并不具(ju)備專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術知識。這(zhe)就意味(wei)著，路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術施工(gong)(gong)(gong)團(tuan)隊并不是一(yi)個素(su)質(zhi)較高的(de)(de)團(tuan)隊。

2.2管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度不完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)。管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度不完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)路橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)所需要(yao)面臨(lin)的問題之一。技(ji)術(shu)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)需要(yao)一定的管(guan)(guan)理(li)的。因為技(ji)術(shu)的實施主(zhu)體是(shi)(shi)人。如果不采取一定的措施對(dui)路橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)施工(gong)(gong)主(zhu)體進(jin)行必要(yao)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)。那么將會引發一系列(lie)的問題。然(ran)而，我國(guo)現階段路橋(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)存在的問題就是(shi)(shi)缺乏完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度。

2.3施(shi)(shi)工(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量達不到(dao)(dao)標(biao)(biao)準。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料達不到(dao)(dao)質(zhi)量標(biao)(biao)準也(ye)是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)考慮(lv)以及面對的(de)(de)(de)問題之一(yi)。在(zai)開展路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程技術的(de)(de)(de)過程中，是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)支持的(de)(de)(de)。如果所使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料沒能(neng)夠達到(dao)(dao)相應的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)話，那么路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程技術是(shi)無法發(fa)揮它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)水平的(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)也(ye)就意味著(zhu)，建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料將(jiang)會(hui)直(zhi)接的(de)(de)(de)影響到(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)揮。

××年，在這個(ge)不平凡的(de)(de)歲月頓點(dian)中我在長春明珠小(xiao)區二期三組(zu)團(tuan)號住宅(zhai)和武漢(han)漢(han)洪高(gao)速五(wu)標(biao)兩個(ge)施工單位(wei)進行了實踐性的(de)(de)學習(xi)讓我把理論和現實緊密的(de)(de)結合在了一起。

月日我和同(tong)學李軍在熟(shu)人的(de)帶領下來到(dao)了位于(yu)長(chang)春(chun)市，衛星廣場(chang)的(de)長(chang)春(chun)明珠小區在建(jian)(jian)的(de)號樓(lou)(lou)，經過一上午(wu)的(de)簡(jian)單了解我們知道了這棟樓(lou)(lou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)層數為(wei)(wei)層，不含閣(ge)樓(lou)(lou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積㎡，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)高(gao)度，為(wei)(wei)短肢減力墻結構，抗(kang)震(zhen)設(she)防烈度為(wei)(wei)三級(ji)抗(kang)震(zhen)，墻體采用厚陶(tao)粒混凝土砌塊，外貼(tie)厚阻燃苯板，山(shan)墻為(wei)(wei)厚阻燃苯板。

我們去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)主(zhu)體(ti)已經完工(gong)到了(le)(le)第層(ceng)(ceng)，電器，水(shui)暖，裝飾(shi)均未開工(gong)。根(gen)據施工(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計(ji)本樓分為(wei)兩(liang)個施工(gong)作業面進行(xing)流(liu)水(shui)施工(gong)，中間預(yu)留伸縮縫又稱后澆(jiao)帶(dai)，主(zhu)體(ti)完工(gong)后在(zai)(zai)施工(gong)伸縮縫。柱子采用鋼(gang)(gang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)其余(yu)均為(wei)木模(mo)(mo)板(ban)。根(gen)據施工(gong)要(yao)求本樓東(dong)西(xi)共設(she)兩(liang)臺塔吊同(tong)時(shi)(shi)施工(gong)。西(xi)側第層(ceng)(ceng)柱子正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)澆(jiao)筑混凝土，邊澆(jiao)筑邊震搗使其充實飽滿(man)，東(dong)側正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)架設(she)層(ceng)(ceng)樓頂木模(mo)(mo)板(ban)，梁(liang)板(ban)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)筑所(suo)以模(mo)(mo)板(ban)施工(gong)非常重要(yao)，梁(liang)寬(kuan)為(wei)㎜，高度(du)不(bu)同(tong)，板(ban)厚也不(bu)同(tong)，廁所(suo)低于室(shi)內㎜。在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)體(ti)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)燈位盒，開關盒，穿(chuan)線管都要(yao)在(zai)(zai)綁扎鋼(gang)(gang)筋的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)一(yi)起(qi)固定在(zai)(zai)設(she)計(ji)位置(zhi)，然后進行(xing)混凝土的(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)筑，其中柱的(de)(de)(de)拆模(mo)(mo)時(shi)(shi)間一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)天，梁(liang)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間要(yao)長一(yi)些，柱的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋綁扎一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)天左右，在(zai)(zai)加(jia)上施工(gong)人員的(de)(de)(de)休息(xi)時(shi)(shi)間正(zheng)好行(xing)成了(le)(le)流(liu)水(shui)施工(gong)，既柱子的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)只要(yao)準備半層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)夠了(le)(le)，原(yuan)創：而(er)(er)梁(liang)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)準備兩(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)腳手(shou)架的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)進度(du)隨(sui)著樓層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)高而(er)(er)增(zeng)高。

其中技術成分偏高的(de)就(jiu)屬測量了(le)(le)，這(zhe)也是施工(gong)中的(de)重要組成部分，屬于“隱(yin)蔽工(gong)程”了(le)(le)，經過幾天的(de)熟悉我初步了(le)(le)解了(le)(le)施工(gong)的(de)過程基本為支模—綁扎鋼筋—澆筑混凝土(tu)—拆模板測量放線—支模。

由于(yu)屬于(yu)現(xian)場攪(jiao)拌(ban)混凝(ning)土(tu)所以每層(ceng)混凝(ning)土(tu)都要(yao)取樣(yang)交付(fu)質(zhi)檢站檢查(cha)，于(yu)是(shi)每層(ceng)混凝(ning)土(tu)攪(jiao)拌(ban)過程中我們都要(yao)從中取一些裝(zhuang)在(zai)模塊里等它成型，再把它打開取出成型的試塊。

日，由于(yu)鋼(gang)筋用量超出(chu)計(ji)劃用量，所以我們要(yao)(yao)(yao)重新抽一遍鋼(gang)筋，朱工要(yao)(yao)(yao)看(kan)現場，遲(chi)工要(yao)(yao)(yao)做資料給(gei)監理，因此(ci)我就(jiu)成為抽筋主力，經(jing)過(guo)數天的(de)努力與詢(xun)問，我終于(yu)在(zai)月底交上了我的(de)成果，經(jing)過(guo)朱工的(de)認真檢查認為沒有(you)計(ji)算上的(de)錯誤后向監理提出(chu)了索賠。

摘要：在路橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目中，軟土(tu)地基施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)占據著(zhu)關鍵性地位，對(dui)于路橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整體施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量具有至關重要的(de)影響。基于此，文章淺析(xi)了(le)軟土(tu)地基施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝難點，介紹(shao)了(le)軟土(tu)地基施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中的(de)土(tu)質(zhi)置換法(fa)、軟土(tu)表層處理(li)法(fa)、粉(fen)噴樁加(jia)固處理(li)法(fa)等(deng)幾種工(gong)(gong)法(fa)，并(bing)結(jie)合相關工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)案(an)例，探究了(le)路橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中軟土(tu)地基施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)實踐應用(yong)，為路橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)提(ti)供借(jie)鑒。

關(guan)鍵詞：路橋工程;軟土(tu)地基;施工工藝(yi)

在路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，難(nan)免存(cun)在軟(ruan)土(tu)地基(ji)(ji)。軟(ruan)土(tu)地基(ji)(ji)具(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)含水量，缺乏良好的(de)(de)承載力，且極易(yi)引發地基(ji)(ji)沉降。若(ruo)未能合理(li)有(you)效地處理(li)軟(ruan)土(tu)地基(ji)(ji)，將嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)整體施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量，且極易(yi)導致路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程在后期出(chu)現(xian)(xian)開裂以及坍塌，嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)使用壽命和(he)使用性能。因此，在路(lu)(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，要(yao)強化對軟(ruan)土(tu)地基(ji)(ji)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)實踐(jian)應用，實現(xian)(xian)對軟(ruan)土(tu)地基(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)有(you)效處理(li)。

1．軟土地基施工工藝(yi)難點

軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基是指具(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)強(qiang)度(du)(du)和(he)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)壓縮量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)弱土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)軟(ruan)(ruan)弱粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、松(song)散砂、有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等。軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大，且(qie)承載力和(he)透水(shui)性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差，抗剪前度(du)(du)相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，極易(yi)引發不均勻沉降(jiang)和(he)變形，對(dui)(dui)路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大影(ying)響(xiang)。在路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，需(xu)加強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基的(de)(de)有(you)效處理(li)(li)。軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝難點主(zhu)要體現在如(ru)下方(fang)面：（1）淤泥(ni)多(duo)。軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基具(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，產(chan)生大量(liang)(liang)(liang)淤泥(ni)。軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基最低(di)具(ju)(ju)有(you)33%，最高(gao)(gao)具(ju)(ju)有(you)71%的(de)(de)含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，其(qi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層下面即為流(liu)動水(shui)體。因此，軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)極易(yi)產(chan)生大量(liang)(liang)(liang)淤泥(ni)，嚴(yan)重阻礙路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)。若未能對(dui)(dui)軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基進行及時有(you)效處理(li)(li)，將延(yan)誤路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)。（2）軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基具(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)含(han)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，缺(que)乏良好(hao)的(de)(de)滲(shen)水(shui)能力，嚴(yan)重影(ying)響(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)固結速(su)度(du)(du)和(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基穩(wen)定性(xing)。另(ling)外(wai)，軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基中有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，極易(yi)堵塞通水(shui)管，影(ying)響(xiang)及時排水(shui)，并導致(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面積增(zeng)加，進而引發路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)下陷(xian)(xian)。（3）軟(ruan)(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基具(ju)(ju)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)壓縮性(xing)，極易(yi)導致(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基出現漏洞，并發生塌陷(xian)(xian)，增(zeng)加路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)安全(quan)隱(yin)患，且(qie)嚴(yan)重影(ying)響(xiang)路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。

2．路橋工程中軟土地基施工工藝的實踐應用

1城市路(lu)橋工(gong)程施工(gong)監理的內容

第一，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)細則的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)，對合同(tong)(tong)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)熟悉掌握(wo)，并(bing)對施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)實際情(qing)況進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充分了解。在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)期應(ying)(ying)參(can)與(yu)場(chang)地交驗(yan)(yan)及(ji)設計交底工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，并(bing)對承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)提交的(de)(de)(de)(de)復測(ce)成果進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審查(cha)(cha)(cha)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)安全(quan)保證體系建立中對承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)起到督促與(yu)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。第二，參(can)加(jia)第一次(ci)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地會議(yi)(yi)，并(bing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)常規工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地會議(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)持，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)開（復）工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)令的(de)(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)對單項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)報(bao)告進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)批(pi)復。在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中應(ying)(ying)對承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)授(shou)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)常駐現(xian)場(chang)代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)其他人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審核。第三(san)，對全(quan)部(bu)原始資(zi)料進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)妥善保存，對承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)擬(ni)(ni)用(yong)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機械裝備性(xing)能、數量(liang)(liang)及(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案等(deng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審查(cha)(cha)(cha)與(yu)批(pi)復，并(bing)對重要(yao)外(wai)購成品件(jian)(jian)或半(ban)成品件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有效控制(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)應(ying)(ying)對承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)提交的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)體進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)度(du)計劃(hua)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審批(pi)，如出現(xian)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)，應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)修正，并(bing)對年度(du)、季度(du)及(ji)月(yue)計劃(hua)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審核。第四，要(yao)求(qiu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)按照合同(tong)(tong)條件(jian)(jian)、技術(shu)規范和(he)監(jian)理程(cheng)(cheng)序進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，通過旁(pang)站(zhan)、巡視、檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)、試驗(yan)(yan)和(he)整體驗(yan)(yan)收等(deng)手(shou)段全(quan)面監(jian)督、檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)和(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中存在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)調查(cha)(cha)(cha)與(yu)處理，并(bing)遵循(xun)相(xiang)關(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)求(qiu)向上(shang)級部(bu)門進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)上(shang)報(bao)。計量(liang)(liang)完(wan)成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)，并(bing)確保其準確性(xing)，如需要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設計變(bian)更(geng)時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)更(geng)令的(de)(de)(de)(de)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)還要(yao)嚴格遵循(xun)合同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)關(guan)要(yao)求(qiu)對存在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)評估與(yu)處理。第五，監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)月(yue)報(bao)及(ji)監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)總(zong)結的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)，評估承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)申請，檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)與(yu)驗(yan)(yan)收擬(ni)(ni)交工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)遵循(xun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管理部(bu)門和(he)業(ye)主(zhu)需求(qiu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)。業(ye)主(zhu)相(xiang)配(pei)合進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收與(yu)移交工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)更(geng)單價、索賠(pei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)度(du)及(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)談(tan)判時(shi)，監(jian)理人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)(ying)參(can)與(yu)業(ye)主(zhu)和(he)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)談(tan)判，幫助業(ye)主(zhu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合同(tong)(tong)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理。

2城市(shi)路橋工程施工監理的方式

2.1見證取樣

監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)程(cheng)師應(ying)(ying)對(dui)混凝土試塊、砂漿試塊、鋼筋及連接(jie)接(jie)頭試件(jian)等進行(xing)見證(zheng)(zheng)取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)與(yu)(yu)送檢(jian)(jian)(jian)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)機構(gou)見證(zheng)(zheng)人員必須具有(you)專業的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)知(zhi)識，同時由見證(zheng)(zheng)人做好試件(jian)及包裝上面的(de)(de)標(biao)識及工(gong)程(cheng)名(ming)稱(cheng)的(de)(de)標(biao)明(ming)等。見證(zheng)(zheng)與(yu)(yu)取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)人員必須負責見證(zheng)(zheng)取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)的(de)(de)代表性與(yu)(yu)真(zhen)實性，并(bing)進行(xing)見證(zheng)(zheng)記(ji)錄(lu)與(yu)(yu)歸檔。根(gen)據委托單位的(de)(de)需求，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測單位應(ying)(ying)對(dui)試樣(yang)上的(de)(de)標(biao)識、封套進行(xing)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查，確(que)保(bao)沒有(you)錯誤后，再進行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測時應(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關規定(ding)及技術標(biao)準(zhun)符合，并(bing)確(que)保(bao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測報告的(de)(de)準(zhun)確(que)性、有(you)效性。抽(chou)樣(yang)時監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)機構(gou)見證(zheng)(zheng)人員必須嚴格遵循七(qi)同原則，也(ye)就(jiu)是在抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)進場(chang)材料(liao)時，確(que)保(bao)每一批檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測的(de)(de)材料(liao)具有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同的(de)(de)品種(zhong)、規格編號(hao)及廠家等。遵循相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)及批量(liang)取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)方(fang)式進行(xing)材料(liao)抽(chou)樣(yang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測。見證(zheng)(zheng)取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)過程(cheng)中應(ying)(ying)對(dui)實驗檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測結果進行(xing)及時跟蹤(zong)，并(bing)分析比較施(shi)工(gong)單位質量(liang)控(kong)制試塊的(de)(de)評定(ding)結果。如(ru)出現(xian)問題，應(ying)(ying)對(dui)其(qi)(qi)進行(xing)修正。

2.2平行檢驗

摘要：當(dang)前，隨著社會經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛速發(fa)(fa)展，城(cheng)市化(hua)進程的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷加(jia)快(kuai)，路橋工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)規模越(yue)來越(yue)大(da)，呈現(xian)出大(da)型化(hua)、復雜化(hua)、多(duo)樣化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征，路橋工程作為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)市重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎性設(she)施(shi)，其建設(she)水平和(he)(he)質量直接影響到該(gai)項工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用性能(neng)和(he)(he)使(shi)用年限。所以(yi)，為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)提高平路橋工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工質量，除了(le)(le)提升施(shi)工技(ji)術以(yi)外，還(huan)需要加(jia)強現(xian)場施(shi)工管理(li)力度。文(wen)中(zhong)針對當(dang)前路橋工程管理(li)中(zhong)現(xian)場施(shi)工管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)狀及存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題進行了(le)(le)詳細論述，并提出了(le)(le)對應解決措施(shi)，以(yi)供參考，希望(wang)通過本文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)介紹和(he)(he)剖析，能(neng)夠加(jia)快(kuai)我國路橋工程建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展步伐。

關(guan)鍵詞：路(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)；現場施工(gong)；管理

現(xian)代路橋業正在(zai)以一種新的(de)(de)姿態快速發(fa)展(zhan)，在(zai)很大(da)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)滿足了(le)城市化進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)需(xu)求，但是由(you)于該行業缺乏完善的(de)(de)體系，發(fa)展(zhan)還不夠成(cheng)熟(shu)，在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行中(zhong)存在(zai)諸多(duo)問(wen)題，這些問(wen)題的(de)(de)存在(zai)大(da)大(da)影響了(le)整個工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益和(he)社會效(xiao)(xiao)益，甚至給工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)使用帶來(lai)了(le)安全隱患。所以，只有認識這些問(wen)題，并積(ji)極尋(xun)找(zhao)解決(jue)的(de)(de)對策，同時強化對現(xian)場施工(gong)的(de)(de)管理(li)力度(du)，保證工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)進(jin)度(du)和(he)質量，進(jin)而(er)實現(xian)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)戰略目標。具體內容如下：

一、當前我(wo)國路橋工程(cheng)管理的現狀(zhuang)及存在的問題

近年來(lai)，隨著現(xian)代化交通行(xing)業的飛速發展(zhan)，因此，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)路(lu)橋施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術控(kong)制具(ju)有(you)非常重(zhong)要(yao)的意(yi)義(yi)。只有(you)不斷完善其(qi)現(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)水平(ping)，才能提高(gao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量。根據實踐總(zong)結到(dao)路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)的特(te)點有(you)：時間(jian)長，路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)是從施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準備到(dao)回訪保(bao)(bao)修，期間(jian)需要(yao)很(hen)長一(yi)段時間(jian)，所以說(shuo)路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)是一(yi)個長期過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；現(xian)場(chang)環(huan)境復雜，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)由于(yu)受到(dao)周圍建筑環(huan)境，天氣變化等因素的影響，難(nan)以保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量，甚至會在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本，鑒于(yu)這(zhe)些情況，路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)也有(you)一(yi)定的難(nan)度(du)；隱蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)比較多，例(li)如(ru)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)，地下管(guan)道等，這(zhe)些工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)給現(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)困難(nan)。雖然(ran)我國路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設有(you)了(le)很(hen)大程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)的改(gai)善，但由于(yu)該(gai)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)具(ju)有(you)影響因素多，協作性高(gao)的特(te)點，在(zai)(zai)建設中(zhong)(zhong)難(nan)免遇到(dao)各類問(wen)題(ti)。如(ru)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量問(wen)題(ti)，安全(quan)事故問(wen)題(ti)等，這(zhe)些問(wen)題(ti)的存在(zai)(zai)，嚴重(zhong)影響并(bing)制約了(le)整個橋梁(liang)建筑行(xing)業的發展(zhan)。就此對現(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)常見(jian)的問(wen)題(ti)進(jin)行(xing)匯總(zong)：

1、缺乏(fa)現場施工管理體系

摘要：隨著社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步，我國(guo)城市化進程不(bu)斷加(jia)快，路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)(she)逐(zhu)漸獲得(de)了較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程不(bu)僅為居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交通出行提供(gong)了方(fang)便(bian)，也(ye)為我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)做(zuo)出了極(ji)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻。在路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)程現(xian)(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)生產(chan)是重中(zhong)之重。然而，近年來，我國(guo)在路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)仍存(cun)在施工(gong)(gong)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)意識不(bu)強、現(xian)(xian)場安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)制度不(bu)健(jian)全(quan)、相(xiang)關(guan)監(jian)管(guan)部(bu)門缺乏有(you)效監(jian)管(guan)等問(wen)題。針對這些問(wen)題，文章結合路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，進一步探討加(jia)強路(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)程安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效措施。

關鍵(jian)詞：路橋工程；施工現場；安全生(sheng)產；存在問(wen)題；有效措(cuo)施

安全(quan)生(sheng)產是促進我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)健康(kang)發(fa)展(zhan)的重(zhong)要保證，是保障廣大(da)(da)人(ren)民(min)生(sheng)命(ming)安全(quan)的重(zhong)要前提(ti)。自改革開(kai)放(fang)以來(lai)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的路橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)不斷發(fa)展(zhan)壯大(da)(da)，每(mei)年都會有(you)很多的大(da)(da)規模(mo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)展(zhan)建設。然而，近幾年路橋施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)事故時有(you)發(fa)生(sheng)，不僅威脅了施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員的生(sheng)命(ming)安全(quan)，同時也(ye)給家庭(ting)、企業(ye)、相(xiang)關部門等帶(dai)來(lai)了巨(ju)大(da)(da)的經濟(ji)損失(shi)。針對這一問題，文章重(zhong)點(dian)分析了在路橋工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中存在的安全(quan)管理問題，并提(ti)出了相(xiang)應的有(you)效措施(shi)。

1路(lu)橋工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)特點

（1）路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期較(jiao)(jiao)長，基本(ben)上都(dou)(dou)是(shi)露天作(zuo)業，所(suo)以很容(rong)易受到自(zi)然環境和(he)天氣因(yin)素的(de)影(ying)響。特別是(shi)在(zai)風雨較(jiao)(jiao)多的(de)季(ji)節或是(shi)遇到地質松軟(ruan)、沙態化較(jiao)(jiao)嚴重的(de)路(lu)(lu)段，都(dou)(dou)會因(yin)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難(nan)度(du)加大(da)而延長工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期。（2）立體交叉施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，高(gao)空作(zuo)業較(jiao)(jiao)多，增加了施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)的(de)難(nan)度(du)。（3）勞動強度(du)大(da)，體力消耗大(da)。在(zai)路(lu)(lu)橋施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中，一般施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人數較(jiao)(jiao)多的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程容(rong)易發生安全(quan)(quan)(quan)事故。因(yin)此，在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中，一定要加強安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)，重視安全(quan)(quan)(quan)教育，保證(zheng)生產與安全(quan)(quan)(quan)同(tong)步。

2路橋工程安(an)全(quan)管理中(zhong)存在的(de)問題

1當前市(shi)政路橋工程(cheng)施工管理的現狀

路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)項(xiang)目主要(yao)包括從事(shi)橋(qiao)梁、公路(lu)施工(gong)生產的一切工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目，所以，在施工(gong)過程(cheng)中，公路(lu)和橋(qiao)梁都有自己的管(guan)理(li)特點，具體(ti)可(ke)以歸(gui)結為以下兩(liang)點。

1.1管理復雜化

在路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)修(xiu)建(jian)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當中會(hui)需要多(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)，這樣(yang)決定了路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目管(guan)理具有(you)復(fu)雜性。與此同(tong)時，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)成果是一(yi)個使用(yong)功(gong)能(neng)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)化性的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)，其使用(yong)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性決定了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)產(chan)品(pin)類(lei)型的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性。一(yi)般來說，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需要根據當地(di)(di)的(de)(de)實際情(qing)況進行修(xiu)建(jian)，所以(yi)即(ji)使路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)使用(yong)功(gong)能(neng)相同(tong)和工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)類(lei)型相同(tong)，但(dan)是也(ye)會(hui)由(you)于當地(di)(di)環(huan)境(jing)區域的(de)(de)不同(tong)而(er)呈現出不同(tong)，具有(you)一(yi)些微小的(de)(de)差別。從(cong)這兩方面看來，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)項目管(guan)理是一(yi)個非常復(fu)雜的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。

1.2管理困難化

路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)生(sheng)產是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個流(liu)動(dong)性的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)，這(zhe)就(jiu)為(wei)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)管理增加了諸(zhu)多困難(nan)。企業的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個固定的(de)(de)(de)地方進(jin)行加工(gong)生(sheng)產和生(sheng)活(huo)，但是(shi)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)項目(mu)卻(que)與此不同，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)，路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)人員在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年或幾(ji)年當(dang)中(zhong)要進(jin)行跨區域作(zuo)業，這(zhe)就(jiu)使得路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)性生(sheng)產給(gei)員工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)不方便(bian)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)都處(chu)在(zai)偏遠的(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)村，員工(gong)在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)之(zhi)余(yu)沒有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)業余(yu)生(sheng)活(huo)，沒有(you)辦法(fa)提高員工(gong)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性，也(ye)就(jiu)沒法(fa)提高生(sheng)產效(xiao)益，所以(yi)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)管理很困難(nan)。

路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)，大家都很(hen)熟悉，是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)復雜而(er)且要求細節(jie)完善的工(gong)作，也是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)將設(she)計(ji)意圖(tu)、設(she)計(ji)圖(tu)紙(zhi)轉換(huan)為工(gong)程(cheng)實體的過程(cheng)。任(ren)何一(yi)個(ge)(ge)路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)項目，任(ren)何環節(jie)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)施工(gong)出現問題均會對整個(ge)(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)質量產生(sheng)一(yi)定或者致命的影響。而(er)路(lu)(lu)橋施工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，其安全生(sheng)產管理則(ze)是重(zhong)中(zhong)之重(zhong)。

1路(lu)橋施工工程的基本特點

眾所周(zhou)知，公路、橋(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)程勘測具有(you)線(xian)長、量大(da)、時空跨度大(da)的特點(dian)，是一項(xiang)涉及面廣、工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件差、勞動強(qiang)度大(da)的社(she)會綜合性工(gong)作(zuo)。整個過程分為平整場(chang)地、修建臨時道路、機械設備(bei)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)運、搬御安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)、橋(qiao)墩柱基的鉆探、巖心(xin)取樣、構件的現(xian)場(chang)澆筑(zhu)、測試及吊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)、吊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)設備(bei)的現(xian)場(chang)移位;路基巖體的爆破、挖(wa)運、碾(nian)壓等項(xiang)目。由于這些(xie)工(gong)程項(xiang)目勘測、施(shi)工(gong)的特殊性，同時又以人工(gong)體力勞動為主，決(jue)定了此項(xiang)工(gong)作(zuo)的不安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)因素多，意外風(feng)險(xian)概(gai)率(lv)較高的特點(dian)。所以推廣應(ying)用(yong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)系統(tong)工(gong)程管理(li)辦法，對減少避免(mian)各類事故的發(fa)生(sheng)，保障施(shi)工(gong)人員的人身健(jian)康(kang)和安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，提(ti)高生(sheng)產率(lv)，增加(jia)經濟效益和社(she)會效益，具有(you)重要意義。

因此(ci)，路(lu)橋施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)一定要堅(jian)持安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)原則。即堅(jian)持安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)與生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)同步，管(guan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)必(bi)須抓安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)。安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)溶于生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)之中，并對生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)發揮(hui)促(cu)進(jin)與保證作用。在(zai)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)活動(dong)中對安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)作必(bi)須是全(quan)(quan)員、全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)、全(quan)(quan)方位(wei)、全(quan)(quan)天候(hou)的(de)動(dong)態管(guan)理(li)。制定安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)措施(shi)。制定切實可行的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)制度和(he)措施(shi)是加強(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)項(xiang)目安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)重要的(de)方法(fa)和(he)手段。根據(ju)施(shi)工(gong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)特點，對生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)各因素狀(zhuang)態的(de)約(yue)束和(he)控制，要落實安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)責(ze)任，實施(shi)責(ze)任管(guan)理(li)，加強(qiang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)教育，例行安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)。

路橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全管理(li)利用(yong)傳統的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)方法進行安(an)(an)(an)全生產管理(li)，是達到安(an)(an)(an)全生產目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本特(te)征。但是傳統的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)是以經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)為主，而經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)是一種個人技(ji)術和技(ji)巧，是靠人的(de)(de)(de)直觀感覺對事(shi)故本身進行簡單的(de)(de)(de)分析并作(zuo)出(chu)類似的(de)(de)(de)判斷，不可能對整個勘(kan)測、施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)作(zuo)出(chu)安(an)(an)(an)全因素的(de)(de)(de)定量分析。隨著時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)發展，在公路、橋(qiao)梁勘(kan)測、施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中必(bi)須(xu)把以經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)為主的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全生產管理(li)辦法通(tong)過科學的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)結，使之系(xi)(xi)統化(hua)、理(li)論(lun)化(hua)，成為科學的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全系(xi)(xi)統工(gong)程(cheng)理(li)論(lun)，并依此制定出(chu)更加適合勘(kan)測、施(shi)工(gong)實際的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全生產管理(li)系(xi)(xi)統。

2路橋(qiao)施工工程安全生產管理的步驟

摘要：如何控制成本是路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)項目需(xu)重點考(kao)慮的方面。文章結合工(gong)程(cheng)實際，對路(lu)(lu)橋工(gong)程(cheng)項目成本的控制措施進行探討。

關鍵詞：路橋工程；措施(shi)；成本(ben)分析；成本(ben)控(kong)制

人們都(dou)說，要(yao)想富(fu)，先(xian)修(xiu)路(lu)。改革開放以來，經(jing)(jing)濟快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，到(dao)目(mu)(mu)前為止，我國已(yi)經(jing)(jing)從(cong)貧(pin)窮國家發(fa)(fa)(fa)展到(dao)世界第二(er)大經(jing)(jing)濟體。其中(zhong)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展對經(jing)(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)推動起(qi)到(dao)了(le)不可(ke)忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。十(shi)三五(wu)規劃中(zhong)，政府計劃投入超過兩萬億，而(er)(er)在(zai)這其中(zhong)，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)作(zuo)為重點投資項目(mu)(mu)，其施工(gong)成本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制要(yao)求也就(jiu)越(yue)來越(yue)高。但就(jiu)目(mu)(mu)前而(er)(er)言，路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)控制并不是很(hen)到(dao)位(wei)，還有很(hen)多地方都(dou)需要(yao)改變和加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)，這也是路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展受阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)因。相關人員要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)施工(gong)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)控制，從(cong)而(er)(er)使得路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)施工(gong)能健康快(kuai)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，促進各地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流以及經(jing)(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。

1成本控制的意義

1.1成本控制的意義(yi)

成本控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)將工程中眾多部門需(xu)要的(de)投(tou)入匯總到路(lu)橋(qiao)工程項(xiang)目(mu)核心機構，在對(dui)每一(yi)項(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分析，從而控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)項(xiang)的(de)成本，進(jin)(jin)而達(da)到對(dui)整個項(xiang)目(mu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。路(lu)橋(qiao)工程的(de)成本控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)在既定的(de)規劃下，對(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)整個人工、材料、機械進(jin)(jin)行(xing)合理控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，減少多需(xu)要的(de)投(tou)入。由于路(lu)橋(qiao)耗(hao)費資金巨大(da)，因此目(mu)前路(lu)橋(qiao)工程都是(shi)由政府來投(tou)資修建，這就(jiu)意味著工程項(xiang)目(mu)資金比(bi)較(jiao)有限，要想使路(lu)橋(qiao)保(bao)(bao)質保(bao)(bao)量的(de)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)下去，相關人員就(jiu)必須要加強對(dui)整個項(xiang)目(mu)資金的(de)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。

1路橋工程檢測技術中的(de)問題

路(lu)橋(qiao)檢(jian)測(ce)站(zhan)是(shi)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程中(zhong)非(fei)常重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)一個組成部分,其中(zhong)存在著很多的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu),雖然這些檢(jian)測(ce)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)并不是(shi)什么特別(bie)繁瑣的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo),但(dan)(dan)是(shi)它具(ju)有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)含量。從現階(jie)段我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)發展情況(kuang)來看,路(lu)橋(qiao)檢(jian)測(ce)站(zhan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)已初具(ju)規模,而且路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)質量檢(jian)測(ce)也(ye)取得了一定的(de)(de)(de)成果,但(dan)(dan)在具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)仍會出現一些問題,對(dui)路(lu)橋(qiao)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)質量和(he)進度產生一定的(de)(de)(de)影響。

1.1檢(jian)測站檢(jian)測的(de)指標(biao)不(bu)精確

對(dui)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce),其技術標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)是(shi)需要(yao)確定(ding)的(de),因為檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)結果(guo)可以直接(jie)斷(duan)定(ding)出路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量的(de)優良(liang),現階段,我(wo)們(men)可以從路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)結果(guo)中發現,很多的(de)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)指標(biao)(biao)都不(bu)(bu)是(shi)特別(bie)的(de)標(biao)(biao)磚,有時候(hou)雖然檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)結果(guo)符(fu)合(he)有關的(de)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)指標(biao)(biao),但(dan)是(shi)實(shi)際(ji)的(de)效果(guo)卻達(da)(da)不(bu)(bu)到(dao),這時對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量的(de)控制也就不(bu)(bu)能很好的(de)進(jin)行(xing),因此,在進(jin)行(xing)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)試驗(yan)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)之(zhi)前(qian),要(yao)首先確定(ding)路(lu)(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)相關測(ce)(ce)試指標(biao)(biao),只有這樣(yang)才能夠(gou)進(jin)一步的(de)確保檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)結果(guo)是(shi)否達(da)(da)到(dao)了相關的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。

1.2路橋(qiao)工(gong)程檢(jian)測(ce)站的儀器不健全

為了提(ti)高檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)的準確性,要綜(zong)合運用(yong)多(duo)種(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)方(fang)式進行檢(jian)(jian)測(ce),也需(xu)要使用(yong)多(duo)種(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)儀器(qi),這樣才能(neng)確保檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)的精確度。而現在的工(gong)程檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)的儀器(qi)不能(neng)滿足檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)的需(xu)要,就使得檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)結果產(chan)生偏(pian)差。