導語：如何才能寫好一篇實驗室(shi)生物安全與管(guan)理(li)，這就需(xu)要搜(sou)集整(zheng)理(li)更多的資料和文獻，歡迎閱(yue)讀(du)由公務員之(zhi)家整(zheng)理(li)的十篇范文，供你(ni)借鑒(jian)。

篇1

當前是一個經濟全球化的時代，高校教育發展要與時俱進，跟上時代前進的腳步。生物實驗室作為高校培養創新實踐人才的核心場所，會涉及到水、電、氣等安全使用，同時，實驗人員在實驗過程中還必須確保各項實驗儀器的規范操作，避免失誤操作引起安全事故。因此，高校要不斷加強對生物實驗室的安全環保管理，積極(ji)建立健全(quan)管理體制，切實(shi)落(luo)實(shi)安全(quan)責(ze)任(ren)制，對(dui)現(xian)場的(de)各項儀器、實(shi)驗試劑以及藥品進行科學管理，確保(bao)實(shi)驗后廢棄物得到妥(tuo)善處理，通過安全(quan)環保(bao)教育活動(dong)向廣(guang)大實(shi)驗人員積極(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)應用高效清潔的(de)實(shi)驗方法。

一、高校(xiao)生物實驗(yan)室(shi)的特征(zheng)

隨著(zhu)(zhu)高校(xiao)(xiao)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展(zhan)壯大，越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)高校(xiao)(xiao)開始(shi)新建各種類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)，投入大量財力(li)、物(wu)力(li)、人力(li)去培養現(xian)代科(ke)研人才。高校(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)物(wu)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)承擔(dan)著(zhu)(zhu)較(jiao)為繁重的(de)(de)(de)教學與(yu)科(ke)研任務(wu)，因此(ci)，在日常使用(yong)過程中(zhong)其(qi)(qi)安(an)全環保管(guan)理(li)(li)工作(zuo)是(shi)至關重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。高校(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)物(wu)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)最為顯著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征就是(shi)其(qi)(qi)人員(yuan)流動性(xing)(xing)大、突況較(jiao)多(duo)以及安(an)全控制管(guan)理(li)(li)難(nan)度(du)大等。與(yu)其(qi)(qi)他各類(lei)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)相(xiang)比較(jiao)，高校(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)物(wu)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)儲存了大量的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代化精密實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)儀(yi)器、各種各樣的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)化試(shi)劑、易于燃燒爆炸的(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)物(wu)品以及具備(bei)毒性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)化學物(wu)品等。此(ci)外，高校(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)物(wu)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)所要(yao)涉(she)及到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研項目眾多(duo)，不(bu)同項目要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)條件也會(hui)具有差異性(xing)(xing)。在部(bu)分(fen)生(sheng)物(wu)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)某些(xie)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)材料是(shi)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)器官或者活(huo)生(sheng)物(wu)，在該部(bu)分(fen)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程中(zhong)會(hui)產生(sheng)大量的(de)(de)(de)廢棄物(wu)，如(ru)果不(bu)妥善(shan)處理(li)(li)便會(hui)對環境造成(cheng)嚴(yan)重污染(ran)，危害人們的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命健(jian)康。

二、高(gao)校生物(wu)實驗室環保與安(an)全管理中存在的(de)主(zhu)要問題(ti)

（一）軟(ruan)硬件(jian)方面問題

高(gao)校高(gao)層領(ling)(ling)導(dao)未(wei)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)充分認(ren)識(shi)到生物(wu)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)重要(yao)性，在(zai)日(ri)常安(an)全(quan)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)資金投入上較(jiao)為(wei)匱(kui)乏(fa)，實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)內部各項安(an)全(quan)設施(shi)不夠(gou)(gou)完(wan)善(shan)，不能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)有(you)效避免各種安(an)全(quan)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)發生。節能(neng)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)和(he)防(fang)護設施(shi)已經無(wu)法滿足(zu)現代生物(wu)實(shi)驗的(de)(de)要(yao)求，容(rong)易對實(shi)驗人(ren)(ren)員與周圍環(huan)境造成(cheng)威脅。與此同時(shi)，高(gao)校領(ling)(ling)導(dao)過于注重科研(yan)與教學工作的(de)(de)順利開展(zhan)，一定(ding)(ding)程度上忽視(shi)了生物(wu)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作，管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)員安(an)全(quan)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)意識(shi)普遍偏低，未(wei)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)根據實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)實(shi)際情況，有(you)針對性地(di)制定(ding)(ding)完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)規章制度，嚴(yan)格督促現場實(shi)驗人(ren)(ren)員按照制度規范操作，從(cong)而(er)導(dao)致(zhi)安(an)全(quan)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)發生。由于缺乏(fa)定(ding)(ding)期對生物(wu)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)員和(he)實(shi)驗人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)培訓教育，導(dao)致(zhi)一部分工作人(ren)(ren)員綜(zong)合素質(zhi)不高(gao)，未(wei)能(neng)堅決履行好自(zi)身的(de)(de)職責，因此，導(dao)致(zhi)不能(neng)有(you)效提高(gao)生物(wu)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)水平。

（二）安(an)全環(huan)保管理制度問題(ti)

眾(zhong)所周知，保(bao)(bao)障各類實(shi)驗(yan)室高效(xiao)穩定(ding)的前提(ti)就(jiu)是必須建(jian)立起(qi)科學完善的安全(quan)環保(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)，切實(shi)落實(shi)好各項(xiang)(xiang)安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理措施(shi)。然(ran)而，由于當前高校實(shi)驗(yan)室管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)員整(zheng)體安全(quan)意識淺薄，工作(zuo)觀念落后(hou)，未能夠正確認識到(dao)生物實(shi)驗(yan)室安全(quan)、環保(bao)(bao)的重要性(xing)，導致各項(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)理工作(zuo)流于形式，一(yi)旦發生安全(quan)事故(gu)就(jiu)相互推卸(xie)責任。此外，相關部門崗位人(ren)員職責不(bu)(bu)夠明確，未能落實(shi)好責任制(zhi)度(du)，做到(dao)權(quan)責統一(yi)，不(bu)(bu)斷加強實(shi)驗(yan)室現(xian)場的科學規(gui)范管(guan)(guan)理，這樣無疑降低了(le)實(shi)驗(yan)室安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理的工作(zuo)質量和效(xiao)率，不(bu)(bu)利于各項(xiang)(xiang)實(shi)驗(yan)有條不(bu)(bu)紊地(di)進行。

（三）廢棄物處(chu)理問題(ti)

生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主要(yao)(yao)包括以(yi)下(xia)(xia)幾類：一(yi)是生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)料(liao)及其(qi)代謝物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員常常要(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)到(dao)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和各(ge)項植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)材(cai)料(liao)。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)解剖后(hou)會(hui)遺(yi)留下(xia)(xia)來大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢棄器官，動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也(ye)會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代謝物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，這些廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)如(ru)果不(bu)能進行妥(tuo)善處置，就會(hui)造(zao)成對其(qi)他實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾和影響，嚴重情況下(xia)(xia)還會(hui)導致各(ge)種傳染疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)，不(bu)利于實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)環保(bao)管(guan)理(li)。二(er)是有(you)毒(du)有(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)及其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。在(zai)部分實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)當中(zhong)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員需要(yao)(yao)應用(yong)到(dao)一(yi)些有(you)毒(du)有(you)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，例如(ru)，常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)氰化物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、重金屬(shu)、甲酰(xian)胺、四甲基乙二(er)胺以(yi)及丙(bing)烯酰(xian)胺等(deng)(deng)。該類實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)具(ju)有(you)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，倘(tang)若不(bu)規(gui)范(fan)管(guan)理(li)、處置，不(bu)僅會(hui)威脅到(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)安(an)(an)全(quan)，還會(hui)對周(zhou)圍環境(jing)造(zao)成一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。此外，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)有(you)毒(du)有(you)害(hai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)進行實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)后(hou)，會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)各(ge)種污(wu)染廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，不(bu)及時處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)話也(ye)不(bu)利于生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室安(an)(an)全(quan)環保(bao)管(guan)理(li)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)開展(zhan)。三(san)是放(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質及其(qi)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室中(zhong)存在(zai)著各(ge)種具(ju)有(you)放(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樣品(pin)(pin)(pin)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員在(zai)進行生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)操作過程(cheng)中(zhong)經常要(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)放(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元素作為標記物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，只要(yao)(yao)經過放(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)元素處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、材(cai)料(liao)以(yi)及儀器等(deng)(deng)都會(hui)受到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度放(fang)射(she)(she)污(wu)染，現場安(an)(an)全(quan)環保(bao)管(guan)理(li)人員如(ru)果不(bu)及時將(jiang)放(fang)射(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)染進行科學處理(li)，就會(hui)導致該污(wu)染對人類健康(kang)與生(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)造(zao)成極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)。

三、加(jia)強高校生物實驗室環(huan)保與安全管理(li)的具體措施

（一）加強實(shi)驗室基礎設施規范建設

高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)高(gao)層領導(dao)要(yao)高(gao)度重視生物(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)安(an)全環(huan)(huan)(huan)保工作，根(gen)據學校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)自身發展(zhan)水(shui)平(ping)和(he)條件，適當加大對實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)設施規范(fan)建設的(de)(de)投資力度，首先(xian)，要(yao)確保生物(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)選(xuan)址的(de)(de)科學性(xing)，積極(ji)引入先(xian)進的(de)(de)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)設施和(he)事故(gu)防范(fan)設備(bei)，加強對實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)內部(bu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)優化(hua)改(gai)善。對于陳舊的(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)，高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)通(tong)(tong)過改(gai)造更新確保各(ge)個(ge)電路(lu)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道的(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)，還(huan)要(yao)不斷完(wan)善實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)通(tong)(tong)風系統與現(xian)場監控(kong)設備(bei)。其次，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)不斷提高(gao)自身的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保安(an)全管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)意識，履行好自身的(de)(de)職責，加強對現(xian)場各(ge)項高(gao)端儀(yi)器(qi)設備(bei)、化(hua)學藥劑以及實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)物(wu)(wu)品的(de)(de)規范(fan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，保證(zheng)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)基(ji)礎設施的(de)(de)完(wan)好無損(sun)，能夠正常投入到實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中進行使用。最后，高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)注重生物(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)安(an)全事故(gu)防范(fan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作，要(yao)根(gen)據國(guo)家(jia)防火(huo)相關需求及時(shi)配備(bei)好消火(huo)栓(shuan)、滅火(huo)器(qi)等設備(bei)，對于存放貴重物(wu)(wu)品、藥品的(de)(de)庫房要(yao)貼好警示標(biao)志(zhi)，在實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)外明顯位置要(yao)張(zhang)貼好各(ge)種安(an)全標(biao)識，時(shi)刻提醒管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)與實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)規范(fan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)操作，杜絕實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)安(an)全事故(gu)的(de)(de)發生，不斷提高(gao)高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)生物(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)安(an)全與環(huan)(huan)(huan)保管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)水(shui)平(ping)，實(shi)現(xian)各(ge)項功能的(de)(de)充(chong)分發揮利(li)用。

（二）建立完善的實驗(yan)室安全環保管(guan)理制(zhi)度

高校要想實(shi)現生物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)安全(quan)環保(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，就必(bi)須針對(dui)以往管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中存在的(de)(de)問(wen)題，有效(xiao)建(jian)立起科學(xue)完善的(de)(de)安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制度(du)。例(li)如(ru)，相關管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)部門要制定(ding)出《實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)辦(ban)法》《實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)相關守則》以及《實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)廢(fei)棄物(wu)處置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)條例(li)》等(deng)(deng)具體(ti)(ti)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)操(cao)作守則和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)辦(ban)法。管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)要切(qie)實(shi)落實(shi)好各項制度(du)，嚴格督(du)促現場實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)規范(fan)操(cao)作使用各種物(wu)品、藥劑(ji)和(he)儀器，確(que)保(bao)(bao)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)安全(quan)環保(bao)(bao)性。此外，安全(quan)制度(du)的(de)(de)制定(ding)必(bi)須涵蓋生物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教學(xue)內(nei)容的(de)(de)安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、活(huo)體(ti)(ti)動物(wu)及植(zhi)物(wu)安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)以及藥品試劑(ji)等(deng)(deng)。

實驗(yan)室(shi)管(guan)理部(bu)門針對(dui)生物(wu)實驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)環保(bao)管(guan)理特(te)殊性(xing)(xing)，要(yao)確(que)保(bao)各(ge)(ge)項安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理制度建立的(de)(de)(de)規范性(xing)(xing)、系統(tong)性(xing)(xing)以及(ji)科學性(xing)(xing)，要(yao)嚴格執行安全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)制，明確(que)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)門、各(ge)(ge)崗位工作人員的(de)(de)(de)職責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)務。例(li)如，通過(guo)根據(ju)不同部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)屬性(xing)(xing)，逐級去(qu)簽(qian)訂安全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)書，這樣能(neng)夠(gou)保(bao)證在發生安全(quan)(quan)(quan)事故時明確(que)落實責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)，避(bi)免出(chu)現相互(hu)推卸責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)情況。高校(xiao)要(yao)組建起專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)室(shi)管(guan)理委員會，加強對(dui)實驗(yan)室(shi)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)制度的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)督執行工作。

（三）強化廢(fei)棄物處理(li)的管理(li)工作

1.規范處理生(sheng)物活性(xing)實(shi)驗材料。在高校生(sheng)物實(shi)驗中，教(jiao)師會經常組織學生(sheng)進行(xing)活性(xing)生(sheng)物實(shi)驗，對(dui)于廢(fei)棄的生(sheng)物活性(xing)材料，尤其(qi)是微(wei)生(sheng)物與細胞等(deng)，教(jiao)師要科學指(zhi)導學生(sheng)進行(xing)嚴格的消(xiao)毒或者滅活處理。例(li)如，對(dui)于細菌的處理可以通(tong)過使用(yong)15%次(ci)氯酸鈉進行(xing)30分鐘的消(xiao)毒作(zuo)業，有效稀釋過后(hou)進行(xing)排放，這樣能夠最(zui)大化降低實(shi)驗廢(fei)棄物對(dui)生(sheng)態(tai)環境的污染影響。

2.科學處(chu)(chu)理有(you)(you)(you)毒(du)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)實驗廢(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)。在生物(wu)(wu)(wu)實驗環保管(guan)理過程中(zhong)，管(guan)理人(ren)員必須嚴(yan)格督促實驗人(ren)員按照規章(zhang)制度科學處(chu)(chu)理有(you)(you)(you)毒(du)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)廢(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)，將(jiang)不同(tong)的廢(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)進(jin)行(xing)分級分類，收(shou)集處(chu)(chu)理，不能將(jiang)所有(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)液倒在一起進(jin)行(xing)集中(zhong)處(chu)(chu)理。例(li)如(ru)，過氧化物(wu)(wu)(wu)與硫化物(wu)(wu)(wu)、有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)以及(ji)氰(qing)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)等。實驗人(ren)員為(wei)了避免有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)有(you)(you)(you)毒(du)廢(fei)液的泄露(lu)，危害(hai)到人(ren)們的身體健康和環境安全，就必須及(ji)時(shi)對其進(jin)行(xing)處(chu)(chu)理，收(shou)集在不會(hui)被廢(fei)液腐蝕的容器當中(zhong)。

四、結語

綜上所述，高(gao)校(xiao)在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)物實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室的(de)建設(she)發(fa)展過程中，要(yao)充分認識到其安全環(huan)(huan)保(bao)管理(li)(li)工作的(de)重要(yao)性。高(gao)校(xiao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室管理(li)(li)部門(men)要(yao)努力為廣大實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員創建出安全和諧(xie)的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)環(huan)(huan)境，確保(bao)各項實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教學科研工作的(de)順利(li)開展。因此，生(sheng)(sheng)物實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室管理(li)(li)部門(men)必須(xu)建立(li)起完(wan)善(shan)的(de)管理(li)(li)制度，加強對管理(li)(li)人員與實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員的(de)專業安全培訓，促(cu)使他(ta)們(men)樹立(li)起先(xian)進的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念，自我規范操作管理(li)(li)，避免實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)事故的(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。學校(xiao)要(yao)加大對管理(li)(li)基礎設(she)施建設(she)的(de)投資力度，完(wan)善(shan)各項安全設(she)施，將不安全因素扼殺在(zai)萌芽狀(zhuang)態，保(bao)障全體(ti)師生(sheng)(sheng)員工的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命健康(kang)和環(huan)(huan)境健康(kang)。

參考文獻：

[1]潘勛，張淑平(ping)，趙慶雙(shuang).高校生物

學實(shi)驗室(shi)廢棄物安全(quan)管理(li)的幾點建議(yi)[J].實(shi)驗技術(shu)與管理(li)，2014，21(4):115-118.

[2]許(xu)業河，黃建榕，廖秀(xiu)萍，等.淺

談高(gao)校化學生(sheng)物類實驗(yan)室(shi)安全的危機管(guan)理[J].實驗(yan)室(shi)研究與探(tan)索，2015，28(6):165-167.

[3]楊(yang)平(ping)，陳燕靈，黃建平(ping).建立實驗

篇2

關(guan)鍵詞：生物安全；防范；措施

中(zhong)圖分類號：G640 文(wen)(wen)獻標志(zhi)碼：A 文(wen)(wen)章編號：1674-9324（2014）35-0236-02

一、引言

實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)是指(zhi)避(bi)免實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)類危(wei)險(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)因子對(dui)(dui)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工作人員(yuan)造(zao)成傷害或避(bi)免其向實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外擴散從而(er)導致環境污染(ran)及(ji)(ji)公眾危(wei)害的(de)綜合性(xing)措(cuo)施。隨著醫學(xue)(xue)事業(ye)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技術的(de)發(fa)展，高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)科研(yan)教學(xue)(xue)也越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多地涉及(ji)(ji)到危(wei)險(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)因子，而(er)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)就顯(xian)得(de)尤為重要(yao)。從開(kai)始關(guan)注實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)至今，依然有(you)國(guo)際、國(guo)內生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)事故頻(pin)頻(pin)報道。在(zai)國(guo)內，2005年初在(zai)牡丹(dan)江地區某高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內大(da)白鼠感染(ran)出(chu)血熱(re)事件從而(er)造(zao)成了4名工作人員(yuan)感染(ran)；2007年在(zai)中(zhong)山大(da)學(xue)(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心又發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了一例流行性(xing)出(chu)血熱(re)的(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)感染(ran)事故；而(er)在(zai)2010年12月，東北農業(ye)大(da)學(xue)(xue)的(de)一堂“羊(yang)活體解剖實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”課程讓28名師(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感染(ran)了布(bu)魯(lu)氏菌病(bing)[1]。所有(you)事件表明，高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)問題值得(de)高(gao)度重視。我國(guo)先后頒布(bu)了《微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)醫學(xue)(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)通用準則》、《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技術規范》、《病(bing)原微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)條(tiao)件》以(yi)及(ji)(ji)《實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)通用要(yao)求》，成為高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進行生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)的(de)準則與(yu)依據。高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)對(dui)(dui)于學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)科研(yan)教學(xue)(xue)的(de)可(ke)持續發(fa)展與(yu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)穩(wen)定至關(guan)重要(yao)[2]，本文分別從管理(li)體制、配套設施及(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)培訓(xun)等(deng)方面對(dui)(dui)高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)防(fang)范與(yu)措(cuo)施提(ti)出(chu)建議。

二、高校實驗室生(sheng)物安全的防范與措(cuo)施

1.建立管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)與運行(xing)(xing)體制(zhi)。為使高校實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)平穩有(you)序(xu)地(di)進行(xing)(xing)，需建立有(you)效的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)部門。學校成立實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)委員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)，委員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)下設立管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)辦公室，用以主持全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)校實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室的安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)，其主要職責包(bao)括建立和健全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)學校生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)進行(xing)(xing)指導(dao)和監(jian)督，定(ding)期檢查生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)法(fa)規在(zai)相關實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室的執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)情況、組織專家編寫并更新實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)培訓教材、制(zhi)訂培訓計劃(hua)等(deng)(deng)。高校內各實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室應(ying)建立實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)制(zhi)度(du)(du)[3]，包(bao)括實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室準入(ru)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查監(jian)督制(zhi)度(du)(du)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室檔(dang)案管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、菌（毒）種的保管(guan)(guan)(guan)使用制(zhi)度(du)(du)、感染性材料管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)廢(fei)棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、標本運送和接收制(zhi)度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)。完善(shan)并嚴(yan)格執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)，并把責任分級落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)二級學院(yuan)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室，和在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室一線開展實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)活動的所有(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)、學生(sheng)(sheng)，做到(dao)權責明確，“誰(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)誰(shui)負責、誰(shui)使用誰(shui)負責”。加(jia)強廢(fei)棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。廢(fei)棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)嚴(yan)格執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)害廢(fei)棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的相關規定(ding)，應(ying)采(cai)取物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)消(xiao)毒、化學消(xiao)毒等(deng)(deng)方(fang)式妥善(shan)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)各種實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)垃圾，再(zai)交由專業處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)害廢(fei)棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的公司統(tong)一處(chu)置，作(zuo)好各種實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)垃圾處(chu)置及交接記錄。

2.完(wan)善(shan)配(pei)(pei)套設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎(chu)條件設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)保(bao)障實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)條件[4]，加(jia)強實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硬件建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本保(bao)證(zheng)。在(zai)新建(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)學(xue)習國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)法律法規，遵守并按照(zhao)(zhao)《生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑技術規范》和(he)(he)《實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)通(tong)用要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》，綜合(he)考慮實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)選(xuan)址(zhi)、空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)調節與空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)凈化、給水排水、配(pei)(pei)電、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)符(fu)(fu)合(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)標(biao)準(zhun)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮本實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業特點及(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)體要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，科學(xue)規劃布局(ju)，合(he)理(li)(li)(li)規劃，確保(bao)師生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)周圍(wei)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)[5]。對(dui)已建(jian)立(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并在(zai)開展有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)定(ding)期(qi)檢(jian)查，并確定(ding)其生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)級(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)，按照(zhao)(zhao)不(bu)同生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)級(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)對(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行評估，定(ding)期(qi)檢(jian)查，確保(bao)是(shi)(shi)否具(ju)備(bei)(bei)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)，以保(bao)證(zheng)各項指標(biao)和(he)(he)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)運行良(liang)好。一旦(dan)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)符(fu)(fu)合(he)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況存(cun)在(zai)，則(ze)(ze)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)排除隱患(huan)，從(cong)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)進(jin)(jin)行維(wei)護(hu)(hu)更新，以避免實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)事件。對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本技術指標(biao)上(shang)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地板(ban)、天花板(ban)和(he)(he)墻(qiang)壁光(guang)滑易清洗(xi)并不(bu)滲液(ye)；墻(qiang)壁碰角則(ze)(ze)選(xuan)用易于(yu)清潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弧形彩鋼板(ban)；試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)桌臺(tai)面(mian)應(ying)選(xuan)擇耐酸堿、消(xiao)毒劑(ji)及(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)溶(rong)劑(ji)腐(fu)蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料[6]。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)應(ying)配(pei)(pei)備(bei)(bei)洗(xi)手(shou)(shou)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)、洗(xi)眼器及(ji)(ji)(ji)緊(jin)急(ji)噴淋設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)；建(jian)立(li)(li)完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)，如：滅火系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)（消(xiao)火栓等(deng)(deng)(deng)）、報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)（報(bao)警電話(hua)、火災(zai)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)）、隔離系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)（防(fang)(fang)火卷簾(lian)門(men)等(deng)(deng)(deng)）、疏散(san)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)（疏散(san)燈/門(men)、廣播(bo)等(deng)(deng)(deng)）、相關(guan)監控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)（閉路(lu)攝像(xiang)監控(kong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)）；設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)立(li)(li)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)；設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)急(ji)救設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)，配(pei)(pei)備(bei)(bei)急(ji)救藥箱、防(fang)(fang)毒面(mian)罩等(deng)(deng)(deng)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內應(ying)購(gou)置(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)、通(tong)風設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)及(ji)(ji)(ji)同位(wei)素實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)運行必(bi)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)保(bao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。其中生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)(yuan)操作(zuo)(zuo)有(you)(you)(you)毒有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)材(cai)料時(shi)(shi)(shi)，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)操作(zuo)(zuo)者本人、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)材(cai)料和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環境，防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散(san)，避免暴露于(yu)操作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溶(rong)膠和(he)(he)濺出物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中，是(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隔離設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)應(ying)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)裝在(zai)遠離人員(yuan)(yuan)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)、物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品流(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)以及(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)潛在(zai)干擾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方，以確保(bao)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)屏(ping)障作(zuo)(zuo)用。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)注重自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，即著(zhu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)衣、工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)帽、口罩、手(shou)(shou)套、工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)鞋，嚴(yan)格按照(zhao)(zhao)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)；必(bi)要(yao)(yao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)應(ying)外加(jia)穿(chuan)隔離服，戴(dai)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)眼鏡和(he)(he)雙層防(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)手(shou)(shou)套。購(gou)置(zhi)固(gu)體污染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、污染(ran)(ran)液(ye)體、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)尸(shi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)害(hai)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)，從(cong)源頭確保(bao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵環節，首(shou)先應(ying)嚴(yan)格將(jiang)各種廢棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)按照(zhao)(zhao)分(fen)(fen)類原則(ze)(ze)進(jin)(jin)行分(fen)(fen)類，然后按照(zhao)(zhao)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序分(fen)(fen)別(bie)進(jin)(jin)行無(wu)害(hai)化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，再(zai)交由專業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公司統(tong)(tong)一處(chu)(chu)置(zhi)，從(cong)而(er)避免實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)環境污染(ran)(ran)，保(bao)證(zheng)科研(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)科學(xue)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利進(jin)(jin)行。如實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)配(pei)(pei)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高壓(ya)蒸汽滅菌鍋，用于(yu)整個實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)標(biao)本及(ji)(ji)(ji)感(gan)染(ran)(ran)性(xing)廢棄(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)消(xiao)毒處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)科學(xue)規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中心(xin)，遵照(zhao)(zhao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)管理(li)(li)(li)委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)會有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律，根據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，配(pei)(pei)備(bei)(bei)不(bu)同等(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)，為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)提供(gong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，降(jiang)低(di)由實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風險。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)廣義(yi)是(shi)(shi)指實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)飼養(yang)、保(bao)種、維(wei)持、生(sheng)(sheng)產、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)究、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)品生(sheng)(sheng)產等(deng)(deng)(deng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總稱(cheng)。狹義(yi)上(shang)指保(bao)種、繁殖、生(sheng)(sheng)產、育成實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼養(yang)場所。根據對(dui)飼養(yang)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度和(he)(he)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)凈化程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)開放(fang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、屏(ping)障系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)隔離系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。根據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用途(tu)和(he)(he)種類分(fen)(fen)別(bie)建(jian)立(li)(li)不(bu)同級(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。

3.加強(qiang)(qiang)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)知識培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事故幾乎(hu)都是人為事故，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)者對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)風險(xian)的(de)(de)無(wu)知最危(wei)(wei)險(xian)。對于教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科研人員(yuan)及(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)進行(xing)(xing)系統的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，讓師生(sheng)(sheng)樹(shu)立生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意識、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)、增強(qiang)(qiang)應急能力(li)[7]。首先(xian)，對專(zhuan)職科研及(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)定期進行(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)知識培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)及(ji)日常實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)管(guan)理，培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)內容主要涉及(ji)到(dao)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)家法(fa)規(gui)(gui)政策、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)規(gui)(gui)程、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)、事故緊急處理等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)，清楚了解實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)潛(qian)在的(de)(de)有害生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種類(lei)及(ji)危(wei)(wei)害級(ji)別，具備(bei)處理突發事件(jian)的(de)(de)心理準備(bei)和(he)能力(li)，培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)結(jie)束(shu)后持證上(shang)崗。針對醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類(lei)專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)，則應開設(she)(she)獨立的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)課(ke)程，由專(zhuan)業教(jiao)(jiao)師向(xiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)授課(ke)。課(ke)程可(ke)涉及(ji)放射(she)性實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、病(bing)原微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、基(ji)因工(gong)程生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)品生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)和(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)等(deng)。通過授課(ke)，讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)掌(zhang)握(wo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)因子(zi)的(de)(de)分級(ji)分類(lei)、危(wei)(wei)險(xian)因子(zi)的(de)(de)防護和(he)措施、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)使用、危(wei)(wei)險(xian)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品和(he)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)使用等(deng)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)完后進行(xing)(xing)考核，合格者方(fang)可(ke)進入實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)。加強(qiang)(qiang)對學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)指導和(he)監督，規(gui)(gui)范(fan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)術(shu)。培(pei)(pei)養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際動手能力(li)、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)，加強(qiang)(qiang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過程中(zhong)應按照教(jiao)(jiao)師的(de)(de)要求(qiu)嚴格按照生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)進行(xing)(xing)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)，注重個人防護與實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)行(xing)(xing)為，避免(mian)意外事件(jian)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)。

三、結語

合格的生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)是高校進行科研(yan)教學的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)場所，關(guan)系到(dao)學校可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)展與穩定和(he)安(an)全(quan)(quan)，對(dui)師生(sheng)(sheng)的健康及周圍環(huan)境(jing)也至關(guan)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。因此，實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)通過(guo)規范化(hua)布局設計(ji)后，應配(pei)備必需的生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)設備設施、建立合理的生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理體系和(he)管(guan)理制度，加強(qiang)師生(sheng)(sheng)的生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)培訓，提高并加強(qiang)生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)意(yi)識，最大程度降(jiang)低生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的可(ke)能性(xing)。

參考文獻：

[1]李(li)戀(lian)，博曉真，沈曉玲，李(li)超美，陶格斯，盧莎，謝軍.醫(yi)學(xue)院校(xiao)開(kai)展實驗室(shi)生物安全教(jiao)學(xue)的(de)探討[J].內(nei)蒙古醫(yi)科大(da)學(xue)學(xue)報，2013，2（35）：180-182.

[2]王(wang)小利，楊怡姝(shu)，沈(shen)思嗣(si)，李(li)澤琳.加強高校生物實驗室(shi)的生物安全建設[J].實驗室(shi)研究與探索，2013，3（32）：243-245.

[3]潘欣，張彥國，李屹，龍明(ming)，陳(chen)曉，梁灝(hao)，曾光輝，蔡家麟，吳鑒今，陳(chen)龍.高等級生物(wu)安(an)全實驗室隔離系統的建立[J].醫療衛生裝備，2012，2（33）：1-4.

篇3

1、生物安全防護(hu)的知識及教(jiao)育

1.1 加強技能培養 過去由于我們(men)醫學(xue)(xue)教育的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷、教育理(li)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)落后(hou)及知(zhi)識(shi)來(lai)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)匱乏(fa)，有(you)資(zi)料顯示，在(zai)現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫護人(ren)員中，對有(you)關防(fang)護知(zhi)識(shi)來(lai)源于教師的(de)(de)(de)(de)僅占(zhan)10.8%[4]，而我們(men)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)帶(dai)頭人(ren)具有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)術造(zao)詣，但卻不了解生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)知(zhi)識(shi)，這正是我們(men)與發(fa)達國(guo)家在(zai)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)建設理(li)念(nian)(nian)上重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)差距之一[3]。為(wei)了提(ti)高(gao)實驗(yan)(yan)室工作人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)意識(shi)、普(pu)遍預防(fang)觀念(nian)(nian)，科(ke)室所有(you)人(ren)員要認真(zhen)學(xue)(xue)習國(guo)務院頒發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《病原微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)實驗(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)條(tiao)例(li)》、《醫療(liao)廢(fei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)管理(li)條(tiao)例(li)》、《實驗(yan)(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)通用要求》等(deng)法(fa)規和文件。加強基本(ben)技能的(de)(de)(de)(de)培養，讓廣大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨床(chuang)(chuang)實驗(yan)(yan)室工作人(ren)員、技術人(ren)員，成為(wei)既懂“臨床(chuang)(chuang)檢驗(yan)(yan)”，又懂實驗(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合格(ge)專業人(ren)才。

1.2 了解生(sheng)物(wu)安全的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)知識及生(sheng)物(wu)危險 如：氣溶膠(jiao)；微生(sheng)物(wu)氣溶膠(jiao)，包括飛沫核氣溶膠(jiao)、粉塵氣溶膠(jiao)。實驗室生(sheng)物(wu)危險常見(jian)有：微生(sheng)物(wu)氣溶膠(jiao)的(de)(de)吸入、刺傷(shang)、割傷(shang)、食入、感(gan)(gan)染(ran)的(de)(de)動物(wu)咬傷(shang)、不明原因的(de)(de)實驗室相(xiang)關(guan)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)。

1.3 提高生(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)防范意識(shi) 強調生(sheng)物危害(hai)(hai)和生(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)意義；自(zi)覺遵守科室(shi)的(de)實驗室(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)制度(du)、生(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)措(cuo)施及操作(zuo)流程，掌握正確處理實驗室(shi)生(sheng)物因素(su)意外事件的(de)方法(fa)，各種儀器、設備(bei)的(de)操作(zuo)步(bu)驟和要點；熟悉(xi)生(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)裝備(bei)的(de)使用，如生(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)、隔離衣(yi)、防護服的(de)使用等。對各種可能的(de)危害(hai)(hai)要熟知。

2、建(jian)立(li)健全實驗(yan)室生物安(an)全的(de)操作規(gui)程及管(guan)理制度

建(jian)(jian)(jian)立健(jian)全實(shi)(shi)驗室生(sheng)物安(an)全操(cao)作(zuo)規程(cheng)及管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)為實(shi)(shi)驗室工(gong)作(zuo)人員(yuan)免遭生(sheng)物危害(hai)提供了(le)保(bao)障(zhang)。實(shi)(shi)驗室工(gong)作(zuo)人員(yuan)是生(sheng)物安(an)全的受益者，又是管(guan)理(li)(li)者，是最容(rong)易受到生(sheng)物危害(hai)的群(qun)體，是實(shi)(shi)驗室管(guan)理(li)(li)的核心(xin)。因此，要(yao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立各實(shi)(shi)驗室生(sheng)物安(an)全操(cao)作(zuo)規程(cheng)及管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)制(zhi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立好實(shi)(shi)驗室個(ge)人檔案(an)。

2.1 實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度 人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)培(pei)訓制(zhi)(zhi)度：實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須經過生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)防護相關知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓；實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)準入(ru)制(zhi)(zhi)度：實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)入(ru)口處應(ying)有(you)安(an)全(quan)警示標志(zhi)或(huo)限定無關人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)標志(zhi)，非工作(zuo)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)得進(jin)(jin)入(ru)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)半污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)、污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)區的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)區域；安(an)全(quan)檢查制(zhi)(zhi)度：實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)門應(ying)保持關閉，與實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)無關的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)得帶進(jin)(jin)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)，有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)內務行為，禁止食(shi)用(yong)品與試劑(ji)或(huo)標本放置同一冰箱(xiang)；實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)消毒滅菌(jun)與廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處置制(zhi)(zhi)度：未污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)扔進(jin)(jin)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)桶，有(you)菌(jun)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)應(ying)高壓滅菌(jun)后處理，以免污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)及(ji)環境(jing)。

2.2 實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)規程 根據(ju)(ju)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)染源，定期對應(ying)(ying)注(zhu)射不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疫苗，增強實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)質；實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進入實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，根據(ju)(ju)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)個人(ren)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)備(bei)原則穿(chuan)著適應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服或(huo)(huo)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)服、鞋(xie)(xie)套或(huo)(huo)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)鞋(xie)(xie)等；在(zai)(zai)進行(xing)(xing)可(ke)能接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)到血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)其他具有潛在(zai)(zai)感染性(xing)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)戴(dai)(dai)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)套（一次性(xing)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)套），必要(yao)(yao)時(shi)(shi)戴(dai)(dai)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)眼鏡(jing)，穿(chuan)隔離(li)衣(yi)。嚴禁在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中穿(chuan)涼鞋(xie)(xie)、拖鞋(xie)(xie)、露趾和機(ji)織物(wu)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鞋(xie)(xie)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)上(shang)有皮(pi)(pi)膚破損(sun)或(huo)(huo)皮(pi)(pi)疹時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)戴(dai)(dai)乳膠(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)套或(huo)(huo)雙層手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)套，嚴禁穿(chuan)著實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)服離(li)開(kai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)域，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)結束或(huo)(huo)者離(li)開(kai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，防(fang)(fang)護(hu)用(yong)(yong)品應(ying)(ying)先消毒、后(hou)摘除，隨(sui)后(hou)必須洗(xi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，根據(ju)(ju)（GB 194892004）洗(xi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)要(yao)(yao)求，在(zai)(zai)感應(ying)(ying)水龍(long)頭下(xia)流水肥皂洗(xi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)酒精(jing)擦手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)；標(biao)(biao)本(ben)(ben)采(cai)集(ji)時(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)遵循生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，操作(zuo)(zuo)者均(jun)要(yao)(yao)穿(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服、戴(dai)(dai)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)套、口(kou)罩。克服實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)僥幸心理，要(yao)(yao)加強普遍性(xing)預防(fang)(fang)（Uiversal precations.UP）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理念(nian)[5]，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)品。血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)本(ben)(ben)是實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)標(biao)(biao)本(ben)(ben)，也是實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潛在(zai)(zai)危(wei)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)物(wu)質，血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)檢驗(yan)(yan)中安(an)全(quan)(quan)問題尤為重要(yao)(yao)。我國是乙肝感染和發病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大國，近年(nian)來(lai)，愛滋病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現與(yu)流行(xing)(xing)對每天與(yu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)打交道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)造成了極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)脅。因此在(zai)(zai)采(cai)集(ji)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)本(ben)(ben)時(shi)(shi)盡(jin)(jin)量減(jian)少(shao)檢驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或(huo)(huo)間(jian)(jian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)這些標(biao)(biao)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能。應(ying)(ying)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)與(yu)儀器匹配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)空采(cai)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)及(ji)一次性(xing)試管(guan)。盡(jin)(jin)量避免開(kai)蓋以(yi)(yi)防(fang)(fang)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)氣溶膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸入，標(biao)(biao)本(ben)(ben)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)機(ji)，構成全(quan)(quan)封(feng)閉系統。減(jian)少(shao)檢驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)收集(ji)、采(cai)血(xue)(xue)(xue)、運輸(shu)、處理、上(shang)機(ji)及(ji)廢(fei)物(wu)棄置等檢驗(yan)(yan)過程中與(yu)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、體(ti)(ti)液(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)或(huo)(huo)間(jian)(jian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能。

3、實驗室的清(qing)潔與消毒管(guan)理(li)

清(qing)潔與消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)是保(bao)障(zhang)生物安(an)全管理的重要環節，只有正常到(dao)位的清(qing)潔與消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)才能保(bao)證在安(an)全環境(jing)下安(an)全工作。實驗室的清(qing)潔與消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)要按生物安(an)全防(fang)護(hu)的要求，遵守先消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)后清(qing)潔的原(yuan)則。對需要消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)的物品(pin)要徹底消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)，不留(liu)死(si)角。凡接觸病原(yuan)微生物的器材、環境(jing)、人員(yuan)均(jun)要采取相應(ying)的消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)處理措施。不同的對象要選擇不同的消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)劑和(he)消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)方法，以達到(dao)消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)效果，但要以不污染環境(jing)為前提(ti)。

3.1消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)方(fang)法 空氣(qi)消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)：方(fang)法可采(cai)取加強(qiang)通風、紫外燈照(zhao)射(she)或臭氧(yang)消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)法；公共(gong)場(chang)所物(wu)體表面消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)：采(cai)用(yong)(yong)含氯消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)劑噴灑至(zhi)(zhi)濕(shi)（約10 ml/m2），作用(yong)(yong)25 min。使用(yong)(yong)抹布(bu)、拖(tuo)(tuo)布(bu)擦拭2遍。抹布(bu)、拖(tuo)(tuo)布(bu)要(yao)保(bao)持清潔與干燥；環(huan)境(jing)物(wu)體表面消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)：用(yong)(yong)拖(tuo)(tuo)布(bu)浸消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)液拖(tuo)(tuo)擦2遍或噴灑至(zhi)(zhi)濕(shi)潤（約10 ml/m2），作用(yong)(yong)25 min。

3.2 確(que)保實(shi)(shi)驗室消(xiao)毒用(yong)品及(ji)(ji)消(xiao)毒器械的(de)安全(quan) 實(shi)(shi)驗室必須儲存足夠的(de)消(xiao)毒劑及(ji)(ji)消(xiao)毒用(yong)品以備補充；定期檢(jian)查消(xiao)毒器械（紫外(wai)線燈的(de)紫外(wai)線照(zhao)射強(qiang)度，定期擦拭(shi)燈管）；實(shi)(shi)驗室安全(quan)意(yi)外(wai)的(de)處(chu)理(li)：實(shi)(shi)驗操作中意(yi)外(wai)出現扎傷(shang)、皮膚污(wu)染血標本，應馬上用(yong)肥(fei)皂清洗(xi)再用(yong)大量的(de)流水沖(chong)洗(xi)傷(shang)口，擠壓傷(shang)口出血后包扎。黏膜、結膜被污(wu)染應用(yong)大量的(de)生(sheng)理(li)鹽(yan)水沖(chong)洗(xi)，如接觸特殊標本因特殊處(chu)理(li)。

篇4

化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)促進(jin)了(le)交叉性化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重點(dian)(dian)實驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)立。生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)交叉融合為化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)國家實驗(yan)室(shi)帶來(lai)了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)新問題(ti)。該文分析了(le)現代(dai)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重點(dian)(dian)實驗(yan)室(shi)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)特點(dian)(dian)，并(bing)結合南京大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)分析化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)國家重點(dian)(dian)實驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)經驗(yan)，如何有效管理(li)和控制化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重點(dian)(dian)實驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)，避免和減少對環(huan)境和生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)財產(chan)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)危險，保證(zheng)實驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)高效運行(xing)(xing)等方面進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)探討。

關鍵詞:

重點(dian)實驗室;對策;安全管理(li)

化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主要是研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)從原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)、分(fen)子(zi)(zi)片、分(fen)子(zi)(zi)、超分(fen)子(zi)(zi)，到分(fen)子(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種不(bu)同(tong)尺度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)不(bu)同(tong)復雜(za)程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚集態(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)組裝(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)成和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)反應(ying)，分(fen)離和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)分(fen)析，結構和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)形態(tai)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)性能(neng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)活性及其(qi)規律和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)［1］。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與多學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)交叉滲透，已成為(wei)自然基(ji)礎(chu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。未來(lai)(lai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)(zai)解(jie)決食物(wu)(wu)(wu)短缺、能(neng)源(yuan)、材料和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)環境等(deng)(deng)關系(xi)人(ren)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)會發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)問(wen)題起著重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要作用(yong)［2］。鑒于化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要性，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)政府和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)各級(ji)機構加大(da)(da)了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設。2009年(nian)參加科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技部(bu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)評估的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有25個(ge)，其(qi)中全國(guo)(guo)22個(ge)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，3個(ge)為(wei)部(bu)門重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，參與評估的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南京大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)分(fen)析化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)育(yu)部(bu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)2013年(nian)通過(guo)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)收，升(sheng)格為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。2013年(nian)教(jiao)育(yu)部(bu)對(dui)(dui)教(jiao)育(yu)部(bu)屬18所(suo)(suo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進行了(le)(le)評估。在(zai)(zai)可以預見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)未來(lai)(lai)，國(guo)(guo)家會繼(ji)續加大(da)(da)對(dui)(dui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投入，越來(lai)(lai)越多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將被建(jian)立。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比其(qi)他實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、機電實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、信息實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)有所(suo)(suo)不(bu)同(tong)，它是一(yi)個(ge)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)高(gao)危的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)(suo)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中有許(xu)多易燃易爆劇毒強腐蝕性化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)藥品(pin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)試(shi)劑(ji)，有些化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)需(xu)要在(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)壓等(deng)(deng)苛刻條件下(xia)才能(neng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)。同(tong)時(shi)，大(da)(da)量分(fen)析檢測儀器(qi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)設備帶來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)高(gao)電壓和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)強電磁輻射的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危險，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)旦發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)事故，后果不(bu)堪設想，因(yin)(yin)此必(bi)須加強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全管(guan)理(li)(li)。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)除了(le)(le)上述(shu)特殊性外，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還面臨科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)任務(wu)大(da)(da)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)交叉多、人(ren)員流動大(da)(da)等(deng)(deng)問(wen)題，這些都(dou)對(dui)(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全管(guan)理(li)(li)帶來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)挑戰。在(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)交叉發展方面，現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)緊(jin)密結合(he)(he)，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)通過(guo)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)獲得(de)了(le)(le)長足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)進步，目前(qian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)均有從事生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)并建(jian)立了(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)模塊。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉融(rong)合(he)(he)為(wei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)國(guo)(guo)家實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帶來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新問(wen)題。因(yin)(yin)此，如何有效管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)控制化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安全，避免和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)減少(shao)對(dui)(dui)環境和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)財產安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危險成為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)設過(guo)程中一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)問(wen)題。本(ben)文以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)分(fen)析化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)開展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)安全管(guan)理(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐為(wei)例，提出高(gao)校(xiao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安全管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可行建(jian)議。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)分(fen)析化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)立足于分(fen)析化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，定位于以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質為(wei)主要對(dui)(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，是化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)(deng)多學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)交叉融(rong)合(he)(he)而(er)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)平臺。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全管(guan)理(li)(li)運行具有一(yi)定借(jie)鑒價值。

1實驗室(shi)建(jian)設(she)和運行:硬件建(jian)設(she)

在建(jian)(jian)造(zao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)研究模塊最好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)各(ge)自獨立而又(you)緊(jin)密聯系(xi)(xi)。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學研究模塊要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)火災爆炸事故(gu)、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學品腐蝕、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒物(wu)和(he)(he)放射物(wu)擴散丟失和(he)(he)高(gao)電壓(ya)滲水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在危險的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)護和(he)(he)隔離(li);生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)模塊除了在要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)到達化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學模塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)外，特別(bie)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)致(zhi)病微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)護和(he)(he)預(yu)防(fang)(fang)。在設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)階段，首先應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)途(tu)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)指標(biao)等(deng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了解;要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)性(xing)確(que)定(ding)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等(deng)級(ji)［3］，由于級(ji)別(bie)越高(gao)，建(jian)(jian)造(zao)和(he)(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)費用(yong)也(ye)越高(gao)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)盲目(mu)攀比(bi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，以(yi)(yi)免造(zao)成浪(lang)費。其(qi)(qi)次，選(xuan)擇國(guo)內有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)能(neng)力承接高(gao)級(ji)別(bie)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)任務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)曾經建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)和(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)過(guo)高(gao)級(ji)別(bie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)常(chang)(chang)(chang)了解，并(bing)(bing)且(qie)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相(xiang)關(guan)資(zi)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)。然后，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、空(kong)調凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、電氣控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、結構(gou)(gou)抗震、給水(shui)(shui)排水(shui)(shui)、污物(wu)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)、氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)應(ying)、檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測等(deng)多領域(yu)專家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)。最后，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)竣工(gong)(gong)后，必(bi)須(xu)首先經過(guo)國(guo)家(jia)授權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測機構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測，并(bing)(bing)由有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)批準(zhun)后才能(neng)投入使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。在設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)中(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)引入綠色(se)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)念，努力建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)一(yi)個(ge)環(huan)保(bao)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)［4］。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)要(yao)(yao)(yao)統一(yi)規(gui)劃(hua)，既(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮當前(qian)又(you)要(yao)(yao)(yao)兼顧(gu)長(chang)遠，應(ying)根據自身具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)情(qing)況進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)盲目(mu)攀比(bi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，以(yi)(yi)免造(zao)成資(zi)源(yuan)浪(lang)費，并(bing)(bing)努力降(jiang)低(di)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護成本(ben)(ben)［5］。同(tong)時(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)配套(tao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，如消防(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，急(ji)救設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)等(deng)［6－7］。在建(jian)(jian)造(zao)完成后，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)定(ding)期檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，確(que)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否配備(bei)了有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)防(fang)(fang)護設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(防(fang)(fang)火防(fang)(fang)盜設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜、高(gao)壓(ya)滅菌(jun)器、感應(ying)水(shui)(shui)龍頭、紫外線(xian)燈、洗眼裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng))，定(ding)期對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)儀(yi)器設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，及(ji)時(shi)維(wei)(wei)(wei)護。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于冰(bing)箱、培養箱這類常(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)開機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)，若儀(yi)器比(bi)較老舊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)儀(yi)器報廢和(he)(he)重新(xin)申購(gou)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)部(bu)門(men)也(ye)應(ying)加快(kuai)儀(yi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報廢和(he)(he)重新(xin)采購(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，如有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況存在，要(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)排除隱患。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于在實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研活動(dong)(dong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)盡心有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效地日(ri)常(chang)(chang)(chang)監督，包括:1)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)內部(bu)或(huo)外部(bu)審核(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。內、外部(bu)審核(he)是(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)與(yu)維(wei)(wei)(wei)持的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)環(huan)節。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)除日(ri)常(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)(chang)(chang)規(gui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)外還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)至少(shao)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)次系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂(ding)詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審核(he)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)，明確(que)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)發(fa)現問(wen)題提(ti)出(chu)詳(xiang)細(xi)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)方(fang)案，認真(zhen)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)并(bing)(bing)將(jiang)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題及(ji)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)情(qing)況提(ti)交實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)層。通過(guo)定(ding)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審核(he)以(yi)(yi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)持續符(fu)合(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)斷完善。2)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)評審工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)評審是(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)層對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)部(bu)活動(dong)(dong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)評審，是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適宜性(xing)、充(chong)分(fen)性(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效性(xing)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統評價(jia)，包括對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)(liang)方(fang)針和(he)(he)質量(liang)(liang)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)活動(dong)(dong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)指導性(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審核(he)評價(jia)，達到使(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。3)開展質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)維(wei)(wei)(wei)持管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)良好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵因(yin)素。質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)包括實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內部(bu)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)活動(dong)(dong)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)、能(neng)力驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)外部(bu)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)活動(dong)(dong)，通過(guo)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來評估實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)質量(liang)(liang)，衡量(liang)(liang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技術(shu)水(shui)(shui)平，并(bing)(bing)采取相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)達到追求(qiu)(qiu)技術(shu)進步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)。4)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)明檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測結果(guo)符(fu)合(he)(he)質量(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)、為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)觀證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據。記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)并(bing)(bing)保(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)與(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程和(he)(he)各(ge)種(zhong)質量(liang)(liang)活動(dong)(dong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原始數據，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)各(ge)種(zhong)質量(liang)(liang)活動(dong)(dong)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)和(he)(he)質量(liang)(liang)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)(shi)每(mei)(mei)次實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)都包含足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息，以(yi)(yi)便(bian)識別(bie)不(bu)(bu)確(que)定(ding)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)素，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活動(dong)(dong)可追溯性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據，為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效運(yun)(yun)作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活動(dong)(dong)符(fu)合(he)(he)認可評審要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)提(ti)供(gong)充(chong)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據，為(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)進提(ti)供(gong)依據。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)，應(ying)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)到每(mei)(mei)項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)均有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)程序(xu)(xu)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)程序(xu)(xu)必(bi)須(xu)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)必(bi)須(xu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)，養成工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)隨時(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)習慣。以(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)分(fen)析化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學國(guo)家(jia)重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)例，該(gai)重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)12項(xiang)(xiang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)規(gui)定(ding)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)大塊是(shi)(shi)(shi)涉及(ji)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。并(bing)(bing)且(qie)在2011年(nian)科(ke)技部(bu)正式發(fa)文批準(zhun)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)國(guo)家(jia)重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之后，該(gai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)除了根據規(gui)定(ding)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)了必(bi)須(xu)硬件(jian)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)外，還(huan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)每(mei)(mei)個(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)了監控(kong)(kong)(kong)和(he)(he)門(men)禁系(xi)(xi)統，加強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)入管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)也(ye)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)和(he)(he)詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)監督。

2實驗室安全(quan)管理(li)機制的建立和健全(quan):日常(chang)管理(li)

建(jian)(jian)(jian)立有(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)落(luo)(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)任(ren)，將(jiang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)任(ren)落(luo)(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)人(ren)落(luo)(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)位是(shi)做好化學實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)環節。首先應(ying)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)操作(zuo)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)及管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)［8］。相關制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立不僅(jin)可以(yi)為環境和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)提供有(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)保障，也有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于形成一種有(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)長效管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)走向(xiang)法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)化管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道。這些制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)應(ying)根(gen)據(ju)本實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化學品、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)標本類型和(he)(he)特性認(ren)真制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂。例(li)如:實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)準入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔、消毒(du)、消防(fang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防(fang)護實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)化學安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)操作(zuo)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)廢棄物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處置(zhi)，事(shi)件、傷害、事(shi)故報(bao)告制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)任(ren)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)責(ze)任(ren)追究制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，儀器管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)等一系列安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防(fang)護方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，以(yi)及有(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)監督機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，確保實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行。如生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命分(fen)(fen)析化學國(guo)家重點(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)將(jiang)各(ge)種廢棄物(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)類處理(li)(li)(li)(li)，放置(zhi)在規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)，每周進(jin)行集中(zhong)回收報(bao)廢試劑(ji)，并對涉及化學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備和(he)(he)防(fang)護用(yong)品進(jin)行清(qing)潔、消毒(du)檢查。在建(jian)(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)章制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，也要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格執行實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)。由于重點(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)依托一級(ji)法(fa)人(ren)單(dan)位建(jian)(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此(ci)在安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)問題上，高校需要(yao)(yao)明(ming)確權責(ze)，把(ba)責(ze)任(ren)分(fen)(fen)級(ji)落(luo)(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)二(er)級(ji)學院和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行領(ling)導負責(ze)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、責(ze)任(ren)追究制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，明(ming)確各(ge)級(ji)人(ren)員責(ze)任(ren)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(包括一線開展實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)員)，對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)化學安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)使用(yong)采取(qu)獎(jiang)懲并重的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)，決不放過(guo)任(ren)何違反生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為［9－10］。

3安(an)全教育及技術培訓:系統的學(xue)習和(he)培訓

重點(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)應組織(zhi)對進(jin)(jin)入實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的所有(you)(you)人員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)物化(hua)學(xue)(xue)安(an)全(quan)知識(shi)教育和培訓，把實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)全(quan)教育納入日常管理工作(zuo)［11］。通過定期對操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)人員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)火災處理、危險化(hua)學(xue)(xue)品(pin)泄(xie)露(lu)、檢驗(yan)(yan)技術、生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)事故應急處理方(fang)(fang)法(fa)等(deng)培訓，來提高學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)和操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)人員的安(an)全(quan)意識(shi)，使(shi)其熟(shu)悉(xi)如(ru)何識(shi)別和控制實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)危害因素(su)，了(le)解如(ru)何采取必要的安(an)全(quan)措施來預(yu)防實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)事故。所有(you)(you)人員經嚴格(ge)考核(he)后方(fang)(fang)能持證上(shang)崗。由于實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)管理都趨于信息(xi)化(hua)，使(shi)得實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)管理更易于細化(hua)［12－13］。電子門(men)禁(jin)、儀器(qi)網(wang)絡使(shi)用(yong)權(quan)限等(deng)都可以(yi)針對每個學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)和操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)者的實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際使(shi)用(yong)情況(kuang)、操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)情況(kuang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)權(quan)限設(she)置。如(ru)生(sheng)(sheng)命分析化(hua)學(xue)(xue)國家(jia)重點(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的門(men)禁(jin)權(quan)限只下放給有(you)(you)研究需(xu)要并經過嚴格(ge)培訓、持證上(shang)崗的學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)。安(an)全(quan)設(she)備的操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)證也必須有(you)(you)使(shi)用(yong)權(quan)限的學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)才(cai)(cai)能打開(kai)。上(shang)述(shu)措施的施行(xing)確(que)保有(you)(you)需(xu)求的人員經過嚴格(ge)的考核(he)才(cai)(cai)可以(yi)進(jin)(jin)入實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，并對潛在危險進(jin)(jin)行(xing)有(you)(you)效排查(cha)。

4結束語

化(hua)學(xue)類(lei)重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)是我(wo)國化(hua)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)前沿陣(zhen)地。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)設備復雜，學(xue)科(ke)交叉，科(ke)研(yan)(yan)任務大，保(bao)證(zheng)化(hua)學(xue)類(lei)重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)安(an)全運(yun)行是完成科(ke)研(yan)(yan)任務的(de)前提(ti)，只有高度重視(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)，前期(qi)認真調(diao)研(yan)(yan)，嚴格(ge)施工，在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)運(yun)行過程中(zhong)不(bu)斷強化(hua)和提(ti)升實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)機(ji)制，重視(shi)安(an)全教育，才能為廣大科(ke)研(yan)(yan)人員(yuan)創造一個和諧、安(an)全的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)環境，為我(wo)國化(hua)學(xue)學(xue)科(ke)的(de)發展做出貢獻。

作者；龐潔(jie) 劉(liu)飛 單位：南京大學化(hua)學化(hua)工學院生命分析(xi)化(hua)學國家(jia)重點實驗室

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［9］于(yu)敏，皮之軍(jun)，李建海(hai).實驗室生物安全隱患及事故(gu)預防［J］.實驗技(ji)術與管理(li)，2012，29(10):207－209.

［10］許業河，黃建榕(rong)，廖(liao)秀萍，等(deng).淺談高(gao)校化學生物類實驗(yan)室安(an)全的危機(ji)管理［J］.實驗(yan)室研究與探索，2009，28(6):165－167.

［11］由繼紅(hong).實驗室生物(wu)安全問題的研究［J］.實驗技術與(yu)管(guan)理，2011，28(10):169－171.

篇5

化(hua)學(xue)類實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)比其他(ta)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)如(ru)物理(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)、機(ji)電(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)、信(xin)息實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)等(deng)有(you)所不(bu)(bu)同，它(ta)是一個相(xiang)對高(gao)(gao)危的場所，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中(zhong)有(you)許多易燃易爆劇毒強(qiang)腐蝕性化(hua)學(xue)藥(yao)品和(he)試劑，有(you)些(xie)化(hua)學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)需要在(zai)高(gao)(gao)溫高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)等(deng)苛刻(ke)條(tiao)件下才能實(shi)(shi)(shi)現。同時(shi)，大量(liang)分(fen)析檢測儀器和(he)設(she)備帶來(lai)了(le)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)強(qiang)電(dian)磁輻射的危險，化(hua)學(xue)類實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)一旦發生事故，后(hou)果不(bu)(bu)堪設(she)想，因此必(bi)須加強(qiang)化(hua)學(xue)類實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的安全管理(li)。

化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)除了上(shang)述特殊性外，化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)還面臨科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)任務大(da)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)多(duo)、人員(yuan)流動大(da)等問題，這些都對(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理帶來(lai)了挑戰。在學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)發展方面，現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)生命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)緊密結合，化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)通過在生命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領域的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)研(yan)究獲得了長足的(de)(de)發展和(he)(he)進步，目前化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)均有(you)從(cong)事生命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)研(yan)究并建(jian)立了生物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)模塊。生命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)融合為化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類國(guo)家(jia)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)帶來(lai)了生物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)新問題。因(yin)此，如何有(you)效管(guan)(guan)理和(he)(he)控制(zhi)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)生物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，避(bi)免和(he)(he)減(jian)少對(dui)環境(jing)和(he)(he)生命(ming)(ming)財產安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)危險(xian)成為重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)在建(jian)設過程中一(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問題。本文以生命(ming)(ming)分析(xi)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)所開展的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐為例，提出高校(xiao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)生物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)可行建(jian)議。生命(ming)(ming)分析(xi)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)立足于(yu)(yu)分析(xi)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，定位于(yu)(yu)以生命(ming)(ming)物(wu)質為主要對(dui)象(xiang)的(de)(de)分析(xi)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法(fa)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)基礎研(yan)究，是化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)生命(ming)(ming)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等多(duo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)融合而形(xing)成的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)平臺。它的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理運(yun)行具有(you)一(yi)(yi)定借鑒價值。

1實驗室建設和運行：硬件建設

在(zai)建造實驗室前，化學和生(sheng)物(wu)研究模(mo)塊(kuai)最好各自獨立而又(you)緊密聯(lian)系。化學研究模(mo)塊(kuai)要(yao)(yao)注意對火災爆炸事(shi)故(gu)、化學品腐蝕、有毒物(wu)和放射物(wu)擴散丟失和高電壓滲水(shui)的(de)潛在(zai)危險的(de)防護和隔離(li)；生(sheng)物(wu)模(mo)塊(kuai)除了在(zai)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)到(dao)達(da)化學模(mo)塊(kuai)的(de)建設要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)外，特(te)別要(yao)(yao)注意致(zhi)病微生(sheng)物(wu)等生(sheng)物(wu)安全的(de)防護和預防。

在(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)階(jie)段，首先應(ying)對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的目的、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的主(zhu)要用途(tu)以(yi)及基本的性(xing)能(neng)(neng)指(zhi)標(biao)等有足夠的了解(jie)；要根據(ju)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)的危害性(xing)確定實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的等級(ji)(ji)由于級(ji)(ji)別(bie)越(yue)(yue)高(gao)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)和運行(xing)費(fei)用也越(yue)(yue)高(gao)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)盲(mang)目攀比(bi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)，以(yi)免造(zao)(zao)成浪費(fei)。其次，選擇國內有能(neng)(neng)力(li)承接(jie)高(gao)級(ji)(ji)別(bie)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計和施(shi)工(gong)任務(wu)的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，特(te)別(bie)是曾經建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)和設(she)(she)(she)(she)計過(guo)高(gao)級(ji)(ji)別(bie)化(hua)學和生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)，對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)非常了解(jie)，并(bing)且具有相(xiang)關資(zi)質(zhi)的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。然(ran)后(hou)(hou)，需要生(sheng)物(wu)學、化(hua)學、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑、空調凈化(hua)、電氣(qi)控制(zhi)、結構抗震、給(gei)水(shui)排水(shui)、污(wu)物(wu)處(chu)理(li)、氣(qi)體供應(ying)、檢(jian)測(ce)等多領域專家的協調合(he)作。最后(hou)(hou)，生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)竣工(gong)后(hou)(hou)，必須首先經過(guo)國家授權的檢(jian)測(ce)機構的檢(jian)測(ce)，并(bing)由有關部門批準后(hou)(hou)才能(neng)(neng)投入(ru)使用。在(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)中要引(yin)入(ru)綠(lv)色實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)理(li)念，努力(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)一個(ge)環保安(an)全(quan)的實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)4。實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)要統一規劃，既要考慮當(dang)前又要兼顧(gu)長遠，應(ying)根據(ju)自身具體情況進行(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)盲(mang)目攀比(bi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she),以(yi)免造(zao)(zao)成資(zi)源浪費(fei)，并(bing)努力(li)降(jiang)低運行(xing)維護成本0。同時實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)安(an)全(quan)配套設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，如消防設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，急(ji)救設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)等^。

在建造完成后(hou)，實驗室要進(jin)行定(ding)期(qi)檢查，確(que)定(ding)是否配備(bei)了有(you)效(xiao)的(de)安全防護(hu)設(she)備(bei)（防火(huo)防盜設(she)備(bei)、生物安全柜、高壓滅(mie)菌器(qi)(qi)、感應水龍頭(tou)、紫外線燈、洗眼裝(zhuang)置等），定(ding)期(qi)對儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)(qi)設(she)備(bei)進(jin)行安全檢查，及時(shi)維護(hu)。對于冰箱、培(pei)養箱這類常(chang)年開機的(de)設(she)備(bei)，若儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)(qi)比較老舊(jiu)的(de)，要做(zuo)好儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)(qi)報(bao)廢和重新申購(gou)工作。管理(li)部(bu)門也應加快儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)報(bao)廢和重新采購(gou)的(de)工作，如(ru)有(you)不符合(he)要求的(de)情況存在，要及時(shi)排(pai)除隱(yin)患。對于在實驗室進(jin)行的(de)科(ke)研活(huo)動(dong)要盡心有(you)效(xiao)地(di)曰常(chang)監(jian)督，包括：

     1)做(zuo)好內部或外部審(shen)核(he)工(gong)作。內、外部審(shen)核(he)是(shi)管理(li)體系(xi)實(shi)施與(yu)維持的(de)重要環節。實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)(shi)除日常(chang)的(de)常(chang)規檢查(cha)(cha)外還要至(zhi)少每年進行一次(ci)系(xi)統的(de)安全檢查(cha)(cha)，制訂詳細(xi)的(de)審(shen)核(he)計劃，明確檢查(cha)(cha)目的(de)，對發(fa)現問(wen)題提(ti)出詳細(xi)整(zheng)改(gai)方(fang)案(an)，認真整(zheng)改(gai)并將發(fa)現的(de)問(wen)題及整(zheng)改(gai)情況提(ti)交實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)(shi)管理(li)層。通過定(ding)期(qi)的(de)審(shen)核(he)以證(zheng)實(shi)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)(shi)安全管理(li)體系(xi)運行持續符合要求并不(bu)斷完善(shan)。

     2)做(zuo)好管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)評(ping)審(shen)工作(zuo)。管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)評(ping)審(shen)是實(shi)驗(yan)室管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)對(dui)實(shi)驗(yan)室安(an)(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系及(ji)其全部活動進行(xing)評(ping)審(shen)，是對(dui)安(an)(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系的(de)適宜性、充分(fen)性、有效(xiao)性進行(xing)的(de)系統評(ping)價(jia)，包(bao)括對(dui)實(shi)驗(yan)室質量(liang)方(fang)針和質量(liang)目(mu)標的(de)制訂是否對(dui)實(shi)驗(yan)室各項安(an)(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)活動具有指導性作(zuo)用進行(xing)審(shen)核評(ping)價(jia)，達到(dao)使管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系更有效(xiao)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。

     3)開(kai)展質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制是維(wei)持管理體系良好(hao)運行的(de)(de)關鍵因素(su)。質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制包括(kuo)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)(shi)內部質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制活(huo)動(dong)以及實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)比對、能力(li)驗證(zheng)等外部質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制活(huo)動(dong)，通(tong)過質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制來(lai)評估實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)(shi)自身的(de)(de)工作質(zhi)量(liang)，衡量(liang)實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)(shi)技術(shu)水平，并采取相應的(de)(de)措施達(da)到追求技術(shu)進步的(de)(de)目標(biao)。

    4)做好記錄(lu)的(de)(de)控制。記錄(lu)是證(zheng)明檢測結果符合質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)求、為管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)正常運(yun)行提供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)客(ke)觀證(zheng)據(ju)。記錄(lu)并保(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)好所有(you)(you)(you)與實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)和各種質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)活(huo)動有(you)(you)(you)關的(de)(de)原始數據(ju)，對(dui)各種質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)活(huo)動過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)技術和質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)記錄(lu)進(jin)行有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)控制，使(shi)每(mei)次(ci)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄(lu)都(dou)包(bao)含足夠的(de)(de)信息，以(yi)便識別不確定(ding)度的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)因素，也是實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活(huo)動可追溯性的(de)(de)依據(ju)，為管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)系(xi)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)運(yun)作和實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活(huo)動符合認可評審要(yao)求提供(gong)(gong)充(chong)分(fen)的(de)(de)證(zheng)據(ju)，為實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)活(huo)動的(de)(de)改進(jin)提供(gong)(gong)依據(ju)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室安全體(ti)系(xi)運(yun)行中(zhong)，應做到每(mei)項工作均有(you)(you)(you)程(cheng)(cheng)序，有(you)(you)(you)程(cheng)(cheng)序必須(xu)(xu)執行，有(you)(you)(you)執行必須(xu)(xu)有(you)(you)(you)記錄(lu)，養(yang)成工作中(zhong)隨(sui)時(shi)記錄(lu)的(de)(de)好習慣。以(yi)生(sheng)命分(fen)析化(hua)學(xue)國(guo)家(jia)重點(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室為例(li)，該(gai)(gai)重點(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室有(you)(you)(you)12項運(yun)行管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)規定(ding)，其中(zhong)一大塊是涉及安全管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)。并且(qie)在2011年科技部(bu)正式發(fa)文(wen)批準(zhun)建(jian)設(she)國(guo)家(jia)重點(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室之后，該(gai)(gai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室除了(le)根(gen)據(ju)規定(ding)做了(le)必須(xu)(xu)硬(ying)件建(jian)設(she)外(wai)，還對(dui)每(mei)個實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室安裝了(le)監控和門禁系(xi)統(tong)，加強對(dui)人員的(de)(de)準(zhun)入管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)記錄(lu)控制以(yi)及安全檢查也都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)嚴格的(de)(de)規定(ding)和詳細的(de)(de)檢查監督(du)。

2實驗(yan)室安全管(guan)理(li)機制的建(jian)立和健全：日常管(guan)理(li)

建立(li)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)體制落(luo)實(shi)實(shi)驗室安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)責(ze)任，將安全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)任落(luo)實(shi)到(dao)人落(luo)實(shi)到(dao)位是(shi)做好化學實(shi)驗室安全(quan)(quan)(quan)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)重要環節(jie)。首先應建立(li)健全(quan)(quan)(quan)實(shi)驗室安全(quan)(quan)(quan)操作(zuo)規程及管(guan)理(li)制度。相關制度的(de)(de)建立(li)不僅可以為環境和實(shi)驗室工作(zuo)人員的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)提供有效(xiao)的(de)(de)保障，也有利于形成一種有效(xiao)的(de)(de)長效(xiao)管(guan)理(li)機制，使(shi)

安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管理工作(zuo)(zuo)走向法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)化、規范化管理的(de)(de)軌道。這些制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)規程應根據本(ben)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)使用(yong)的(de)(de)化學(xue)(xue)品、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)標本(ben)類型和(he)(he)特性認真制(zhi)(zhi)訂。例如(ru)：實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)準入制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)清(qing)潔、消(xiao)毒、消(xiao)防(fang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)檢(jian)查(cha)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物化學(xue)(xue)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)規程，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)廢棄(qi)物的(de)(de)處置(zhi)，事件、傷害、事故報告(gao)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)責任制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)責任追究制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，儀(yi)器管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)一(yi)系列安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)方(fang)面的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，以(yi)及有效的(de)(de)監督機制(zhi)(zhi)，確保實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)運行。如(ru)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命分析(xi)化學(xue)(xue)國家(jia)重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)要求(qiu)將各種廢棄(qi)物分類處理，放置(zhi)在規定的(de)(de)地方(fang)，每周(zhou)進行集中回(hui)收報廢試劑，并對涉及化學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)設備和(he)(he)防(fang)護(hu)用(yong)品進行清(qing)潔、消(xiao)毒檢(jian)查(cha)。

在建立健全(quan)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)規(gui)章制度的同時，也(ye)要嚴格執行實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)生物(wu)安全(quan)管理規(gui)程。由于重點實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)是依托一級法人單位建設的，因(yin)此在安全(quan)問題上，高校需(xu)要明(ming)確(que)權責，把責任(ren)分級落實(shi)(shi)到二級學院和(he)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)，實(shi)(shi)行領導(dao)負責制、責任(ren)追究制，明(ming)確(que)各級人員(yuan)(yuan)責任(ren)制（包括一線(xian)開展實(shi)(shi)驗活動的所有人員(yuan)(yuan)），對(dui)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)生物(wu)化學安全(quan)管理和(he)使用采取獎懲并重的辦法，決不放過任(ren)何(he)違(wei)反生物(wu)安全(quan)管理的行為。

3安(an)全教育及技術培訓：系統的(de)學習和培訓

重(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)應(ying)(ying)組織對進(jin)(jin)入實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)人(ren)員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物化(hua)學(xue)安(an)全知(zhi)識教育和(he)培訓(xun)，把實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)安(an)全教育納入日常管(guan)理工(gong)作(zuo)。通過定(ding)期對操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)火災處理、危(wei)險化(hua)學(xue)品泄(xie)露、檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)和(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)事(shi)故應(ying)(ying)急處理方法等培訓(xun)，來提高學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全意識，使(shi)(shi)其熟悉如何識別和(he)控(kong)制實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)危(wei)害(hai)因素，了解如何采(cai)取必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全措施(shi)來預防實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)事(shi)故。所(suo)有(you)人(ren)員經嚴(yan)(yan)格考(kao)核(he)后方能(neng)持(chi)證(zheng)上(shang)崗(gang)(gang)。由于(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)管(guan)理都(dou)趨于(yu)信息化(hua)，使(shi)(shi)得實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)管(guan)理更易于(yu)細化(hua)a2_13。電子門(men)禁(jin)、儀器網絡使(shi)(shi)用(yong)權(quan)限(xian)等都(dou)可以(yi)針對每個學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際使(shi)(shi)用(yong)情況(kuang)、操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)情況(kuang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)權(quan)限(xian)設置(zhi)。如生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命分(fen)析化(hua)學(xue)國家重(zhong)點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)禁(jin)權(quan)限(xian)只下放(fang)給有(you)研究需(xu)要(yao)并經過嚴(yan)(yan)格培訓(xun)、持(chi)證(zheng)上(shang)崗(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。安(an)全設備的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)證(zheng)也(ye)必須有(you)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)權(quan)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)才能(neng)打開。上(shang)述措施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)行(xing)確保有(you)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員經過嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)核(he)才可以(yi)進(jin)(jin)入實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)，并對潛在危(wei)險進(jin)(jin)行(xing)有(you)效排查。

篇6

關鍵(jian)詞：醫學檢驗技(ji)術(shu)專業；生物安全意識(shi)；安全防護

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)是指在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)處理(li)和(he)保(bao)存(cun)感(gan)染性物(wu)(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)過(guo)程中采用的(de)(de)一系(xi)列防(fang)(fang)護(hu)措(cuo)施，包括個人防(fang)(fang)護(hu)裝備(bei)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室防(fang)(fang)護(hu)措(cuo)施、相關儀器設備(bei)、物(wu)(wu)(wu)品和(he)管理(li)體系(xi)[1-2]。2003年春，各地發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)內醫(yi)(yi)(yi)務人員和(he)臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員SARS感(gan)染事件，引(yin)起了各國政(zheng)府的(de)(de)高度關注，我國也相繼(ji)出臺(tai)了《病原(yuan)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)條例》《實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)通用要求》等法(fa)規和(he)文件。醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)檢驗技(ji)術(shu)專(zhuan)業學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)畢業后在(zai)(zai)各級(ji)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，因此培(pei)養其具備(bei)臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)知(zhi)識與(yu)技(ji)能(neng)十分重要。本(ben)文結合筆者的(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗室工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)經(jing)驗和(he)教學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)，針(zhen)對醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)檢驗技(ji)術(shu)專(zhuan)業學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗中存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)問題，探討開展生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)知(zhi)識教育與(yu)技(ji)能(neng)培(pei)訓的(de)(de)做法(fa)與(yu)體會。

1實驗教學中(zhong)存(cun)在的生(sheng)物安全問題

（1）隨意(yi)攜帶與實(shi)驗無(wu)關的物(wu)(wu)品(pin)進入實(shi)驗室，包括(kuo)食物(wu)(wu)、飲(yin)料(liao)、衣物(wu)(wu)等。

（2）個別(bie)學生沒有按(an)要求穿工作服進入實驗室，甚至還有衣衫不整、長發披(pi)肩等現(xian)象。

（3）實驗預(yu)習(xi)不充分，對實驗操(cao)作流程(cheng)不夠熟悉。

（4）個人(ren)生物安全防護意(yi)識薄弱(ruo)。在實驗(yan)過(guo)程中，個別學(xue)生貪圖方便(bian)，不按要(yao)求戴手(shou)套、口(kou)罩，實驗(yan)物品使(shi)用后不按要(yao)求分(fen)類存放等。

（5）實(shi)驗(yan)垃圾和(he)廢棄物(wu)存在混放現(xian)象(xiang)。

2培養學生生物安全(quan)意識的做法

2.1喚起(qi)學生的生物安全意識(shi)

結合專(zhuan)業課教學，重溫2003年醫(yi)務人(ren)員(yuan)和臨(lin)床實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)工作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)SARS感染案例，分析(xi)討論(lun)近年來發生(sheng)(sheng)的臨(lin)床實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全重大事故案例，喚起學生(sheng)(sheng)的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全意識。通過(guo)舉(ju)辦專(zhuan)題講座的方式，組織學生(sheng)(sheng)認(ren)真學習(xi)《臨(lin)床實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)安(an)(an)(an)全準則》《病(bing)原微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全管理(li)條(tiao)例》《實驗(yan)(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全通用要求(qiu)》《實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)消(xiao)毒技(ji)術(shu)規范》《臨(lin)床實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)安(an)(an)(an)全要求(qiu)和措(cuo)施(shi)》《臨(lin)床實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)廢物(wu)處(chu)理(li)原則》《醫(yi)療(liao)廢物(wu)管理(li)條(tiao)例》等(deng)法規和文件，讓(rang)學生(sheng)(sheng)熟知臨(lin)床實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全操作(zuo)規范。

2.2結(jie)合實(shi)踐教(jiao)學(xue)，培養學(xue)生的(de)生物安全意(yi)識與技能

2.2.1課前做好(hao)生物安全知(zhi)識教育(yu)培(pei)訓

包括實驗室(shi)安(an)全管理(li)制(zhi)度、實驗操作規程、安(an)全防護措施和緊急事(shi)故(gu)處理(li)預(yu)(yu)案等。檢查學生(sheng)的(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)容儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)和實驗預(yu)(yu)習(xi)情況，對儀(yi)(yi)(yi)容儀(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)不達標的(de)(de)學生(sheng)，責(ze)令其(qi)立即整(zheng)改；對安(an)全意識淡(dan)薄、實驗預(yu)(yu)習(xi)不充分的(de)(de)學生(sheng)，要求其(qi)重新學習(xi)，檢查合格后再安(an)排上課。

2.2.2規范(fan)實驗(yan)操(cao)作，強化學(xue)生(sheng)的生(sheng)物安全意識(shi)與技能培養

醫學(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)專(zhuan)業(ye)主干課程(cheng)（包括臨床檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)、微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)、寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)、免疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)和血液學(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)等課程(cheng)）實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)項(xiang)目所需的(de)標本(ben)均來(lai)自人體(ti)的(de)血液、體(ti)液或(huo)(huo)排泄物(wu)(wu)，這些標本(ben)很可能(neng)是疾病的(de)傳染源(yuan)，對人體(ti)健康(kang)造成威脅。為(wei)更好(hao)地(di)培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安全(quan)意識(shi)與(yu)技(ji)能(neng)，在實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)中必須嚴格規(gui)(gui)范(fan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)，防范(fan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安全(quan)事(shi)故(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。具體(ti)做法為(wei)：（1）實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)前(qian)由帶教(jiao)(jiao)教(jiao)(jiao)師分組示教(jiao)(jiao)（一般每組10人左右為(wei)宜(yi)），規(gui)(gui)范(fan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)步驟，告知(zhi)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可能(neng)遇到的(de)突發(fa)事(shi)件(jian)及急救(jiu)措施(shi)；（2）實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中加強(qiang)個人生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安全(quan)防護(hu)管理，強(qiang)化學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安全(quan)意識(shi)培養(yang)，如(ru)(ru)進行(xing)有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)危(wei)害、有(you)毒、有(you)刺激或(huo)(huo)有(you)腐蝕性(xing)的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時，應(ying)戴好(hao)手套或(huo)(huo)面罩等防護(hu)用具；（3）加強(qiang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)管理，嚴格執(zhi)行(xing)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)，把安全(quan)教(jiao)(jiao)育和必要的(de)安全(quan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)指(zhi)導(dao)與(yu)訓(xun)練貫(guan)穿于實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)的(de)始(shi)終。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)期間(jian)，帶教(jiao)(jiao)教(jiao)(jiao)師不(bu)能(neng)離開實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室或(huo)(huo)坐在一邊做與(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)無關的(de)事(shi)（如(ru)(ru)聊天或(huo)(huo)批改作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)等），應(ying)不(bu)斷巡視指(zhi)導(dao)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，對學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)不(bu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)及時糾正。同時要指(zhi)導(dao)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)正確處理實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)廢(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)，避免出(chu)現(xian)有(you)害實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)廢(fei)棄物(wu)(wu)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活垃(la)圾混放的(de)現(xian)象，養(yang)成良好(hao)的(de)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)習慣。在進行(xing)一些危(wei)害性(xing)特別(bie)大的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)如(ru)(ru)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)劇毒化學(xue)(xue)品(pin)、高速運轉的(de)機器時，指(zhi)導(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)師應(ying)密切監督整個過程(cheng)。

2.2.3實(shi)驗結束(shu)指(zhi)導(dao)學生(sheng)做好實(shi)驗用品的(de)整理(li)和(he)清潔工(gong)作

清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)與(yu)(yu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)是保(bao)障生物安全(quan)管(guan)理的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)環節，只有正確(que)到(dao)位的(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)與(yu)(yu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)才能保(bao)證在安全(quan)環境下安全(quan)工作。實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室的(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)與(yu)(yu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)要(yao)按(an)生物安全(quan)防護要(yao)求(qiu)，遵守先消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)后清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)的(de)原則(ze)，對需要(yao)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)的(de)物品(pin)徹底消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)、不留(liu)死(si)角。將(jiang)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)用(yong)過(guo)的(de)吸管(guan)、試管(guan)、玻(bo)片(pian)等(deng)帶菌器材按(an)要(yao)求(qiu)放在指定的(de)地(di)方，利用(yong)高(gao)壓(ya)鍋、化學消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)劑、燒灼等(deng)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)方法處理，切勿亂(luan)丟(diu)或將(jiang)帶菌液(ye)體傾入水(shui)池，并禁(jin)止將(jiang)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)用(yong)品(pin)帶出實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室。實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)試劑、儀器設(she)備等(deng)用(yong)品(pin)，清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)后放回原處，并將(jiang)操作臺用(yong)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)液(ye)擦(ca)拭干(gan)凈(jing)。最后使用(yong)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)液(ye)清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)地(di)板，離(li)開實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室前脫下白(bai)大衣(yi)，用(yong)2％來蘇水(shui)浸(jin)泡雙(shuang)手5分鐘(zhong)左(zuo)右，再用(yong)肥皂、清(qing)(qing)(qing)水(shui)將(jiang)雙(shuang)手清(qing)(qing)(qing)洗干(gan)凈(jing)，然后關好水(shui)、電及門窗后方可離(li)開實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室。

2.3鞏固學生的生物安(an)全(quan)知識(shi)與技能

（1）每(mei)次實(shi)驗課結(jie)(jie)束(shu)，通過提問或小組(zu)競賽的(de)方(fang)式(shi)，結(jie)(jie)合實(shi)驗內容(rong)、標(biao)本(ben)及臨床實(shi)驗室(shi)的(de)生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)要(yao)求，提出(chu)相關問題讓學生(sheng)討(tao)論、回答，以鞏固學生(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)知(zhi)識與技(ji)能(neng)。如(ru)哪些(xie)(xie)操作需戴手(shou)套、穿防護服或戴防護鏡？SARS、手(shou)口(kou)足病、甲型H1N1流感等(deng)不(bu)同樣(yang)本(ben)的(de)處理(li)方(fang)式(shi)是什(shen)么？病原(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)物分為(wei)幾級，哪些(xie)(xie)微(wei)生(sheng)物不(bu)能(neng)在二級醫學實(shi)驗室(shi)培養？哪些(xie)(xie)操作會(hui)產生(sheng)氣溶(rong)膠(jiao)？哪些(xie)(xie)微(wei)生(sheng)物會(hui)通過氣溶(rong)膠(jiao)傳染人(ren)，怎(zen)樣(yang)預防？實(shi)驗廢棄物如(ru)何安(an)(an)全(quan)處理(li)？利器損傷如(ru)何處理(li)等(deng)。

（2）把生物安全(quan)知識與技能納入(ru)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教學考試內容(rong)，分(fen)數比例(li)按實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)總成績(ji)的30％計入(ru)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)成績(ji)。

3培養學(xue)生生物(wu)安全(quan)意識(shi)的效果

生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)與每(mei)一個人息息相(xiang)關，抓好醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢驗(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)專業學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)培(pei)訓(xun)是(shi)職(zhi)業素質要(yao)求，是(shi)崗位能(neng)力的需要(yao)[3]。近年(nian)來，我們通過實驗(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)改革，在(zai)校期間(jian)結合教學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容有(you)針對(dui)性(xing)地對(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生進(jin)行生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)知識(shi)教育與技(ji)能(neng)培(pei)訓(xun)，極大地豐富了學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)知識(shi)，強化了學(xue)(xue)(xue)生生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)技(ji)能(neng)的培(pei)養，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生養成了良好的實驗(yan)(yan)室工作習(xi)慣，有(you)效地提高(gao)了學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)防護能(neng)力。近兩年(nian)，我們隨機(ji)對(dui)本專業二年(nian)級(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)知識(shi)和技(ji)能(neng)掌握情況進(jin)行抽(chou)查，合格率均達98%以上，生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)知識(shi)和技(ji)能(neng)達標率較(jiao)之前有(you)明(ming)顯提高(gao)。生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)知識(shi)教育與技(ji)能(neng)培(pei)訓(xun)為學(xue)(xue)(xue)生在(zai)校學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)期間(jian)、實習(xi)期間(jian)和畢業后(hou)的實驗(yan)(yan)室安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)工作打下了堅(jian)實的基礎。

參考文獻：

[1]叢玉隆.臨床實(shi)驗(yan)室管理(li)學[M].北(bei)京(jing)：中國醫(yi)藥(yao)科技出版(ban)社，2004.

[2]申(shen)子瑜.淺(qian)談臨(lin)床(chuang)實驗室生(sheng)物(wu)安全防護[J].中華檢驗醫學雜志(zhi)，2004（3）：134.

篇7

【關鍵詞】生物(wu)安全；微生物(wu)學(xue)與(yu)免疫學(xue)實驗室

生(sheng)物(wu)安全(quan)（ biosafety） 指的是避免危(wei)險生(sheng)物(wu)因子(zi)造成實驗(yan)室(shi)人員暴露、向實驗(yan)室(shi)外擴散(san)并導致危(wei)害的綜(zong)合措施[1]。而(er)實驗(yan)室(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)安全(quan)（laboratory biosafety）是我國(guo)衛(wei)生(sheng)行(xing)政管理的重(zhong)要內容(rong)，隨著科技進步及(ji)生(sheng)物(wu)技術的發展(zhan)，目(mu)前(qian)實驗(yan)室(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)安全(quan)問題(ti)已經成為科研單(dan)位、醫院、高校等重(zhong)要場所管理及(ji)工作(zuo)學習人員最為關心(xin)的內容(rong)之一。

早在(zai)1983年(nian)，世界衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)組織就(jiu)出(chu)版了《實驗(yan)室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)手冊》來增強人們對實驗(yan)室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)問題的(de)(de)(de)重視。但是，2003 年(nian)9 月(yue)到2004 年(nian)初在(zai)新加坡、臺灣以(yi)及(ji)北(bei)京連續發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)室(shi)人員感染(ran)SARS 冠狀病毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)件(jian)，2005 年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)H2N2流感病毒(du)樣本風(feng)波， 2010 年(nian)11 月(yue)至2011 年(nian)3 月(yue)東(dong)北(bei)某農業大學發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)魯(lu)氏菌實驗(yan)室(shi)感染(ran)事(shi)件(jian)[2]，這些生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)事(shi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)又一(yi)次(ci)(ci)次(ci)(ci)給人們敲響了警鐘(zhong)。我(wo)校微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學與免疫學實驗(yan)室(shi)是具有對周(zhou)圍環境(jing)和教師及(ji)學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)造成(cheng)潛在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物危害的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要場所。本文將從以(yi)下幾個方(fang)面來分析一(yi)下我(wo)校的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)工作(zuo)。

1 實(shi)驗室功能介紹

我校微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)與免(mian)疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)（以下簡稱微免(mian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)）主要(yao)由以下幾(ji)個獨立實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)組成：病原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)與免(mian)疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)、醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)、醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)免(mian)疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)、寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。分別(bie)承(cheng)擔(dan)了《病原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)與免(mian)疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技術》、《免(mian)疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技術》、《寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技術》等課程(cheng)的實(shi)(shi)(shi)訓教學(xue)(xue)(xue)任務。教學(xue)(xue)(xue)對象主要(yao)是五年(nian)制高職護理(li)、助(zhu)產、涉(she)外、藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等專業學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。

2 學生實驗現狀分析

2.1 專業(ye)層次不一

病原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)與免疫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實驗的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為高(gao)職護理等(deng)專業(ye)二年級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。她們(men)的(de)(de)醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知識(shi)相對(dui)(dui)薄弱、對(dui)(dui)病原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)認識(shi)也(ye)剛剛開(kai)始。而對(dui)(dui)于微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)(jian)驗實驗室和免疫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實驗室來說，授課(ke)對(dui)(dui)象主要是高(gao)職醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)(jian)驗專業(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，不同年級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)有(you)交叉，既(ji)有(you)剛剛接(jie)觸微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)(jian)驗基(ji)礎和免疫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)檢(jian)(jian)驗基(ji)礎的(de)(de)低(di)年級(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，也(ye)有(you)即將面臨畢業(ye)的(de)(de)高(gao)年級(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，他們(men)無論(lun)在(zai)知識(shi)儲備、操作技(ji)能還是安全防護意識(shi)上都有(you)一定差距。

2.2 生物安全(quan)意識(shi)弱

初(chu)次(ci)進入微免實(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)室的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)，都是(shi)低(di)年級學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)，她(ta)們(men)年齡(ling)偏小，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)著強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好奇心。尤其面對(dui)一(yi)些(xie)形(xing)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病原標(biao)本(ben)(ben)興趣濃厚(hou)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)過程中表現出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題有(you)：聲音過于嘈雜、未經允許觸摸標(biao)本(ben)(ben)、實(shi)驗(yan)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)本(ben)(ben)隨意(yi)丟棄(qi)、帶與實(shi)驗(yan)無(wu)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東西(xi)進實(shi)驗(yan)室、防護服穿著不(bu)當等等問題。而且按照教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進度，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)是(shi)先學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習免疫學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)再學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知識，也就導致第一(yi)次(ci)實(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)課時，她(ta)們(men)并不(bu)能充分(fen)認識到自(zi)己所處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)驗(yan)室環境會對(dui)她(ta)們(men)有(you)什么樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)危害，也沒有(you)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安全保護意(yi)識。檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)雖然(ran)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)基礎，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)做一(yi)些(xie)膿汁標(biao)本(ben)(ben)、大小便(bian)標(biao)本(ben)(ben)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)時依然(ran)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)麻(ma)痹大意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想，容易造成環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)污染。同時，實(shi)驗(yan)室也保存有(you)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病原微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)標(biao)本(ben)(ben)，如(ru)：傷寒(han)沙門菌(jun)、變(bian)形(xing)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)、克雷伯菌(jun)、炭疽桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)等具(ju)有(you)強致病性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)菌(jun)種，他(ta)們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)操作技能上不(bu)熟(shu)練也有(you)導致菌(jun)種泄露造成生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險。

2.3 實訓內容(rong)安(an)排不合理

對(dui)于護(hu)理(li)專(zhuan)業，《病(bing)原生物(wu)與免疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)》課程的(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)中，往往是先學(xue)(xue)習(xi)免疫(yi)學(xue)(xue)，再(zai)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)微(wei)(wei)生物(wu)學(xue)(xue)。所以，學(xue)(xue)生沒有(you)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)到(dao)微(wei)(wei)生物(wu)學(xue)(xue)的(de)知(zhi)識就進(jin)(jin)行入微(wei)(wei)免實(shi)訓室免疫(yi)室進(jin)(jin)行實(shi)訓，這也造(zao)成了(le)她(ta)們只是在老師(shi)的(de)要求下去遵(zun)守實(shi)驗室規章制度(du)，并不能(neng)很好的(de)理(li)解微(wei)(wei)生物(wu)會對(dui)她(ta)們和環(huan)境(jing)造(zao)成什么(me)影響。而且由于實(shi)訓場地(di)限制，有(you)些實(shi)驗采(cai)取(qu)分(fen)組進(jin)(jin)行，同(tong)學(xue)(xue)之間有(you)著較強(qiang)的(de)互動意識，這也在一(yi)定程度(du)上增加(jia)了(le)生物(wu)安全危險(xian)(xian)因素的(de)傳(chuan)播風險(xian)(xian)。

目前我校(xiao)微免(mian)實驗室主要(yao)承擔教(jiao)學工(gong)作(zuo)，由于學生(sheng)數量龐大，且層次(ci)(ci)不(bu)一，盡管有(you)相關制度(du)的約束(shu)，但(dan)是生(sheng)物安全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)仍然是每次(ci)(ci)實訓(xun)課上(shang)教(jiao)師要(yao)反(fan)復強調的問(wen)題(ti)。有(you)研究(jiu)表明(ming)，從事衛生(sheng)檢驗工(gong)作(zuo)人員發生(sheng)職(zhi)業病危害的概(gai)率比普通人群高5-7倍[3]，所以在(zai)傳授技(ji)能(neng)的同時提(ti)高她們的自身防護意識(shi)就顯得非常(chang)重要(yao)。

3 實驗室生物安全工作(zuo)方向

3.1 制度建設

制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)建(jian)設是(shi)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)最基本的(de)(de)(de)環節(jie)，對開展工(gong)作具有指導(dao)意義和約束力[4]。微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學與免疫學實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)不同于其他實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)，里面(mian)存放著很(hen)多具有致病(bing)性質的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，為(wei)了(le)避免生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，保證實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)老師(shi)和學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，我校制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)一(yi)系(xi)列實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章(zhang)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。如《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)》、《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)保衛制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和措(cuo)施(shi)》、《工(gong)作人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)執行生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)相關規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)》、《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)作內(nei)部(bu)自查制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)》、《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)及(ji)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)培訓制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)》、《實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)準入(ru)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)》及(ji)《發(fa)現存在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)問題時的(de)(de)(de)反饋和糾(jiu)正措(cuo)施(shi)程序》等。根據學校相關制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，微(wei)免實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)也制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)微(wei)免實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)手冊(ce)、儀器室(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、準備(bei)室(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、大(da)型儀器操作規(gui)(gui)(gui)范等來(lai)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)工(gong)作人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、任課教師(shi)和學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)，避免實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)感(gan)染情況的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。

3.2 提高生物安全意識

要加強實(shi)驗室管理人(ren)員(yuan)及實(shi)驗室人(ren)員(yuan)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)認識，舉辦生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)管理為內容的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)班，通(tong)過學(xue)(xue)習(xi)提高相關(guan)人(ren)員(yuan)特(te)別是(shi)微免實(shi)驗室工作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)意識，轉變觀(guan)念，為做好(hao)生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)工作(zuo)(zuo)起積(ji)極推動作(zuo)(zuo)用。對(dui)于學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)，如護理、助(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)、檢驗等(deng)專(zhuan)業畢業生(sheng)(sheng)將來從事臨床(chuang)一線工作(zuo)(zuo)，她(ta)們(men)負責標本的(de)(de)直接采集和檢驗，如果不注意生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)，其被感(gan)染的(de)(de)可(ke)能性很大。所以在平(ping)時(shi)的(de)(de)實(shi)訓(xun)課中，更應該加強對(dui)她(ta)們(men)生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)意識的(de)(de)培(pei)養，幫助(zhu)(zhu)她(ta)們(men)養成良好(hao)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)習(xi)慣。包括學(xue)(xue)習(xi)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)制定的(de)(de)各種生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)制度、認真研讀實(shi)驗室生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)手冊，進(jin)行生(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)全(quan)專(zhuan)題(ti)培(pei)訓(xun)等(deng)。

3.3 加強學生技能訓練

在(zai)實訓(xun)過(guo)程中(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)學(xue)生(sheng)嚴格(ge)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，勤學(xue)苦練(lian)增強(qiang)專業技能。如(ru)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)護(hu)理、助產專業，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加強(qiang)消毒(du)滅菌(jun)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)練(lian)習，這些工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)是確保醫療安(an)全的基礎(chu)[5]。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)檢驗專業來說，每天(tian)面對(dui)(dui)各種(zhong)各樣(yang)的臨床標(biao)本，各類標(biao)本中(zhong)都有很(hen)多(duo)未知的病(bing)原生(sheng)物，這就要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)他們更應加強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)物安(an)全的重(zhong)視程度[6]。學(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)實訓(xun)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)前應穿好工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)服(fu)，必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時還應該帶(dai)好口罩(zhao)和手套等防(fang)護(hu)用品，認(ren)真聽(ting)老師講解(jie)的操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)領和注意事(shi)項后，方(fang)可進行(xing)(xing)實訓(xun)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)涉及(ji)病(bing)原性(xing)細菌(jun)的接種(zhong)、分(fen)離、培養(yang)等操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)無菌(jun)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)規(gui)范(fan)、切(qie)忌毛手毛腳，避(bi)免危險性(xing)病(bing)原生(sheng)物對(dui)(dui)自己及(ji)周圍環(huan)境(jing)造成污染。在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)免疫學(xue)檢驗實驗時，由于(yu)涉及(ji)大量的具有傳(chuan)染性(xing)的血清標(biao)本，如(ru)梅毒(du)陽(yang)性(xing)血清、乙肝陽(yang)性(xing)血清等，操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)做好防(fang)護(hu)，避(bi)免其經過(guo)皮膚傷口感染。

3.4 科學合理安排實訓內容

對于(yu)實訓內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)安排應該遵循(xun)由易到難、由簡單(dan)到復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則。對于(yu)一些病原生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)與免疫學的(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)內容最(zui)好先(xian)安排微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學內容，因為(wei)實驗(yan)室存儲的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種病原生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)是最(zui)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安全危險因素。對微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)解可以(yi)幫助她們(men)樹立無菌(jun)觀念(nian)、為(wei)今后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實訓內容打(da)下(xia)安全基礎。

3.5 杜絕(jue)各類生物(wu)安全隱(yin)患

任(ren)何實(shi)訓課上，老師都(dou)要對學(xue)生(sheng)的操(cao)作情(qing)況認真指(zhi)導。杜絕(jue)學(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)觀(guan)察(cha)細菌培養物、病原性細菌鑒定、臨床(chuang)標本(ben)鑒定等實(shi)訓課上發生(sheng)菌液等危險因子(zi)的外(wai)漏。如(ru)果(guo)遇到此類情(qing)況，老師一定要在(zai)第一時間(jian)做好消毒滅菌措(cuo)施，必要時，匯(hui)報實(shi)驗室管理(li)人員(yuan)妥善處理(li)。

綜(zong)上(shang)，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)建設依然(ran)是一(yi)項(xiang)長(chang)期而又艱(jian)巨的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，作(zuo)(zuo)為一(yi)所醫學(xue)類院校，良好的(de)(de)(de)醫學(xue)素(su)養是我(wo)校對學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養目標之一(yi)，而生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)素(su)養作(zuo)(zuo)為醫學(xue)素(su)養的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分直接關(guan)系(xi)到(dao)學(xue)生(sheng)今后在(zai)(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中的(de)(de)(de)自身(shen)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。雖然(ran)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)之后也有諸多(duo)培(pei)訓(xun)，但在(zai)(zai)學(xue)生(sheng)階段對她們行為習慣的(de)(de)(de)養成卻是非常關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)期。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)牽涉到(dao)我(wo)校師(shi)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命財產、關(guan)系(xi)著我(wo)校各項(xiang)教學(xue)、科(ke)研工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)順利發展，我(wo)校將(jiang)繼續改(gai)進生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)相關(guan)制度、規范(fan)實驗室使用規范(fan)、改(gai)善教學(xue)內容、對老(lao)師(shi)和(he)學(xue)生(sheng)嚴格要求，在(zai)(zai)學(xue)校領導和(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體師(shi)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)共同努力(li)下(xia)做好生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，杜(du)絕任何生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)。

【參考文獻】

[1]Bluestein DL. The role of goal instability and career self-efficacy in the career exploration process[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior， 1989， 35： 194-203.

[2]任(ren)向宇，張(zhang)明(ming)昱(yu)，李戀，陶(tao)格斯(si)，盧(lu)莎，牛燕(yan)，包(bao)麗麗.病原微生(sheng)物學教(jiao)學實(shi)驗室的生(sheng)物安全[J].包(bao)頭(tou)醫學院(yuan)學報，2015，31（7）：155-159.

[3]呂云妮.基層疾控中心實(shi)驗室(shi)職(zhi)業危害與防護(hu)措(cuo)施探討[J].中國衛生檢驗雜志，2012，22（1）：164-165.

[4]張潔，朱昌平(ping)，馬(ma)文哲(zhe)，等(deng).高校實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)生(sheng)物安全管(guan)理工作(zuo)的思考[J].實(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)科學，2012，15（1）：195-197.

篇8

關(guan)鍵詞 生物(wu)安全柜 艾滋病 檢測 生物(wu)安全 調查

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-614x.2011.02.223

為(wei)加強(qiang)艾滋病(bing)(bing)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)規范化(hua)管(guan)理(li)，提高檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作質量，防(fang)止病(bing)(bing)原微生(sheng)物擴散而引發職業暴露和(he)(he)環(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染［1］，2006年衛(wei)生(sheng)部重新頒布的(de)《全(quan)(quan)國艾滋病(bing)(bing)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作管(guan)理(li)辦法(fa)》規定，艾滋病(bing)(bing)篩(shai)(shai)查實(shi)驗室(shi)（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱(cheng)篩(shai)(shai)查實(shi)驗室(shi)）必須配備(bei)(bei)生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜。艾滋病(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)毒是高致病(bing)(bing)性(xing)病(bing)(bing)原微生(sheng)物，它(ta)的(de)篩(shai)(shai)查檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)確認(ren)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)均應(ying)在二級生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜內(nei)完(wan)成［2］。生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜是篩(shai)(shai)查實(shi)驗室(shi)中生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)最基本的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防(fang)護設備(bei)(bei)，它(ta)的(de)配備(bei)(bei)實(shi)現了對環(huan)境(jing)、人員(yuan)和(he)(he)樣(yang)品的(de)最大(da)保護。做好實(shi)驗室(shi)生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防(fang)護工(gong)(gong)(gong)作極為(wei)重要，生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜的(de)管(guan)理(li)是其中不(bu)可缺少的(de)重要內(nei)容(rong)。

調查結果

基(ji)本情況：被(bei)調(diao)查(cha)的19家(jia)(jia)艾滋(zi)病篩查(cha)室(shi)均(jun)安(an)裝了生物安(an)全柜。其中(zhong)疾病預防控制中(zhong)心6家(jia)(jia)、采供血機構1家(jia)(jia)、臨床醫院12家(jia)(jia)。檢(jian)測人員(yuan)均(jun)取得(de)了省級(ji)培(pei)訓合(he)格(ge)資質。其中(zhong)有(you)17家(jia)(jia)實驗室(shi)個人防護設備(bei)完善，16家(jia)(jia)定期對檢(jian)測人員(yuan)健康體檢(jian)，并建有(you)健康管理檔案。

實(shi)驗(yan)室的(de)建(jian)設(she)：19家(jia)(jia)篩查實(shi)驗(yan)室清(qing)潔區(qu)、半污染區(qu)和(he)污染區(qu)劃分明(ming)確(que)，地面(mian)(mian)與(yu)墻面(mian)(mian)建(jian)筑符(fu)合(he)要求。洗手設(she)施與(yu)沖眼設(she)施完善，生物(wu)安全標(biao)識明(ming)顯，17家(jia)(jia)有(you)可視窗和(he)防節、嚙齒動物(wu)設(she)計(ji)，9家(jia)(jia)有(you)室內(nei)定向氣流設(she)計(ji)，14家(jia)(jia)實(shi)驗(yan)室內(nei)安裝(zhuang)了應急電話(hua)，13家(jia)(jia)安裝(zhuang)了門禁裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，10家(jia)(jia)可自行關門，地面(mian)(mian)與(yu)墻壁(bi)建(jian)設(she)符(fu)合(he)相關要求。

生物(wu)安全柜安裝(zhuang)情況：19臺(tai)生物(wu)安全柜均安裝(zhuang)于遠離檢測人(ren)員活動(dong)及可能有(you)(you)擾亂(luan)氣(qi)流(liu)的地方，在柜的后(hou)側、上方及柜體(ti)兩(liang)側均留(liu)有(you)(you)30cm的空間。其(qi)中5臺(tai)初裝(zhuang)和4臺(tai)二次移位(wei)后(hou)未進行運行性能檢測，6臺(tai)柜頂有(you)(you)物(wu)品存放，影響氣(qi)流(liu)正常(chang)流(liu)動(dong)，9臺(tai)未單設(she)排風系統，5臺(tai)未安裝(zhuang)安全報警裝(zhuang)置。

生物安(an)全柜(ju)使(shi)用(yong)情況：調(diao)查(cha)顯示，19家(jia)(jia)(jia)均為專用(yong)艾滋病篩(shai)查(cha)室。檢測樣本來源于術前篩(shai)查(cha)、獻血(xue)篩(shai)查(cha)、目標人群監(jian)測、咨詢檢測、項目調(diao)查(cha)和(he)委(wei)托檢測。日檢測樣本數量不定，18家(jia)(jia)(jia)有生物安(an)全柜(ju)使(shi)用(yong)記錄。使(shi)用(yong)頻率＞300天(tian)的有5家(jia)(jia)(jia)，＞200天(tian)的有3家(jia)(jia)(jia)，＞100天(tian)的有4家(jia)(jia)(jia)，＜100天(tian)的有7家(jia)(jia)(jia)。16家(jia)(jia)(jia)使(shi)用(yong)操作符合在生物安(an)全柜(ju)中部或(huo)后部操作規定；檢測結束(shu)后，風扇能按規定繼續運行(xing)完成生物安(an)全柜(ju)“凈化”的有18家(jia)(jia)(jia)。

生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)柜的消(xiao)毒(du)：各(ge)實(shi)驗室均開展(zhan)對生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)柜消(xiao)毒(du)工作。專人負(fu)責消(xiao)毒(du)的18家(jia)，采(cai)用定期消(xiao)毒(du)的有17家(jia)，采(cai)用不(bu)定期消(xiao)毒(du)有2家(jia)。在檢測(ce)前后對生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)柜工作臺及柜體玻璃擦拭(shi)和消(xiao)毒(du)有17家(jia)，但(dan)有消(xiao)毒(du)記錄的只有5家(jia)。開展(zhan)消(xiao)毒(du)效果(guo)監測(ce)僅12家(jia)。

生物(wu)(wu)安(an)全柜的管(guan)(guan)理(li)：調查顯示，19家實(shi)驗室均建立了艾滋病(bing)篩(shai)查室生物(wu)(wu)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。主要有(you)生物(wu)(wu)安(an)全柜使用管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、生物(wu)(wu)安(an)全柜檢測(ce)操作程序、內(nei)務(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)規(gui)范、消毒管(guan)(guan)理(li)程序、進(jin)出實(shi)驗室人流與物(wu)(wu)流程序、實(shi)驗室銳(rui)器使用管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、意(yi)外(wai)事故處理(li)應急預(yu)案等(deng)。

結果評價

依據《全國(guo)艾(ai)(ai)滋病(bing)檢測工作(zuo)管理(li)辦法》制(zhi)定(ding)的艾(ai)(ai)滋病(bing)檢測實(shi)驗室基(ji)本(ben)標準要(yao)求(qiu)，受調查(cha)的19家篩(shai)查(cha)室均通過了省重新審核(he)驗收(shou)，配備啟用了生物安全柜。其(qi)中采供血機構、疾控的HIV篩(shai)查(cha)室在房屋條(tiao)件、儀器設備、實(shi)驗室管理(li)等方面要(yao)好于醫療機構HIV篩(shai)查(cha)室，而醫療機構中的市直(zhi)單(dan)位優于縣級醫療單(dan)位。

但是(shi)，艾(ai)滋病篩查(cha)室(shi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜在(zai)安(an)(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)使用(yong)與(yu)(yu)管(guan)理方面(mian)存(cun)在(zai)許多(duo)帶有(you)(you)普遍性生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)問題。①安(an)(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方面(mian)：被調(diao)查(cha)的(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)(you)篩查(cha)實驗室(shi)對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜的(de)(de)進(jin)風(feng)口風(feng)速、送風(feng)量、安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜的(de)(de)泄露(lu)情況、空氣過濾器的(de)(de)滲(shen)漏情況等情況不掌握(wo)，70%生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜未(wei)(wei)及(ji)時進(jin)行年度認(ren)證(zheng)，21%的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜在(zai)初裝(zhuang)(zhuang)和二(er)次移(yi)位后未(wei)(wei)進(jin)行運(yun)行性能測(ce)試。②使用(yong)方面(mian)：有(you)(you)2家檢測(ce)前未(wei)(wei)對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)臺面(mian)進(jin)行擦拭消(xiao)毒(du)，有(you)(you)3家篩查(cha)實驗室(shi)檢測(ce)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)不符合應(ying)在(zai)中、后部操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)規定；有(you)(you)1家使用(yong)后未(wei)(wei)按要求進(jin)行生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜的(de)(de)“凈(jing)化”。③篩查(cha)實驗室(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜消(xiao)毒(du)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)不規范。74%消(xiao)毒(du)記錄不完(wan)(wan)善，40%未(wei)(wei)開展生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)柜消(xiao)毒(du)效果監測(ce)與(yu)(yu)評價。④管(guan)理制(zhi)度和措施不完(wan)(wan)善，檢驗人員生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防護意(yi)識淡薄，安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防護知識培(pei)訓亟待加強(qiang)，安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防護設(she)備需完(wan)(wan)備。這(zhe)些問題提示我(wo)們，艾(ai)滋病篩查(cha)室(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)尚存(cun)很(hen)多(duo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患，應(ying)引起相關部門重視。

討 論

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)是指(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學技術從事研(yan)究、開(kai)發、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產到實際(ji)應用等(deng)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程中所涉(she)及(ji)到的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)問題［3］。艾滋病(bing)篩查(cha)(cha)(cha)室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)應以“預防(fang)為(wei)主，防(fang)患于未然”。該(gai)篩查(cha)(cha)(cha)室(shi)是一個具(ju)有一定危險性(xing)(xing)，一定特殊性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)嚴謹性(xing)(xing)的(de)工(gong)作場(chang)所，做好生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)防(fang)護工(gong)作極為(wei)重(zhong)要。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)是其(qi)中不可缺少的(de)重(zhong)要環節。建議：①衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門應加強篩查(cha)(cha)(cha)室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)標準化、制度(du)化、規范(fan)化的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)機制，不斷提高檢測人員生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)意(yi)識。②完(wan)善(shan)規范(fan)化操作程序文件（SOP），并通過(guo)技術規范(fan)和(he)(he)制度(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)保證生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)整個過(guo)程安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。③做好生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜初裝和(he)(he)二次移(yi)位后運行(xing)性(xing)(xing)能檢測，消毒效果監(jian)測和(he)(he)年(nian)度(du)認(ren)證等(deng)工(gong)作，保證生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜良(liang)好的(de)預期效果。④將生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)作作為(wei)艾滋病(bing)篩查(cha)(cha)(cha)室(shi)年(nian)度(du)考核指(zhi)標進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)作考核，促進(jin)工(gong)作開(kai)展。

參考文獻

1 衛(wei)生(sheng)部.全國艾滋病檢測(ce)工作管(guan)理辦法［S］.2006.

篇9

關鍵(jian)詞：生物(wu)學；科研實(shi)驗室；有(you)毒有(you)害物(wu)質；生物(wu)安全

一、引言

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)是(shi)指與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究相關(guan)的(de)(de)并(bing)(bing)專屬用于研(yan)(yan)究生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)做(zuo)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)，涉及(ji)醫學(xue)(xue)、動(dong)物學(xue)(xue)、植物學(xue)(xue)、微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學(xue)(xue)等多(duo)門學(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)[1-5]。它(ta)不僅是(shi)培養(yang)(yang)(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)觀(guan)察(cha)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)與創新能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐教育場(chang)所[6]，更是(shi)創新人才的(de)(de)培養(yang)(yang)(yang)基地和(he)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)技術的(de)(de)發源地[7]。中(zhong)國(guo)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)院院士(shi)馮端曾經指出，“實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)是(shi)培養(yang)(yang)(yang)創新人才的(de)(de)搖籃，是(shi)現(xian)代(dai)大學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)心臟[8]”。科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)運(yun)行(xing)狀況的(de)(de)優劣直接關(guan)系到這一專業(ye)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)水平(ping)和(he)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)的(de)(de)綜合(he)實(shi)(shi)力(li)(li)。由于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)(shi)存在多(duo)種(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物活性材(cai)料有毒有害物質，并(bing)(bing)且在研(yan)(yan)究過程中(zhong)還常會產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大量生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物垃圾的(de)(de)特點，所以(yi)對(dui)其進行(xing)安(an)全(quan)控(kong)制和(he)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)管(guan)理具有至關(guan)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)意義。

二(er)、生物學科研(yan)實驗室的特點

生(sheng)物學(xue)科研實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)具有與(yu)其(qi)他實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)共同的特性：精密(mi)儀器集中、技術(shu)含量高、操作(zuo)管理人員(yuan)水(shui)平參差不齊[9]；同時(shi)由于生(sheng)物學(xue)研究的高度專業性，又具有自己的特征：（1）有毒(du)有害物質集中（包(bao)括(kuo)易燃易爆試(shi)劑、易制毒(du)試(shi)劑、劇毒(du)藥品(pin)、致癌化合物）；（2）生(sheng)物活性材料復(fu)雜(za)（包(bao)括(kuo)致病細菌、致病病毒(du)、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)細胞菌株、轉基(ji)因材料、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)動物）。由此可見對(dui)生(sheng)物科研實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)進行科學(xue)管理的必要性和(he)重要性。

三、生物學科(ke)研實驗室管理策(ce)略

目(mu)前(qian)，按照實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)人數分，國內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)學(xue)科研(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)分成(cheng)以(yi)(yi)下三種模(mo)式，詳見圖1。以(yi)(yi)下三種規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)學(xue)科研(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)，少則一(yi)間多則幾十間，但是(shi)不管(guan)哪種模(mo)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)，如(ru)不進行科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)，都有可能成(cheng)為(wei)交叉污(wu)染之源(yuan)。這不僅會影(ying)響小(xiao)區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)，甚至會波及到該區域以(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較大區域甚至是(shi)周邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土壤、水源(yuan)等，產生嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后果。目(mu)前(qian)已發表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章多是(shi)針(zhen)對學(xue)校(xiao)或學(xue)院公共實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)或本(ben)科教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)，而針(zhen)對于研(yan)究生科研(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章卻論述很少。本(ben)人近(jin)十年(nian)來(lai)先(xian)后在(zai)國家重點實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)和農業部生物(wu)工程實(shi)訓中(zhong)心教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)示范平臺從事生物(wu)科研(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)及大型儀器(qi)共享(xiang)平臺管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)線工作，現結合單位實(shi)際和個人工作體會，就(jiu)生物(wu)科研(yan)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)談一(yi)點建議與大家共勉。

1.實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分(fen)。由(you)(you)于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)有其特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質，所(suo)(suo)以實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設必(bi)須(xu)經過專業(ye)人(ren)員進行特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)（包括氣體過濾、污(wu)(wu)水處理(li)(li)）才(cai)可(ke)以投入使用。對(dui)(dui)于硬件條件措施(shi)，在(zai)(zai)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高校和科(ke)研(yan)院所(suo)(suo)往往不盡相(xiang)同，本(ben)文不進行深入討論，這里(li)我們要重點討論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)劃分(fen)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學科(ke)研(yan)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)一般(ban)由(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)培(pei)養區(qu)(qu)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)區(qu)(qu)、實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)操作(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)(qu)和污(wu)(wu)染區(qu)(qu)等組成。實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分(fen)能(neng)夠強化空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用率，同時避免或減少交(jiao)叉(cha)污(wu)(wu)染，方便開展(zhan)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)培(pei)養區(qu)(qu)是(shi)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)核心區(qu)(qu)，通常包含實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、植物(wu)(wu)(wu)和微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養，一般(ban)必(bi)須(xu)以滿足生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)為最基本(ben)條件；試(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)必(bi)須(xu)分(fen)類存(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)柜中(zhong)(zhong)，適(shi)宜安(an)放(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)空(kong)氣流(liu)通性較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方，對(dui)(dui)于劇毒和特(te)殊管制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)必(bi)須(xu)專人(ren)專管并(bing)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)特(te)定區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)；實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)操作(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)(qu)主要是(shi)研(yan)究人(ren)員開展(zhan)研(yan)究工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)，往往是(shi)多種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)體和儀器、試(shi)(shi)(shi)劑(ji)匯聚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集合，必(bi)須(xu)保(bao)障操作(zuo)(zuo)臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件能(neng)夠安(an)全順利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開展(zhan)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)；而污(wu)(wu)染區(qu)(qu)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)一般(ban)為電(dian)泳(yong)和病(bing)原(yuan)菌處理(li)(li)區(qu)(qu)，一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)此區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)要對(dui)(dui)危險性做出(chu)明確(que)提示，并(bing)嚴(yan)格(ge)按照生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求處理(li)(li)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)，避免對(dui)(dui)相(xiang)關人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)身和環境產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二次危害。

2.落實實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)成員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主體(ti)責任(ren)。實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)是每(mei)個(ge)研(yan)究生開展科(ke)研(yan)活動并完成學業的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)場所，也是所有研(yan)究人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)緊密集體(ti)。實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)運(yun)轉離不(bu)開實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中每(mei)個(ge)學生的(de)(de)(de)(de)積極參(can)與，因此讓(rang)(rang)(rang)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)個(ge)成員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)具有明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利和義務是保障實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)健康(kang)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。首先(xian)，實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)個(ge)學生都應該擁有對實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)與權(quan)、建議(yi)權(quan)，同(tong)時(shi)還(huan)(huan)必(bi)須完成實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)負責人(ren)(ren)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)對其安排的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)任(ren)務。其次，對于實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)功能(neng)區域和工作(zuo)臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)必(bi)須落實到特定(ding)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，不(bu)可(ke)進行(xing)模糊化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)籠統管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。同(tong)時(shi)，還(huan)(huan)要(yao)通過定(ding)期檢查、監(jian)督確保制(zhi)度(du)落實。為了(le)保證實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)能(neng)夠(gou)具體(ti)落實在(zai)每(mei)位學生身上，制(zhi)度(du)制(zhi)定(ding)時(shi)必(bi)須考慮到現實可(ke)行(xing)性，任(ren)務分配時(shi)要(yao)注重(zhong)公(gong)平合(he)理(li)(li)。制(zhi)定(ding)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)措施時(shi)要(yao)明(ming)確，制(zhi)度(du)是為了(le)讓(rang)(rang)(rang)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)更流暢(chang)高效的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)，讓(rang)(rang)(rang)每(mei)個(ge)在(zai)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)學生能(neng)夠(gou)安全、順心的(de)(de)(de)(de)完成實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，同(tong)時(shi)還(huan)(huan)能(neng)夠(gou)體(ti)會到合(he)作(zuo)互助所帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)趣。切(qie)不(bu)可(ke)為了(le)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)而管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，最(zui)終讓(rang)(rang)(rang)制(zhi)度(du)流于形式，實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)趨于混亂(luan)。

3.實驗(yan)試(shi)劑(ji)(ji)材料(liao)訂(ding)購(gou)(gou)。現在(zai)很多生物(wu)學(xue)實驗(yan)室在(zai)研究(jiu)中(zhong)都(dou)涉及到(dao)了(le)分子生物(wu)學(xue)等最新(xin)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)技術，通常(chang)(chang)所(suo)購(gou)(gou)買的(de)(de)相關試(shi)劑(ji)(ji)和材料(liao)價格非常(chang)(chang)昂貴(gui)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)制定合理(li)的(de)(de)試(shi)劑(ji)(ji)材料(liao)訂(ding)購(gou)(gou)制度對于科研經(jing)費(fei)的(de)(de)高效利用非常(chang)(chang)重要。實驗(yan)室應該建(jian)立(li)一個(ge)統一的(de)(de)訂(ding)購(gou)(gou)平臺(tai)，可以(yi)(yi)使用軟(ruan)件系統或(huo)者自(zi)己建(jian)立(li)數據(ju)庫，固定周期集中(zhong)采購(gou)(gou)，同時要對試(shi)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)品牌(pai)、價格、公司(si)、原產(chan)廠(chang)家(jia)以(yi)(yi)及實驗(yan)室可用量做到(dao)心中(zhong)有數。通過智(zhi)能化的(de)(de)動態管理(li)節約開支(zhi)、減(jian)少浪(lang)費(fei)。

4.實驗(yan)室垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全處(chu)理。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)實驗(yan)室由于(yu)其(qi)研究對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象是活體生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)，而(er)(er)且(qie)常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)會接觸到許多(duo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人體有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)病原菌(jun)，因(yin)此(ci)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理是實驗(yan)室安全中一(yi)個非常(chang)(chang)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)節。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)一(yi)般分(fen)為普通(tong)(tong)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)普通(tong)(tong)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)，包(bao)(bao)裝分(fen)類后(hou)按照日常(chang)(chang)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)處(chu)理要求即可(ke)處(chu)理；而(er)(er)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)，必(bi)須依據其(qi)危害(hai)(hai)和毒(du)(du)性嚴格按照相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)要求進(jin)行專門(men)處(chu)理或(huo)交相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)專業公(gong)司(si)進(jin)行處(chu)理。常(chang)(chang)見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理方式(shi)具體包(bao)(bao)含：（1）對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)病原菌(jun)及其(qi)他有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)活性的(de)(de)(de)(de)質粒、菌(jun)類及腫瘤細胞培(pei)養(yang)廢棄物(wu)(wu)如(ru)液(ye)體培(pei)養(yang)基/斜面培(pei)養(yang)基及提取物(wu)(wu)，必(bi)須進(jin)過(guo)高(gao)壓滅活后(hou)才(cai)可(ke)以排(pai)放。（2）含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)電泳凝膠及被污染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手套應(ying)該存放在專用收納的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)器(qi)里，交給(gei)學校(xiao)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)部門(men)統(tong)一(yi)處(chu)理。（3）對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)劑(ji)及藥(yao)品容(rong)器(qi)及其(qi)廢液(ye)，應(ying)將其(qi)倒廢液(ye)桶收集，然后(hou)交給(gei)學院相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)部門(men)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空試(shi)劑(ji)瓶，應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)試(shi)劑(ji)瓶清洗(xi)干(gan)凈(jing)后(hou)并(bing)將標(biao)簽除去，才(cai)可(ke)作為普通(tong)(tong)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)處(chu)理。（4）對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)實驗(yan)動物(wu)(wu)尸體不(bu)能隨便丟棄，必(bi)須進(jin)行無害(hai)(hai)化處(chu)理后(hou)統(tong)一(yi)交給(gei)學校(xiao)專門(men)機構(gou)進(jin)行處(chu)置。

5.實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)和(he)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)保(bao)存。生(sheng)物學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術集成(cheng)化比較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)機構(gou)，特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中總有(you)不少多(duo)年來(lai)(lai)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)門技(ji)(ji)(ji)術。為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)使進(jin)(jin)入(ru)到(dao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)員(yuan)能夠快速了(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)、掌(zhang)握相(xiang)關(guan)儀器和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)方法(fa)，必須對(dui)(dui)(dui)其進(jin)(jin)行專(zhuan)(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)。培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)內容除涵(han)蓋(gai)相(xiang)關(guan)儀器、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)方法(fa)以(yi)外，還(huan)應該使新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)員(yuan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規章制度，方便大(da)家遵照(zhao)執行，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)有(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)員(yuan)更(geng)快融入(ru)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)團隊，提升整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行效率(lv)。具體培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)工作(zuo)可以(yi)由實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人員(yuan)或者(zhe)高年級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生(sheng)擔任，這(zhe)樣(yang)做不僅可以(yi)增強(qiang)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)性，也有(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)。培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)結束后，應當(dang)進(jin)(jin)修(xiu)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考核并頒發(fa)相(xiang)關(guan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)準入(ru)資(zi)格證，督促新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視，從而有(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)科研(yan)(yan)(yan)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順利開展(zhan)。隨(sui)著實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷運行，積累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)(yan)(yan)材(cai)料(liao)、數據(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)成(cheng)果也越來(lai)(lai)越多(duo)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)些資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累(lei)、保(bao)存是科研(yan)(yan)(yan)工作(zuo)不斷順利向前推進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)保(bao)障，是整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)別(bie)需要(yao)(yao)重視和(he)關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)環(huan)。我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很多(duo)生(sheng)物學(xue)科研(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)早(zao)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)基礎(chu)較弱，研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)方向不固定(ding)，很多(duo)時(shi)(shi)候研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)資(zi)料(liao)往往隨(sui)著學(xue)術論文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)表和(he)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畢業(ye)(ye)就丟失了(le)(le)(le)(le)，形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費。因此對(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)中積累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)(yan)(yan)資(zi)料(liao)要(yao)(yao)建(jian)(jian)立(li)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)效妥(tuo)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)存方式，使所有(you)資(zi)料(liao)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)都做到(dao)有(you)據(ju)(ju)(ju)可查，保(bao)管(guan)(guan)妥(tuo)當(dang)。特別(bie)是對(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄，應該建(jian)(jian)立(li)規范完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理系統(tong)，每個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)盡(jin)量(liang)統(tong)一(yi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄本，研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生(sheng)在(zai)特定(ding)時(shi)(shi)間段對(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄要(yao)(yao)復印并上(shang)交導(dao)師(shi)，畢業(ye)(ye)后要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄本原(yuan)件全部上(shang)交，由實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)門保(bao)存。隨(sui)著技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，現在(zai)也有(you)一(yi)些實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)采(cai)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)子實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄系統(tong)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)這(zhe)些新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子記錄數據(ju)(ju)(ju)應當(dang)做到(dao)定(ding)期數據(ju)(ju)(ju)備份(fen)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)多(duo)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)拷貝，避(bi)免(mian)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)硬件原(yuan)因丟失數據(ju)(ju)(ju)。

6.建立(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)。科(ke)研實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)般由在某一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期(qi)內具有(you)(you)特定研究方(fang)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)研究生(sheng)(sheng)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，作(zuo)為一(yi)(yi)群高級人(ren)才組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究團隊(dui)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)是(shi)不可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)顧名思(si)義(yi)就是(shi)沿著(zhu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)建設發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈絡而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)特殊文化(hua)[10]。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)建設是(shi)屬一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)綜合性的(de)(de)(de)(de)激勵，它更強調(diao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神力量作(zuo)為行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)(de)動力源(yuan)泉[11]。良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)對(dui)(dui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以及實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為具有(you)(you)導向作(zuo)用(yong)[12]。科(ke)研實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)(chang)活動一(yi)(yi)般有(you)(you)小組(zu)(zu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)報告、專(zhuan)家(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)講(jiang)座(zuo)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)游玩聚會活動。小組(zu)(zu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)報告一(yi)(yi)般由學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)匯報文獻閱讀和(he)(he)研究最新進展，這(zhe)應該是(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)項常(chang)(chang)規(gui)活動，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不僅(jin)可以通過匯報的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式增(zeng)進學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)交流，而且對(dui)(dui)于鍛(duan)煉(lian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)演講(jiang)能力也(ye)(ye)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)平臺。專(zhuan)家(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)講(jiang)座(zuo)可以讓大家(jia)對(dui)(dui)最新的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)動態(tai)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)了(le)解，同時(shi)也(ye)(ye)加強了(le)不同實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)交流，對(dui)(dui)于鍛(duan)煉(lian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)考(kao)和(he)(he)提問能力也(ye)(ye)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助。在緊(jin)張的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)余，組(zu)(zu)織一(yi)(yi)些游玩活動對(dui)(dui)于放(fang)松大家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)心，增(zeng)強實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝聚力也(ye)(ye)很有(you)(you)必要。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)為一(yi)(yi)個(ge)大集(ji)體，不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)(dui)于管理制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肯定會存在差(cha)異，甚至會有(you)(you)因為違反(fan)相關制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)而造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)嚴重后果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情(qing)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)；同時(shi)不同學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究能力和(he)(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)平也(ye)(ye)良(liang)莠不齊，因而制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訂(ding)合理可行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獎懲(cheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)對(dui)(dui)于保(bao)障(zhang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)(chang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)具有(you)(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。獎勵和(he)(he)懲(cheng)罰制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)必須建立(li)在一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)現實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎之(zhi)上，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定中要廣泛征求各實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意見，確保(bao)參與權，注重可行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)性，一(yi)(yi)旦形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)最終制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，必須嚴格執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

四、結語

隨著(zhu)我國經濟的(de)(de)持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，國家(jia)對(dui)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技投入力度(du)(du)不(bu)斷(duan)加大，高(gao)校(xiao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)實驗(yan)室(shi)也相(xiang)應逐年增多[13]。生命科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)作(zuo)為(wei)21世紀重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)領(ling)域，生物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)實驗(yan)室(shi)在推(tui)動(dong)其(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中起著(zhu)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。建立(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)合理(li)的(de)(de)實驗(yan)室(shi)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)，重(zhong)(zhong)視制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)可操作(zuo)性和執(zhi)行力，是推(tui)動(dong)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)斷(duan)向前發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)保障。在實驗(yan)室(shi)管理(li)中，要(yao)注意生物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)實驗(yan)室(shi)的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，以維護生物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全為(wei)底(di)線，做到以人(ren)為(wei)本(ben)，努力將科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)化的(de)(de)管理(li)貫穿于科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)之中。同時，要(yao)注重(zhong)(zhong)培育(yu)實驗(yan)室(shi)文化，充(chong)分發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮每個研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)員的(de)(de)特(te)長(chang)和學(xue)術研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)潛能，為(wei)促進(jin)我國生命科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)持續(xu)健康(kang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，培養綜合能力強(qiang)的(de)(de)高(gao)水平生物(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)創新型人(ren)才貢獻力量(liang)。

作者:陳惜燕 蘭曉繼 單位:西北農(nong)林科技(ji)大學生物工程實訓中心

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篇10

方法：通(tong)過分析(xi)和(he)總結病原微生物(wu)檢測中所存在(zai)的(de)安全隱(yin)患問題，提出有針對性(xing)的(de)安全防護措施。

結果：病原微(wei)生物檢測(ce)中的軟硬件條件、個人防護意識方面均(jun)存(cun)在一(yi)些不足。

結論：需要(yao)通過多種途徑加(jia)以完善和改進，提(ti)高病原(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)檢(jian)測(ce)的生(sheng)物(wu)安全性。

關鍵詞(ci)：病原微生物檢測 安全防護

Doi：10.3969/j.issn.1671-8801.2013.08.549

【中(zhong)圖(tu)分類號(hao)】R9 【文獻標(biao)識碼】B 【文章編(bian)號(hao)】1671-8801（2013）08-0472-02

病(bing)原微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)是指(zhi)能(neng)夠(gou)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)和(he)動物(wu)產生(sheng)(sheng)致病(bing)性的微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)，包括病(bing)毒、細菌、支原體、衣原體、立克次體、螺旋體、真菌、放線(xian)菌等。檢(jian)(jian)測病(bing)原微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)是為了提供(gong)診斷的指(zhi)標，但(dan)在(zai)檢(jian)(jian)測過程中可能(neng)因一些環(huan)節(jie)防護不周而造成環(huan)境污(wu)染和(he)檢(jian)(jian)驗人(ren)員自身感染，如非典時期就有多例(li)實(shi)驗室工(gong)作人(ren)員感染SARS的病(bing)例(li)，因此(ci)工(gong)作人(ren)員必須加強病(bing)原微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)檢(jian)(jian)測中的安全(quan)防護措(cuo)施，不僅是對(dui)(dui)自己(ji)(ji)、同(tong)事、患者和(he)家人(ren)的健康負責，而且對(dui)(dui)社會的和(he)諧、穩定也做出了自己(ji)(ji)的貢獻。

1 病原微生物檢測方面的(de)安全隱患與(yu)防護(hu)不足的(de)問題

1.1 “硬(ying)件(jian)”方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)局(ju)限。“硬(ying)件(jian)”指實驗室空(kong)(kong)間、布(bu)局(ju)、分(fen)區、設(she)(she)備等方面(mian)(mian)。“硬(ying)件(jian)”是保(bao)障(zhang)生(sheng)物安全的(de)(de)基礎條件(jian)，過去(qu)設(she)(she)計(ji)建造(zao)的(de)(de)一些(xie)實驗室達不(bu)到生(sheng)物安全管理的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，表現(xian)為(wei)(wei)房間面(mian)(mian)積(ji)不(bu)夠、空(kong)(kong)間不(bu)足、布(bu)局(ju)不(bu)合(he)理、三區劃(hua)分(fen)不(bu)清，據調查[1]某地區20間二級綜合(he)醫院實驗室面(mian)(mian)積(ji)合(he)格(ge)率僅為(wei)(wei)70%，布(bu)局(ju)、流(liu)程達到要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)只有(you)55%。在設(she)(she)備配置方面(mian)(mian)情況更(geng)加不(bu)理想，生(sheng)物安全柜配置合(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)只有(you)35%，配備洗眼器的(de)(de)甚至(zhi)低至(zhi)15%，此外離心通風設(she)(she)備、洗手設(she)(she)施(shi)、紫外消毒(du)燈合(he)格(ge)率分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)60%、60%和50%。這些(xie)問題的(de)(de)存在增加了(le)環境污染和交叉(cha)感染的(de)(de)機會，遇到緊急情況往往難(nan)以從容應對。

1.2 “軟(ruan)件(jian)”方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)欠缺。“軟(ruan)件(jian)”指實驗(yan)室生物安全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、醫(yi)療垃圾管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、應急預案管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)。一般(ban)來說生物安全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)各間(jian)醫(yi)院(yuan)都有(you)，但多(duo)(duo)照搬國(guo)家或(huo)行業的(de)標準、規(gui)程或(huo)其他醫(yi)院(yuan)的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，很少(shao)能將每(mei)間(jian)醫(yi)院(yuan)的(de)特點結合(he)進去(qu)，另外在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)執行方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)既不徹底也(ye)不嚴格。很多(duo)(duo)醫(yi)院(yuan)對住院(yuan)患者(zhe)的(de)感(gan)染已(yi)經(jing)高度(du)(du)重(zhong)(zhong)視，但還(huan)沒有(you)對實驗(yan)室工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)發生的(de)感(gan)染引起足夠(gou)關注(zhu)，由于工作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)中有(you)相當數量的(de)非檢(jian)驗(yan)專業人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)（如(ru)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、檢(jian)修人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、保潔員(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)），他們在(zai)(zai)預防實驗(yan)室感(gan)染的(de)認識方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)不深，又(you)缺乏足夠(gou)的(de)培訓，成為易感(gan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群[2]。另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，一些醫(yi)院(yuan)領導比較看(kan)重(zhong)(zhong)實驗(yan)室質量管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，常(chang)忽(hu)視安全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，如(ru)對應急預案的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)缺少(shao)檢(jian)查、監督(du)和演練(lian)，一旦發生緊急情況(kuang)處理(li)(li)效果就會打折扣。

1.3 檢(jian)驗人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)自身(shen)方(fang)面的不(bu)(bu)足。主要反映在(zai)安全(quan)防范(fan)意識不(bu)(bu)強，一是如前所(suo)述(shu)部分工作人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)因缺乏生物安全(quan)知識，在(zai)接(jie)觸血(xue)液、體液、排(pai)泄物時(shi)防護不(bu)(bu)當(dang)，容易造成(cheng)感(gan)染；二(er)是在(zai)工作量大緊張時(shi)，有些檢(jian)驗人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)忽(hu)視自身(shen)的防護，如不(bu)(bu)帶防護用具進行操作，在(zai)實驗室內(nei)飲(yin)食，穿著(zhu)工作衣進入休息間，接(jie)聽手機時(shi)不(bu)(bu)洗手等；三(san)是檢(jian)驗人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)經常接(jie)觸針頭(tou)、刀片(pian)、剪(jian)刀等銳器(qi)，難免刺傷手部、皮(pi)膚，遇到標本外溢或噴濺等意外，由于處理不(bu)(bu)及時(shi)而造成(cheng)感(gan)染。

2 提高病原(yuan)微生物檢測(ce)安全性(xing)的措施(shi)

2.1 注重實驗室(shi)“硬件”建(jian)設(she)。

2.1.1 依(yi)照標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)設(she)計、改造實驗室(shi)。標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)WS 233-2002《微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)和生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)醫學實驗室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)通用準(zhun)(zhun)則》、GB 19489-2008《實驗室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)通用要求》都對臨床微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)實驗室(shi)的防護原則（或風險(xian)控制）、分(fen)級(ji)、設(she)計要求、管理措(cuo)施(shi)等作了詳細的規(gui)定，是(shi)指導(dao)臨床微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)實驗室(shi)設(she)計與改造的權(quan)威性文件。普通醫院(yuan)的臨床微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)實驗室(shi)應達到BSL-2級(ji)別(bie)的防護水(shui)平，并(bing)以此標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)劃(hua)布局和設(she)計，即(ji)使(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)面積無法滿足要求，也應合理設(she)置分(fen)區(qu)，規(gui)劃(hua)出清潔區(qu)（辦公、休息、培養基(ji)配(pei)制、試劑儲存等區(qu)）、半污(wu)(wu)染區(qu)（緩沖區(qu)）、污(wu)(wu)染區(qu)（操(cao)作區(qu)），進行有效分(fen)隔并(bing)標(biao)(biao)示清楚(chu)。

2.1.2 配備必要(yao)(yao)的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)裝(zhuang)備和(he)充足的個(ge)人(ren)防護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)備。按(an)照(zhao)BSL-2防護(hu)(hu)要(yao)(yao)求，應配備Ⅱ級生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)柜、洗(xi)眼(yan)器，沖(chong)淋器、離心(xin)通風系統、高壓滅菌器、離心(xin)機罩(zhao)帽、紫外線消毒(du)燈(deng)、非接觸(chu)洗(xi)手(shou)(shou)設備、應急照(zhao)明(ming)裝(zhuang)置、備用電源等(deng)(deng)也必不可少，個(ge)人(ren)防護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)備如隔離衣、鞋套、護(hu)(hu)目鏡、面(mian)罩(zhao)、防毒(du)面(mian)具、手(shou)(shou)套、帽子等(deng)(deng)必須充足。

2.2 規范實(shi)驗室管理。

2.2.1 建立并(bing)完(wan)善實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。按(an)照《病原微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)條例(li)》、《病原微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)環境(jing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)辦法》、《醫療廢物管(guan)(guan)理(li)條例(li)》及(ji)相(xiang)關國家、行(xing)業標準的要求，建立并(bing)完(wan)善生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)規章制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，應包(bao)括實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室準入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)（嚴格控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)進(jin)入實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室）、人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)培訓考核制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、儀器(qi)設備(bei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、醫療廢棄物管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、標準化(hua)操作規程(cheng)（SOP）等(deng)相(xiang)關制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)應體系化(hua)、文件化(hua)，整理(li)成(cheng)冊，人(ren)(ren)(ren)手1份，做到人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)知曉、個個遵守。

2.2.2 制定并嚴(yan)格執行標準化操作規程（SOP）。SOP可以針(zhen)對(dui)實驗室內所有安(an)全設(she)施(shi)(shi)及(ji)其相關的(de)安(an)全活動建立標準化操作規程及(ji)細節處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)措施(shi)(shi)，它可以完(wan)美(mei)地(di)體現5W1H分析法的(de)精髓，解決做(zuo)(zuo)什(shen)么（What）、在(zai)哪做(zuo)(zuo)（Where）、由誰做(zuo)(zuo)（Who）、什(shen)么時候做(zuo)(zuo)（When）、為什(shen)么做(zuo)(zuo)（Why）、如何做(zuo)(zuo)（How）的(de)問(wen)題。實驗室SOP至少包括儀器(qi)設(she)備(bei)與(yu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)使用SOP（如生物安(an)全柜SOP、離心機SOP等）、生物安(an)全通用SOP（如消毒滅菌(jun)SOP、手衛生SOP等）、應急處(chu)(chu)置SOP、個人防(fang)護裝備(bei)SOP、標本管理(li)(li)SOP、醫療垃圾處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)SOP等。

2.3 加強培訓(xun)(xun)、監督、考(kao)(kao)核(he)，提高(gao)生物安(an)(an)全(quan)防護意識。有了(le)(le)合乎規(gui)范的實驗室，配(pei)備了(le)(le)完善的設(she)備設(she)施，建(jian)立了(le)(le)完整的安(an)(an)全(quan)管理制度(du)、SOP，是(shi)否可以(yi)一定提高(gao)生物安(an)(an)全(quan)防護意識？嚴格執行是(shi)保(bao)障(zhang)制度(du)生命力的關鍵，應對所有相關人員進行培訓(xun)(xun)，并建(jian)立監督、考(kao)(kao)核(he)機制，將安(an)(an)全(quan)防護的責任落實到每(mei)個人身上(shang)，則必能(neng)從源(yuan)頭上(shang)消(xiao)除安(an)(an)全(quan)隱(yin)患。

3 小結

在病原微生物檢測(ce)中要避(bi)免“重(zhong)測(ce)輕防”的(de)陳舊(jiu)觀念，就應樹立“安全管(guan)理(li)”和(he)(he)“質量管(guan)理(li)”兩(liang)手都要硬的(de)思想，在實驗室“硬件(jian)”、“軟件(jian)”建設過(guo)程中采取切實有效(xiao)措施，提高實驗室工作人員職業(ye)素養(yang)和(he)(he)職業(ye)暴露(lu)的(de)防護(hu)能(neng)力，確保人民(min)生命財產安全。

參考文獻