教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)理(li)論(lun)(lun)是教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的先導(dao)。作(zuo)(zuo)為新(xin)時期的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師，一個重要(yao)的標志，就是要(yao)有(you)豐富的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)理(li)論(lun)(lun)知識。如果沒(mei)有(you)一定的理(li)論(lun)(lun)底蘊，對教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的意義(yi)就沒(mei)有(you)基(ji)本認識，甚(shen)至連基(ji)本的技(ji)巧(qiao)、方法都(dou)不懂，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)就沒(mei)有(you)什么收效。因此，本學(xue)期，我校加(jia)強教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育研(yan)究的理(li)論(lun)(lun)學(xue)習，創建學(xue)習型組織，總(zong)結如下：

一、加強學習，提高認識，增強教(jiao)師的理論意識

我們把學(xue)(xue)習的時(shi)間、形式(shi)、內容等列(lie)入(ru)學(xue)(xue)校工(gong)作規劃，要求(qiu)做到(dao)學(xue)(xue)習制度化，在(zai)學(xue)(xue)習中(zhong)，要求(qiu)做到(dao)三(san)個(ge)結合，即(ji)集體學(xue)(xue)習與個(ge)人分散學(xue)(xue)習相結合、專(zhuan)家輔導(dao)與教師研討相結合、外地經驗(yan)與本校實際相結合。力求(qiu)探討教學(xue)(xue)實際中(zhong)的一些問題，及時(shi)總(zong)結。

二、通過建、定、帶、引(yin)、激等方法，把理論(lun)學習落到實處(chu)

1、建(jian)(jian)——即(ji)建(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)制度，每兩周(zhou)舉行一次學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)會(hui)，嚴格(ge)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)考評，學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)先點名(ming)，要(yao)求每位教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)理(li)(li)論學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)做到六個有：有學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)計劃，有主(zhu)題內容(rong)，有中心(xin)發言，有學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)記錄(lu)，有心(xin)得體會(hui)，有總結提高。通過完善學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)制度強化教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)理(li)(li)論學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的自覺性。

2、定——即定學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)任務（學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)內(nei)容）。根(gen)據各階(jie)段的教學(xue)(xue)(xue)工作重點和教育(yu)(yu)中(zhong)心任務，有針(zhen)對性地安排學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)內(nei)容。每位教師在學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)中(zhong)，認真聯系自己的工作實際，撰(zhuan)寫心得體會和論(lun)文，將學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)、科研緊密結合起(qi)來，推進素質教育(yu)(yu)。

一(yi)、終(zhong)身教育是理(li)論根(gen)本

1972年(nian)聯合(he)國(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)科文組織建(jian)議“將終身(shen)(shen)(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作為發(fa)(fa)達國(guo)家和發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)家今(jin)后(hou)若干年(nian)內制定教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政策的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)導(dao)(dao)思想”。自20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)代末(mo)期(qi)(qi)，終身(shen)(shen)(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)進(jin)(jin)入了(le)(le)蓬勃的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展期(qi)(qi)，主(zhu)要(yao)標志是(shi)世(shi)界各(ge)國(guo)對終身(shen)(shen)(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和重(zhong)視程度日益提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，并相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)以法律法規的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)表(biao)現出(chu)來，成為各(ge)國(guo)開展終身(shen)(shen)(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)準則和依據。法國(guo)國(guo)民議會在(zai)1971年(nian)制定并通過了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)部比較完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成人教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法《終身(shen)(shen)(shen)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法》，而且(qie)還在(zai)1984年(nian)通過了(le)(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)法》對一(yi)(yi)些問(wen)題作了(le)(le)補(bu)充規定。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)以終身(shen)(shen)(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)為指導(dao)(dao)產生并發(fa)(fa)展起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)，20世(shi)紀(ji)90年(nian)代前(qian)，我國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)處于在(zai)職(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)訓時期(qi)(qi)，主(zhu)要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行學歷提升(sheng)培(pei)(pei)訓和技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，使其能(neng)(neng)勝(sheng)任基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學工(gong)作。90年(nian)后(hou)期(qi)(qi)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師在(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)把(ba)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師態度、知識、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和能(neng)(neng)力方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展內涵有機地(di)結(jie)合(he)起來，實(shi)施知識、技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)、情感一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)重(zhong)心開始向(xiang)質量提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)階段轉移。目前(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)校的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)在(zai)終身(shen)(shen)(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理念指導(dao)(dao)下開展的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)為了(le)(le)，促進(jin)(jin)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展、提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學質量，提升(sheng)職(zhi)(zhi)校辦學水平(ping)。

二、職業規劃是發展舉(ju)措

職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)劃也(ye)叫職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)規(gui)劃，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)乃(nai)至人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進行(xing)持(chi)(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)劃由職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)定(ding)位(wei)、目標設(she)定(ding)和(he)通(tong)道設(she)計三個(ge)(ge)要(yao)素(su)構成。職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)規(gui)劃與管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)說起始于(yu)20世(shi)紀60年(nian)(nian)代，并于(yu)20世(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期(qi)從(cong)歐美(mei)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)傳(chuan)人(ren)(ren)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)，它是(shi)(shi)西方(fang)人(ren)(ren)力資源(yuan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)論中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)規(gui)劃是(shi)(shi)指教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)素(su)質、能力、成就(jiu)等(deng)隨著趕時間而(er)(er)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先驅者(zhe)，富勒(FrancesFull-er)在《教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)問(wen)卷》中(zhong)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了四個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan):任教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)前關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、早期(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)情境(jing)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，使人(ren)(ren)們認(ren)識(shi)到教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)由關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)自(zi)(zi)身(shen)、關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)任務(wu)，最(zui)后才關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)到學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)習(xi)能及自(zi)(zi)身(shen)對(dui)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。在對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)展(zhan)理(li)(li)(li)論研(yan)究過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，比較(jiao)成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)費(fei)斯勒1985年(nian)(nian)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周期(qi)動(dong)態模式(shi)，他把教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)劃分為八(ba)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段(duan)(duan):職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、入(ru)(ru)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、能力形成階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、熱心和(he)成長階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)受挫階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、穩定(ding)和(he)停滯階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)低落階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)退出(chu)(chu)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)指教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)具(ju)有自(zi)(zi)己(ji)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)求和(he)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)條件，有專(zhuan)(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養制(zhi)度和(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度。1966年(nian)(nian)，《國(guo)(guo)際標準(zhun)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)分類》第(di)一(yi)次正(zheng)式(shi)認(ren)可教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，將各(ge)級(ji)各(ge)類教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)列(lie)入(ru)(ru)“專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)、技(ji)術人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)和(he)有關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)作者(zhe)”這一(yi)大類。聯合國(guo)(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)科文(wen)組(zu)織1966年(nian)(nian)在《關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建議(yi)》文(wen)件中(zhong)，明確(que)提(ti)出(chu)(chu):“應(ying)當把教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)作視為專(zhuan)(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，這種職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)求教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)經過(guo)(guo)嚴格持(chi)(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)習(xi)，獲得并保持(chi)(chi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)和(he)特別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術。”眾(zhong)所周知，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)持(chi)(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，主要(yao)包(bao)括:職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前知識(shi)、技(ji)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、在職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)踐階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，而(er)(er)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)點是(shi)(shi)在職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。繼續教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)點就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)，提(ti)升中(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)、情感(gan)、技(ji)能，這也(ye)是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本要(yao)求。我們只有認(ren)清教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律以及專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隊伍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，才能針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)展(zhan)繼續教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育，做到科學(xue)合理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安排，對(dui)于(yu)剛(gang)入(ru)(ru)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)輕(qing)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，要(yao)實(shi)施“青藍(lan)工(gong)程(cheng)”重(zhong)(zhong)在培(pei)養引領教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全面業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)達標;對(dui)于(yu)中(zhong)青年(nian)(nian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)加大扶持(chi)(chi)力度，實(shi)現(xian)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛躍，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)引領、校企(qi)合作培(pei)養“頂梁柱(zhu)”;對(dui)于(yu)處(chu)于(yu)穩定(ding)性(xing)和(he)停滯階(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)老年(nian)(nian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)言(yan)，要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)“傳(chuan)幫帶”形式(shi)激(ji)發(fa)其積極層面。由此(ci)可見，認(ren)清到職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)(ya)理(li)(li)(li)論中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍規(gui)律，對(dui)繼續教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順利開(kai)展(zhan)，對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)成長具(ju)有極其重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。

三(san)、生利主義是(shi)師(shi)培宗(zong)旨

1918年(nian)，陶(tao)(tao)行(xing)知在《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)主義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)》一(yi)(yi)文中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)主義有(you)(you)(you)兩方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產出(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物，如農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產出(chu)(chu)谷物、工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制造出(chu)(chu)各種器具(ju)(ju)(ju)等;二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產出(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事，如商人(ren)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)商品流通(tong)(tong)使商人(ren)和顧客互通(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)(you)無、醫生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)們解(jie)(jie)除(chu)病痛。職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標是(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物”與“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事”，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產出(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)社(she)(she)會與人(ren)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質財富(fu)，培(pei)養(yang)(yang)出(chu)(chu)服務(wu)于(yu)社(she)(she)會與人(ren)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)本(ben)領。“凡養(yang)(yang)成生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)人(ren)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)，皆得(de)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)。”這是(shi)(shi)(shi)整個職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗旨。陶(tao)(tao)行(xing)知認為(wei)(wei)建(jian)設(she)一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)隊伍，是(shi)(shi)(shi)辦好(hao)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證。在對“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)主義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)述中(zhong)(zhong)，他(ta)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)要成為(wei)(wei)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)格(ge)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，第一(yi)(yi)，必須(xu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)備“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)驗”，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)必須(xu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)備從(cong)事職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)本(ben)領或者專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)技能(neng)(neng)。第二(er)，必須(xu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)備“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)識”，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)必須(xu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)備職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)知識，沒有(you)(you)(you)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)識作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)經(jing)驗指(zhi)導(dao)，便(bian)會固步自封，不(bu)求(qiu)進取。第三，必須(xu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授法”，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)方(fang)法，不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)各不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同，職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應該熟悉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)及教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)共鳴，取得(de)事半功倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。在職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)途徑(jing)(jing)和方(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)述中(zhong)(zhong)，陶(tao)(tao)先生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)三種方(fang)法:(一(yi)(yi))收(shou)錄普(pu)通(tong)(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)子(zi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);(二(er))收(shou)錄職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杰出(chu)(chu)人(ren)物教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);(三)延聘專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)門學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問家與職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)驗者同室(shi)試教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，使其互相(xiang)(xiang)砥礪補益(yi)，成長(chang)為(wei)(wei)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)根據自己職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)和需(xu)要，采用不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑(jing)(jing)和方(fang)法。中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)隊伍，而生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最直接經(jing)驗來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)，對于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)課(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而言，每年(nian)都有(you)(you)(you)50個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)要求(qiu)，這一(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現了校(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意圖(tu)，達到(dao)了培(pei)養(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因為(wei)(wei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)老師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進入(ru)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，深(shen)入(ru)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產第一(yi)(yi)線，參與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產與研發，能(neng)(neng)帶動與加快(kuai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)容更新和教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改革(ge)，便(bian)于(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)快(kuai)速成長(chang)。其次，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)家也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)走進校(xiao)(xiao)園，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現理(li)論(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)(xiang)結合(he)(he)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)骨干還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)參加專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)委員(yuan)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，參與研討、制訂(ding)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)規(gui)劃、人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)計劃。兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)機結合(he)(he)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)設(she)計出(chu)(chu)高質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)程資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，這些資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)對于(yu)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)合(he)(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)校(xiao)(xiao)所迫切所需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。最后，校(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)解(jie)(jie)決職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)校(xiao)(xiao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)設(she)備不(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)校(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)共享(xiang)，老師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)接觸到(dao)先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)設(she)備，有(you)(you)(you)助于(yu)提(ti)高教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技能(neng)(neng)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)水平。對于(yu)今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)來(lai)(lai)說，我們要在做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)技能(neng)(neng)大(da)賽、課(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)大(da)賽、創新大(da)賽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，重點(dian)(dian)做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)校(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章，爭取政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策支(zhi)持(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投入(ru)，對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)對口培(pei)養(yang)(yang)，讓更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)主動參與校(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)(lai)。只有(you)(you)(you)這樣才(cai)能(neng)(neng)真正做(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)提(ti)高專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)驗，圓滿完成社(she)(she)會實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，達到(dao)繼續(xu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

根(gen)據廣東省職(zhi)(zhi)業技術(shu)教(jiao)研室《關(guan)于(yu)開(kai)展2009年職(zhi)(zhi)業技術(shu)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)理(li)論培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的通(tong)知》（粵職(zhi)(zhi)技研[2008]98號）有(you)關(guan)精神，按(an)照工(gong)作安排(pai)，我(wo)會定于(yu)2009年5月開(kai)始舉辦職(zhi)(zhi)業培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)教(jiao)師教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)理(li)論培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，現(xian)將有(you)關(guan)事項(xiang)通(tong)知如下(xia)：

一、培訓對象

各技工學校(xiao)、職業(ye)(ye)培訓機(ji)構中從事(shi)教(jiao)師崗位(wei)工作(zuo)而未學習過(guo)職業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)育理論相關知(zhi)識和未取(qu)得上崗資格的人員（師范類院校(xiao)畢業(ye)(ye)人員除外）。

二、培訓內容

主要包括職(zhi)(zhi)業教(jiao)育(yu)學(xue)、職(zhi)(zhi)業教(jiao)育(yu)心理學(xue)、教(jiao)師職(zhi)(zhi)業道德和職(zhi)(zhi)業技能教(jiao)學(xue)（原(yuan)生產(chan)實習教(jiao)學(xue)法）等4門課程(cheng)。

三(san)、報名時(shi)間及相關(guan)程序

摘要(yao)(yao)：教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)程教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)模式(shi)改革(ge)應當順應當前(qian)大(da)學(xue)本科教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)改革(ge)的要(yao)(yao)求，抓住師(shi)范類專業認證的契機(ji)以及社(she)會發(fa)展(zhan)與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)改革(ge)對人(ren)才(cai)培養的需求，以教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)會學(xue)“結構(gou)功(gong)能(neng)”理(li)(li)論(lun)、現象學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)“實(shi)踐反思(si)”理(li)(li)論(lun)和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)心(xin)理(li)(li)學(xue)“差異心(xin)理(li)(li)”理(li)(li)論(lun)為基礎，構(gou)建以滿足社(she)會發(fa)展(zhan)需求的人(ren)才(cai)培養目標(biao)為一條主線，在教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)內容、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)實(shi)施、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)評價三(san)個(ge)方(fang)面進(jin)行整體改革(ge)，通過課(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)、課(ke)內實(shi)踐訓練、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)見習實(shi)習研習、校外實(shi)踐活動四種途徑(jing)，達到“理(li)(li)論(lun)與實(shi)踐并重”“知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)、能(neng)力與素養并行”的“一三(san)四”教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)模式(shi)。該(gai)模式(shi)可為師(shi)范生教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)獲取(qu)和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)技能(neng)形成(cheng)提供巨大(da)的發(fa)展(zhan)空(kong)間(jian)，能(neng)夠發(fa)揮教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)程最(zui)大(da)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)效能(neng)。

關鍵詞：教(jiao)(jiao)師教(jiao)(jiao)育；課程(cheng)改(gai)革(ge)；教(jiao)(jiao)學改(gai)革(ge)；教(jiao)(jiao)學模式(shi)；師范類(lei)專(zhuan)業認(ren)證

一、教(jiao)師教(jiao)育理論課程教(jiao)學模式改革的必(bi)要性

（一）大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迫切要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)須全面貫徹黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)方針，落實(shi)(shi)“立德(de)樹人(ren)(ren)”根本(ben)(ben)任(ren)務，堅持(chi)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)本(ben)(ben)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)”，推進(jin)(jin)(jin)“四個(ge)回歸”，遵循高(gao)(gao)等(deng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)律(lv)，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)具(ju)有良好道德(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)、較強(qiang)(qiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)、實(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)層(ceng)次人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)。雖然(ran)我們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)一直(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行著(zhu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，取得了(le)一些(xie)效果(guo)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)(zhong)仍然(ran)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)一些(xie)問(wen)題，課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)上學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)經(jing)常呈現(xian)出(chu)“四不(bu)癥狀”：不(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)狀態、不(bu)愿抬(tai)頭、不(bu)愛思(si)考、不(bu)善交流。［1］大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)到(dao)了(le)非(fei)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)不(bu)可的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)步。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活動(dong)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)雙邊活動(dong)，必須在(zai)(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)與(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)兩個(ge)方面綜合(he)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，其課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)和(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)更(geng)好地(di)適應當前(qian)(qian)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)(li)念(nian)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)互交流、相(xiang)(xiang)互促進(jin)(jin)(jin)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相(xiang)(xiang)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”與(yu)(yu)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互動(dong)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)任(ren)何教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)能(neng)(neng)否成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功，關(guan)(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)調(diao)動(dong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)雙方作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)性(xing)和(he)(he)主動(dong)性(xing)，處理(li)(li)好教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)辯證(zheng)(zheng)關(guan)(guan)系。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)主動(dong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充分認識到(dao)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)性(xing)，最(zui)大(da)(da)限度發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效能(neng)(neng)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)投(tou)身(shen)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)家型教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。同時充分發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)性(xing)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)興趣(qu)，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)不(bu)僅熱愛學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)，還能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)探索、鉆研(yan)知(zhi)識，達(da)(da)到(dao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致用。（二）師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。2017年(nian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)部印(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)《普通高(gao)(gao)等(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)實(shi)(shi)施辦法（暫行）》，強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)推進(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)高(gao)(gao)素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隊伍(wu)，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)，開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)普通高(gao)(gao)等(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)工作(zuo)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統必修科(ke)(ke)(ke)目，既要(yao)(yao)(yao)滿足教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，又要(yao)(yao)(yao)順應師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)形勢(shi)，師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)心、產出(chu)導(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、持(chi)續(xu)(xu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)理(li)(li)念(nian)。“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)心”強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)遵循師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長規(gui)律(lv)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心配置(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)資源、組織(zhi)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)施教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)；“產出(chu)導(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家和(he)(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)導(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，設(she)置(zhi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)和(he)(he)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，按畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產出(chu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)；“持(chi)續(xu)(xu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)”強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)建立評(ping)價(jia)(jia)—反饋—改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉環，對(dui)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行全方位(wei)、全過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)，并(bing)將(jiang)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)結果(guo)用于教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)，推動(dong)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)續(xu)(xu)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)。［2］師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)促使(shi)各師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)思(si)考適合(he)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)，構建培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)、畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)系、課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉環體(ti)系。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)念(nian)下人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方案(an)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之一，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)達(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)和(he)(he)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)支撐。基(ji)于當前(qian)(qian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)認證(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)念(nian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)《教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)（試行）》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐導(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)引領下，從教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點來(lai)看，歷史上曾出(chu)現(xian)過(guo)(guo)三種范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)轉(zhuan)換(huan)：從“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)知(zhi)識為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)位(wei)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)遞為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心”到(dao)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)位(wei)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)訓練(lian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心”，再到(dao)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)位(wei)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)踐為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心”［3］。不(bu)同范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)反應了(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)斷走向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)深化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，未來(lai)必將(jiang)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)踐為(wei)(wei)(wei)導(dao)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)指標(biao)達(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)落腳點”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)。（三）社(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。當今社(she)(she)會(hui)，科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)技術迅猛發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，全球(qiu)經(jing)濟一體(ti)化(hua)進(jin)(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)加快，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際間(jian)綜合(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)(li)(li)競爭日趨激烈。各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)日益關(guan)(guan)注教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)，從而(er)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。科(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)興國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)優(you)先(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府(fu)出(chu)臺了(le)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)代化(hua)2035》，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)、創新(xin)(xin)(xin)型教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)隊伍(wu)建設(she)，多角度引發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深刻變(bian)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。面對(dui)這(zhe)些(xie)變(bian)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)亟待改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)適應社(she)(she)會(hui)和(he)(he)時展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，這(zhe)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機遇也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)挑戰。目前(qian)(qian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)基(ji)礎教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)已(yi)經(jing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)深化(hua)階(jie)段，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)、培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)終身(shen)可持(chi)續(xu)(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)一直(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)念(nian)，相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)素(su)養(yang)(yang)(yang)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)了(le)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)契合(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)及教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。基(ji)于社(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)形勢(shi)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)制定(ding)(ding)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方案(an)，使(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)滿足社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，使(shi)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)后能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)論(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)起到(dao)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐作(zuo)用，其課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內容與(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方式(shi)方法、考核評(ping)價(jia)(jia)等(deng)直(zhi)接關(guan)(guan)系著(zhu)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，影響(xiang)(xiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而(er)影響(xiang)(xiang)社(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。

二(er)、教(jiao)師教(jiao)育理(li)論課程(cheng)教(jiao)學模式改革的理(li)論基礎

（一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)）教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)社會學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“結(jie)(jie)構功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)”理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。“結(jie)(jie)構功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)”理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是美國社會學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家帕森斯(si)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)特(te)(te)(te)征是以(yi)(yi)積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)(ji)軸來(lai)(lai)探討教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。［4］他(ta)(ta)貢獻(xian)了著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)AGIL圖式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，又稱“交換模(mo)(mo)(mo)型”，認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)任何社會系(xi)統都(dou)履(lv)行著(zhu)對外(wai)——對內(nei)(nei)、手段性(xing)——目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)這兩對功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)范(fan)(fan)(fan)疇組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互聯系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、相(xiang)互影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四種(zhong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，即外(wai)部(bu)適(shi)應(ying)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、目(mu)(mu)標達(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、內(nei)(nei)部(bu)整(zheng)合(he)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)及(ji)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)維持功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。結(jie)(jie)構功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供了理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析框(kuang)架(jia)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)對內(nei)(nei)要(yao)(yao)滿(man)足學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)個(ge)性(xing)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)整(zheng)合(he)和模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)維持。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)從(cong)(cong)事教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活(huo)動(dong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)與(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，并具(ju)有教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)反思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)身應(ying)該(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)未(wei)來(lai)(lai)從(cong)(cong)事教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)張力(li)，使(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠適(shi)應(ying)各種(zhong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，具(ju)有教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)慧，達(da)(da)(da)到(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)要(yao)(yao)具(ju)有對外(wai)要(yao)(yao)滿(man)足社會發(fa)展需求(qiu)(qiu)和目(mu)(mu)標達(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)結(jie)(jie)構功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人才培(pei)養(yang)方案(an)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本(ben)(ben)身功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調(diao)發(fa)展密切(qie)相(xiang)關(guan)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)化必(bi)然(ran)導致整(zheng)個(ge)培(pei)養(yang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，進而影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)培(pei)養(yang)目(mu)(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)必(bi)將有益于(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)健(jian)康發(fa)展和師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)，促進教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人才培(pei)養(yang)目(mu)(mu)標達(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)。（二）現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐、反思”理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。20世紀(ji)70年代以(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領(ling)域中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“范(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)轉換”突出(chu)地表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)在課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領(ling)域，開始由(you)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開發(fa)范(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)走(zou)向(xiang)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)范(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)多元(yuan)“文(wen)本(ben)(ben)”來(lai)(lai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。［5］現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)主張教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)(yao)回(hui)(hui)到(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)本(ben)(ben)身、關(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)世界；強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)反思性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐活(huo)動(dong)；強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)對教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義；強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機智(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也具(ju)有該(gai)(gai)特(te)(te)(te)點，它著(zhu)眼(yan)于(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際，走(zou)入(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)世界，把(ba)(ba)(ba)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)在者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)存(cun)(cun)在于(yu)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)回(hui)(hui)歸(gui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)本(ben)(ben)身，回(hui)(hui)歸(gui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)問(wen)(wen)題本(ben)(ben)身，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套未(wei)來(lai)(lai)從(cong)(cong)事教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)，并能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)決教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)場(chang)(chang)域中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐問(wen)(wen)題，是“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怎么教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐性(xing)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)該(gai)(gai)種(zhong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)尋找理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)邏(luo)輯和實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐邏(luo)輯之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。首先，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)突出(chu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐，回(hui)(hui)歸(gui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)問(wen)(wen)題本(ben)(ben)身，有學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)”不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)［6］，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)性(xing)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識，條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)性(xing)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識求(qiu)(qiu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習必(bi)須與(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐相(xiang)結(jie)(jie)合(he)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐反思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)點。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)還要(yao)(yao)關(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眼(yan)光(guang)看(kan)待學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)框(kuang)架(jia)結(jie)(jie)構和價值。最后，現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范(fan)(fan)(fan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐取向(xiang)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供了教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)慧，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)是充(chong)滿(man)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。（三(san)）教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)心理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“差(cha)異(yi)(yi)心理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)類專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)涉及(ji)到(dao)文(wen)科(ke)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)科(ke)、藝體(ti)(ti)(ti)等(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)門(men)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)認知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風格(ge)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)美國心理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家赫爾(er)曼•威特(te)(te)(te)金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)依(yi)存(cun)(cun)和場(chang)(chang)獨(du)(du)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)，場(chang)(chang)依(yi)存(cun)(cun)型受(shou)(shou)環境信息影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，場(chang)(chang)獨(du)(du)立(li)型不(bu)(bu)受(shou)(shou)或很少(shao)受(shou)(shou)環境因(yin)(yin)素影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。前者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是“外(wai)部(bu)定向(xiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)”，基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)傾向(xiang)于(yu)依(yi)賴外(wai)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參照（身外(wai)客觀事物）；后者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是“內(nei)(nei)部(bu)定向(xiang)”，基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)傾向(xiang)于(yu)依(yi)賴內(nei)(nei)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參照（主體(ti)(ti)(ti)感(gan)(gan)(gan)覺）。［7］場(chang)(chang)依(yi)存(cun)(cun)型與(yu)(yu)(yu)場(chang)(chang)獨(du)(du)立(li)型這兩種(zhong)認知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風格(ge)與(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習有密切(qie)關(guan)系(xi)。由(you)此(ci)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)推斷，理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)科(ke)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)場(chang)(chang)獨(du)(du)立(li)型，文(wen)科(ke)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、藝體(ti)(ti)(ti)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)場(chang)(chang)依(yi)存(cun)(cun)型。場(chang)(chang)獨(du)(du)立(li)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)科(ke)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)邏(luo)輯思維能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)、推理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，不(bu)(bu)容易受(shou)(shou)暗(an)示，有自己(ji)獨(du)(du)特(te)(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)；場(chang)(chang)依(yi)存(cun)(cun)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)科(ke)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)想象(xiang)力(li)、形象(xiang)思維、文(wen)字和語(yu)言表(biao)(biao)達(da)(da)(da)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，更容易受(shou)(shou)暗(an)示，受(shou)(shou)周圍環境影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)；場(chang)(chang)依(yi)存(cun)(cun)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝體(ti)(ti)(ti)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)緒(xu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)表(biao)(biao)達(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)、意(yi)志力(li)堅(jian)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，在教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)時應(ying)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)考慮不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風格(ge)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)認知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風格(ge)與(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習風格(ge)高度相(xiang)關(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)，利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)趣(qu)，激發(fa)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習動(dong)機，提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)他(ta)(ta)們(men)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)動(dong)力(li)。如給理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)科(ke)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)授(shou)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)時應(ying)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)講授(shou)邏(luo)輯嚴謹、問(wen)(wen)題討論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)深刻透徹，注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)啟發(fa)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、探究(jiu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)；給文(wen)科(ke)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)授(shou)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)時應(ying)注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)驗，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)討論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)法(fa)、師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)互動(dong)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)互動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)發(fa)揮他(ta)(ta)們(men)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)想象(xiang)力(li)與(yu)(yu)(yu)語(yu)言表(biao)(biao)達(da)(da)(da)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)；給藝體(ti)(ti)(ti)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)授(shou)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)時，充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)表(biao)(biao)達(da)(da)(da)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)點，注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)緒(xu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)驗，利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“動(dong)商”高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)點，把(ba)(ba)(ba)抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)形象(xiang)化，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)(fan)(fan)例(li)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa)、情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)境教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa)，切(qie)忌理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)說(shuo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。

摘(zhai)要：教(jiao)(jiao)育機智(zhi)是作為(wei)一名優(you)秀教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)不可缺少的(de)內在品質，它包括對教(jiao)(jiao)育情境(jing)的(de)了解與認識、理(li)解與把握、選擇與判(pan)斷以及(ji)處理(li)與行動。培養教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育機智(zhi)，關鍵在于加(jia)強(qiang)教(jiao)(jiao)育理(li)論修養、訓練思維反應品質、提高辨別(bie)判(pan)斷能(neng)力(li)、豐富(fu)教(jiao)(jiao)育實踐經驗。

關鍵詞(ci)：教育(yu)機智；教育(yu)情境；教育(yu)行為；培養(yang)

早在(zai)(zai)兩百(bai)多年前，就(jiu)有教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)家(jia)指出，誰將成(cheng)(cheng)為好的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師或是壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師，關(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)于(yu)他有沒有形成(cheng)(cheng)健全的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機智。時至今日，在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)實踐過程中，我們(men)見到的(de)(de)(de)依然是多可言傳的(de)(de)(de)規范性知識(shi)，對(dui)于(yu)具有實踐性知識(shi)特征的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機智的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)養，現(xian)有教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)學理(li)論尚(shang)闡(chan)述不夠，從而(er)造成(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)們(men)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機智在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學活動中的(de)(de)(de)重要性認識(shi)不足，影響了(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師素質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)養與提高。本(ben)文試圖就(jiu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機智的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)涵、構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)培(pei)(pei)養作一(yi)探討。

一、解讀教育機智

關于(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)的(de)內涵，國(guo)外學(xue)者的(de)觀(guan)(guan)點歸納起來(lai)大致有(you)以下幾種(zhong)：一(yi)是(shi)將(jiang)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)理解為(wei)“引起學(xue)生心弦的(de)共鳴(ming)力(li)”，二(er)是(shi)理解為(wei)“教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)表(biao)現力(li)和說服力(li)”，三(san)是(shi)“教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)在教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)中的(de)應變力(li)和組織力(li)”。前兩(liang)者關于(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)的(de)理解過(guo)于(yu)抽象，第三(san)種(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)點經過(guo)演化，而(er)(er)形成一(yi)種(zhong)在我國(guo)較有(you)代(dai)表(biao)性(xing)的(de)觀(guan)(guan)點，即教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)是(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)對(dui)突(tu)發(fa)性(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情境作出(chu)迅(xun)速、恰當(dang)處理的(de)隨(sui)機(ji)應變的(de)能(neng)力(li)。然而(er)(er)這(zhe)種(zhong)界定并不能(neng)令人(ren)滿(man)意(yi)(yi)，因(yin)為(wei)它既失之(zhi)過(guo)泛，只描述了(le)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)得以外化的(de)表(biao)象卻沒有(you)揭示出(chu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)應有(you)的(de)內涵，因(yin)而(er)(er)缺乏對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)指導意(yi)(yi)義；也失之(zhi)過(guo)窄，因(yin)為(wei)它將(jiang)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)隨(sui)機(ji)應變的(de)能(neng)力(li)僅局限(xian)于(yu)非(fei)常態性(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情境，而(er)(er)沒有(you)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)到恰當(dang)運用教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)理論于(yu)具體教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情境也屬于(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)問題。所以需(xu)要對(dui)這(zhe)一(yi)概念作重新討(tao)論。

從詞語(yu)的構成上看，“機智(zhi)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)機敏(min)和(he)明(ming)智(zhi)兩個詞合(he)并(bing)而成。機敏(min)概指思維與行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的反(fan)應迅敏(min)快捷，是(shi)(shi)(shi)思維的開放性與行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的靈活性的總括；明(ming)智(zhi)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)者(zhe)在持定(ding)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)的外化行(xing)(xing)為(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否適合(he)的指稱(cheng)，按(an)亞(ya)里土(tu)多德的說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個人善(shan)于(yu)考慮(lv)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)整個生(sheng)(sheng)活的有益(yi)之事的品質(zhi)，具(ju)體(ti)地說(shuo)(shuo)即行(xing)(xing)為(wei)者(zhe)在當下(xia)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)無論做(zuo)什么(me)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)不做(zuo)什么(me)，或以某種(zhong)方式來做(zuo)，都能恰(qia)到好處。把兩者(zhe)合(he)在一起而形成的“機智(zhi)”便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指行(xing)(xing)為(wei)者(zhe)在具(ju)體(ti)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)努力使自己的行(xing)(xing)為(wei)適合(he)當下(xia)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)，有效達到其目(mu)的而作(zuo)出(chu)敏(min)捷的判斷與決定(ding)的能力。根據對(dui)(dui)“機智(zhi)”的這種(zhong)理(li)解，教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)機智(zhi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)師在特定(ding)的教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)，依據學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的具(ju)體(ti)情(qing)(qing)況，選擇能對(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)施(shi)加(jia)積極(ji)的教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)影響、促(cu)進學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)全(quan)面發(fa)展(zhan)的手段，并(bing)作(zuo)出(chu)符合(he)各種(zhong)具(ju)體(ti)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)的教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)決策和(he)付諸實施(shi)的能力。

摘要：教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機智(zhi)是作為一名(ming)優秀教(jiao)師不可缺(que)少的內在品(pin)質(zhi)，它包括對教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)境的了解與(yu)(yu)認識、理解與(yu)(yu)把(ba)握(wo)、選擇與(yu)(yu)判斷(duan)以及處理與(yu)(yu)行動。培養(yang)(yang)教(jiao)師的教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)機智(zhi)，關鍵(jian)在于加強教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)理論修養(yang)(yang)、訓練思維反應品(pin)質(zhi)、提高辨(bian)別判斷(duan)能力(li)、豐(feng)富教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)實踐經驗。

關鍵詞：教(jiao)育機智；教(jiao)育情境；教(jiao)育行為；培養(yang)

早在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)百多年前，就有(you)(you)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)家指出，誰將成(cheng)為(wei)好的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)或是壞(huai)的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)，關鍵在(zai)(zai)于(yu)他有(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)形(xing)成(cheng)健(jian)全的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)(zhi)。時至今日，在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的實(shi)踐過程中，我們(men)見到的依然是多可(ke)言(yan)傳的規范性知識，對(dui)于(yu)具有(you)(you)實(shi)踐性知識特征的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)(zhi)的培養(yang)，現有(you)(you)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)學理(li)論尚闡(chan)述不夠，從(cong)而造成(cheng)人們(men)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學活動中的重要性認識不足(zu)，影響了教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)素(su)質的培養(yang)與提高。本文試圖(tu)就教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)(zhi)的內涵(han)、構成(cheng)及(ji)培養(yang)作(zuo)一探(tan)討(tao)。

一、解讀教育機智

關(guan)于教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)內涵，國外學(xue)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)觀點歸(gui)納起來大(da)致有以下幾種：一是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)理(li)解(jie)為“引起學(xue)生心弦(xian)的(de)(de)(de)共鳴力(li)”，二是(shi)(shi)理(li)解(jie)為“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)表現力(li)和說(shuo)服(fu)力(li)”，三(san)是(shi)(shi)“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)在教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)中的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)變力(li)和組織力(li)”。前兩者(zhe)關(guan)于教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)過于抽象(xiang)，第三(san)種觀點經過演(yan)化(hua)，而形(xing)成(cheng)一種在我國較有代表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)觀點，即教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)對(dui)突發性(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)境(jing)作(zuo)出迅速、恰當處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)變的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。然而這種界定并(bing)不能令人滿(man)意，因(yin)為它既失(shi)之過泛，只描述了教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)得以外化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)表象(xiang)卻沒(mei)有揭示出教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)應(ying)有的(de)(de)(de)內涵，因(yin)而缺乏對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)實際指(zhi)導意義(yi)；也(ye)失(shi)之過窄，因(yin)為它將(jiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)隨(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)變的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)僅局限于非常(chang)態(tai)性(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)境(jing)，而沒(mei)有注意到恰當運用(yong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)論于具體教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)境(jing)也(ye)屬于教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)智(zhi)問(wen)題。所以需要對(dui)這一概念作(zuo)重(zhong)新討論。

從(cong)詞語(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構成(cheng)上看(kan)，“機(ji)智(zhi)”是(shi)由機(ji)敏和明(ming)智(zhi)兩(liang)個詞合(he)(he)并而成(cheng)。機(ji)敏概指思維與(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反應迅(xun)敏快(kuai)捷(jie)，是(shi)思維的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)放性(xing)與(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)括；明(ming)智(zhi)則是(shi)對(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)者(zhe)在持定情(qing)境中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)化行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)是(shi)否(fou)適合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指稱，按亞里(li)土(tu)多德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法，就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)個人善(shan)于考慮對(dui)(dui)于整個生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有益之事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質，具體(ti)(ti)地說即行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)者(zhe)在當下情(qing)境中無(wu)論做什么(me)還是(shi)不做什么(me)，或(huo)以某種方式來做，都(dou)能恰到好處。把兩(liang)者(zhe)合(he)(he)在一(yi)起而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“機(ji)智(zhi)”便是(shi)指行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)者(zhe)在具體(ti)(ti)情(qing)境中努(nu)力(li)使自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)適合(he)(he)當下情(qing)境，有效達到其目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)而作出敏捷(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷與(yu)(yu)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。根據對(dui)(dui)“機(ji)智(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種理解，教(jiao)育(yu)機(ji)智(zhi)就(jiu)是(shi)教(jiao)師在特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)情(qing)境中，依據學(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)情(qing)況(kuang)，選擇能對(dui)(dui)學(xue)生施(shi)加積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)影響、促進學(xue)生全面發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段，并作出符合(he)(he)各種具體(ti)(ti)教(jiao)育(yu)情(qing)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)決(jue)策(ce)和付諸實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。

摘(zhai)要(yao)：從計(ji)算(suan)機遠程教(jiao)育的本(ben)質分析入手，結合高等職(zhi)業教(jiao)育人才的培養目標和特性(xing)，體(ti)現(xian)了計(ji)算(suan)機遠程教(jiao)育在(zai)職(zhi)業教(jiao)育中的重要(yao)作用。

關鍵(jian)詞(ci)：互聯網;計算機(ji)遠程教育(yu);建構主(zhu)義

隨著(zhu)互聯網的(de)(de)(de)迅速發展，新的(de)(de)(de)軟件(jian)、硬件(jian)和新的(de)(de)(de)數據通信(xin)(xin)(xin)界面逐漸從觀念上改(gai)變了人們獲取(qu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)方式，并有力地支持(chi)了電(dian)子信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)服(fu)務和大眾信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)媒體的(de)(de)(de)傳播。同(tong)時(shi)，互聯網匯集了各種各樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)網絡資源和交(jiao)互式多(duo)媒體信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)，它的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)平臺交(jiao)互和多(duo)媒體功(gong)能為(wei)遠程教(jiao)育(yu)提供了新的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)環境和教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)手段。目前，許多(duo)國家(jia)已相繼建(jian)成(cheng)了自己的(de)(de)(de)遠程教(jiao)育(yu)網絡，使人們在全(quan)球范圍內通過互聯網實現信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)交(jiao)流，資源共享，科技合作和遠程學(xue)(xue)習，從而(er)促(cu)進了國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)和教(jiao)育(yu)事(shi)業的(de)(de)(de)飛速發展。[1]

從(cong)我(wo)國遠(yuan)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)發展的(de)(de)(de)歷史來看，隨著(zhu)CERNET等計算機(ji)(ji)網絡(luo)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和衛星(xing)數字壓縮技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發展和普及，計算機(ji)(ji)遠(yuan)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)作為一種全(quan)新的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)方(fang)式，正(zheng)在被(bei)廣(guang)大教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)工作者所(suo)認識，它以其巨大的(de)(de)(de)潛能，豐富著(zhu)現(xian)(xian)行教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)內容，對改變傳統教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)，提高(gao)素質教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)起著(zhu)非常重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。因此，現(xian)(xian)行的(de)(de)(de)職業教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)必(bi)須充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)現(xian)(xian)代網絡(luo)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，根據新的(de)(de)(de)網絡(luo)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)環境特點(dian)，建立起相應的(de)(de)(de)新的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)管(guan)理(li)模式。本文擬(ni)從(cong)計算機(ji)(ji)遠(yuan)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)本質分析(xi)入手，結合高(gao)等職業教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)人才(cai)培養目標等方(fang)面(mian)，來揭(jie)示計算機(ji)(ji)遠(yuan)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)在職業教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)中的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要作用(yong)(yong)，從(cong)而(er)加深(shen)對計算機(ji)(ji)遠(yuan)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)解，增(zeng)強使用(yong)(yong)網絡(luo)進行教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)自覺性(xing)和主(zhu)動性(xing)，以培養優秀的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)與(yu)合格的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人才(cai)。

發展計算機遠程教育，有利于

促進(jin)高職院校(xiao)明確(que)培養目(mu)標

摘要網絡(luo)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是計(ji)算機多媒體技(ji)術(shu)、網絡(luo)通(tong)信技(ji)術(shu)與(yu)現代教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)論相結合(he)的(de)產物，是一(yi)種(zhong)全新的(de)學(xue)習(xi)方(fang)式，網絡(luo)時代的(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，使教(jiao)師(shi)的(de)傳統權威地(di)位在逐步喪失。因此(ci)，轉換(huan)傳統的(de)教(jiao)師(shi)角(jiao)色、重新定位已成為時代推動(dong)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發展和教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自身發展的(de)必然選擇。

關鍵詞(ci)網絡教育(yu)教師(shi)角色

長期以來(lai)，老(lao)(lao)師被(bei)認為是教(jiao)學(xue)中至高(gao)無上的(de)(de)(de)權威，是教(jiao)學(xue)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)主宰者，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)只(zhi)是順的(de)(de)(de)等(deng)待被(bei)知(zhi)識灌裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)容器(qi)或填塞知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)倉庫，處于絕對服從(cong)地(di)位(wei)。但是近(jin)年來(lai)，隨著(zhu)計算機、網(wang)絡(luo)等(deng)一(yi)系列高(gao)科技產品的(de)(de)(de)迅猛發展(zhan)，網(wang)絡(luo)化的(de)(de)(de)浪(lang)潮給人類社會生(sheng)(sheng)產方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、工(gong)作方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、學(xue)習(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乃至生(sheng)(sheng)活方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帶(dai)來(lai)一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)變化，把人類和(he)教(jiao)育帶(dai)入一(yi)個瞬(shun)息萬變的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)絡(luo)時代，它帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)是整(zheng)個教(jiao)育思想、教(jiao)育內(nei)容、教(jiao)育方(fang)(fang)(fang)法、教(jiao)育模式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、教(jiao)育過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)場(chang)深刻革(ge)命。在這種情況(kuang)下，老(lao)(lao)師應該轉變自身角色，強(qiang)調(diao)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)主體地(di)位(wei)，注(zhu)重老(lao)(lao)師主導作用，發展(zhan)師生(sheng)(sheng)之間平等(deng)、互敬(jing)互愛的(de)(de)(de)合作關(guan)系。

1網絡教育的特征(zheng)和功能(neng)

網(wang)絡(luo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)是計算機多(duo)媒體技術(shu)(shu)、網(wang)絡(luo)通信技術(shu)(shu)與(yu)現代(dai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)理論相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)合的(de)(de)產物(wu)，它突破(po)傳統學校(xiao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學方式的(de)(de)時空束縛(fu)，與(yu)課堂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、廣播教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、電視教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)共同(tong)構成(cheng)多(duo)元(yuan)化的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)體系，和傳統教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學方相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)，網(wang)絡(luo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)具有鮮明的(de)(de)時代(dai)特(te)征。①打破(po)傳統課堂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學的(de)(de)單一(yi)模(mo)式；②依托(tuo)網(wang)絡(luo)優(you)勢，實現教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)資源(yuan)共享；③學生由被動(dong)學習(xi)轉變為自主合作學習(xi)，促進學習(xi)的(de)(de)個性化；④增加了人(ren)們受(shou)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)機會(hui)，進而提高(gao)全民(min)整體素質。

1.1打破傳統(tong)課(ke)堂教學的單一模式

[摘要(yao)]本(ben)文(wen)介紹(shao)了(le)我(wo)校(xiao)在開展技術活動中，對(dui)做好教師培訓工作(zuo)的(de)探索和實踐(jian)；既充分地肯定了(le)成績，又(you)找出(chu)了(le)不足，最后提出(chu)了(le)下一階(jie)段工作(zuo)努力(li)的(de)方向。

[關鍵詞]現代教育技術(shu)教師培訓

我校于98年12月進行全(quan)國電化實(shi)驗課(ke)題《應用現代教育技術全(quan)面(mian)提高學(xue)生素質》的課(ke)題研究，研究項目的主要內容和目標是：

1、探(tan)討利用現代化(hua)教育(yu)技術促進實施素質教育(yu)主渠道-課(ke)堂(tang)教學的(de)結構(gou)模式的(de)優化(hua)，的(de)改革，提(ti)高課(ke)堂(tang)教學效益；

2、優化(hua)學(xue)生資源，研究現代教(jiao)育技術與促進(jin)學(xue)生思想品(pin)德、文化(hua)、生理(li)(li)心理(li)(li)、審美等多種素質(zhi)形(xing)式提高之間的聯(lian)系，提高學(xue)校育人(ren)水平；

3、研究(jiu)制作(zuo)符(fu)合素質(zhi)教育要求(qiu)的CAI課(ke)件，滿(man)足教學(xue)需(xu)要；

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<P>行動研究(jiu)：教師教育(yu)科研的(de)定位<TR><TDalign="middle"height="30">作者：鄭金洲來源(yuan)：人民教育(yu)2004.3-4&nbsp;&nbsp;<;TR><TDheight="5">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><TD></P>

<P>&nbsp;什么樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所需(xu)(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)?什么樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)說(shuo)適宜于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)?對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回答，直接(jie)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)向(xiang)，關涉(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回答不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)所能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果常(chang)常(chang)大相(xiang)徑(jing)庭。</TD></TD><TR><TD>我(wo)(wo)(wo)曾有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幸接(jie)觸(chu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)四(si)位(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，大體(ti)(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)了四(si)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)取向(xiang)。第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，積十(shi)年之(zhi)功(gong)，撰寫(xie)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部《素質(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)原(yuan)理(li)(li)》，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi)和(he)(he)(he)溝通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，談(tan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)部著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)十(shi)大理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)突(tu)(tu)破，如(ru)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)素質(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)發展(zhan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、素質(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)含(han)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)(xi)、素質(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史發展(zhan)軌(gui)跡等(deng)(deng)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)部近(jin)(jin)20萬(wan)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)(zhu)述中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)探討(tao)了素質(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)列理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)撰寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)篇關于(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)文，他(ta)(ta)(ta)首先詳盡(jin)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)述了美(mei)國(guo)心理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)加(jia)(jia)涅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)，介紹加(jia)(jia)涅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)何博采(cai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義、格(ge)式(shi)塔心理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、人(ren)本(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)控(kong)制論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)等(deng)(deng)眾(zhong)家(jia)之(zhi)長，從(cong)(cong)(cong)各流派(pai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)汲(ji)取所需(xu)(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)分并(bing)把它(ta)們融合(he)(he)(he)進(jin)(jin)(jin)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)涅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張；然(ran)后再(zai)敘述自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)上(shang)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關于(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)觀點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)課(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)引導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)掌握(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。洋洋灑(sa)(sa)灑(sa)(sa)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下萬(wan)言(yan)。第(di)(di)(di)三(san)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)篇名為(wei)(wei)(wei)《把握(wo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代精神(shen)，開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章。文章談(tan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)</TD></TD><TR><TD>益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嘗試(shi)”：弘揚人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)，喚起(qi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；改(gai)(gai)革優(you)化(hua)課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)；改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)組(zu)織(zhi)形(xing)式(shi)；改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)模式(shi)等(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)四(si)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)積累了大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)筆記(ji)，匯(hui)(hui)總(zong)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)列教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案(an)例，并(bing)且在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)上(shang)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感悟、領悟。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，她始(shi)終(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)思(si)考</TD></TD><TR><TD>著(zhu)(zhu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)：如(ru)何使(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)變(bian)(bian)得更(geng)(geng)貼近(jin)(jin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求，更(geng)(geng)接(jie)近(jin)(jin)新(xin)課(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堂(tang)聽說(shuo)訓(xun)練(lian)課(ke)《做(zuo)書簽》后，她記(ji)錄下自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)堂(tang)課(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)：“從(cong)(cong)(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)堂(tang)課(ke)暴露出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)看(kan)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)會更(geng)(geng)好(hao)地(di)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預期要(yao)求。比(bi)(bi)如(ru)：讓先做(zuo)好(hao)書簽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)(he)尚未做(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)組(zu)合(he)(he)(he)，組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組(zu)，互相(xiang)幫助。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)既(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)讓動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)驗(yan)(yan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)做(zuo)書簽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個(ge)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，又(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)節(jie)省(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間，使(shi)后來‘說(shuo)’的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)得更(geng)(geng)充分，更(geng)(geng)好(hao)地(di)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)節(jie)課(ke)說(shuo)話訓(xun)練(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)精神(shen)……”類(lei)(lei)似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)案(an)例不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)足(zu)。</TD></TD><TR><TD>第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)探索新(xin)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、發現(xian)(xian)新(xin)規律(lv)、說(shuo)明(ming)新(xin)關系(xi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)似(si)乎更(geng)(geng)多(duo)地(di)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“專(zhuan)(zhuan)利”，雖(sui)然(ran)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)介入這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，但(dan)常(chang)常(chang)會因為(wei)(wei)(wei)占有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資料、研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間、思(si)維能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制而(er)(er)事倍功(gong)半，并(bing)且這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)</TD></TD><TR><TD>研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做(zuo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)“另起(qi)爐灶”，與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見得有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)什么必然(ran)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)本(ben)著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)來看(kan)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)自(zi)(zi)(zi)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)突(tu)(tu)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容，很大程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)界已(yi)(yi)經(jing)耳熟能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)詳了；他(ta)(ta)(ta)自(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)穎(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造，很大程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)</TD></TD><TR><TD>界已(yi)(yi)經(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)常(chang)談(tan)了。</TD></TD><TR><TD>第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)大體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)旨在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)將基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)果應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)預先隱(yin)藏(zang)著(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)假設，即(ji)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)果都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)付(fu)諸(zhu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來，就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)意(yi)無意(yi)地(di)賦予了基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權威。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)</TD></TD><TR><TD>中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)互分離(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，分屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領域，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)專(zhuan)(zhuan)事研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則負責(ze)將研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)(cheng)果付(fu)諸(zhu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)。也(ye)(ye)許并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)造成(cheng)(cheng)了這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)事實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，特(te)(te)(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)情(qing)(qing)(qing)愿(yuan)地(di)所決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)，專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)無意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)被凌(ling)駕于(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)上(shang)。</TD></TD><TR><TD>第(di)(di)(di)三(san)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)似(si)乎看(kan)上(shang)去是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)總(zong)結(jie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)概括，但(dan)又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)總(zong)結(jie)那(nei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)性(xing)強(qiang)、經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)介紹詳盡(jin)、問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)明(ming)確等(deng)(deng)特(te)(te)(te)(te)點，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)總(zong)結(jie)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)而(er)(er)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玄妙說(shuo)理(li)(li)，沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)依循(xun)既(ji)定(ding)(ding)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)給(gei)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)做(zuo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)注腳(jiao)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)透視，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)停(ting)留在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層面(mian)(mian)上(shang)分析(xi)(xi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，缺乏對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關照、具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)情(qing)(qing)(qing)景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)省(sheng)察、具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)仍舊是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嘴巴(ba)說(shuo)別人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語言(yan)”。</TD></TD><TR><TD>相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)之(zhi)下，第(di)(di)(di)四(si)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)更(geng)(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)(ke)取，很大程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)該在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)。她把自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)，持續不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷地(di)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和(he)(he)(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)匯(hui)(hui)總(zong)著(zhu)(zhu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)智慧(hui)，提(ti)(ti)升著(zhu)(zhu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)水平。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)至(zhi)少(shao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)兩個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)前三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)：第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)且研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)出發，根據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢討(tao)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷修正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)所進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、持續不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)，它(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)突(tu)(tu)出教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)”特(te)(te)(te)(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，也(ye)(ye)凸(tu)現(xian)(xian)了教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色。研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)始(shi)至(zhi)終(zhong)都貫穿著(zhu)(zhu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)人(ren)而(er)(er)言(yan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)言(yan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)即(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)找到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)途徑(jing)。</TD></TD><TR><TD>第(di)(di)(di)四(si)位(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)大力推(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)(he)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)了。總(zong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)而(er)(er)言(yan)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)區(qu)別于(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)特(te)(te)(te)(te)點：</TD></TD><TR><TD>其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)質(zhi)量(liang)、解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)首要(yao)目標。</TD></TD><TR><TD>行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“純理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)‘理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)’問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)”，而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)們日常(chang)遇到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)亟(ji)待(dai)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)囿于(yu)(yu)(yu)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張或(huo)(huo)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而(er)(er)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)容納和(he)(he)(he)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)、知識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)、技(ji)術(shu)</TD></TD><TR><TD>和(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)：特(te)(te)(te)(te)別重(zhong)(zhong)視實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、感受(shou)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)正如(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)所指(zhi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，“行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)透過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)課(ke)堂(tang)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。它(ta)關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特(te)(te)(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)重(zhong)(zhong)視研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)結(jie)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)推(tui)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)；也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)強(qiang)調(diao)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)變(bian)(bian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)特(te)(te)(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)場(chang)所是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)室(shi)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)個(ge)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)室(shi)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)始(shi)終(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值雖(sui)然(ran)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進(jin)(jin)(jin)步(bu)助益不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)大，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)即(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)而(er)(er)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)”。(Gay，L．R．Educationalresearcheompetenciesforanalysisandapplication，1992．)</TD></TD><TR><TD>行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)把解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)無助于(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)關心“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”和(he)(he)(he)“理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)、產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。它(ta)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)更(geng)(geng)強(qiang)調(diao)從(cong)(cong)(cong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、特(te)(te)(te)(te)殊(shu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)和(he)(he)(he)普遍；更(geng)(geng)強(qiang)調(diao)將已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和(he)(he)(he)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)從(cong)(cong)(cong)抽象(xiang)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；更(geng)(geng)強(qiang)調(diao)滲透在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)都需(xu)(xu)受(shou)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢驗(yan)(yan)、修正、補充甚至(zhi)證偽(wei)；更(geng)(geng)強(qiang)調(diao)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)說(shuo)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)底還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來源于(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)真理(li)(li)性(xing)。</TD></TD><TR><TD>其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er)(er)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)。</TD></TD><TR><TD>長期以(yi)(yi)(yi)來，由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)社會分工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)已(yi)(yi)漸(jian)漸(jian)蛻變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群特(te)(te)(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)所從(cong)(cong)(cong)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)(qing)(qing)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活毫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)游戲(xi)”，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活脫離(li)(li)，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)脫離(li)(li)，已(yi)(yi)經(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大痼疾。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)則通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)要(yao)求實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)系(xi)統地(di)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)或(huo)(huo)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)人(ren)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)、環(huan)(huan)境(jing)和(he)(he)(he)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)要(yao)求專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)深入現(xian)(xian)場(chang)，直接(jie)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)從(cong)(cong)(cong)計(ji)劃(hua)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)評價(jia)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們面(mian)(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，使(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)身變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，使(shi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)又(you)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)理(li)(li)智的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)了結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)點，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)說(shuo)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)“場(chang)地(di)”。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)指(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)那(nei)里獲得必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，改(gai)(gai)變(bian)(bian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)感情(qing)(qing)(qing)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)既(ji)可(ke)(ke)從(cong)(cong)(cong)真實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)景(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獲得第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)革信息，又(you)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)而(er)(er)使(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)(cheng)果更(geng)(geng)容易為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)受(shou)，較快地(di)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)(gai)革實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。</TD></TD><TR><TD>其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)(cong)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)持續反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基本(ben)手(shou)段(duan)。</TD></TD><TR><TD>從(cong)(cong)(cong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立場(chang)來看(kan)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)完(wan)全(quan)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、責(ze)任，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠體(ti)(ti)(ti)察實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)景(jing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)檢驗(yan)(yan)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)、方(fang)(fang)案(an)、計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)們對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“局外人(ren)”——專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)員所難以(yi)(yi)(yi)替(ti)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，并(bing)且教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達成(cheng)(cheng)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率雖(sui)然(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)全(quan)取決(jue)(jue)于(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計(ji)劃(hua)、環(huan)(huan)境(jing)和(he)(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總(zong)也(ye)(ye)離(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)開(kai)(kai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蘊(yun)涵問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)解(jie)(jie)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、從(cong)(cong)(cong)事研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出發點，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)結(jie)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)所要(yao)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)緊(jin)密聯(lian)系(xi)乃至(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)使(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)比(bi)(bi)日常(chang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)更(geng)(geng)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，從(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)使(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)建立在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)上(shang)，確保(bao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)得到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)。</TD></TD><