軌道交通信號系統范文
時間:2023-03-22 11:54:46
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篇1
關鍵詞:城市軌道交通車地通信無線網絡
中圖分類(lei)號:U213文(wen)獻標識(shi)碼(ma): A
當前,列車控制系統已經成為我國城市軌道交通信號系統的主流(liu),但是在已經開通(tong)(tong)或者是待(dai)建城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)(tong)CBTC項目中(zhong),許多(duo)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)(tong)運營線(xian)路在使用CBTC時因(yin)受到車地通(tong)(tong)信(xin)狀態不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)的因(yin)素(su)影響,多(duo)數仍沿(yan)用傳統(tong)落后的后備(bei)降級模式運營,使得(de)多(duo)數專家(jia)質疑CBTC信(xin)號(hao)制式的穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)和可靠(kao)性(xing),當前城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)信(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)的焦點已經集(ji)中(zhong)到了車地無線(xian)通(tong)(tong)信(xin),這就(jiu)為(wei)我(wo)們軌道交通(tong)(tong)信(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)工作(zuo)人(ren)員提出了全新的研(yan)究方(fang)向。
CBTC系統(tong)概(gai)述。
基(ji)于通信(xin)的列(lie)(lie)車(che)控(kong)制(zhi)(Commullications一basedTrainContrOI,CBTC)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是脫離軌道電路(lu)的一個(ge)獨立系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),采用(yong)(yong)高精(jing)度的列(lie)(lie)車(che)定位和連續(xu)、高速(su)、雙向的數(shu)據(ju)通信(xin),通過(guo)車(che)載和地(di)面安全設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)實現對列(lie)(lie)車(che)的控(kong)制(zhi)。歐洲連續(xu)式列(lie)(lie)車(che)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是CBTC技術的源頭,多年的發展歷程使其(qi)取得了(le)長足的進(jin)步。包括阿(a)爾斯(si)通、西門子、阿(a)爾卡特等(deng)多家(jia)列(lie)(lie)車(che)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)供(gong)應商(shang)均(jun)進(jin)入了(le)CBTC系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)市場競爭中,具有自己的科(ke)技產(chan)品。溫(wen)哥華、巴黎、倫敦、武(wu)漢、香港(gang)等(deng)多個(ge)城市都已經將(jiang)CBTC系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)應用(yong)(yong)到城市軌道交通信(xin)號系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)當中。迄今(jin)為止最大的,實現不同廠商(shang)CBTC系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)互連互通的cBTc項(xiang)目正(zheng)在紐約地(di)鐵(tie)進(jin)行(xing),并準備(bei)(bei)(bei)將(jiang)該技術用(yong)(yong)于改造紐約地(di)鐵(tie)信(xin)號系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。
無線CBTC系(xi)統的組成。
無線(xian)CBTC系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)主要(yao)由(you)3部分組(zu)成(cheng):無線(xian)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)控制系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)定位(wei)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong).列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)控制系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)又包括:中央控制室,無線(xian)閉塞中心(RBC,Radio Block Center)和車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong).其中,高可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)無線(xian)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)RBC、車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)定位(wei)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)基礎。無線(xian)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)主要(yao)是(shi)進行(xing)車(che)(che)(che)地(di)(di)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin),在移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)的(de)列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)和地(di)(di)面控制設備之間實(shi)時雙向傳輸(shu)行(xing)車(che)(che)(che)信(xin)(xin)息,由(you)無線(xian)車(che)(che)(che)-地(di)(di)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)技術(shu)提供技術(shu)保障.列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)通(tong)(tong)過相(xiang)應的(de)地(di)(di)面設備,如信(xin)(xin)標燈、應答器,可(ke)以獲知自身的(de)位(wei)置及(ji)速度(du)等信(xin)(xin)息.通(tong)(tong)過可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)無線(xian)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)網(wang)絡(luo),列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)將(jiang)位(wei)置、車(che)(che)(che)次、列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)長度(du)、實(shi)際速度(du)、制動(dong)潛(qian)能、運行(xing)狀況(診斷數據(ju))等信(xin)(xin)息以無線(xian)的(de)方式發送給RBC;RBC則(ze)開始追蹤列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)并(bing)發送移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)權(quan)限、允許(xu)速度(du)、限速、緊急(ji)停車(che)(che)(che)等命(ming)令.因而,無線(xian)CBTC系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中,無線(xian)移(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)網(wang)絡(luo)取(qu)代了(le)軌道電路的(de)信(xin)(xin)息傳輸(shu)地(di)(di)位(wei)[2].
CBTC系(xi)統的(de)車(che)-地(di)通信(xin)系(xi)統按車(che)-地(di)信(xin)息采集方式(shi)(shi)分為連(lian)續式(shi)(shi)和點式(shi)(shi)傳輸方式(shi)(shi).連(lian)續式(shi)(shi)能連(lian)續不斷地(di)將地(di)面信(xin)息即列車(che)間隔、線路(lu)容許的(de)速度等情況及時地(di)向車(che)上反映(ying),使司機隨(sui)時掌握(wo)列車(che)速度,有利于保(bao)證行車(che)安全和提高行車(che)效率。
無線CBTC系(xi)統屬于連續式車-地信(xin)(xin)息傳輸(shu)方(fang)式,按數(shu)據傳輸(shu)媒(mei)介可(ke)分(fen)為:無線電(dian)臺(tai)、裂(lie)縫波導管(guan)、漏纜和GSM-R(GSM for Railway)等方(fang)式。其中(zhong),無線電(dian)臺(tai)、漏纜常用(yong)在(zai)(zai)城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通中(zhong),如無線電(dian)臺(tai)、裂(lie)縫波導管(guan)方(fang)式在(zai)(zai)地鐵使用(yong),漏纜可(ke)在(zai)(zai)磁懸浮使用(yong)等;GSM-R是(shi)鐵路專用(yong)無線通信(xin)(xin),在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)一(yi)些新建(jian)鐵路線使用(yong),如在(zai)(zai)青(qing)藏(zang)線使用(yong)。
城市軌(gui)道交通信號CBTC系統中的(de)車-地(di)通信技術應用(yong)。
3.1 CBTC系統中主(zhu)要的車-地信息交換。
在固(gu)定(ding)(ding)閉(bi)塞技術中(zhong),線(xian)路(lu)(lu)上有固(gu)定(ding)(ding)的區段(duan)劃(hua)分,這一(yi)區段(duan)只(zhi)要(yao)有車(che)占(zhan)用(yong),就意味著整(zheng)個區段(duan)是占(zhan)用(yong)的。而移(yi)動(dong)閉(bi)塞在線(xian)路(lu)(lu)上沒(mei)有區段(duan)的劃(hua)分,以(yi)前(qian)車(che)的尾部或進路(lu)(lu)邊界為追蹤的目標,這就是固(gu)定(ding)(ding)閉(bi)塞和(he)移(yi)動(dong)閉(bi)塞的區別。所以(yi),在固(gu)定(ding)(ding)閉(bi)塞技術中(zhong)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)軌道空閑檢查(cha)設備(bei)來檢查(cha)列車(che)的位置,而移(yi)動(dong)閉(bi)塞則靠車(che)載設備(bei)自(zi)主定(ding)(ding)位來描述(shu)軌道的占(zhan)用(yong)情況。
從車-地信息(xi)交換的(de)角度來看(kan),移動閉(bi)塞(sai)與(yu)固定(ding)閉(bi)塞(sai)不同,線路固定(ding)數(shu)據都(dou)存儲在(zai)車載(zai)設備的(de)數(shu)據庫(ku)中,在(zai)進入正常的(de) CBTC 移動閉(bi)塞(sai)模式之后,車-地雙向通信的(de)關鍵內(nei)容包括(kuo):
(1)軌旁到車(che)載的移動授權信息(亦稱 MA,EOA 等);
(2)車載到軌旁的位置報告;
(3)運營調整信息(xi)及維護信息(xi)等。
當然車-地信(xin)息(xi)中還包括(kuo)其他的內(nei)容,如(ru) IP 尋址、ATS 調整、維護事(shi)件或故障(zhang)報警、車站設(she)備(bei)控(kong)制(zhi)、旅客信(xin)息(xi)、校驗及時間戳等。不(bu)同供貨商會根據(ju)各自(zi)系(xi)統的特點(dian)有不(bu)同的信(xin)息(xi)結(jie)構(gou)。
3.2 CBTC系統的車-地通信方式。
CBTC系統的車-地通信方式通常由點式通信技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和連續(xu)式通信技(ji)(ji)術(shu)兩種技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。
點式通(tong)信(xin)技術在(zai)線路上的某些特(te)定位(wei)置(zhi)安裝固(gu)定的應答器(qi)(信(xin)標(biao)),當列車(che)通(tong)過時(shi),經車(che)載(zai)查詢(xun)器(qi)(天線)的激勵,應答器(qi)會根據(ju)互感原理,把(ba)數據(ju)發送給車(che)載(zai)接收設備,這就是點式通(tong)信(xin)。
連續式(shi)通(tong)信技術是(shi)基于(yu) WLAN的無線通(tong)信方式(shi)。經(jing)(jing)過近十年的技術發展,與世界上多個互(hu)聯(lian)互(hu)通(tong)試驗(yan)工(gong)程的經(jing)(jing)驗(yan),雖然做到真(zhen)正意(yi)義上的互(hu)聯(lian)互(hu)通(tong)還有很長(chang)的路(lu)要走(zou),但(dan)是(shi)對于(yu) CBTC 系統(tong)所(suo)采用的無線通(tong)信系統(tong),業內已經(jing)(jing)有了一(yi)定的共識(shi)。首先,從技術發展角度來說,采用商務現貨供應(COTS)的產品;其次,把 ISO 七層模(mo)型中(zhong)的低層統(tong)一(yi)采用IEEE802.11 WLAN 標準。
3.3 CBTC系統的無(wu)線(xian)傳(chuan)播方式。
目(mu)前(qian)我國多數城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通系統CBTC系統供貨商采用的傳(chuan)播(bo)方(fang)式主要分為空(kong)間自由傳(chuan)播(bo)和(he)導行(xing)傳(chuan)播(bo)兩種。
空間(jian)自由(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)是目前使(shi)用最多最常見的(de)一種傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)方(fang)式。它利用電磁波(bo)在空氣中從發(fa)射天線到接收(shou)天線傳(chuan)(chuan)遞數據,而無需線纜介質。空間(jian)自由(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)的(de)方(fang)式節省軌旁(pang)設備(bei),在軌道交通狹窄的(de)隧道安裝上(shang)具有優(you)勢(shi)。理論上(shang)空間(jian)自由(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)的(de)無線小區(qu)最大距離在 400 ~ 500 m 之間(jian)。
導行(xing)傳(chuan)播(bo)因為軌道(dao)交通的(de)特點,對無(wu)線覆(fu)蓋的(de)要求不(bu)是(shi)空間上的(de),而(er)是(shi)線性(xing)的(de),所以(yi)采用(yong)漏(lou)纜或漏(lou)泄(xie)波(bo)導管作為傳(chuan)輸介(jie)質,形成(cheng)一(yi)個沿走行(xing)軌的(de)無(wu)線覆(fu)蓋網,在軌道(dao)交通的(de)復雜(za)傳(chuan)輸環境中具有優勢。
結束語:
基于(yu)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)列車(che)控制(zhi)(CBTC)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)代表了(le)城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)列車(che)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方向。在(zai)城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中有效的(de)(de)運用CBTC通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)技(ji)術(shu)誓將對其發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)必將起(qi)到促進的(de)(de)作用。因(yin)此,盡快開(kai)展(zhan)基于(yu)無線(xian)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)CBTC系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)研究并進行有效的(de)(de)應用,已經成(cheng)為國(guo)內(nei)城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)一個(ge)契機。
參考文獻:
[1] 劉宏杰,陳(chen)黎潔. CBTC 列車安全定(ding)位(wei)中通信中斷時(shi)間的(de)研究(jiu)[J]. 鐵道(dao)學(xue)報,2012,34( 6) : 40-45.
篇2
(1)ATS自(zi)動(dong)監控模式:一般(ban)情況下(xia),該運行(xing)(xing)模式對在(zai)線列(lie)車的(de)運行(xing)(xing)進行(xing)(xing)自(zi)動(dong)監控,并向列(lie)車自(zi)動(dong)發出進路指(zhi)令(ling),列(lie)車在(zai)安全(quan)保(bao)護(hu)下(xia)司機按照規定的(de)運行(xing)(xing)時刻表駕駛列(lie)車。
(2)調度員人(ren)工介(jie)(jie)入(ru)模式(shi):調度員在工作站下達相關的(de)列車(che)運行(xing)指令,并人(ren)工干預全線列車(che)的(de)運行(xing)。介(jie)(jie)入(ru)的(de)內容主要包(bao)括(kuo)對列車(che)進行(xing)“扣(kou)車(che)”、“終止”、改變行(xing)車(che)路線、列車(che)增減等。
(3)列(lie)車(che)出(chu)入(ru)車(che)場(chang)(chang)調度模(mo)式:列(lie)車(che)調度員在當天列(lie)車(che)運行時(shi)刻表的(de)指導下編制列(lie)車(che)的(de)運營計劃(hua)及(ji)場(chang)(chang)內行車(che)計劃(hua),并上傳至控(kong)制中心。車(che)場(chang)(chang)信(xin)息(xi)值(zhi)班工作人(ren)員根據(ju)運營計劃(hua)調整相應的(de)進(jin)路信(xin)息(xi),以滿足列(lie)車(che)的(de)行車(che)需求(qiu)。
(4)車(che)站(zhan)現地控(kong)制(zhi)模式(shi):一般情(qing)況下只有設備集中站(zhan)參與到列(lie)車(che)運營(ying)控(kong)制(zhi),車(che)站(zhan)聯鎖及車(che)站(zhan)ATS系(xi)統結合實現對車(che)站(zhan)及中央二級(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)權的(de)調整。經中央ATS設備故障(zhang)后車(che)站(zhan)值班工作人員(yuan)的(de)申請(qing)后,并經調度員(yuan)同意后,可改由車(che)站(zhan)現地控(kong)制(zhi)。
(5)車場控制模式:場地值班人員(yuan)根(gen)據(ju)用車計(ji)劃(hua)對列車的(de)出入場及場內的(de)作(zuo)業安排進路(lu)排列。
2項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)及(ji)生命(ming)周期(qi)
項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),作(zuo)為管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)學(xue)中最為重要(yao)的(de)分支(zhi)學(xue)科,一般(ban)是指在項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)過程中,應(ying)用(yong)專門的(de)知識(shi)、技能、工具及(ji)方(fang)法,并在項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)可(ke)利用(yong)的(de)有(you)限項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)資源條件下,實現或超(chao)過預期的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)及(ji)期望的(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)過程。項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),主要(yao)是對成(cheng)功實現系列目(mu)(mu)(mu)標相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)進行整體的(de)檢測及(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)控,包(bao)括策略(lve)、進度計劃即維護項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)的(de)進展。一般(ban)而言,項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)內(nei)容主要(yao)包(bao)括對項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)范(fan)圍、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)時(shi)間、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)成(cheng)本、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)質量、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)人力資源、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)溝通及(ji)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風險等內(nei)容的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)主要(yao)經歷項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)需(xu)求(qiu)調研、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)分析、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)設計、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)實施、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)上線(xian)及(ji)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)運維跟(gen)蹤等生(sheng)命周(zhou)期。
3軌(gui)道交通信號系統項(xiang)目管理模式
3.1城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)信號系統項目特點
與其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)相比,城市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)信息系統擁有獨特的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)特性及(ji)建設(she)目(mu)標,主要(yao)體現在以下方(fang)面:首先、需按照地(di)鐵業主的(de)(de)(de)時間要(yao)求(qiu),保質保量(liang)地(di)完成(cheng)軌道建設(she),確保順利開通(tong)運營(ying)。其(qi)次、需完成(cheng)相關設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)安裝(zhuang)調試(shi)、以確保設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)運轉。
3.2城市軌道交通信號系統項目管理模式(shi)
項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)生命周(zhou)期中(zhong)不同的(de)階段(duan)有相應的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)任務,需(xu)使用到(dao)多種技術與工(gong)具(ju),信號管(guan)理(li)(li)項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)需(xu)完成以(yi)下的(de)實踐過程:
3.2.1信(xin)號系統項目(mu)集的定義
項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)集定(ding)義階段,主(zhu)要(yao)包括對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)期望收(shou)益的(de)定(ding)義,對(dui)(dui)關(guan)鍵成(cheng)功(gong)要(yao)素的(de)確定(ding)及對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)集所需的(de)資源進行(xing)(xing)估(gu)算,并進行(xing)(xing)論證(zheng)商業過程(cheng)。而(er)(er)城市軌道交通(tong)信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統,在(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)集定(ding)義階段主(zhu)要(yao)有兩方(fang)(fang)面的(de)內容:第一、掌握用(yong)戶運營層面的(de)需求(qiu),熟(shu)悉城市軌道交通(tong)建設的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準流程(cheng),以滿足信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)國產化(hua)率達到(dao)70%的(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)。第二(er)、努力(li)成(cheng)為信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統供應(ying)商,掌握信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統領域(yu)的(de)核心科技(ji),并提供信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統領域(yu)的(de)完整解決方(fang)(fang)案,以實現自主(zhu)化(hua)發展目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)。而(er)(er)信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)集資源管理,主(zhu)要(yao)是估(gu)算人(ren)力(li)、財力(li)及物(wu)力(li)。而(er)(er)商業論證(zheng)的(de)任(ren)務,主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)于對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)集進行(xing)(xing)合理性方(fang)(fang)面的(de)論證(zheng),這是信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)關(guan)鍵因素所在(zai)。
3.2.2信號系統項目(mu)集的啟動(dong)
啟(qi)(qi)動階段(duan),一(yi)般包(bao)括(kuo)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經理指派(pai)、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)章程(cheng)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)、收(shou)益(yi)分解(jie)結構分解(jie)、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)資源(yuan)預算(suan)編制(zhi)、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)路線圖(tu)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)。信號系(xi)統項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)集經理需同時與多個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經理或者職能(neng)經理打交道,因(yin)此(ci)指派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經理需在溝通和協調方面(mian)擁有(you)較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力,并具備較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)說服能(neng)力。而項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)章程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding),需從信號系(xi)統項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)集的(de)(de)(de)愿景、核(he)心(xin)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)及(ji)期望收(shou)益(yi)等(deng)方面(mian)出發。對于信號系(xi)統項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)集而言,路線圖(tu)就是(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)度(du)計(ji)劃,一(yi)般是(shi)由里程(cheng)碑(bei)構成。而商(shang)業論證(zheng)是(shi)啟(qi)(qi)動階段(duan)最(zui)為重要的(de)(de)(de)成功之一(yi),等(deng)待(dai)規劃階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)審批。
3.2.3信號系統項(xiang)目集的(de)規劃
(1)明(ming)確項目的發展方向,主要包括項目愿景、任務和(he)戰略目標。
(2)為項(xiang)目成功構建(jian)必(bi)要的組織,主要包括政策、流程(cheng)、角色(se)與職責(ze)的定(ding)義(yi),并解(jie)決項(xiang)目進展中的各種(zhong)爭端。
(3)控制、監控、評(ping)估及審批項(xiang)目變(bian)更,以確(que)保實現項(xiang)目目標和收益。
3.3信號系統項(xiang)目集的實施與(yu)監控
篇3
關鍵詞: 城(cheng)市軌道交通; 控制; 信號
1城市(shi)軌道交通信號系統技術發展趨勢
信號系統是保障行車安全、提高運輸能(neng)力(li)的關(guan)鍵技(ji)(ji)術(shu)裝(zhuang)備。城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通信號系統隨著微電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、計算機技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、通信技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的發展而不(bu)斷發展。信號系統中,地面與車載設備的安全信息傳(chuan)輸方(fang)式,大致(zhi)經歷了(le)模擬(ni)軌(gui)道電(dian)(dian)路、數字軌(gui)道電(dian)(dian)路和(he)無線通信3個階段。
1.1基于模擬軌道電路的(de)ATC系統(tong)
軌道電路(lu)是將區(qu)間(jian)線路(lu)劃分為(wei)若(ruo)干固定(ding)的(de)區(qu)段(duan),進行列車(che)占(zhan)用(yong)檢查(cha)和(he)向車(che)載(zai)ATC設備傳送信息的(de)載(zai)體。列車(che)定(ding)位是以固定(ding)的(de)軌道電路(lu)區(qu)段(duan)為(wei)單位,采用(yong)模(mo)擬(ni)軌道電路(lu)方(fang)式由地面向車(che)載(zai)設備傳送
圖(tu)1模擬軌道電路列車運(yun)行速度控制(zhi)示意(yi)圖(tu)
10~20種信息,列(lie)車(che)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)階梯式速(su)度控(kong)制,稱之(zhi)為固定閉塞。如圖1所示。模(mo)擬軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)在我國應用(yong)的(de)代(dai)表產品有:從(cong)英(ying)國西屋引(yin)進的(de)FS-2500無絕(jue)緣軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)(北京地(di)鐵1號線、13號線) ;從(cong)美國GRS公司引(yin)進的(de)無絕(jue)緣數字調幅軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)(上(shang)海地(di)鐵1號線) ;大連(lian)輕軌(gui)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)國產WG-21 A軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)。從(cong)系(xi)統整體角度來看, 基于模(mo)擬軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)ATC系(xi)統中各子系(xi)統處于分立(li)狀態, 技術(shu)水平明顯(xian)落后, 維修工作量大, 制約了列(lie)車(che)運(yun)行速(su)度和密(mi)度的(de)進一(yi)步提高, 將逐(zhu)步退出歷史(shi)舞臺。
1.2基于(yu)數字軌(gui)道(dao)電路的ATC系統
數(shu)(shu)字(zi)軌(gui)(gui)道電路采用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)編(bian)碼方式, 地面向車(che)載設備傳送數(shu)(shu)十位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)編(bian)碼信息, 列(lie)車(che)可(ke)實現一次模式曲線(xian)式安(an)全(quan)防護, 縮短了列(lie)車(che)運行間隔, 提高了舒(shu)適度。數(shu)(shu)字(zi)軌(gui)(gui)道電路列(lie)車(che)速度控制曲線(xian)如圖2
采用數字(zi)軌道電路的ATC系統, 列(lie)車可實現一次模式曲線式安(an)全防護, 因(yin)此稱(cheng)之為準移動閉
塞。數(shu)字軌道電路在(zai)我(wo)國應用(yong)(yong)的(de)代表(biao)產品(pin)有美國USSI公司的(de)AF-904無絕緣(yuan)數(shu)字軌道電路(上(shang)海地鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)2號(hao)線(xian)、津濱輕軌等(deng)) ; 德國西門子(zi)(zi)公司的(de)FTGS無絕緣(yuan)數(shu)字軌道電路(廣州地鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)1、2號(hao)線(xian), 南京地鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)1號(hao)線(xian)等(deng)) 。數(shu)字軌道電路的(de)ATC系(xi)統(tong)采用(yong)(yong)微電子(zi)(zi)技術、計算機技術和(he)數(shu)字通信技術, 延續了(le)軌道電路故障2安(an)全的(de)特點(dian), 目前在(zai)我(wo)國和(he)世界范圍內開通運(yun)用(yong)(yong)較多(duo), 系(xi)統(tong)的(de)可靠性和(he)穩定性得到了(le)充分的(de)驗證。但(dan)數(shu)字軌道電路存(cun)在(zai)以(yi)下缺點(dian)。
1. 必須具備(bei)很強的抗干擾(rao)能力。軌道電路中ATC信(xin)息電流一般(ban)在幾十毫(hao)安至幾百毫(hao)安, 而(er)列
車牽引回流最(zui)大可達(da)4000 A。
2. 受軌道電路特性(xing)限(xian)制, 只能實(shi)現地面向列(lie)車的(de)單項信(xin)息(xi)傳輸(shu), 信(xin)息(xi)量也只能到數(shu)十比特, 限(xian)制了(le)ATC系統的(de)性(xing)能。
3. 與牽(qian)引供電(dian)專業的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)安裝(zhuang)相互(hu)影響。信號(hao)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)和(he)牽(qian)引供電(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)都(dou)需要安裝(zhuang)在軌道(dao)上, 2個(ge)專業設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)安裝(zhuang)必須相互(hu)協調, 否則會相互(hu)影響對方系(xi)統的(de)性能。
4. 無法(fa)進行(xing)列(lie)車精確定位。只能按軌道電路區段對列(lie)車進行(xing)定位, 一般區段長度為(wei)30~300 m, 對縮短列(lie)車運行(xing)間隔有(you)一定的(de)限制。
1.3基于通信的列車運行控制系統(tong)( CBTC)
CBTC的(de)特點(dian)(dian)是前、后列車都(dou)采用(yong)移動(dong)定(ding)位(wei)方式(shi), 通過安全(quan)數據傳(chuan)輸(shu), 將(jiang)前行(xing)列車的(de)位(wei)置信息安全(quan)地傳(chuan)遞(di)給后續列車, 可實(shi)現一(yi)次模式(shi)曲線式(shi)安全(quan)防(fang)護, 并且其防(fang)護點(dian)(dian)能夠隨(sui)前車的(de)移動(dong)而實(shi)時更新(xin), 有利于進一(yi)步縮小行(xing)車間隔(ge), 提高(gao)運輸(shu)效率(lv),稱之(zhi)為(wei)移動(dong)閉(bi)塞。CBTC系統列速度控制如(ru)圖3所示。
圖(tu) 3CBTC列車(che)運行速度控制示意圖(tu)
無線通信的傳輸(shu)方式很(hen)多, 但是目前國內主(zhu)要采用的有4種方式。
1. 無線(xian)AP傳輸(shu)方式(shi): 采用沿著軌(gui)道方向的無線(xian)定向天線(xian), 傳輸(shu)距離(li)可(ke)以達(da)到(dao)200 ~400 m 。優(you)點(dian)是安裝簡單, 施工方便, 成本低。缺點(dian)是無線(xian)場(chang)強分布不均(jun)勻。
2. 漏纜傳輸方(fang)式: 沿著(zhu)同軸電纜的外(wai)部導體
周期性(xing)(xing)或非周期性(xing)(xing)配置開槽(cao)口(kou), 電(dian)信號(hao)在(zai)該電(dian)纜中傳輸(shu)的同(tong)時(shi), 能把電(dian)磁能量的一部分(fen), 按(an)要求從特(te)殊開槽(cao)口(kou)以電(dian)磁波(bo)的形式(shi)放射到(dao)周圍的外部空間,既具(ju)有傳輸(shu)線的性(xing)(xing)質(zhi), 又具(ju)有無線電(dian)發射天線的性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)。優(you)點是場強(qiang)覆蓋均勻、適應性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)、電(dian)磁污染小等(deng)。缺點是成(cheng)本較高。
3. 波(bo)導(dao)管(guan)傳(chuan)輸(shu)方式: 波(bo)導(dao)管(guan)是一種雙向數據傳(chuan)輸(shu)的無(wu)線信(xin)號傳(chuan)輸(shu)媒介(jie), 具(ju)有傳(chuan)輸(shu)頻帶(dai)寬、傳(chuan)輸(shu)損耗(hao)小、可靠性高、抗(kang)干擾能力(li)強(qiang)等特點。缺點是工藝(yi)復雜, 受環境濕度(du)影(ying)響較大。
4. 感應環(huan)線(xian)方式: 通過軌(gui)道(dao)鋪設交叉感應環(huan)線(xian), 實現無線(xian)通信。
在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)已經開通(tong)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武漢輕軌(gui)和(he)(he)廣(guang)(guang)州地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)3號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)是采(cai)用(yong)加拿大阿爾卡特公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Sel Trac MB 系統(tong)(tong), 用(yong)感應環線(xian)(xian)實(shi)現(xian)車2地(di)(di)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)雙(shuang)向傳(chuan)輸; 北京地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)10號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)奧運支線(xian)(xian)、廣(guang)(guang)州地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)4號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)用(yong)德國(guo)(guo)西門子公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)TrainguardMT, 用(yong)點式AP實(shi)現(xian)無線(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)傳(chuan)輸; 北京地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)2號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)改造、機場(chang)線(xian)(xian)采(cai)用(yong)法國(guo)(guo)阿爾斯通(tong)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)URBAL ISTM, 用(yong)波導管和(he)(he)點式AP實(shi)現(xian)無線(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)傳(chuan)輸。現(xian)在(zai)(zai)正在(zai)(zai)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目(廣(guang)(guang)州地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)5號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)、廣(guang)(guang)佛線(xian)(xian), 上(shang)海地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)6、7、8、9號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian),北京地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)4號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian), 沈陽(yang)地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)1、2號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian), 成(cheng)都(dou)地(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)1號(hao)(hao)線(xian)(xian)等) , 都(dou)選(xuan)擇(ze)了基于點式AP 無線(xian)(xian)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CBTC系統(tong)(tong), 它已經成(cheng)為我國(guo)(guo)城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)系統(tong)(tong)選(xuan)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主流制式。CBTC系統(tong)(tong)采(cai)用(yong)當前先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算機技(ji)術和(he)(he)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)傳(chuan)輸技(ji)術, 不(bu)與牽引(yin)供(gong)電(dian)爭軌(gui)道(dao), 有利(li)于牽引(yin)供(gong)電(dian)專業合理布置設備(bei); 不(bu)需要(yao)在(zai)(zai)軌(gui)道(dao)上(shang)安裝(zhuang)設備(bei), 易形成(cheng)疏(shu)散通(tong)道(dao)。采(cai)用(yong)CBTC技(ji)術, 具(ju)有多方面優(you)勢(提(ti)高(gao)效率、易于延伸線(xian)(xian)建設和(he)(he)改造升級) , 可以(yi)充(chong)分利(li)用(yong)國(guo)(guo)內現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)產(chan)品和(he)(he)資源, 易于實(shi)現(xian)國(guo)(guo)產(chan)化。其中(zhong)具(ju)有完全(quan)自主知識產(chan)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算機聯鎖設備(bei)和(he)(he)ATS子系統(tong)(tong)已經成(cheng)功在(zai)(zai)現(xian)場(chang)開通(tong)使用(yong)。但(dan)目前CBTC系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上(shang)還處于初期階段, 國(guo)(guo)外廠商(shang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)結合工程實(shi)踐不(bu)斷(duan)完善, 開通(tong)投入商(shang)業運營的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路并(bing)不(bu)多, 開通(tong)過程中(zhong)主要(yao)存在(zai)(zai)以(yi)下技(ji)術瓶頸(jing), 需要(yao)在(zai)(zai)今后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研制和(he)(he)工程實(shi)施(shi)中(zhong)加以(yi)解決(jue)。
1) CBTC系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)列(lie)車(che)定位和移動(dong)授(shou)權依賴無(wu)(wu)線信(xin)息傳(chuan)輸(shu), 如(ru)果某列(lie)車(che)或地面(mian)某點發(fa)生(sheng)無(wu)(wu)線通信(xin)中(zhong)斷或故(gu)(gu)(gu)障, 就(jiu)會失去對(dui)列(lie)車(che)的(de)(de)定位, 將(jiang)對(dui)運(yun)營造成較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)影響, 且(qie)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障處(chu)理(li)將(jiang)比原來的(de)(de)軌道電路系統(tong)(tong)(tong)復雜。世界上(shang)已(yi)進行了近30年的(de)(de)CBTC系統(tong)(tong)(tong)研制, 最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)技術瓶頸就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)旦發(fa)生(sheng)通信(xin)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障時, 如(ru)何(he)保障行車(che)安全和減小對(dui)運(yun)營的(de)(de)影響面(mian)問題。為此絕大(da)(da)多(duo)數采用CBTC系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)工程都配(pei)置了后備(bei)信(xin)號系統(tong)(tong)(tong), 以解決上(shang)述(shu)問題。
2) 除(chu)采用環線(xian)通信外(wai), 目前CBTC系統采用的(de)(de)IEEE802.11系列的(de)(de)WLAN標準(zhun)是一個開(kai)放的(de)(de)無線(xian)頻段, 該頻段不限制其他用戶使(shi)用, 用戶較多時容易(yi)造成(cheng)相互干擾, 特別是在高架(jia)開(kai)放區(qu)段, 抗外(wai)部干擾問題尤(you)為重要(yao)。
3) 列(lie)車從地面的一個AP切換到另(ling)一個AP時信(xin)息傳輸會(hui)有中斷(duan), 存在一定程度的丟包(bao)現(xian)象, 如何提高信(xin)息傳輸的可靠(kao)性也待研究(jiu)。
2城市軌道交(jiao)通線信(xin)號系統選(xuan)型
2.1新建(jian)線(xian)路信號(hao)系(xi)統制(zhi)式選擇
根(gen)據(ju)上述(shu)城軌(gui)交通信(xin)號系統(tong)發展(zhan)情況和(he)各種制式的應用(yong)情況, 對于(yu)城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通線網新線建設,信(xin)號系統(tong)制式選擇原則如下(xia): ①不(bu)宜再采(cai)用(yong)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)模(mo)擬(ni)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)電路的ATC系統(tong); ②仍(reng)然可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)數字編碼(ma)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)電路的ATC系統(tong); ③推(tui)薦采(cai)用(yong)基(ji)(ji)于(yu)通信(xin)的列車(che)控(kong)制系統(tong)(CBTC) 。
2.2舊線改造信號系統模式
我(wo)國早期(qi)建(jian)設(she)的(de)運營(ying)線(xian)路(舊線(xian)) 一般采用軌(gui)道電路方(fang)式的(de)ATC系(xi)統(tong), 因此在信(xin)號系(xi)統(tong)改造時(shi), 推薦(jian)采用基于通信(xin)的(de)列車控制系(xi)統(tong)(CBTC)方(fang)案。改造期(qi)間, 無線(xian)通信(xin)的(de)CBTC系(xi)統(tong)與既有(you)的(de)軌(gui)道電路互不影(ying)響, 減少了改造的(de)技術(shu)難度和工程(cheng)管理(li)難度。
3國(guo)產(chan)化城軌交通信號系統進展(zhan)情況
國內開發的(de)城市軌道交通(tong)系統(tong)3種(zhong)制式(shi)都(dou)有(you),基本上都(dou)采用CBTC基于無線的(de)列車控(kong)制系統(tong)。主要(yao)開發進展情況(kuang)如下。
1. 中(zhong)國鐵道(dao)科(ke)學研(yan)究院, 充分利用(yong)專業齊全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)優勢, 通過多年的(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa), 完成了包括CBTC系(xi)統的(de)(de)所有子系(xi)統(ATS、聯鎖、ATP、ATO、DCS、應答(da)器等) , 并進(jin)行了室內(nei)系(xi)統調試(shi)、現(xian)場試(shi)驗和調試(shi)。鐵科(ke)院的(de)(de)ATS子系(xi)統、計算(suan)機聯鎖子系(xi)統是國內(nei)成熟技術(shu), 具有城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交通業績, 已(yi)(yi)經(jing)具備工程(cheng)實施的(de)(de)條件。鐵科(ke)院的(de)(de)CBTC系(xi)統對無線(xian)故障情況下(xia)的(de)(de)后備轉換(huan), 進(jin)行了深(shen)入的(de)(de)研(yan)究, 能夠在(zai)保證(zheng)行車安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)情況下(xia), 盡量減(jian)少對正常運營的(de)(de)干擾(rao), 達到了先進(jin)的(de)(de)水平。在(zai)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)性方面, 與研(yan)發(fa)同步進(jin)行第三(san)方安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)工作, 已(yi)(yi)簽署安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)合同并開展(zhan)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)工作。
2. 2004年(nian), 北京(jing)交通大學(xue)、北京(jing)地(di)鐵運(yun)營公司(si)、北京(jing)和(he)利時公司(si)申請北京(jing)市科委“基于通信
的城軌CBTC系統(tong)(tong)研(yan)(yan)究”科研(yan)(yan)項目, 在北京地鐵試車(che)線(xian)進(jin)行了(le)(le)ATP、ATO 試驗, 并在大連設立(li)了(le)(le)10 km試驗段, 包(bao)括(kuo)地面(mian)線(xian)路(lu)和地下線(xian)路(lu), 進(jin)行了(le)(le)2列列車(che)的追蹤試驗。亦莊線(xian)計劃2010 年底開通點(dian)式ATP, 2011年底CBTC全系統(tong)(tong)全功能開通。
篇4
【關(guan)鍵詞(ci)】 LET技(ji)術 城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交通(tong) 信號系統(tong)
保(bao)(bao)證列(lie)車(che)(che)運行安全,實(shi)現列(lie)車(che)(che)運行自動(dong)化(hua),行車(che)(che)及(ji)時指(zhi)揮以及(ji)提高(gao)其(qi)運營效率的(de)關鍵(jian)就是信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。城市軌道(dao)交通(tong)信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),是由(you)地面的(de)信號(hao)設(she)備提供列(lie)車(che)(che)移動(dong)的(de)命令授權,車(che)(che)載信號(hao)的(de)接收設(she)備根(gen)(gen)據地面信號(hao)設(she)備提供的(de)命令來指(zhi)導列(lie)車(che)(che)運行。那(nei)么在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)信號(hao)的(de)傳輸(shu)過程中我(wo)們使用了LTE技術的(de)根(gen)(gen)本目(mu)的(de)就是保(bao)(bao)證信號(hao)指(zhi)令能(neng)夠及(ji)時準確(que)地進行傳輸(shu)。
一、軌道交通(tong)信號系統(tong)現(xian)狀(zhuang)
目前我國(guo)城(cheng)市軌道交通信號系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)般包涵并采(cai)用以(yi)下(xia)幾種(zhong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong):基于通信業的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong);列車的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動監控子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong);列車自(zi)(zi)動防o子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong);列車自(zi)(zi)動運行子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong);計(ji)算機聯(lian)鎖子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)以(yi)及(ji)及(ji)數據通信子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)等構(gou)成(cheng)。國(guo)內,現階段開(kai)通運營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市軌道交通信號系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中無線(xian)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)通訊(xun)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)大(da)部分采(cai)用免費(fei)開(kai)放的(de)(de)(de)2.4GHz頻(pin)段的(de)(de)(de)無線(xian)局(ju)域(yu)網(wang)絡技術。這種(zhong)技術雖然可以(yi)滿足(zu)大(da)部分城(cheng)市軌道的(de)(de)(de)信號傳輸(shu)需求,但也(ye)存在很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)限性(xing)。主(zhu)要問題有(you)以(yi)下(xia)幾點:
1、易擾(rao)。由(you)于免費開放的(de)2.4GHz頻段的(de)無線局域網絡(luo)技術(shu)在遇到同頻段設(she)(she)備的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)干擾(rao)時(shi)容(rong)易被搶(qiang)占信(xin)(xin)號(hao),阻(zu)斷通信(xin)(xin)系統(tong)的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)傳(chuan)輸。會(hui)經(jing)常導(dao)致(zhi)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)采(cai)取,各(ge)種(zhong)應急措施。曾經(jing)就因為(wei)有(you)乘客攜帶移(yi)動的(de),wifi網絡(luo)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)發(fa)射設(she)(she)備干擾(rao)到了列車的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)傳(chuan)遞,導(dao)致(zhi)多趟列車在正常運(yun)行中突(tu)然停車。這(zhe)件事在當時(shi)引起的(de)社(she)會(hui)的(de)廣泛(fan)關注,也(ye)正是因為(wei)此次事故,相關的(de)研究人員(yuan),開始著(zhu)力于研究不(bu)容(rong)易擾(rao)的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)來運(yun)用到城市(shi)軌道交通信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系統(tong)中。
2、信(xin)號(hao)(hao)的不穩定性。開放的2.4GHz頻(pin)段(duan)的無(wu)線局(ju)域(yu)網(wang)絡技術雖然優點是(shi)易(yi)于(yu)設置,減(jian)少了建(jian)設初期的經濟成本。但在(zai)區域(yu)覆蓋邊緣,該頻(pin)段(duan)的網(wang)絡信(xin)號(hao)(hao)會產生不穩定的狀態。這種狀態也很可能(neng)導致列車車載信(xin)號(hao)(hao)的發射接(jie)收裝置與地面信(xin)號(hao)(hao)設備不能(neng)及時(shi)的進(jin)行溝通。
二、LET技術的(de)特點
LTE移動通訊技(ji)術(shu)的(de)目的(de)在于,成立建設一個支(zhi)持多媒體增強性(xing)的(de)廣(guang)播組業務,建立低延遲,具有超高傳輸(shu)效率且可演進的(de)無線(xian)接(jie)入(ru)框架。
1、抗干擾。通常(chang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)干擾來自于系(xi)統內(nei)相(xiang)同頻(pin)率的(de)干擾,這時(shi)候需(xu)要(yao)考慮(lv)到同向前后,同頻(pin)率鄰區間的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)對使用的(de)主信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)干擾情況。而LTE技(ji)術是由于頻(pin)段(duan)資源有限及又容(rong)量需(xu)要(yao)高帶寬的(de)原因,這就(jiu)可以(yi)很(hen)好地解(jie)決這種被同頻(pin)段(duan)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)干擾的(de)情況。
2、靈活性(xing)。除了可以(yi)支持(chi)多種廠(chang)家(jia)設(she)備的(de)混合組網(wang)以(yi)外,還可以(yi)支持(chi)多種時鐘(zhong)同(tong)步協(xie)議。這種靈活性(xing)能夠(gou)更全面的(de)支持(chi)于不同(tong)環境,不同(tong)設(she)備的(de)匹配,使得LTE技術能夠(gou)有更廣(guang)泛的(de)應用空間。
3、可維護性。采(cai)用(yong)漏纜作為傳輸介質(zhi),所采(cai)用(yong)的軌道旁的設備(bei)(bei)數量減少。同時(shi)LTE采(cai)用(yong)網(wang)絡扁平(ping)化(hua)構架,無線網(wang)部(bu)分只有少部(bu)分的元件(jian)設備(bei)(bei)組(zu)成(cheng),整(zheng)體元件(jian)數量變(bian)少方便后期對整(zheng)體設備(bei)(bei)進行維護。
4、高(gao)速(su)(su)移動性。LTE技術基于(yu)3Gpp技術進行提(ti)升發展(zhan)。解決(jue)了在高(gao)速(su)(su)移動的環境(jing)下,能夠使(shi)得網絡進行快(kuai)速(su)(su)的連接。同(tong)時LTE技術采用了多普勒頻偏糾正技術,用以支持(chi)其較快(kuai)的移動性。
三、系統解決方案
為了能(neng)夠更好地配合該(gai)技術與軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)現實需求(qiu),需要注意(yi)LTE技術在軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)多業務平臺的(de)(de)融合性,軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)重要的(de)(de)安全運營(ying)性,以(yi)及為了滿足不(bu)同城市,不(bu)同地區,不(bu)同環境的(de)(de)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),進(jin)行定制(zhi)化的(de)(de)服務。在該(gai)技術使用的(de)(de)需要繼續跟(gen)進(jin)改善以(yi)下幾點:
1、時鐘同步。由于目前國內(nei)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的是GPS時鐘同步。但局限于軌道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)的特(te)殊性,在(zai)(zai)地下較深(shen)的站點(dian),不一定能夠有(you)GPS信(xin)號。而且GPS信(xin)號范圍大約在(zai)(zai)100米(mi)左(zuo)右,超過100米(mi)后,信(xin)號開始衰弱變得不可使(shi)用(yong)(yong),這(zhe)就(jiu)給,LTE技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)軌道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)方面的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)帶來了相(xiang)當(dang)大的困難。
2、信(xin)息安全(quan)。LTE技術(shu)目前在(zai)國(guo)內屬于(yu)新型的(de)信(xin)號交(jiao)互技術(shu)。這就(jiu)導致了在(zai)網(wang)絡(luo)的(de)使用過程中信(xin)息安全(quan)的(de)維(wei)護有一(yi)定的(de)困難。
3、信(xin)(xin)號覆(fu)蓋。由于我國的(de)(de)軌(gui)道交通技術正在不斷發(fa)展。城市軌(gui)道交通建(jian)設正在由線(xian)路向線(xian)網進行(xing)升級。多條(tiao)線(xian)路的(de)(de)交匯使得信(xin)(xin)號的(de)(de)覆(fu)蓋需要普及到(dao)更復雜的(de)(de)場(chang)景中,這對LTE信(xin)(xin)號的(de)(de)頻段,容量等(deng)一些方(fang)面的(de)(de)建(jian)設需要更高的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。
結語:綜上所(suo)述,LTE技(ji)(ji)術以(yi)(yi)其超高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)網絡(luo)傳輸(shu)速率(lv),超低的(de)(de)(de)(de)網絡(luo)延遲,高(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)時通(tong)信保證以(yi)(yi)及,其他相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)干(gan)擾性靈活性,方便維護,高(gao)移動性能等特點可以(yi)(yi)得出。LTE技(ji)(ji)術更適用于,城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)信號的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)以(yi)(yi)及系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)組件。本文僅以(yi)(yi)目前國(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de),該技(ji)(ji)術在行業(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用及發展水平進行簡(jian)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)分析,希望對本技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣做出簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)普及和簡(jian)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)分析。
參 考 文 獻
篇5
【關鍵(jian)詞(ci)】軌道交通通信(xin)信(xin)號(hao)應用發展
一、引言
1、城市軌(gui)道交通發展概況(kuang)。
伴隨著世界經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷發(fa)(fa)展,城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加和規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴大(da)(da)(da),給公(gong)共交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)造成了(le)(le)很大(da)(da)(da)壓力,也必然促使城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)共交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極發(fa)(fa)展,不僅數量上(shang)激增(zeng),而(er)且在質量上(shang)也提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)更高(gao)(gao)要求。當前,以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)主、高(gao)(gao)速公(gong)路、等級公(gong)路為(wei)輔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)網(wang)絡日(ri)趨(qu)(qu)(qu)完(wan)善,已(yi)經(jing)形成了(le)(le)一個綜合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系,為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟繁榮和人們(men)出(chu)行帶(dai)來了(le)(le)很大(da)(da)(da)便利。近年(nian)來,地鐵和輕軌發(fa)(fa)展迅速,頗受一些(xie)發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視,都(dou)在積(ji)極規(gui)劃和建設,以(yi)緩解城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)趨(qu)(qu)(qu)嚴(yan)峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)擁堵問題。值得一提(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),高(gao)(gao)鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展給城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)及經(jing)濟繁榮帶(dai)來了(le)(le)巨(ju)(ju)大(da)(da)(da)生命力,特(te)別是(shi)磁懸浮軌道技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用,更是(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現了(le)(le)當前軌道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前沿科技水平和發(fa)(fa)展趨(qu)(qu)(qu)勢(shi)。例如,上(shang)海(hai)磁懸浮列(lie)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行,是(shi)我國最(zui)新城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)技術發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縮影,產生了(le)(le)巨(ju)(ju)大(da)(da)(da)影響力。
2、城市軌道交通信號系統的(de)應用。
交(jiao)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)號不僅(jin)是列車運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的通(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)證,更是安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的指揮(hui)棒。軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)要實現安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)提高(gao)通(tong)過能力(li)兩大(da)要求,離不開(kai)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)號的發展(zhan)和(he)(he)應用。20世紀中葉以來,微電(dian)子技(ji)(ji)(ji)術,信(xin)(xin)息技(ji)(ji)(ji)術和(he)(he)計算機網絡技(ji)(ji)(ji)術等科學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的發展(zhan),給軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)號技(ji)(ji)(ji)術帶來了了一場顛覆性(xing)革(ge)命,城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)號系統(即ATC)應運(yun)而生,它為軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)通(tong)過能力(li)的提高(gao)發揮(hui)了巨大(da)作用。不僅(jin)提高(gao)了運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)效率,同時實現了列車運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的自動化。
二、城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交通信號系統
1、城市軌(gui)道交通信(xin)號系統(tong)組成和作用。
軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是由各類信(xin)號(hao)顯示、軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路、道(dao)岔轉轍裝置(zhi)(zhi)等主題設備(bei)及其(qi)他有(you)關附屬設施構成的(de)一個(ge)完(wan)整的(de)體系(xi)(xi)。目前城(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)的(de)信(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)一般(ban)包括兩大部分(fen):聯鎖裝置(zhi)(zhi)和列(lie)車自(zi)動(dong)控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)ATC(Automatic Train Control)。ATC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)包括三個(ge)子系(xi)(xi)統(tong):列(lie)車自(zi)動(dong)監控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(簡(jian)稱ATS)、列(lie)車自(zi)動(dong)防護系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(簡(jian)稱ATP)、列(lie)車自(zi)動(dong)運行系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(簡(jian)稱ATO)。
ATC系統是一種依據地面傳送的(de)信(xin)息,自動控(kong)制(zhi)列(lie)(lie)車(che)運行(xing)(xing)狀態的(de)信(xin)號(hao)設備。可實時監控(kong)列(lie)(lie)車(che)的(de)軌道(dao)運行(xing)(xing)速度(du),并參照允許速度(du)及時作(zuo)出反(fan)應(ying),通過對列(lie)(lie)車(che)的(de)制(zhi)動控(kong)制(zhi),自動降低(di)列(lie)(lie)車(che)速度(du),確保列(lie)(lie)車(che)高效(xiao)、安全(quan)的(de)運行(xing)(xing)。城市軌道(dao)交通信(xin)號(hao)系統是確保列(lie)(lie)車(che)安全(quan)運行(xing)(xing),實現行(xing)(xing)車(che)綜合(he)指揮和列(lie)(lie)車(che)運行(xing)(xing)智能化,提(ti)高運輸(shu)能力和效(xiao)率的(de)重(zhong)要系統設備。
2、城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通ATC系(xi)統的特點。
傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是(shi)通過(guo)設(she)置(zhi)在地面的(de)(de)(de)色燈信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)機來傳(chuan)遞(di)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)行車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)信(xin)(xin)息和(he)命(ming)令,這(zhe)種(zhong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)模式是(shi)依賴司機對列車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)進行速度控制和(he)調(diao)整,人為因素占主(zhu)導地位(wei),安全(quan)性差(cha),已經不(bu)適(shi)應軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通的(de)(de)(de)發展。而ATC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是(shi)一種(zhong)智(zhi)能(neng)化系(xi)(xi)統(tong),它將列車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)作(zuo)為主(zhu)體信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao),把具體的(de)(de)(de)速度或距離信(xin)(xin)息傳(chuan)遞(di)給列車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)指揮(hui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),列車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)按調(diao)度人員設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)程序(xu)和(he)時(shi)(shi)刻表,實(shi)現自動運(yun)行、自動調(diao)整停(ting)站時(shi)(shi)分,以及運(yun)用(yong)控制程序(xu)實(shi)現列車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)站的(de)(de)(de)停(ting)靠要(yao)求(qiu)。ATC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)大大提高了軌道(dao)運(yun)營效率和(he)安全(quan)系(xi)(xi)數,具有廣闊的(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)應用(yong)前景。
3、城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交通信號(hao)系統(tong)的功能理解(jie)。
(1)聯鎖是指為(wei)確保列車運行的(de)(de)安(an)全,將軌(gui)道(dao)線路(lu)中的(de)(de)所有交通信號(hao)機、軌(gui)道(dao)電路(lu)及(ji)道(dao)岔等相(xiang)對獨立的(de)(de)信號(hao)設備(bei)構成一(yi)種(zhong)相(xiang)互(hu)制約、互(hu)為(wei)控制的(de)(de)連(lian)帶環(huan)扣關系,即“聯鎖”關系。它(ta)主要是控制列車的(de)(de)確定(ding)路(lu)線和進出改變(bian)路(lu)線。
(2)ATC系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)各部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能理(li)解。①列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)防(fang)護(ATP)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。ATP子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)分(fen)級或連續對(dui)(dui)(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)狀(zhuang)態進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)防(fang)護,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是針對(dui)(dui)(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)防(fang)護,實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)監控與安(an)全(quan)有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備或系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)間隔保護、超速(su)(su)(su)(su)防(fang)護等功(gong)能,其主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)是及時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將一些地(di)面信(xin)息(如來(lai)自(zi)聯鎖設備和(he)(he)操作(zuo)層(ceng)面上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息、地(di)形(xing)信(xin)息、前方(fang)目(mu)標點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離和(he)(he)允許(xu)(xu)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)等)傳至車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)上(shang),進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)析判斷,從而(er)得(de)出此時(shi)(shi)所允許(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du),依此來(lai)監督和(he)(he)管理(li)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)狀(zhuang)態。當列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)實(shi)際速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)大(da)于(yu)(yu)安(an)全(quan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)時(shi)(shi),ATP子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)就會通(tong)過全(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)或緊(jin)急制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du),使列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)停在顯示(shi)紅燈信(xin)號機或停車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)指(zhi)定位置(zhi)。這(zhe)種系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)通(tong)過儀(yi)表(biao)指(zhi)示(shi)方(fang)式(shi)向司機顯示(shi)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)應有(you)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)、目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)距離和(he)(he)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)等數字式(shi)信(xin)息,司機只要(yao)(yao)(yao)按列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)些速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)信(xin)息操作(zuo)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),就能保證列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)。這(zhe)樣可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有(you)效縮短列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)間隔,提(ti)高(gao)軌(gui)道線路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)效率(lv)和(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性。②列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)監控(ATS)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。ATS系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)依靠(kao)(kao)ATP系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)持(chi)完成對(dui)(dui)(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)監控。ATS子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)在電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)輔助下做(zuo)出對(dui)(dui)(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)基(ji)本(ben)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及管理(li),并(bing)具(ju)有(you)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)工介入能力。它主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在軌(gui)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監督和(he)(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),輔助行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)調度(du)人(ren)員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)全(quan)線列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)管理(li)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)調度(du)人(ren)員(yuan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)此把控列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情況,監督和(he)(he)記錄(lu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情況,在列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)因故偏離運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)時(shi)(shi),及時(shi)(shi)提(ti)出調整(zheng)建議或者自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)修整(zheng)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu),作(zuo)出處理(li)反應,通(tong)過ATO系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯示(shi)終(zhong)端,向無線通(tong)信(xin)、廣播、旅客向導系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)提(ti)供必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(例如:列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)到達、出發時(shi)(shi)間,運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)向,中途停靠(kao)(kao)站名(ming)等)。③列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(ATO)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。ATO子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備,由車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)設備和(he)(he)地(di)面設備組(zu)成,它可(ke)以(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)駕駛,并(bing)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)安(an)全(quan)和(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)避免不必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、過于(yu)(yu)劇烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加速(su)(su)(su)(su)和(he)(he)減速(su)(su)(su)(su),使列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)出于(yu)(yu)最優化運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態,節約電(dian)(dian)能。ATO子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)用于(yu)(yu)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)“地(di)對(dui)(dui)(dui)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”,即用地(di)面信(xin)息實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。使用ATO子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)后,列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)能根據停車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)站點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)及停車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)精度(du),自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)對(dui)(dui)(dui)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)門進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)開關(guan)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),因此明顯提(ti)高(gao)了旅客的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舒適度(du)、列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)準點(dian)率(lv),提(ti)升了列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)檔(dang)次(ci)。
三(san)個(ge)(ge)子系(xi)統是個(ge)(ge)有(you)機(ji)的整體,通過信息共享網絡構成(cheng)一個(ge)(ge)安全(quan)指揮系(xi)統,實現地面(mian)控(kong)(kong)制與列車控(kong)(kong)制的有(you)效(xiao)結合(he),提高了運行效(xiao)率(lv)。
三(san)、通信信號系統的發展趨勢
(1)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)IP化(hua)(hua)。隨(sui)著科技(ji)進(jin)步,軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)將(jiang)逐步地(di)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)IP化(hua)(hua)。多信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息傳輸和(he)(he)共享平臺以及虛擬專用(yong)局域網(wang)業務(MPLS/ VPLS)等技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成熟(shu)應用(yong),使得IP服務質量將(jiang)逐步得到保(bao)障,這將(jiang)有力促進(jin)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)IP化(hua)(hua),IP化(hua)(hua)可以使軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理更加便捷,效率更高(gao),進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步降低交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本。(2)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua)。就目前而言,城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)和(he)(he)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)還(huan)是相對獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。這種(zhong)局面不利于軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。近年來,軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)列(lie)車自(zi)動控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(ATC),需(xu)要經(jing)過(guo)多次數據處理和(he)(he)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息交(jiao)換,才(cai)能(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)安全防護功能(neng),這種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)需(xu)要通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)融合統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)。實(shi)(shi)踐證明,網(wang)絡通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)速發(fa)展為(wei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步發(fa)展提供了有利條(tiao)件。我們有理由相信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),發(fa)展中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)將(jiang)逐步走向一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua),最(zui)大限度地(di)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息共享和(he)(he)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息傳輸,發(fa)揮城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大作用(yong),體現(xian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua)優勢。
四、結語
根據發達國家城市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)現狀,以及(ji)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)號技術的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)趨勢(shi),通(tong)信(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)號系統將會(hui)(hui)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)完善,集成化(hua)更(geng)高,會(hui)(hui)更(geng)有效(xiao)地促進(jin)城市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),這也是順應時展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)必(bi)然(ran)要求(qiu)。我相(xiang)信(xin)(xin),我國的(de)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)建設以及(ji)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)息技術會(hui)(hui)取得長足的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),定會(hui)(hui)為城市(shi)(shi)繁榮和經濟發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)貢(gong)獻更(geng)大力量。
參考文獻
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[2]李增海.鐵(tie)路(lu)信(xin)號微機監測系統中通用軌道(dao)信(xin)號發碼(ma)器的硬(ying)件設計[J].科技創新導報. 2010(7):76.
篇6
【關鍵詞】軌道交通(tong);信(xin)號故障;安全
中圖分(fen)類(lei)號: C913 文獻標識碼: A
一、前言
軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)屬于(yu)大容量的(de)交(jiao)通(tong)運輸工(gong)具,它的(de)安全(quan)性(xing)與信號系統緊密相關。隨著計算機技術的(de)快速應用,對軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)信號的(de)安全(quan)性(xing)提出了更高的(de)要求,本文將進行分(fen)析。
二、信號系統安全技術(shu)發展
安全始終是信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主旋(xuan)律,信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是以防(fang)止人身傷亡(wang)、環境破壞和財(cai)產損(sun)失為目的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de),從(cong)信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統安全技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢,可(ke)以發(fa)現,科學技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高和人們安全意識(shi)觀念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化對信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要影(ying)響。
安全技術是(shi)(shi)人(ren)們在汲取(qu)血的(de)(de)教訓基(ji)礎(chu)上發展進(jin)步的(de)(de),實(shi)際上,安全技術首先是(shi)(shi)從鐵路信(xin)號(hao)(hao)開(kai)始的(de)(de),而且是(shi)(shi)以鐵道歷史(shi)和(he)當時(shi)(shi)科學技術水(shui)平為(wei)背景(jing)不斷發展進(jin)步。在1825年,世界(jie)上就已(yi)經出現了第一條鐵路。當時(shi)(shi)在夜間是(shi)(shi)用車(che)站(zhan)窗口(kou)的(de)(de)蠟燭燭光(guang)(guang)指揮(hui)行(xing)車(che)的(de)(de),約定以燭光(guang)(guang)點亮(liang)為(wei)停(ting)車(che)信(xin)號(hao)(hao),以燭光(guang)(guang)熄滅作為(wei)允許運行(xing)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)。由于燭光(guang)(guang)常被(bei)風吹滅而發生多次冒進(jin)停(ting)車(che)地(di)點的(de)(de)行(xing)車(che)事(shi)故(gu),從那時(shi)(shi)起人(ren)們就開(kai)始研究安全對策了。
19世紀鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)剛剛出(chu)現后(hou),人(ren)(ren)們用人(ren)(ren)工(gong)手(shou)(shou)勢來(lai)(lai)解決安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)問題。例如,雙手(shou)(shou)上(shang)舉表(biao)(biao)示/停車(che),單手(shou)(shou)舉起表(biao)(biao)示/注意等等,顯(xian)(xian)然(ran),該方法只適于列車(che)少且速度(du)慢的(de)鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)初期階段。1841年(nian)(nian)(nian)戈(ge)雷格里(li)(Gregory)發(fa)(fa)明了易于被司機(ji)辨認的(de)臂板(ban)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)機(ji),鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)由人(ren)(ren)工(gong)式控制轉為(wei)機(ji)械式控制。這種信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)機(ji)白天利(li)用臂板(ban)的(de)位(wei)置、形狀來(lai)(lai)顯(xian)(xian)示信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),夜間用燈光(guang)的(de)顏(yan)色(se)和(he)數目來(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)示。它模(mo)仿人(ren)(ren)們舉手(shou)(shou)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)動(dong)(dong)作,并約定(ding)以舉起臂板(ban)作為(wei)停車(che)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),但是(shi)由于牽引臂板(ban)動(dong)(dong)作的(de)導線常發(fa)(fa)生折斷事故,在應該發(fa)(fa)出(chu)停車(che)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)時不(bu)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)停車(che)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),使列車(che)冒進而造成傷亡事故,于是(shi)人(ren)(ren)們開始(shi)意識到(dao)應使設備在發(fa)(fa)生故障的(de)情況下,造成的(de)后(hou)果應導向安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)方面,也稱安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)側。改進后(hou)的(de)臂板(ban)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)機(ji)能(neng)夠在系(xi)統發(fa)(fa)生故障是(shi)借助(zhu)重(zhong)力自動(dong)(dong)恢(hui)復到(dao)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)停車(che)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)位(wei)置。從(cong)此,故障導向安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)成為(wei)鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)領域必須貫(guan)徹的(de)原則,鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)技術以故障-安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)為(wei)核心逐步發(fa)(fa)展起來(lai)(lai)。1912年(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)現色(se)燈信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)機(ji),1920年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始(shi)采用探照式三顯(xian)(xian)示色(se)燈信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)機(ji)。色(se)燈信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)機(ji)采用不(bu)同的(de)燈光(guang)顏(yan)色(se)及其組(zu)合來(lai)(lai)表(biao)(biao)達信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息含義。
1869年美國人(ren)WilliamRobinson發(fa)明(ming)了(le)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)電路(lu),可謂是鐵路(lu)信號史上的(de)(de)革命性事件。以軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)電路(lu)為基礎,研制了(le)自動閉(bi)塞設備,提高(gao)了(le)列(lie)車(che)(che)在(zai)區間運行的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全性和效率。軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)電路(lu)一(yi)直沿用(yong)至今。早(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)電路(lu)都是直流的(de)(de),主要用(yong)于檢測列(lie)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)存在(zai),不能用(yong)來傳輸(shu)車(che)(che)地(di)(di)信息(xi)。后(hou)來先(xian)后(hou)發(fa)明(ming)了(le)工頻、音(yin)頻軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)電路(lu),使利用(yong)鋼軌(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)交變電磁場傳輸(shu)車(che)(che)地(di)(di)信息(xi)成為可能。早(zao)期(qi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)電路(lu)的(de)(de)邏輯(ji)和執行單元由故(gu)障(zhang)-安(an)(an)(an)全繼(ji)(ji)電器構成,它在(zai)系統(tong)故(gu)障(zhang)時借助重力(li)導向安(an)(an)(an)全側以實現故(gu)障(zhang)-安(an)(an)(an)全。但是隨著I/O數量(liang)的(de)(de)增加,繼(ji)(ji)電器系統(tong)的(de)(de)缺點(dian)(dian)也慢(man)慢(man)顯現出來,如配(pei)線麻煩、邏輯(ji)難以更(geng)改等(deng)等(deng)。為了(le)克(ke)服繼(ji)(ji)電器的(de)(de)缺點(dian)(dian),開發(fa)了(le)其(qi)他(ta)系統(tong),例如,固態(tai)系統(tong)(SolidStateSys-tem)。1985年英(ying)國開發(fa)出了(le)SSI(SolidStateInterlocking)系統(tong),它采用(yong)三取二冗余結構來保證系統(tong)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全性。
三、城市(shi)軌道交通線信(xin)號系統選(xuan)型(xing)
1、新建線路信號系(xi)統制式(shi)選擇
對于(yu)城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通線網新線建設,信(xin)號系(xi)統(tong)制(zhi)式選(xuan)擇原則如下:不宜再采用基于(yu)模擬軌(gui)道(dao)電路的(de)ATC系(xi)統(tong);仍然可采用基于(yu)數字編碼軌(gui)道(dao)電路的(de)ATC系(xi)統(tong);推薦(jian)采用基于(yu)通信(xin)的(de)列車控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(CBTC)。
2、舊線(xian)改(gai)造信號系(xi)統(tong)模式
我國(guo)早(zao)期(qi)建設的(de)(de)運營線路(lu)(lu)(舊線)一(yi)般采用(yong)軌道電路(lu)(lu)方(fang)式的(de)(de)ATC系統,因此(ci)在(zai)信(xin)號系統改造(zao)時(shi),推薦(jian)采用(yong)基于通信(xin)的(de)(de)列(lie)車控制系統(CBTC)方(fang)案。改造(zao)期(qi)間(jian),無線通信(xin)的(de)(de)CBTC系統與既(ji)有的(de)(de)軌道電路(lu)(lu)互不(bu)影響,減(jian)少了改造(zao)的(de)(de)技術難度和工(gong)程管理難度。
四、安全技術的可信(xin)性故障(zhang)
由于(yu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)交通列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)控制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統要求在(zai)(zai)正常運(yun)行(xing)和故障情況下都能保(bao)證(zheng)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性,即(ji)系(xi)(xi)統必須滿足“故障一安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)”。在(zai)(zai)低速、低密度時代的傳統鐵(tie)路(lu)信號(hao),這種安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)技術總(zong)是(shi)將(jiang)“系(xi)(xi)統故障時讓(rang)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)停止(zhi)運(yun)行(xing)”為首(shou)要方針。禁(jin)止(zhi)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)的命令信息(xi)(xi)為安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)側,允(yun)許(xu)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)的命令信息(xi)(xi)為危險側。根據(ju)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)信息(xi)(xi)定義每(mei)類安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)設備的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)側,對控制(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)岔(cha)的命令信息(xi)(xi)來說,一種狀態(tai)準(zhun)許(xu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)岔(cha)轉(zhuan)換,另一種狀態(tai)禁(jin)止(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)岔(cha)轉(zhuan)換,因此后者應(ying)作為安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)側;對于(yu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu),用它反映進(jin)路(lu)上(shang)有(you)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)還是(shi)空閑(xian),軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)有(you)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)占用狀態(tai)禁(jin)止(zhi)信號(hao)機開放,禁(jin)止(zhi)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)駛入(ru),而(er)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)空閑(xian)是(shi)允(yun)許(xu)信號(hao)開放允(yun)許(xu)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing),所(suo)以應(ying)把(ba)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的有(you)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)占用狀態(tai)作為安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)側。
在(zai)(zai)高速鐵(tie)路和(he)(he)現代軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)領(ling)域,列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)控制系(xi)統(tong)(tong)由中(zhong)心(xin)、車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)站、軌旁(pang)和(he)(he)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)等多系(xi)統(tong)(tong)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng),系(xi)統(tong)(tong)間通(tong)過并發、協(xie)(xie)同(tong)、分布控制列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)運(yun)行。這(zhe)種單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)“故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一(yi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)”措施并不一(yi)定(ding)能(neng)夠帶(dai)來系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)性,如(ru)在(zai)(zai)高速運(yun)行中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che),緊急剎(cha)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)會帶(dai)來危(wei)害。所以在(zai)(zai)現代信(xin)號控制系(xi)統(tong)(tong),“故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一(yi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)”的(de)(de)(de)措施也是多層面的(de)(de)(de)、多場(chang)景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)多級控制模(mo)式,即要求能(neng)夠實現多系(xi)統(tong)(tong)協(xie)(xie)同(tong)聯(lian)鎖完成(cheng)(cheng)列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)控制。這(zhe)就要求在(zai)(zai)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害場(chang)景(jing)下(xia),系(xi)統(tong)(tong)應(ying)該(gai)采用不同(tong)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一(yi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)措施,其總(zong)體技術方(fang)案(an)是:針對每(mei)類安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)關(guan)鍵設備,依據危(wei)害場(chang)景(jing),制定(ding)平滑的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一(yi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)降級措施。面向列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)營(ying)場(chang)景(jing),確定(ding)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)整體、局部的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)側(ce),并制定(ding)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)協(xie)(xie)同(tong)聯(lian)鎖動作。“故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一(yi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)”的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)過程共有(you)三級模(mo)式:正常運(yun)行、故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一(yi)運(yun)行和(he)(he)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)停止。
圖1面向故(gu)障安(an)全的可信技術體系
當出現(xian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)部(bu)(bu)件失(shi)效(xiao)、首先通過容錯機制(zhi)(zhi),平(ping)滑(hua)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化系(xi)統(tong)(tong)正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)狀態;當系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)服(fu)務(wu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)到滿足(zu)時,需要(yao)(yao)(yao)降(jiang)級服(fu)務(wu),保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)列(lie)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行;如(ru)(ru),在軌(gui)道交(jiao)通的(de)(de)(de)CBTC控制(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)下,一(yi)般都采(cai)用多級后(hou)備(bei)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)來保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)當存在局部(bu)(bu)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時,能夠通過模(mo)(mo)式(shi)降(jiang)級保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)列(lie)車(che)繼續運(yun)(yun)(yun)行。在高速(su)鐵(tie)路的(de)(de)(de)CTCS3級列(lie)控系(xi)統(tong)(tong),采(cai)用CTCSZ級作(zuo)為后(hou)備(bei)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高速(su)列(lie)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)能夠預測(ce)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)或部(bu)(bu)件產生(sheng)危險側的(de)(de)(de)輸出,需要(yao)(yao)(yao)對故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)部(bu)(bu)件進行監(jian)測(ce),并對故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行隔離;如(ru)(ru)果(guo)出現(xian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)無法滿足(zu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行,則需要(yao)(yao)(yao)最(zui)終停止(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)。所以說,列(lie)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)終止(zhi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行是最(zui)終的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)側,但并不(bu)(bu)是所有的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)處理模(mo)(mo)式(shi)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到列(lie)車(che)終止(zhi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行服(fu)務(wu)。而(er)是一(yi)個以安(an)全(quan)性為基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)滑(hua)的(de)(de)(de)過渡過程,以最(zui)大(da)限(xian)度的(de)(de)(de)提供安(an)全(quan)、舒適、便(bian)利的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)營(ying)服(fu)務(wu),滿足(zu)廣大(da)乘(cheng)客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)。
五、城市軌道交通信號設備國產化的(de)優勢
1、技術儲備
鐵道(dao)部科學研究院通(tong)號所具(ju)有50年(nian)的技術儲備(bei)、360多項科技成(cheng)果、優越的試驗(yan)條件(有可進(jin)行(xing)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號綜(zong)合(he)試驗(yan)的環行(xing)試驗(yan)線(xian)。目前正在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)秦沈客運專線(xian)的200km/h速度的通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號綜(zong)合(he)試驗(yan),對(dui)于城軌交通(tong)的通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號綜(zong)合(he)試驗(yan)也可在(zai)環行(xing)線(xian)上進(jin)行(xing))。
2、技術優勢
硬件(jian)配(pei)(pei)置:國際一流水平。軟件(jian)開(kai)發:功(gong)能齊全(quan)、人機界面友好(hao)、符合國情。能夠(gou)提供高安全(quan)性、高可(ke)靠性、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)配(pei)(pei)置靈(ling)活(huo)和功(gong)能可(ke)擴展的信號系(xi)統(tong)(tong)設備。
3、技術服務
根據鐵道部安排,通號所(suo)成立了(le)計算機聯鎖系(xi)(xi)統(tong)一級(ji)維修中(zhong)心、調度集中(zhong)和(he)(he)調度監督系(xi)(xi)統(tong)一級(ji)維修中(zhong)心,承擔(dan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)設備的維修指導、咨詢、培訓和(he)(he)部分維修(如板級(ji)維修)服(fu)務等任務,開展系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)設備的模擬調試、遠程診斷等。并(bing)供(gong)應備品備件(jian)、硬(ying)件(jian)維修指導、系(xi)(xi)統(tong)功(gong)能擴展、軟件(jian)維護及(ji)升級(ji)等。對(dui)軟件(jian)終身保修,提供(gong)長期技術服(fu)務。
六、結束語
軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)信號要(yao)遵(zun)守安全確認故障(zhang)的(de)安全原則,通(tong)(tong)過對信號安全技術的(de)研(yan)究,結合我國(guo)的(de)實(shi)際情況,才能促進我國(guo)軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)信號系統的(de)進步和發展。
參考文獻
[1]唐濤,都春海.城市軌(gui)道交通(tong)安(an)全評價體系研究,[J]都市快軌(gui)交通(tong),2010
[2]王艷(yan)明(ming),談城市軌道信號(hao)故(gu)障安全的分析(xi)[J]信息(xi)技術(shu),2011
[3]燕(yan)飛,唐(tang)濤.軌(gui)道交(jiao)通信號系(xi)統安全技(ji)術的發展和研究現狀[J]. 中國安全科學學報. 2005(06)
篇7
關鍵詞:地鐵(tie)建設管理信息管理系(xi)統開發(fa)與(yu)應用(yong)侯(hou)
1前言
上海地鐵建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)規模日(ri)益增(zeng)大,建(jian)設(she)速(su)度越(yue)來越(yue)快。目(mu)前(qian)正(zheng)在進行建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)軌道交通8號(hao)線(M8線)全長25.6km,共有地下(xia)(xia)車站22座,總投資113億如此大規模的(de)(de)工程,其(qi)管(guan)理工作是(shi)非常復雜和繁重的(de)(de),若(ruo)采用(yong)傳統的(de)(de)方式(shi)進行管(guan)理,不但效率低下(xia)(xia),而且(qie)往往時間滯后,不能及時有效的(de)(de)實現對(dui)整個工程的(de)(de)控制(zhi)和管(guan)理。
信(xin)息(xi)(xi)技(ji)術的飛速進(jin)(jin)步(bu)給(gei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)帶來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)新(xin)方法,通過開發工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系統(Project Informa-tion System簡稱(cheng)PIS)來(lai)對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行輔助管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)在一些(xie)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的建設(she)(she)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中已經有了(le)(le)(le)應用。如國外的P3系統,國內北京住六公司的信(xin)息(xi)(xi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系統等(deng)。但在上海地鐵的建設(she)(she)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中,由于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分散、信(xin)息(xi)(xi)繁多,各(ge)(ge)種PIS都無法真正滿足工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的需(xu)要。因此(ci),在M6線(xian)的建設(she)(she)中.結合實際(ji)需(xu)要,開發了(le)(le)(le)網絡文(wen)檔管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系統,借助于(yu)Internet及(ji)計算機技(ji)術對(dui)整條線(xian)路建設(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的文(wen)檔、進(jin)(jin)度、投資等(deng)各(ge)(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)關的信(xin)息(xi)(xi)進(jin)(jin)行統一管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),使工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)者可以及(ji)時(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)握工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)度以及(ji)投資情況,及(ji)時(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le)解工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)關信(xin)息(xi)(xi),大大提高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)效率,同(tong)時(shi)(shi)為(wei)一便了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)資料、文(wen)檔的完整歸檔。
2 系統總體構思
上海地鐵(tie)M8線(xian)整(zheng)(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程由(you)M8線(xian)項管(guan)部統(tong)(tong)一(yi)管(guan)理(li),下以(yi)(yi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)段(duan)(duan)(duan)為(wei)單(dan)位由(you)各標(biao)(biao)(biao)段(duan)(duan)(duan)項目經理(li)負責。整(zheng)(zheng)條(tiao)線(xian)共分為(wei)十一(yi)個標(biao)(biao)(biao)段(duan)(duan)(duan),標(biao)(biao)(biao)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)都(dou)駐工(gong)(gong)地現場(chang),工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)分散在這(zhe)種(zhong)情況下,工(gong)(gong)程信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)、匯(hui)總傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)方法(fa)是電(dian)話、傳真以(yi)(yi)及紙質(zhi)文(wen)檔的(de)遞送,信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)傳送不及時,效率比較低(di)。因此,建立M8線(xian)PIS的(de)思路是建立統(tong)(tong)一(yi)的(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)平臺(tai),所有管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)都(dou)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過這(zhe)個平臺(tai)交(jiao)流(liu)、查詢工(gong)(gong)程信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi),在保證信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)平臺(tai)中信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)及時性(xing)(xing)、接受信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)方便(bian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)前(qian)提下,工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)理(li)的(de)效率即(ji)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)大大提高。
基(ji)于以上思(si)路,即可以通過B/S( Brower/Server瀏覽器(qi)/服務(wu)器(qi))架構,建立(li)信息(xi)管理(li)系統服務(wu)器(qi),為(wei)整個項管部(bu)營造一(yi)個信息(xi)溝通與協作的共享環境,使所有工(gong)程信息(xi)的、資料歸檔、查(cha)詢(xun)等均(jun)通過標準(zhun)的WEB界面(mian)完成。同時借助于Internet技術(shu)(shu),各(ge)工(gong)地均(jun)可以隨時隨地連接(jie)到PIS中,獲(huo)取工(gong)程信息(xi),對工(gong)程進(jin)行管理(li),保(bao)證(zheng)信息(xi)的及時性。同時,采用數(shu)據庫技術(shu)(shu),將所有工(gong)程資料全部(bu)放(fang)人(ren)中央(yang)數(shu)據庫進(jin)行保(bao)存,保(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)程信息(xi)的完整性。系統結構如圖1所示。
3 系統技術要點
M8線網絡文檔(dang)管理系統(tong)作為一(yi)個PIS系統(tong),將PIS的(de)一(yi)些通用技(ji)術與(yu)工程實際(ji)相結合。它的(de)成功(gong)開(kai)發,為今后類似系統(tong)的(de)開(kai)發積累(lei)了寶(bao)貴的(de)經(jing)驗。
3.1 系(xi)統的B/S架構
M8線(xian)網(wang)絡文(wen)檔管(guan)理系(xi)統(tong)所采用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是B/S架(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou),是目前(qian)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)流行的(de)(de)PIS系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)架(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)方(fang)式。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)該架(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)優點在于:①僅需要(yao)開發(fa)服(fu)務端程序,開發(fa)、維護(hu)工(gong)作量小(xiao);②用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶訪問采用(yong)(yong)(yong)標準的(de)(de)瀏覽器(qi)界(jie)面,容易操作;③系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行于服(fu)務器(qi),對用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶硬(ying)件(jian)配置要(yao)求(qiu)低:①訪問時不需專用(yong)(yong)(yong)通訊線(xian)路,系(xi)統(tong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時沒有時間(jian)、地(di)域(yu)等(deng)的(de)(de)限制。然(ran)而,與目前(qian)流行的(de)(de)另(ling)一種架(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)形式C/S ( Client/Server)相(xiang)(xiang)比,該架(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)也存在著一些不足,主要(yao)是:①功(gong)能(neng)(neng)開發(fa)受限制較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多,功(gong)能(neng)(neng)相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)弱;②開發(fa)難度相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大;③安全性相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低。在PIS的(de)(de)開發(fa)需要(yao)根據(ju)實際情況采用(yong)(yong)(yong)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)架(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)形式,在M8線(xian)網(wang)絡文(wen)檔管(guan)理系(xi)統(tong)中,考慮到工(gong)地(di)分(fen)散、用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶方(fang)便操作、維護(hu)升級方(fang)便等(deng)因素,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)B/S架(jia)(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)是最(zui)適應工(gong)程需要(yao)的(de)(de)解(jie)決方(fang)案(an)。
3.2 系統數(shu)據庫
在整(zheng)個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong),數據庫(ku)用于保存所有系(xi)統(tong)信(xin)息(xi),是整(zheng)個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)的核心。數據庫(ku)系(xi)統(tong)的選取需(xu)(xu)要考慮整(zheng)個(ge)數據庫(ku)中(zhong)需(xu)(xu)要保存的信(xin)息(xi)容(rong)量大小、數據庫(ku)系(xi)統(tong)本身的穩定性(xing)以及數據庫(ku)系(xi)統(tong)的兼容(rong)性(xing)等多種問題。M8線網(wang)絡文檔管理系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong),服務器(qi)端采用了Microsoft SQL Server 2000系(xi)統(tong)架設中(zhong)央數據庫(ku)保存信(xin)息(xi)。
數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫的(de)(de)設計(ji)是開發過(guo)程中非常重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)階段。M8線網(wang)絡文檔管理系統(tong)共涉(she)及了(le)包括文檔、進(jin)度(du)、投資等(deng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)十種信(xin)息(xi)(xi),在將這些信(xin)息(xi)(xi)設計(ji)成(cheng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)表(biao)進(jin)行(xing)存儲時,需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)充(chong)分考慮各相應信(xin)息(xi)(xi)之間(jian)的(de)(de)關(guan)系,使數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)表(biao)建立后,既可(ke)以儲存所有信(xin)息(xi)(xi),又(you)最大限度(du)的(de)(de)減少(shao)冗(rong)余(yu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju),同(tong)時,對信(xin)息(xi)(xi)進(jin)行(xing)查(cha)詢時,又(you)可(ke)以方便快速的(de)(de)根據(ju)(ju)(ju)找到需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)。如在設計(ji)用于保(bao)存工程進(jin)度(du)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)表(biao)時,需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮保(bao)存進(jin)度(du)項目設置信(xin)息(xi)(xi)、各進(jin)度(du)項目計(ji)劃工程量(liang)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)、各進(jin)度(du)項目的(de)(de)實際進(jin)度(du)工程量(liang)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)等(deng);在輸(shu)(shu)人數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)后,又(you)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據(ju)(ju)(ju)輸(shu)(shu)人的(de)(de)時間(jian)等(deng)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),方便的(de)(de)查(cha)詢工程進(jin)度(du)。
3.3 系統安全
由于PIS系統在管理工作中的地位重(zhong)要,因(yin)此其信息的安全性也是在開發(fa)中需要考慮的囚素(su)之一。系統的安全性主(zhu)要包(bao)括在以(yi)下幾個方(fang)面的內容:
(1)系(xi)統(tong)自身的(de)安(an)全性(xing),指的(de)是(shi)整個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)否安(an)全,會(hui)不(bu)會(hui)受到(dao)攻擊或是(shi)由于病(bing)毒破壞,造成系(xi)統(tong)崩潰(kui);
(2)信息的安全性,指的是系(xi)統內(nei)的信息會不(bu)會由(you)于種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)原因而泄露;
(3)數據(ju)本身(shen)的(de)安全性(xing),指的(de)是系統數據(ju)會不會由于程(cheng)序(xu)錯誤等原因造成數據(ju)的(de)丟失或數據(ju)庫的(de)毀壞。
對于以(yi)上幾(ji)種情(qing)況,在(zai)M3線網絡文檔系(xi)統(tong)中均采取了(le)相應(ying)措施(shi),以(yi)保(bao)證系(xi)統(tong)的(de)安全。
(1)系統(tong)(tong)在硬(ying)件上采(cai)用了CISCO公司的(de)(de)防火墻,可以有(you)效阻止對服(fu)務(wu)器的(de)(de)攻擊(ji)。服(fu)務(wu)器端安裝Symantec Antivirus企(qi)業版病毒防火墻,及(ji)時升級病毒庫,保(bao)證服(fu)務(wu)器端系統(tong)(tong)不(bu)受病毒侵(qin)害。同時,實行多機(ji)備份,在主機(ji)癱(tan)瘓的(de)(de)情況下,可以及(ji)時啟動(dong)備份,保(bao)證系統(tong)(tong)穩定運行。
(2)在(zai)(zai)程序編(bian)制(zhi)時(shi),通(tong)過各種加密手段(duan),對系(xi)統進行(xing)加密,保證系(xi)統不被非(fei)法用戶(hu)侵(qin)人。同時(shi)建立(li)完善(shan)的用戶(hu)管理(li)體制(zhi),對不同用戶(hu)分(fen)別賦(fu)予不同的權限(xian)(xian),使其查詢(xun)信(xin)息(xi)的范(fan)圍受到限(xian)(xian)制(zhi),最大(da)限(xian)(xian)度保證信(xin)息(xi)安全。在(zai)(zai)用戶(hu)管理(li)休制(zhi)下,用戶(hu)權限(xian)(xian)的授予、修(xiu)改、收回等均處于可控狀(zhuang)態。
(3)程序編制時,針對(dui)(dui)(dui)各種(zhong)誤操(cao)作均(jun)采取(qu)了相應應對(dui)(dui)(dui)措(cuo)施,保(bao)證數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)不(bu)會(hui)由于(yu)誤操(cao)作而丟失;在數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)庫設計(ji)時,對(dui)(dui)(dui)關(guan)鍵數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)表設置冗余(yu)校(xiao)驗字段(duan),在對(dui)(dui)(dui)該(gai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)表進行操(cao)作時,首(shou)先校(xiao)驗數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)完(wan)整性,保(bao)證關(guan)鍵數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)不(bu)會(hui)出(chu)(chu)錯。同時,自動對(dui)(dui)(dui)系統(tong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)進行備份(fen),一旦數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)出(chu)(chu)現損(sun)壞(huai)或系統(tong)出(chu)(chu)現故障,可以及時恢復,把損(sun)失減至最(zui)小。
4 系統應用
M8線(xian)網絡文(wen)檔管理系(xi)統(tong)的(de)開發歷時一年多,從2003年4月正式使(shi)用至今(jin),其(qi)間修正了功能上(shang)的(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)不足,目前已穩定使(shi)用。該系(xi)統(tong)目前己具備的(de)功能如圖2所示,共分為9個(ge)大類(lei),其(qi)中每個(ge)大類(lei)中又有若干個(ge)子項(xiang)。
在系(xi)(xi)(xi)統應用后,逐步改變了(le)(le)M8線項(xiang)管部(bu)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行管理(li)的(de)(de)方式,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)信息的(de)(de)均通過系(xi)(xi)(xi)統進(jin)(jin)行,文檔(dang)(dang)、資料的(de)(de)查詢也可通過系(xi)(xi)(xi)統方便及時進(jin)(jin)行,大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高了(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)效(xiao)率。同時,由于工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)效(xiao)率的(de)(de)提(ti)高,以往需要(yao)跑工(gong)(gong)(gong)地才能了(le)(le)解(jie)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)度、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發生問題(ti)等,也只需要(yao)通過系(xi)(xi)(xi)統即(ji)可方便反映,大(da)(da)大(da)(da)節約了(le)(le)管理(li)成(cheng)本。更(geng)為重要(yao)的(de)(de)是(shi),以往長期無法(fa)解(jie)決的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文檔(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)歸(gui)檔(dang)(dang)問題(ti)得(de)以很好(hao)的(de)(de)解(jie)決,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)文檔(dang)(dang)歸(gui)檔(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)完整性有了(le)(le)很大(da)(da)提(ti)高。
在整個應用過程中(zhong),有以下(xia)幾個問題需要強調:
(1)強(qiang)調反(fan)饋與溝通的作用
系(xi)統(tong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人員應當及時(shi)反饋(kui)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)情(qing)況,同時(shi)開發(fa)人員應該與(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人員進(jin)行(xing)溝通(tong),從而對系(xi)統(tong)不斷(duan)進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)整,以滿足用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶對系(xi)統(tong)功(gong)能(neng)的需求以及用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶實(shi)際的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)習慣。否則,系(xi)統(tong)開發(fa)完成后,系(xi)統(tong)難免與(yu)實(shi)際情(qing)況有所出人,影響系(xi)統(tong)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
(2)強(qiang)調領(ling)導的作用
在(zai)采用(yong)PIS用(yong)于輔(fu)助管理的(de)初期,員工(gong)(gong)由(you)于對系(xi)(xi)統(tong)本身不熟悉,同(tong)時又要輸人大(da)量數據,再(zai)加上(shang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)初期的(de)不穩定(ding)或不符合工(gong)(gong)程使(shi)(shi)用(yong)習(xi)慣等因素,系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)優點不明(ming)顯,系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)推廣使(shi)(shi)用(yong)具有(you)一定(ding)的(de)難度此時只有(you)部門領導堅持使(shi)(shi)用(yong)PIS,才能使(shi)(shi)整個部門逐(zhu)漸(jian)接受PIS,從而逐(zhu)漸(jian)發揮PIS作用(yong),提高工(gong)(gong)程管理的(de)效率。
5 小結
在(zai)地(di)鐵的(de)大(da)規模建設中(zhong),采用(yong)(yong)PIS可以大(da)大(da)提高工程(cheng)管理的(de)效率和(he)水平、在(zai)開發(fa)這(zhe)樣的(de)系(xi)統時,需要(yao)(yao)結(jie)合實際情況(kuang)確定系(xi)統的(de)架構方式、數據庫組成等,同時需要(yao)(yao)考慮T程(cheng)實際,以適應T程(cheng)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)需要(yao)(yao)。系(xi)統開發(fa)完(wan)成后,使用(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)開發(fa)人員(yuan)需要(yao)(yao)與使用(yong)(yong)人員(yuan)及時溝(gou)通(tong),解決功能上的(de)不(bu)足(zu)。另外在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)領導能夠(gou)足(zu)夠(gou)重(zhong)視(shi)的(de)話,將對系(xi)統功能的(de)發(fa)揮有很大(da)的(de)促進(jin)作用(yong)(yong)。
參考文獻
1. 王寶中(zhong),王旭萌(meng).信息管(guan)理系統在施工企(qi)業的應用(yong).施工技術,200l(12):14-16.
篇8
關(guan)鍵詞:城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通信號聯鎖設備軌道電路列(lie)車自動控(kong)(kong)制基(ji)于通信的列(lie)車控(kong)(kong)制
Abstract:Along with the advancement of urbanization construction, more and more cities begin to build up Urban Rail into use. So control of Urban Rail traffic signal system becomes very important. Introduce the composition of the Urban Rail traffic signal system function and principle, urban rail traffic signal application in urban rail traffic.
Keywords:Urban Rail traffic signals, Interlocking Equipment, Track circuit, Automatic Train Control, Communication Based Train Control.
中圖(tu)分類(lei)號:C913.32文獻標識碼(ma):A 文章編號:
隨著城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)人口的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)和(he)客流量的(de)(de)(de)(de)增大,很(hen)多城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)已(yi)經越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)不堪重負,在(zai)(zai)每(mei)個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi),除了公路交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)外,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)成為(wei)解(jie)決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)壓力的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種途(tu)徑,由于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方便、舒適和(he)快(kuai)捷,使得越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)都在(zai)(zai)修建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)地鐵和(he)輕軌(gui)(gui),為(wei)了保證(zheng)其運輸(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效性(xing)和(he)安全(quan)性(xing),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應用了高(gao)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統,由于控(kong)制城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號系(xi)(xi)統在(zai)(zai)整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)到交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)統中起到非常重要,因(yin)此,弄(nong)清城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)號系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)原理對維(wei)護人員(yuan)來(lai)說顯得至(zhi)關(guan)重要,只有(you)(you)信(xin)號系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)可靠才能保證(zheng)市(shi)(shi)民能夠安全(quan)、舒適、快(kuai)捷的(de)(de)(de)(de)出行。
城市軌道(dao)交通信號系(xi)統(tong)(tong)主要由列車自動控制(ATC)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、聯鎖設備(bei)、軌道(dao)電路(lu)等(deng)組成。
列(lie)車(che)(che)自(zi)動(dong)控制(zhi)(ATC)系統是(shi)城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)信號(hao)系統最(zui)(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)組成部分,它實現行車(che)(che)指揮(hui)和(he)列(lie)車(che)(che)運(yun)行自(zi)動(dong)化,能最(zui)(zui)大(da)限(xian)度的(de)保證列(lie)車(che)(che)運(yun)行的(de)安全,提(ti)高運(yun)輸(shu)效率,減輕運(yun)營人(ren)員的(de)勞動(dong)強度,發揮(hui)城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)通(tong)(tong)過能力。
ATC(automatic train control)系(xi)統由列車自動(dong)(dong)防護(hu)(ATP—automatic train protection)、列車自動(dong)(dong)運(yun)行(ATO—automatic train operation)和列車自動(dong)(dong)監控(ATS—automatic train supervision)三個子系(xi)統構成。
ATP系統分為(wei)軌旁ATP和車(che)(che)載(zai)ATP,負責對列車(che)(che)的運行進(jin)行保護(hu)(hu),對列車(che)(che)進(jin)行超速防(fang)護(hu)(hu)、車(che)(che)門監(jian)督(du)(du)和速度監(jian)督(du)(du),保證列車(che)(che)的安全間(jian)隔。
ATO系統(tong)分為(wei)軌旁ATO和車(che)載ATO,主要實(shi)(shi)現“地(di)(di)對(dui)車(che)控制”,即(ji)用地(di)(di)面信息實(shi)(shi)現對(dui)列車(che)的驅(qu)動(dong)、制動(dong),并送出(chu)車(che)門和屏蔽(bi)門同(tong)步開關信號。
ATS系統分(fen)中(zhong)央ATS和車(che)(che)站ATS主(zhu)要實現對(dui)列車(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)監(jian)督和控制,包括:列車(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情況和設備的(de)集中(zhong)監(jian)視、自(zi)動(dong)排列進路(lu)、自(zi)動(dong)列車(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)調整、自(zi)動(dong)生成時刻表(biao)、自(zi)動(dong)記錄實際列車(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖、自(zi)動(dong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)數(shu)據統計以及(ji)各種報表(biao)的(de)自(zi)動(dong)生成,輔助調度人員 對(dui)全線進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)管理。
聯(lian)鎖設備有中央聯(lian)鎖系統(tong)和(he)車站聯(lian)鎖計算機,主要對(dui)室外設備信號機和(he)道岔進行控制,排列(lie)列(lie)車進路(lu)并(bing)傳(chuan)送(song)進路(lu)信息給軌旁ATP/ATO。
軌道電路(lu)主(zhu)要(yao)用于傳送軌道電路(lu)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)和ATP報文信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)。
下圖是城市軌道交通信號系統的控制框圖:
在控(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)設(she)(she)備正(zheng)常情況下,中(zhong)(zhong)央ATS系統發出排列進路(lu)的(de)指令,中(zhong)(zhong)央聯鎖工(gong)作站通過車(che)站聯鎖計(ji)算機進行進路(lu)的(de)排列,即轉換道(dao)岔(cha)和(he)(he)開放相應的(de)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)機。另外(wai)(wai)一方(fang)面,中(zhong)(zhong)央ATS通過車(che)站ATS分機傳送信(xin)息給(gei)乘客(ke)(ke)向(xiang)導系統PIIS,用于顯示時間,語(yu)音等乘客(ke)(ke)需要(yao)的(de)信(xin)息。室(shi)外(wai)(wai)道(dao)岔(cha)、信(xin)號(hao)(hao)機和(he)(he)軌道(dao)電路(lu)的(de)信(xin)息通過計(ji)算機聯鎖設(she)(she)備傳給(gei)控(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),控(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)需要(yao)這些信(xin)息作為(wei)依據向(xiang)軌旁設(she)(she)備發送信(xin)息。
軌旁(pang)ATO一般兼做軌旁(pang)ATP,軌旁(pang)ATP不斷(duan)將計算聯鎖設(she)備和操(cao)作(zuo)層(ceng)面上(shang)的(de)信息、線路(lu)信息、前方目(mu)標點的(de)距離和線路(lu)允(yun)許(xu)(xu)速度(du)等通過車(che)地通信設(she)備在(zai)傳送給列(lie)車(che)的(de)車(che)載設(she)備,車(che)載設(she)備接收接收到這些信后計算出列(lie)車(che)允(yun)許(xu)(xu)運行(xing)的(de)速度(du)曲(qu)線。
軌旁(pang)(pang)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)發送給(gei)車(che)載(zai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的信(xin)息(xi)還包括,車(che)輛車(che)門開啟命(ming)令(ling)、列(lie)(lie)車(che)號(hao)的確(que)認、列(lie)(lie)車(che)長度、性(xing)能修改數(shu)據(ju)(ju)、出發測(ce)試指令(ling)、車(che)門循環測(ce)試、主時鐘參考信(xin)號(hao)、跳停指令(ling)、擱置指令(ling)等,這些信(xin)息(xi)其中可變數(shu)據(ju)(ju)自于控(kong)制中心ATS,固(gu)定數(shu)據(ju)(ju)固(gu)化(hua)于軌旁(pang)(pang)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)中,車(che)載(zai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)收到這些信(xin)息(xi)對列(lie)(lie)車(che)進行相應的控(kong)制。另外車(che)載(zai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)也將列(lie)(lie)車(che)的狀(zhuang)況(kuang)信(xin)息(xi)傳遞給(gei)軌旁(pang)(pang)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),再由軌旁(pang)(pang)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)傳給(gei)控(kong)制中心。
在列車(che)(che)底部裝(zhuang)有雷達(da)測(ce)速單(dan)元,測(ce)出(chu)的列車(che)(che)運行(xing)(xing)速度信息(xi)也傳(chuan)遞給車(che)(che)載設備,車(che)(che)載設備將此速度和列車(che)(che)允許(xu)運行(xing)(xing)的最大速度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)比較,由車(che)(che)載ATO對列車(che)(che)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)控制(zhi),若運行(xing)(xing)速度超過曲線(xian)所允許(xu)速度,車(che)(che)載ATO則實施(shi)列車(che)(che)制(zhi)動(dong)。
軌(gui)旁(pang)設(she)備和車載設(she)備交換信息(xi)的車地(di)通信設(she)備一般有(you)一下(xia)幾種(zhong):
通過軌道電路進行傳送
軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)不僅可(ke)以進行(xing)列(lie)車(che)(che)占用的(de)檢測,也可(ke)給(gei)車(che)(che)載設備(bei)(bei)傳(chuan)遞(di)報(bao)文(wen)信(xin)息(xi)。軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)空閑時(shi),向聯鎖系(xi)統傳(chuan)遞(di)軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)信(xin)息(xi),當列(lie)車(che)(che)占用軌(gui)道(dao)時(shi),通(tong)過切換(huan)裝置,停止軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路(lu)信(xin)息(xi)的(de)發送(song)(song),由(you)軌(gui)旁設備(bei)(bei)開始向鋼軌(gui)連(lian)續(xu)發送(song)(song)ATP報(bao)文(wen)信(xin)息(xi),在列(lie)車(che)(che)底部裝有接收和發送(song)(song)設備(bei)(bei),可(ke)接收到(dao)信(xin)息(xi)傳(chuan)遞(di)給(gei)車(che)(che)載設備(bei)(bei),同(tong)時(shi)也可(ke)以向地面發送(song)(song)列(lie)車(che)(che)信(xin)息(xi)。
通過軌間電纜傳送
單獨沿(yan)著(zhu)鋼(gang)軌鋪設(she)一條線路(lu),專門(men)用于(yu)傳送ATP報文信息(xi),此方法安全可靠,但費(fei)用較高。
通過點式(shi)應答器(qi)傳送
在軌道電(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)某些(xie)點(dian)(dian)設置應答器(qi)(qi)(qi),應答器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)設置又分為固(gu)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)應答器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)可(ke)變(bian)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)應答器(qi)(qi)(qi)。其(qi)中(zhong)固(gu)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)應答器(qi)(qi)(qi)用于存儲固(gu)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)據(ju),可(ke)變(bian)應答器(qi)(qi)(qi)通過控(kong)制中(zhong)心獲取數(shu)(shu)據(ju),列車底部(bu)裝有(you)接收和(he)發送天線,列車行(xing)駛通過應答器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)時候感應到應答器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi),可(ke)以(yi)雙向進行(xing)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)交換,由(you)于這種信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)傳送不(bu)是(shi)連續的(de)(de)(de),而是(shi)在某些(xie)點(dian)(dian)才會收到,所以(yi)稱之點(dian)(dian)式ATC。
通過無線方式進行傳送
用(yong)無線(xian)(xian)方(fang)式進(jin)行無線(xian)(xian)車(che)地(di)通(tong)信(xin)時,車(che)載ATP/ATO的(de)功能(neng)由控制中心實現,通(tong)過無線(xian)(xian)交(jiao)換器和(he)軌旁無線(xian)(xian)單元AP與車(che)載無線(xian)(xian)通(tong)信(xin)設備進(jin)行數據的(de)交(jiao)換。通(tong)過無線(xian)(xian)方(fang)式進(jin)行傳送的(de)城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)信(xin)號系統一般稱之(zhi)為(wei)基于(yu)通(tong)信(xin)的(de)列車(che)控制(Communication Based Train Control,簡稱CBTC)系統,其軌道電路的(de)檢測一般采用(yong)計(ji)軸系統作為(wei)后備模(mo)式。
通常一個控(kong)(kong)(kong)制中心可(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制一條(tiao)線路的(de)所有(you)車(che)站(zhan),當控(kong)(kong)(kong)制中心設備故(gu)障時(shi)(shi),為了保證不(bu)讓整條(tiao)線路癱(tan)瘓,在(zai)車(che)站(zhan)設有(you)車(che)站(zhan)現地(di)工作(zuo)站(zhan)和車(che)站(zhan)ATS遠(yuan)程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制單元。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制中心故(gu)障后,車(che)站(zhan)工作(zuo)人員可(ke)通過車(che)站(zhan)現地(di)工作(zuo)站(zhan)進行操作(zuo)來實現聯(lian)鎖計算機的(de)功(gong)能(neng),ATS遠(yuan)程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制單元可(ke)代替中央ATS系統向聯(lian)鎖系統和軌旁設備發送相(xiang)關信(xin)(xin)息,此時(shi)(shi)ATS遠(yuan)程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制單元所具有(you)的(de)信(xin)(xin)息不(bu)全面(mian),但能(neng)夠保證列車(che)在(zai)本站(zhan)的(de)正常運行。
整(zheng)(zheng)個城市軌(gui)道交通信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)其宗旨在于控(kong)制列(lie)車(che)(che),一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)提高運輸效率(lv),兩(liang)一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)保證(zheng)列(lie)車(che)(che)安全可(ke)靠的運行,其控(kong)制總體(ti)來說分為(wei)中心(xin)控(kong)制和(he)車(che)(che)站控(kong)制,車(che)(che)站控(kong)制作為(wei)中心(xin)故障后(hou)的一(yi)(yi)種后(hou)備模式。控(kong)制中心(xin)ATS系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)掌握所有(you)車(che)(che)站和(he)列(lie)車(che)(che)的狀況信(xin)(xin)息,將信(xin)(xin)息和(he)指令下發后(hou),由聯(lian)鎖(suo)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)開通進(jin)路,由ATP進(jin)行列(lie)車(che)(che)防護,ATO進(jin)行列(lie)車(che)(che)控(kong)制,實現整(zheng)(zheng)個城市軌(gui)道交通信(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的功能。
參考文獻:
【1】林瑜筠 《城市軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)信號》北京,中國鐵道(dao)(dao)出版(ban)社,2011年
【2】吳汶麒 《城市軌道(dao)交通(tong)信號(hao)與通(tong)信系統》北京(jing),中國鐵道(dao)出版(ban)社(she),2003年
篇9
關鍵詞:信號(hao)系統;安全性;可靠性
1概述
軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作為(wei)(wei)大容量(liang)的(de)(de)公共交通(tong)(tong)(tong)工具,其(qi)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)直接關系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)到(dao)廣大乘客的(de)(de)生命安(an)全(quan)。信號系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作為(wei)(wei)保證列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)安(an)全(quan),實(shi)現(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)指揮(hui)和列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)現(xian)(xian)代化,提高運(yun)(yun)輸效率(lv)的(de)(de)關鍵系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)(she)備,在軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有舉足輕重的(de)(de)地(di)(di)位,通(tong)(tong)(tong)常由(you)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(AutomaticTrainControl,簡稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ATC)組成。ATC系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)括列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(AutomaticTrainSupervision,簡稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ATS)、列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)防護子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(AutomaticTrainProtection,簡稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ATP)、列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(AutomaticTrainOperation,簡稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)ATO)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),ATP主(zhu)要對(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)駛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)和安(an)全(quan)防護,避免(mian)其(qi)出現(xian)(xian)聯鎖備或自(zi)(zi)身系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)問題故障而影響列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)安(an)全(quan)。ATS對(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情(qing)(qing)況進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)監(jian)督與控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),可使行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)調(diao)度工作者對(dui)整個(ge)線(xian)路的(de)(de)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)全(quan)面、系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、完整的(de)(de)管理。ATO則(ze)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)分(fen)析地(di)(di)面情(qing)(qing)況來對(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),避免(mian)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)在行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)駛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)突然加速或減速,提高列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)舒適性(xing)和節(jie)能(neng)性(xing)。3個(ge)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)信息交換網絡(luo)構成閉環系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),實(shi)現(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)面控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)與車(che)(che)(che)上控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)結合、現(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)結合,構成一(yi)個(ge)以安(an)全(quan)設(she)(she)備為(wei)(wei)基礎,集行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)(che)指揮(hui)、運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)調(diao)整以及列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)駕駛自(zi)(zi)動(dong)化等功能(neng)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)體的(de)(de)列(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)(che)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
2軌道(dao)交(jiao)通信號系統的安(an)全性分析
對于軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通信(xin)號系統而言,安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)性主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)指行(xing)(xing)車的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)和(he)乘(cheng)客的(de)(de)人身安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)。在(zai)(zai)列(lie)(lie)車的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)駛過程(cheng)(cheng)中,無論是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)設備出現故(gu)障,還(huan)是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)電路、軟件出現問(wen)(wen)題,都可(ke)能會影響到列(lie)(lie)車的(de)(de)正常(chang)行(xing)(xing)駛,而由此(ci)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)誤動或錯誤操作,極有可(ke)能造成(cheng)嚴重的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事(shi)故(gu)。為(wei)此(ci),在(zai)(zai)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通信(xin)號系統的(de)(de)設計與應(ying)用中,應(ying)該以(yi)故(gu)障-安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)為(wei)原則。在(zai)(zai)此(ci)過程(cheng)(cheng)中,需(xu)要(yao)解(jie)決(jue)的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題主要(yao)包括軌(gui)道(dao)數據(ju)處(chu)理、數據(ju)采集與驅動以(yi)及數據(ju)傳輸等三個(ge)方面的(de)(de)故(gu)障-安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)問(wen)(wen)題。可(ke)以(yi)采用當前先進的(de)(de)計算(suan)機技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu),如容(rong)錯技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、故(gu)障檢測和(he)診斷技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)以(yi)及多重化技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等,均能夠為(wei)提高軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通信(xin)號系統的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)性提供技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)支(zhi)持。
2.1ATS系統
在(zai)控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心設立(li)兩套ATS系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),互為熱備份,即其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一個系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)線(xian)時(shi)(shi)(shi),另一個系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)在(zai)不斷更新(xin)其數據(ju)信(xin)息,當出現(xian)故障(zhang)(zhang)需(xu)要切換(huan)時(shi)(shi)(shi),熱備份系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)很短時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)內完成對(dui)軌旁信(xin)息的(de)掃(sao)描(miao),從而保證(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)獲取最新(xin)的(de)數據(ju)。各車(che)(che)站和(he)車(che)(che)輛段ATS系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)過冗余(yu)配置的(de)網絡通(tong)(tong)道和(he)控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心ATS連接,實(shi)現(xian)信(xin)息交換(huan),以保證(zheng)某(mou)點或某(mou)段通(tong)(tong)信(xin)信(xin)道發生故障(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)(shi),系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仍能正(zheng)常(chang)工作。ATS系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)采用DCS系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)提供的(de)接口獨立(li)組網,實(shi)現(xian)信(xin)息的(de)安全獨立(li)穩定傳輸。ATS采用集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)方(fang)式(shi),可以減(jian)少(shao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)維(wei)護工作,并且減(jian)少(shao)沿(yan)線(xian)工區和(he)人員(yuan)配置。車(che)(che)站自動控(kong)(kong)制為控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心自動控(kong)(kong)制的(de)降級(ji)模式(shi),當控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心設備故障(zhang)(zhang)或者(zhe)控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心與車(che)(che)站通(tong)(tong)信(xin)網絡故障(zhang)(zhang),造成控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心ATS子系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無法正(zheng)常(chang)工作時(shi)(shi)(shi),系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自動降級(ji)為車(che)(che)站自動工作模式(shi),此時(shi)(shi)(shi)ATS本地(di)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)根據(ju)本地(di)服務器中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)儲的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)表信(xin)息繼續進(jin)行進(jin)路自動辦(ban)理。
2.2ATP系統
由于(yu)ATP系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主要(yao)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)列車的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)和(he)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)監控(kong),因此其(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)設(she)(she)計(ji)應該將(jiang)重點放在保證設(she)(she)備(bei)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)上。首先(xian),ATP系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用雙(shuang)層網(wang)絡(luo)與全(quan)(quan)(quan)冗(rong)(rong)余的(de)模式來進行(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)計(ji),將(jiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)所(suo)有設(she)(she)備(bei)都設(she)(she)置相應的(de)冗(rong)(rong)余接口,并(bing)做好(hao)備(bei)份,以(yi)保證系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)某個(ge)節點出現(xian)故(gu)障(zhang)后(hou)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)受影響而正(zheng)常(chang)運行(xing)(xing)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci),編(bian)(bian)碼(ma)軟件(jian)也可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用冗(rong)(rong)余技術,且(qie)編(bian)(bian)碼(ma)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)出現(xian)循(xun)環語句,這樣(yang)(yang)是(shi)為(wei)了保證某個(ge)編(bian)(bian)碼(ma)控(kong)制程序出現(xian)中(zhong)斷(duan)后(hou)可(ke)以(yi)繼續(xu)對(dui)(dui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進行(xing)(xing)控(kong)制,且(qie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)形成死循(xun)環的(de)問題。第(di)三,為(wei)了進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步保證系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)與可(ke)靠性(xing),對(dui)(dui)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些較為(wei)重要(yao)或(huo)者較為(wei)容易出現(xian)故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),應該進行(xing)(xing)雙(shuang)重備(bei)份。同時(shi),為(wei)了避免強信(xin)號對(dui)(dui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產生(sheng)干擾,還要(yao)在電路中(zhong)設(she)(she)計(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)防沖擊電路和(he)防干擾措施。這樣(yang)(yang)才可(ke)以(yi)很好(hao)地保證系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行(xing)(xing)。例(li)如地面(mian)ATP子系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)采用“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乘二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)取二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)”安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)冗(rong)(rong)余設(she)(she)計(ji),帶(dai)獨(du)立“故(gu)障(zhang)-安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)”檢驗(yan)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)冗(rong)(rong)余系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),其(qi)(qi)(qi)硬件(jian)平(ping)臺(tai)從硬件(jian)設(she)(she)計(ji)上采用了“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乘二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)取二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)”結構(gou)、雙(shuang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)并(bing)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乘二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)取二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)”安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)計(ji)算機系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),內部通(tong)(tong)信(xin)和(he)外部通(tong)(tong)信(xin)都采用冗(rong)(rong)余通(tong)(tong)道(dao)設(she)(she)計(ji)。雙(shuang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)之間(jian)采用隔離技術,對(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)進行(xing)(xing)維修與替換不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)另外一(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)以(yi)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)子系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)有任(ren)何(he)影響,任(ren)何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)計(ji)算機或(huo)網(wang)絡(luo)設(she)(she)備(bei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo),整(zheng)個(ge)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仍可(ke)繼續(xu)正(zheng)常(chang)運行(xing)(xing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)導致其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)子系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)無故(gu)切換。
2.3ATO系統
作為以地(di)控車(che)(che)的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),ATO系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自動完成對列車(che)(che)的(de)啟(qi)動、牽引、巡航(hang)、惰(duo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以較高的(de)速(su)度(du)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)追(zhui)蹤運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)折返作業(ye),確保達到(dao)設計間隔及旅行(xing)(xing)(xing)速(su)度(du)。當其因故(gu)障無(wu)法(fa)自動運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing),應該能(neng)夠(gou)盡快轉入(ru)人(ren)工操(cao)作的(de)程序中,以保證(zheng)列車(che)(che)安全運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。同時(shi),在(zai)(zai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中需要大量的(de)實(shi)時(shi)數據,因此數據傳輸應該首先(xian)循環傳送。為了保證(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)駛中的(de)列車(che)(che)和(he)地(di)面工作站點(dian)之(zhi)間可以隨時(shi)聯系(xi)(xi)溝通(tong),在(zai)(zai)列車(che)(che)出站之(zhi)前,要對ATO系(xi)(xi)統(tong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢查,尤其是(shi)要對接(jie)口處進行(xing)(xing)(xing)仔細檢查,以保證(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)安全工作。ATO系(xi)(xi)統(tong)主要與列車(che)(che)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)非安全性的(de)功(gong)能(neng)相關,深(shen)圳地(di)鐵7號(hao)線(xian)車(che)(che)載ATO子系(xi)(xi)統(tong)在(zai)(zai)車(che)(che)頭、車(che)(che)尾(wei)各設置(zhi)一套,單套ATO子系(xi)(xi)統(tong)采取雙機熱備的(de)冗余架構,若一系(xi)(xi)出現故(gu)障,可自動切(qie)換為備機工作。
3軌道交通(tong)信號(hao)系統的可靠性分析
對于(yu)(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求,目(mu)前一般以(yi)平均(jun)功(gong)(gong)能故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)間隔時(shi)間(MeanTimeBetweenFunctionalFailure,MTBFF)和(he)平均(jun)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)間隔時(shi)間(MeantimeBetweenFailure,MTBF)兩個參數(shu)作(zuo)為(wei)定量(liang)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性性分析指(zhi)標(biao)。規(gui)(gui)定系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)MTBFF應考(kao)(kao)慮影響(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)定功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)所有故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)MTBF則既包(bao)括影響(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),也(ye)包(bao)括不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)影響(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)功(gong)(gong)能完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(例如(ru)由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)冗余)的(de)(de)所有故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。考(kao)(kao)慮實際(ji)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特(te)點,在(zai)對現場的(de)(de)城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通信號系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)評估(gu)時(shi),MTBF作(zuo)為(wei)基本(ben)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性的(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)量(liang),應反映出系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)人(ren)力(li)(li)、費用(yong)(yong)(yong)及備(bei)(bei)(bei)品(pin)備(bei)(bei)(bei)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)需求。如(ru)果一個系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)基本(ben)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)度低,即便(bian)任(ren)務可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)度滿足要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求,也(ye)會導(dao)致該系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)太(tai)高,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能說該系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是一個可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。因為(wei),只要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),即使由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)冗余并沒有影響(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),卻仍馬上需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)人(ren)員進行(xing)(xing)診斷(duan)、維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)或更換(huan)備(bei)(bei)(bei)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。而軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)是指(zhi)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)在(zai)一定的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下,導(dao)致系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)出現可(ke)感(gan)知的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)確和(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)按(an)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)執行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)狀態。任(ren)何(he)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內部缺(que)陷(xian)引起(qi)的(de)(de)錯誤(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)范(fan)疇(chou)內,并且(qie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)也(ye)無(wu)(wu)法維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu),因而考(kao)(kao)慮軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能考(kao)(kao)察(cha)出系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)人(ren)力(li)(li)、費用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)備(bei)(bei)(bei)品(pin)備(bei)(bei)(bei)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)需求。因此(ci),針(zhen)對城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通信號系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),MTBF應主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考(kao)(kao)慮硬(ying)(ying)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。MTBFF則應綜合考(kao)(kao)慮硬(ying)(ying)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)與軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)錯誤(wu),考(kao)(kao)察(cha)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)任(ren)務剖(pou)面(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)定功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)。隨著現代信號系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(包(bao)括微機、單片機)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)廣泛,由(you)(you)(you)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)來(lai)(lai)承擔安(an)(an)全和(he)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性需求的(de)(de)比重越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)大,因而軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性在(zai)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)功(gong)(gong)能方面(mian)往(wang)往(wang)起(qi)著至關重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。實際(ji)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)表明,由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)缺(que)陷(xian)引起(qi)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)功(gong)(gong)能失效(xiao)約(yue)占(zhan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)總數(shu)的(de)(de)70%。因此(ci),只有綜合考(kao)(kao)慮軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)和(he)硬(ying)(ying)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),才能全面(mian)準(zhun)(zhun)確地(di)衡量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)定任(ren)務的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)度。綜上所述,信號系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性指(zhi)標(biao)可(ke)以(yi)參考(kao)(kao)國際(ji)相關標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),明確MTBF主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考(kao)(kao)慮硬(ying)(ying)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)以(yi)衡量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)人(ren)力(li)(li)、費用(yong)(yong)(yong)及其備(bei)(bei)(bei)品(pin)備(bei)(bei)(bei)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求;MTBFF綜合考(kao)(kao)慮軟(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)硬(ying)(ying)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),以(yi)便(bian)準(zhun)(zhun)確考(kao)(kao)察(cha)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)定功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)。例如(ru)在(zai)城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通中(zhong)(zhong),由(you)(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)ATP系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)下使用(yong)(yong)(yong)是惟一能連續控制列(lie)車(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),并長(chang)期確保列(lie)車(che)安(an)(an)全運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。降(jiang)級(ji)(ji)駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)是ATP系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)出現故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)情(qing)況下,在(zai)限速(su)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)人(ren)工(gong)駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)來(lai)(lai)降(jiang)低列(lie)車(che)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)風險所采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一種駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過,該模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能避免所有風險,所以(yi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)必須(xu)非常(chang)(chang)穩定可(ke)靠(kao)(kao),以(yi)盡(jin)量(liang)減少采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)降(jiang)級(ji)(ji)駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。鑒(jian)于(yu)(yu)上述因素,在(zai)國外(wai)城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),提(ti)出ATP系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)駕(jia)駛(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性必須(xu)高于(yu)(yu)99.99%。參考(kao)(kao)相關的(de)(de)技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),計(ji)(ji)(ji)軸設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)平均(jun)無(wu)(wu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)間≥1.75×105h;BTM天線(xian)≥2.5×105h;雷達傳感(gan)器在(zai)40℃環境溫度下,平均(jun)無(wu)(wu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)間≥1.66×105h;速(su)度傳感(gan)器平均(jun)無(wu)(wu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)間≥1×105h。
4軌道(dao)交通(tong)信號系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安全性與可靠性的關系(xi)(xi)
信號系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)安(an)全性與可(ke)靠性相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成,并且(qie)相(xiang)互影響。可(ke)靠性是(shi)衡(heng)量系(xi)(xi)統在規(gui)定的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間內、規(gui)定的(de)(de)條件下完成規(gui)定功能(neng)的(de)(de)能(neng)力,而系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)安(an)全性是(shi)衡(heng)量系(xi)(xi)統在發(fa)生(sheng)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)(shi)不致(zhi)產生(sheng)危險側輸出(chu)的(de)(de)能(neng)力,二者密不可(ke)分。系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性越(yue)(yue)高,其(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)概率越(yue)(yue)小(xiao);系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)安(an)全性越(yue)(yue)高,發(fa)生(sheng)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)(shi)產生(sheng)危險側輸出(chu)的(de)(de)概率也(ye)就越(yue)(yue)小(xiao)。
參考文獻:
篇10
關鍵詞:城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通 CBTC 施工
0 引言
城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)展,歷經(jing)了大(da)致三個階段(duan)。初創階段(duan)、過渡階段(duan)、發(fa)展階段(duan)。從1994年至今,我(wo)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)建設進(jin)入快速發(fa)展期,隨(sui)著計算機(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(Computer)、通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(Communication)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(Control)的(de)(de)飛躍發(fa)展,向(xiang)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)以軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路作為信(xin)(xin)息傳輸載(zai)體的(de)(de)列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)提出了新的(de)(de)挑戰。綜合利用3C技(ji)(ji)術代(dai)(dai)替(ti)軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路技(ji)(ji)術,構成新興(xing)列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)已成必(bi)然。用3C技(ji)(ji)術代(dai)(dai)替(ti)軌(gui)道(dao)電(dian)路的(de)(de)核心是通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)應用,目前(qian)計算機(ji)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術已經(jing)滲(shen)透(tou)到列(lie)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中,稱(cheng)為:基于通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(Communication Based Train Control),簡稱(cheng)CBTC。
1 概述
CBTC系(xi)(xi)統是新(xin)型的城市軌道交通ATC系(xi)(xi)統,是一(yi)個(ge)安全、可靠、先進、適應線(xian)性電機(ji)運(yun)載、基于無線(xian)通信的列車(che)運(yun)行控制系(xi)(xi)統。它由計算機(ji)聯鎖系(xi)(xi)統、移動(dong)閉塞式(shi)列控系(xi)(xi)統(APT/ATO)、自(zi)動(dong)監控系(xi)(xi)統(ATS)三個(ge)子系(xi)(xi)統構成。它們(men)分(fen)為(wei)中(zhong)央層(ceng)、軌旁層(ceng)、通信層(ceng)、車(che)載層(ceng)四個(ge)層(ceng)級(ji),分(fen)級(ji)實現ATS功能(neng)。如圖一(yi)所示(shi)。
圖一
中央層分為中央級(ji)和車(che)站級(ji)。在(zai)中央級(ji),實現集中的線路運行控(kong)制;在(zai)車(che)站級(ji),為車(che)站控(kong)制和后備(bei)模式的功能提供給(gei)車(che)站操作員工作站(LOW)和列車(che)近路計算機(TRC)。
軌(gui)旁層沿(yan)著線路分布,它(ta)由計(ji)算(suan)機聯鎖、移(yi)動(dong)閉塞(sai)式列控系(xi)統、信號機、計(ji)軸器和應答器等組成。它(ta)們(men)共同執(zhi)行所有(you)的聯鎖和軌(gui)旁ATP功能。
通信層在軌(gui)旁層和車載設(she)備(bei)之間提供連續(xu)式和/或點(dian)式通訊。
車(che)載層完(wan)成移動(dong)閉塞(sai)式(shi)列控(kong)系統的(de)車(che)載ATP和ATO功(gong)能。
2 CBTC系統的優(you)點
CBTC系統(tong)(tong)是(shi)現代(dai)軌(gui)道交通(tong)列車(che)運行(xing)控制系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢,是(shi)近幾年來國際國內推薦使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)閉(bi)塞(sai)制式。在國內各大城市已(yi)經廣泛采(cai)用(yong):如北京、上海、廣州等。 基于通(tong)信技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)列車(che)控制(CBTC)移動閉(bi)塞(sai)系統(tong)(tong)采(cai)用(yong)了先進的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)信和(he)計(ji)算(suan)機技(ji)(ji)術(shu),可以連續(xu)控制、監測列車(che)運行(xing)。它擺脫(tuo)了使(shi)(shi)用(yong)軌(gui)道電路判別閉(bi)塞(sai)分(fen)區的(de)(de)(de)占用(yong),突破了固(gu)定(ding)(或準移動)閉(bi)塞(sai)需要(yao)固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)區間分(fen)區的(de)(de)(de)局限(xian)性,較以往系統(tong)(tong)具(ju)有更大的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)優越性。
3 施工重點
3.1 施工調查
地鐵信(xin)號工(gong)程(cheng)是地鐵系統工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)最后(hou)一個環節,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)條件受裝(zhuang)飾(shi)、鋪軌(gui)(gui)進(jin)(jin)度的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)約,因此施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)前期的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查,是我(wo)信(xin)號專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)人員安排和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)部位(wei)先后(hou)順(shun)序制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)重要依據。在本階段中,主要對其他專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)進(jin)(jin)行詳細的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查,這是整個工(gong)程(cheng)中比(bi)較重要的(de)(de)(de)一部分(fen),如隧道專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)、軌(gui)(gui)道專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)、機電裝(zhuang)修專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)及(ji)通信(xin)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)等施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)進(jin)(jin)度的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查、作業(ye)區域照(zhao)明、臨時電、空氣質(zhi)量調(diao)查等。
3.2 設備安裝
所有地鐵信號系統的(de)室內、室外設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)必(bi)須(xu)嚴(yan)(yan)格按(an)照(zhao)相應(ying)的(de)操作(zuo)手(shou)冊和使用(yong)說(shuo)明(ming)書(shu)進行安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)和調試。在設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)開箱(xiang)過程中,注意對設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)進行保護(hu),避免撞擊(ji),刮傷。要(yao)注意防潮防塵,以及隨機(ji)附件的(de)收(shou)集整理,因為(wei)大(da)部分附件都是(shi)(shi)要(yao)等到安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)接近完(wan)成時才用(yong)到,為(wei)防安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)過程中,出現(xian)丟失(shi),因需設(she)(she)(she)置專人(ren)負責(ze)保管。開箱(xiang)后要(yao)做好相應(ying)的(de)記錄,比如機(ji)柜是(shi)(shi)否(fou)為(wei)本站(zhan)標識、機(ji)柜外觀有無缺(que)損(sun)及機(ji)柜內是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有缺(que)件情(qing)況等。設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時,應(ying)嚴(yan)(yan)格按(an)照(zhao)廠(chang)家說(shuo)明(ming)書(shu),準(zhun)備(bei)相應(ying)工(gong)具。嚴(yan)(yan)格按(an)照(zhao)驗收(shou)標準(zhun)進行安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)。
3.3 電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she):了解(jie)鋪軌(gui)專業的(de)(de)(de)鋪軌(gui)進度,因為鋪軌(gui)進度會影響(xiang)弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)支(zhi)架的(de)(de)(de)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)。了解(jie)弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)支(zhi)架的(de)(de)(de)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)情況(kuang),要求其安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)支(zhi)架以(yi)便信號電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)。了解(jie)各區間電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)所需的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)如(ru)何到達敷(fu)設(she)(she)現(xian)(xian)場(chang),通常(chang)有三種方法(fa),一是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)鋪軌(gui)專業施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)龍門吊將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)盤吊至施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)軌(gui)道(dao)車平(ping)板上(shang),再(zai)由軌(gui)道(dao)車運至敷(fu)設(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)比(bi)較近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)站(zhan)臺(tai)或(huo)隧道(dao)口(kou)空(kong)地上(shang),派人(ren)看(kan)守等待敷(fu)設(she)(she)。二是(shi)調查各站(zhan)排風(feng)口(kou)是(shi)否能直(zhi)接到站(zhan)臺(tai)層或(huo)者合(he)適的(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)排井,利(li)用(yong)(yong)吊車將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)盤通過排風(feng)口(kou)或(huo)軌(gui)排井吊至空(kong)地存放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),派人(ren)看(kan)守等待敷(fu)設(she)(she)。三是(shi)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)通過地鐵進出(chu)口(kou)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)倒盤,同樣可以(yi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)運至站(zhan)臺(tai)層。這種方法(fa)需要大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力(li)并且消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)時間比(bi)較長,通常(chang)為了避免影響(xiang)其他(ta)專業施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),選擇在晚上(shang)作業。
4 施工安全
4.1 人身安全
進入地鐵(tie)施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)地時,必(bi)須(xu)帶(dai)安全(quan)帽,穿熒光服。進行(xing)(xing)電器操作時,必(bi)須(xu)穿絕緣(yuan)鞋,戴(dai)絕緣(yuan)手套或其(qi)(qi)他(ta)絕緣(yuan)配件。從事高空(kong)作業時,必(bi)須(xu)使(shi)(shi)用安全(quan)帶(dai)。在(zai)有粉塵的環(huan)境(jing)下施工(gong)(gong),必(bi)須(xu)使(shi)(shi)用防塵面具。在(zai)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)有可能危及(ji)人身安全(quan)和身心健康的環(huan)境(jing)下,施工(gong)(gong)時也必(bi)需使(shi)(shi)用相(xiang)應的安全(quan)防用品。高處墜落也是地鐵(tie)施工(gong)(gong)的常發事故(gu)。地鐵(tie)線(xian)路(lu)有各種(zhong)電纜、管線(xian)的預(yu)留孔(kong),如(ru)果未經防護(hu)(hu)便成為不折(zhe)不扣(kou)的陷阱(jing),因此在(zai)現場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)要(yao)多留心,以防高處墜落。軌(gui)(gui)行(xing)(xing)區是信號(hao)施工(gong)(gong)的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)場(chang)所,信號(hao)電纜敷設(she)、軌(gui)(gui)旁設(she)備安裝、道岔(cha)與信號(hao)機安裝等主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)工(gong)(gong)序都是在(zai)軌(gui)(gui)行(xing)(xing)區。建設(she)管理(li)單位(wei)對(dui)此有嚴格的管理(li)辦法,我們在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)中,除了執行(xing)(xing)必(bi)需的登記(ji)要(yao)點制度外,采取(qu)防護(hu)(hu)措(cuo)施同(tong)樣必(bi)不可少。
4.2 用電安全
工地(di)臨(lin)時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),應(ying)根據(ju)批準的(de)施工組織計劃申請供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)應(ying)遵守供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部門的(de)規(gui)定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)備(bei)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動施工機(ji)具(ju)外(wai)殼(ke)必(bi)須保(bao)護接地(di)或保(bao)護接零。室內外(wai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)具(ju),照明設(she)(she)備(bei),開關,插座不得受潮或雨淋(lin),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)烙鐵(tie)應(ying)放在支(zhi)架上,用(yong)(yong)(yong)完后(hou)立即斷開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源,嚴(yan)禁將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)烙鐵(tie),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)接通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)離開。隧道內臨(lin)時(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)應(ying)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)符合(he)規(gui)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian),使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前應(ying)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)盤,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)進行檢查,如有破損,不得使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。要認(ren)識到臨(lin)時(shi)施工用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全的(de)重(zhong)要性(xing),地(di)鐵(tie)施工多(duo)在地(di)下,環境潮濕,易發生觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故。施工用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要嚴(yan)格執行臨(lin)時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術規(gui)范(fan),堅持(chi)一(yi)機(ji)、一(yi)閘、一(yi)漏、一(yi)箱(xiang)制,從根本上杜(du)絕觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可能。另外(wai),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源屏及機(ji)柜(ju)的(de)裝(zhuang)卸都是(shi)不容(rong)忽視的(de)危險源,設(she)(she)備(bei)租用(yong)(yong)(yong)必(bi)須遵守租賃、檢驗(yan)制度、相(xiang)關人員持(chi)證上崗制度。
4.3 高處作業安(an)全
高(gao)處(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)必需進(jin)行身體檢查,不(bu)能讓患有高(gao)血壓,心臟病等(deng)不(bu)適合高(gao)處(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)者從事高(gao)空作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。凡屬高(gao)處(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye),必須系好安(an)全帶,安(an)全帶應(ying)扎在不(bu)會滑(hua)出的主體結構上(shang)。高(gao)處(chu)(chu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)點下(xia)(xia)方不(bu)得(de)有人(ren)逗留,作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)戴安(an)全帽,嚴禁(jin)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)拋(pao)擲工(gong)具(ju),材料,嚴禁(jin)將(jiang)工(gong)具(ju),材料放在機柱(zhu)頂或其它不(bu)易(yi)放穩的地方。