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篇1

1.1供電方式

東莞軌道交通2號(hao)線(xian)采用(yong)集中供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式，即2號(hao)線(xian)全線(xian)設置2座主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)，分別叫旗峰(feng)公園主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)和(he)厚街(jie)(jie)主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)，由(you)東莞供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)局城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)網220kV立新(xin)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站接入兩回110kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)至110kV旗峰(feng)公園主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)，220kV景湖(hu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站和(he)220kV雙崗變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站各接入一(yi)回110kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)至厚街(jie)(jie)主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)，通(tong)過主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)110/35kV兩級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降壓后向城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)沿線(xian)的(de)(de)牽引變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)和(he)降壓變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。厚街(jie)(jie)主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)為2號(hao)線(xian)專用(yong)主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)，旗峰(feng)公園主(zhu)(zhu)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)同時向規劃中的(de)(de)1號(hao)線(xian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，實現資(zi)源(yuan)共享(xiang)。

1.2主接線方式

城市(shi)軌道交通主(zhu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)基(ji)本上都為終(zhong)端變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)，110kV側(ce)常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)接線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)有三種，即內橋(qiao)接線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)-變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)組接線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、帶跨條的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)組接線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)。旗峰公園(yuan)和(he)厚街主(zhu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)接入系(xi)統方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案均為兩回(hui)專線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，在供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統設(she)計中已(yi)經考慮一臺(tai)主(zhu)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)或其(qi)(qi)對應110kV進線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源故障時，由另一臺(tai)主(zhu)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)承擔(dan)該所(suo)正常(chang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍內的(de)(de)(de)牽引負荷和(he)動力照明一、二級負荷，其(qi)(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠(kao)性能夠滿足(zu)東莞軌道交通2號線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。從節省工程投(tou)資、集約(yue)用地和(he)便于(yu)今后的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)營、維(wei)修考慮，旗峰公園(yuan)、厚街主(zhu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)110kV側(ce)采用線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)-變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)組接線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)，35kV側(ce)采用單母線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分段接線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)，并設(she)置母線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分段斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)。

1.3運行方式

正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行時(shi)，主變電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)35kV母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)，兩(liang)回(hui)(hui)110kV進線(xian)電(dian)(dian)源、兩(liang)臺主變壓(ya)器(qi)、兩(liang)段(duan)(duan)35kV母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分(fen)列運(yun)行。旗峰公(gong)(gong)園主變電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)東莞(guan)火車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)～西(xi)平站(zhan)(zhan)段(duan)(duan)（含東城車(che)輛(liang)段(duan)(duan)）的(de)牽(qian)(qian)引負(fu)荷(he)和動(dong)(dong)力(li)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)一(yi)、二(er)、三級(ji)負(fu)荷(he)，厚(hou)(hou)街(jie)主變電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)蛤地站(zhan)(zhan)～虎門火車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)段(duan)(duan)的(de)牽(qian)(qian)引負(fu)荷(he)和動(dong)(dong)力(li)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)一(yi)、二(er)、三級(ji)負(fu)荷(he)。非正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行時(shi)，當(dang)主變電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)一(yi)回(hui)(hui)110kV進線(xian)電(dian)(dian)源（或一(yi)臺主變壓(ya)器(qi)）解列時(shi)，35kV母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)合閘(zha)(zha)，由另一(yi)臺變壓(ya)器(qi)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)該所(suo)(suo)正(zheng)常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)范(fan)圍內的(de)牽(qian)(qian)引負(fu)荷(he)和動(dong)(dong)力(li)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)一(yi)、二(er)及負(fu)荷(he)；當(dang)旗峰公(gong)(gong)園（厚(hou)(hou)街(jie)）主變電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)解列時(shi)，設置在西(xi)平站(zhan)(zhan)變電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)35kV供電(dian)(dian)環(huan)網聯絡開關合閘(zha)(zha)，由厚(hou)(hou)街(jie)（旗峰公(gong)(gong)園）主變電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)該兩(liang)所(suo)(suo)正(zheng)常(chang)供電(dian)(dian)范(fan)圍內的(de)牽(qian)(qian)引負(fu)荷(he)和動(dong)(dong)力(li)照(zhao)明(ming)(ming)一(yi)、二(er)級(ji)負(fu)荷(he)。

2牽引供電系統

2號線(xian)全線(xian)設置13座牽(qian)引(yin)降(jiang)壓(ya)混(hun)合變電(dian)所（含車(che)輛段1座），6座獨立降(jiang)壓(ya)變電(dian)所，7座跟隨式降(jiang)壓(ya)變電(dian)所（控制中心(xin)跟隨所1座）。

2.1牽(qian)引供(gong)電系統設(she)備

包括(kuo)：整流(liu)變壓(ya)器、配電變壓(ya)器、35kV開關柜(ju)、控制(zhi)信號(hao)屏、交流(liu)屏、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)充電屏、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)饋(kui)線屏、蓄電池屏、整流(liu)柜(ju)、負(fu)極柜(ju)、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)開關柜(ju)、排流(liu)柜(ju)、上網隔離開關柜(ju)、鋼(gang)軌(gui)電位(wei)限制(zhi)裝置。

2.2接線方式

牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所35kV側采用(yong)單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)段接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)方式，并設(she)(she)置(zhi)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)段斷(duan)(duan)路器。每座(zuo)牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所均(jun)由兩回獨立可(ke)靠的35kV進線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，兩回35kV進線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)通(tong)(tong)過斷(duan)(duan)路器與(yu)兩段35kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)。兩套12脈波牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)一次(ci)側分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)通(tong)(tong)過斷(duan)(duan)路器接(jie)(jie)(jie)于(yu)同一段35kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)上，并聯運行(xing)構成(cheng)等效(xiao)24脈波整流(liu)(liu)(liu)。兩臺配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變壓(ya)器分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)于(yu)兩段35kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)，每段35kV母(mu)線(xian)(xian)設(she)(she)一組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)互感(gan)器，用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)測量和保護。DC1500V側采用(yong)單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)方式，牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)正(zheng)極(ji)通(tong)(tong)過直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)斷(duan)(duan)路器、直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)正(zheng)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)、直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)饋線(xian)(xian)快速斷(duan)(duan)路器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)隔離開(kai)關和接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)向(xiang)(xiang)牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)負(fu)荷(he)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經走行(xing)軌、回流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜至牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所負(fu)極(ji)柜(ju)、牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)負(fu)極(ji)。正(zheng)線(xian)(xian)牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所均(jun)設(she)(she)置(zhi)4回DC1500V饋線(xian)(xian)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)向(xiang)(xiang)左右方向(xiang)(xiang)的上、下行(xing)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；車輛段牽(qian)引(yin)(yin)(yin)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所設(she)(she)置(zhi)6回（預(yu)留2回）DC1500V饋線(xian)(xian)，向(xiang)(xiang)車輛段接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。每回直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)饋線(xian)(xian)通(tong)(tong)過直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)快速斷(duan)(duan)路器和接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)隔離開(kai)關向(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2.3運行方式

（1）正(zheng)(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)行方式(shi)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的35kV和(he)0.4kV母(mu)線分段(duan)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)分閘，兩(liang)回(hui)35kV進線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、兩(liang)段(duan)35kV母(mu)線、兩(liang)臺(tai)(tai)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)和(he)兩(liang)段(duan)0.4kV母(mu)線分列運(yun)(yun)行，兩(liang)套(tao)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)整流(liu)機(ji)組(zu)并聯運(yun)(yun)行，承(cheng)擔該所(suo)(suo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍(wei)內(nei)的牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)負(fu)(fu)荷和(he)動(dong)力(li)照(zhao)明(ming)一(yi)、二(er)、三級負(fu)(fu)荷。（2）非正(zheng)(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)行方式(shi)當(dang)(dang)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的一(yi)回(hui)35kV進線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源退出運(yun)(yun)行時(shi)(shi)，0.4kV母(mu)線分段(duan)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)分閘，35kV母(mu)線分段(duan)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)合閘，兩(liang)套(tao)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)整流(liu)機(ji)組(zu)和(he)兩(liang)臺(tai)(tai)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)并聯運(yun)(yun)行，由(you)另一(yi)回(hui)35kV進線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源承(cheng)擔該所(suo)(suo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍(wei)內(nei)的牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)負(fu)(fu)荷和(he)動(dong)力(li)照(zhao)明(ming)一(yi)、二(er)、三級負(fu)(fu)荷。當(dang)(dang)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的一(yi)臺(tai)(tai)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)解(jie)(jie)列時(shi)(shi)，切除(chu)該所(suo)(suo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍(wei)內(nei)的三級負(fu)(fu)荷，0.4kV母(mu)線分段(duan)斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)合閘，由(you)另一(yi)臺(tai)(tai)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)承(cheng)擔該所(suo)(suo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍(wei)的動(dong)力(li)照(zhao)明(ming)一(yi)、二(er)級負(fu)(fu)荷。當(dang)(dang)正(zheng)(zheng)線任意一(yi)座牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)（端頭牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)除(chu)外）解(jie)(jie)列時(shi)(shi)，由(you)正(zheng)(zheng)線相(xiang)鄰的牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)越區大雙邊供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)(dang)正(zheng)(zheng)線端頭牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)解(jie)(jie)列時(shi)(shi)，由(you)正(zheng)(zheng)線相(xiang)鄰的牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)越區單邊供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

3接觸網

篇2

1.1每一套(tao)模板(ban)分別構成一條(tiao)完(wan)整的工藝流(liu)程線。配置有可(ke)調式模板(ban)共(gong)兩套(tao)。

1.2兩臺(tai)擺渡車(che)可以在每(mei)個臺(tai)位之間通過(guo)卷揚機水平移動(dong)(dong)。當制梁臺(tai)車(che)移上擺渡車(che)后，通過(guo)兩臺(tai)擺渡車(che)的水平移動(dong)(dong)，可使(shi)制梁臺(tai)車(che)運動(dong)(dong)到任一(yi)位置，經臺(tai)車(che)循環(huan)線使(shi)每(mei)一(yi)制造臺(tai)位的臺(tai)車(che)循環(huan)作業(ye)。

1.3一(yi)號(hao)梁場在(zai)制梁臺(tai)位(wei)和(he)鋼筋(jin)制作(zuo)區(qu)之間設(she)置二(er)(er)條軌道線(xian)(xian)作(zuo)為臺(tai)車回送(song)(song)(song)線(xian)(xian)，將(jiang)第一(yi)次張拉(la)完(wan)成后的(de)臺(tai)車運送(song)(song)(song)到放線(xian)(xian)區(qu)，再進行鋼筋(jin)組立、內模安裝(zhuang)、端模安裝(zhuang)等工序。二(er)(er)號(hao)梁場臺(tai)車回送(song)(song)(song)線(xian)(xian)設(she)置于模型和(he)存梁區(qu)之間，綁扎臺(tai)位(wei)設(she)置在(zai)擺渡區(qu)和(he)模型的(de)延長線(xian)(xian)上。

1.4完成第(di)3條(tiao)工作(zuo)后(hou)，臺(tai)車(che)(che)進(jin)入鋼(gang)筋綁(bang)扎區，進(jin)行鋼(gang)筋檢(jian)測等(deng)(deng)工作(zuo)，之(zhi)后(hou)臺(tai)車(che)(che)進(jin)入制梁(liang)臺(tai)位，進(jin)行模型調整、砼灌注、蒸養等(deng)(deng)工序。脫模后(hou)進(jin)行第(di)一批張拉，待第(di)一批張拉完成后(hou)，臺(tai)車(che)(che)上(shang)(shang)擺渡(du)車(che)(che)，移入半(ban)成品存放(fang)區，由龍門吊將(jiang)PC梁(liang)從(cong)臺(tai)車(che)(che)上(shang)(shang)卸下(xia)，臺(tai)車(che)(che)回(hui)擺渡(du)車(che)(che)，經臺(tai)車(che)(che)回(hui)送(song)線上(shang)(shang)擺渡(du)車(che)(che)，循環(huan)往(wang)復，形成流水作(zuo)業(ye)。

1.5待PC梁(liang)梁(liang)體(ti)砼強度和彈性(xing)模量達到設計指標后，對其進(jin)行第(di)二(er)批張拉，然后進(jin)行封(feng)端等工序。

1.6封端完畢，將PC梁用裝梁龍門吊(diao)吊(diao)至成(cheng)品存放區存放。

2質量控制

2.1PC軌(gui)道(dao)梁主(zhu)要(yao)技術控制指標及精度要(yao)求

2.1.1主要技(ji)術指標(biao)（1）梁高：1500mm；（2）梁寬：850mm；（3）梁長：9500mm~24000mm；（4）砼(tong)強度設(she)計等級：C60；（5）鋼絞線張拉體系(xi)：M15-3、M15-4和M15-5錨(mao)具。

2.1.2精度要求（1）軌道(dao)梁(liang)寬度：梁(liang)端：±2mm，中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)：±4mm，腰(yao)部(bu)(bu)-4mm；（2）梁(liang)長：±10mm；（3）跨(kua)度：±10mm；（4）走(zou)行面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)垂直(zhi)度δ：±5/1000rad；（5）梁(liang)端面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)傾斜(xie)度θ：±5/1000rad；（6）梁(liang)體高(gao)度：±10mm；（7）局部(bu)(bu)不(bu)平度：±2mm；（8）兩端面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)中(zhong)心線(xian)夾(jia)角(jiao)：≤5/1000rad；（9）梁(liang)體工(gong)作面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)線(xian)型：≤L/2000mm；（10）指(zhi)形(xing)板與梁(liang)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)高(gao)差：±1mm。

2.2質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制特點(dian)PC軌道梁(liang)(liang)與鐵路(lu)、公(gong)(gong)路(lu)PC梁(liang)(liang)具有(you)相(xiang)似之處(chu)，都采用(yong)了(le)后張(zhang)法預應力砼的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計及(ji)施工工藝，但(dan)與既有(you)鐵路(lu)、公(gong)(gong)路(lu)PC梁(liang)(liang)相(xiang)比也有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)差異，如：PC梁(liang)(liang)使(shi)用(yong)上(shang)既是承重結構(gou)，又是行駛(shi)導向結構(gou)，外(wai)觀質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、外(wai)形尺(chi)寸、內在質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、制造精度要(yao)求遠遠高(gao)于(yu)鐵路(lu)、公(gong)(gong)路(lu)橋梁(liang)(liang)等。因此，PC梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制造模具、工藝裝備、原材料(liao)要(yao)求、砼質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、工序(xu)操作(zuo)(zuo)、工序(xu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制、檢驗檢測手段、成品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)指標等都有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求和較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制難度。對(dui)于(yu)PC梁(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精度和質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制主要(yao)通過：控(kong)(kong)制高(gao)精度可調式鋼模板精度，控(kong)(kong)制原材料(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，嚴格(ge)按“一對(dui)一”作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)指導書(shu)及(ji)工藝細則的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求進(jin)行工序(xu)操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程控(kong)(kong)制，達到控(kong)(kong)制成品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

3結束語

篇3

（一(yi)）開放式(shi)網(wang)絡(luo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)技術在(zai)(zai)三中必需(xu)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)技術中，開放式(shi)網(wang)絡(luo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)技術的(de)性能穩(wen)定性比較高，在(zai)(zai)接口(kou)類型(xing)和數(shu)據上的(de)數(shu)量(liang)眾多，可(ke)以滿足(zu)不(bu)(bu)同系(xi)統接口(kou)的(de)要求(qiu)，因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)為城市軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通進行(xing)服務(wu)中，開放式(shi)網(wang)絡(luo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)技術具有較強(qiang)的(de)專(zhuan)門(men)性。但是，在(zai)(zai)新(xin)形勢(shi)下，開放式(shi)網(wang)絡(luo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)技術已經不(bu)(bu)大適應寬(kuan)帶發(fa)展創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)。一(yi)方面(mian)，開放式(shi)網(wang)絡(luo)技術一(yi)直缺(que)乏(fa)統一(yi)的(de)國(guo)際標(biao)準，造成其自身不(bu)(bu)可(ke)避免(mian)的(de)封閉性，在(zai)(zai)系(xi)統的(de)升級和優化上十分不(bu)(bu)利。另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)，近幾年我(wo)國(guo)城市軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通發(fa)展迅(xun)速，業(ye)務(wu)量(liang)陡(dou)增(zeng)，由此產生對網(wang)絡(luo)技術的(de)新(xin)要求(qiu)。在(zai)(zai)寬(kuan)帶不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)改進的(de)背景(jing)下，開放式(shi)網(wang)絡(luo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)技術已不(bu)(bu)能適應新(xin)需(xu)求(qiu)。因(yin)此，傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)系(xi)統中的(de)開放式(shi)網(wang)絡(luo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)技術亟待新(xin)的(de)創(chuang)新(xin)升級。

（二）同(tong)步(bu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)傳輸(shu)(shu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)同(tong)步(bu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)傳輸(shu)(shu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與開放式網絡傳輸(shu)(shu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)相比，技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)上更加成熟優秀。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，同(tong)步(bu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)傳輸(shu)(shu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)不僅具(ju)(ju)備統一(yi)的(de)(de)國(guo)際(ji)標準，利于系統的(de)(de)及時更新換代(dai)，另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面該技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)還多(duo)了(le)自(zi)愈功能(neng)和自(zi)動(dong)化的(de)(de)網管功能(neng)，這些先進性(xing)的(de)(de)優點使同(tong)步(bu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)傳輸(shu)(shu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)成為電信骨(gu)干網中非常重要(yao)的(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)不可替代(dai)的(de)(de)關鍵性(xing)作用。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，由于該技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)專用性(xing)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)語(yu)音業務的(de)(de)服務上十(shi)分(fen)優秀，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)數(shu)據(ju)和圖像業務方(fang)(fang)面稍顯不足，這是(shi)(shi)同(tong)步(bu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)傳輸(shu)(shu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)欠缺所在(zai)(zai)(zai)。因此，同(tong)步(bu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)傳輸(shu)(shu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)升級(ji)創新要(yao)主要(yao)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)對數(shu)據(ju)、圖像信息的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)上，爭(zheng)取技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)全面性(xing)。

（三）異步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移模式(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)異步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移模式(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)最(zui)不可比擬的(de)(de)優勢(shi)在(zai)(zai)于它的(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu)服(fu)務(wu)對象(xiang)比較(jiao)多樣(yang)，對不同的(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu)都可以提供相應的(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)，最(zui)明顯效果在(zai)(zai)于視頻(pin)相關業(ye)務(wu)中。另(ling)(ling)外，由于該技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)屬性(xing)(xing)(xing)上(shang)屬于面向連接的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，因此可以較(jiao)高地提高寬帶(dai)的(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)率。但這(zhe)種技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也不可避免地帶(dai)有(you)缺憾。一方面，異步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移模式(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)復(fu)雜性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)強(qiang)，導致在(zai)(zai)準確(que)性(xing)(xing)(xing)上(shang)不夠安全可靠，加(jia)上(shang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)成本高，在(zai)(zai)發展(zhan)過程中受到技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和資金的(de)(de)雙重(zhong)阻礙。另(ling)(ling)一方面，軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)的(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu)量陡增，對新型軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)通(tong)信技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)更(geng)高的(de)(de)要(yao)求，新的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也不斷(duan)涌(yong)現(xian)，對傳統技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)造(zao)成沖擊(ji)。寬帶(dai)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也處(chu)于需求上(shang)升(sheng)階段，在(zai)(zai)未來城市軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)通(tong)信系(xi)統中，將會采用(yong)(yong)千兆以太網技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和粗波分復(fu)用(yong)(yong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，這(zhe)些技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)具有(you)兼容性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)、直接快速的(de)(de)特點。異步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移模式(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)則會得到更(geng)為(wei)專門性(xing)(xing)(xing)針對性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)運用(yong)(yong)。

二、城市軌道交通信息通信系統(tong)的其他子系統(tong)

（一(yi)(yi)(yi)）公務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)公務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中服務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)于(yu)列(lie)車(che)(che)運(yun)營、指(zhi)揮、服務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)語音系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。公務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)著很大的(de)(de)差(cha)別。公務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)營和(he)(he)(he)控(kong)制，是(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線內部(bu)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信工具，在(zai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信網(wang)絡上還連(lian)接(jie)了(le)市話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)網(wang)和(he)(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些相關的(de)(de)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線的(de)(de)公務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)網(wang)。其操作的(de)(de)方(fang)便性在(zai)于(yu)它可以(yi)(yi)實現全自動或半自動的(de)(de)撥號進行(xing)呼(hu)叫，并且連(lian)接(jie)多層通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信網(wang)。除此之外，和(he)(he)(he)時(shi)鐘(zhong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)時(shi)間自動保(bao)持一(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)公務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所具備的(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)于(yu)其他普通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)程控(kong)交(jiao)換系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)功(gong)能。與(yu)公務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)，為保(bao)證軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)車(che)(che)指(zhi)揮和(he)(he)(he)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)正常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)而設置(zhi)的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信設備。專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)中負(fu)責的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)制中心和(he)(he)(he)各車(che)(che)站的(de)(de)列(lie)車(che)(che)、電(dian)(dian)力、防災及(ji)公安等方(fang)面的(de)(de)調度。在(zai)基本通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信上，提供了(le)緊急電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、調度電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)站間電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)業務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不言而喻(yu)的(de)(de)，在(zai)列(lie)車(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)過程中，專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能有(you)效(xiao)及(ji)時(shi)地進行(xing)指(zhi)揮并進行(xing)設備的(de)(de)操作，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也支(zhi)持了(le)行(xing)車(che)(che)調度。及(ji)時(shi)應(ying)對緊急情況中，還能被設置(zhi)成熱線電(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，幫助及(ji)時(shi)有(you)效(xiao)解決(jue)狀況。

（二(er)）閉(bi)路(lu)電視監(jian)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)閉(bi)路(lu)電子監(jian)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大優勢在(zai)于通(tong)過(guo)圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)訊，能(neng)夠跟蹤、監(jian)控(kong)和記錄實時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動態圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)。除此(ci)之外，該系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指揮和管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)通(tong)過(guo)具體及時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)反映(ying)實現(xian)，有利于在(zai)直觀有效地實現(xian)城市軌道交通(tong)自動化調度和管理。電視監(jian)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不對稱性使車站與中心之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)信息傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)呈現(xian)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)方式，體現(xian)在(zai)車站到中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)信息傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)需要比較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)寬帶，而中心到車站僅需使用(yong)低速的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據業務。目前，在(zai)閉(bi)路(lu)電視監(jian)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)機(ji)制(zhi)仍是ATM技(ji)術(shu)。該系統(tong)(tong)可以利用(yong)ATM技(ji)術(shu)按需求(qiu)連接(jie)、分配帶寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，保證圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)節省了所占的(de)(de)(de)(de)寬帶。

（三(san)）廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、時(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、無線(xian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、電源系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有兩個(ge)組(zu)(zu)成部分(fen)：控制中(zhong)心廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)場廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的優點使(shi)鮮(xian)明的。一方面(mian)，模塊(kuai)化(hua)的設(she)(she)(she)計使(shi)得(de)其結構簡單，因此(ci)在(zai)操作(zuo)和(he)安(an)裝過程中(zhong)十分(fen)簡易；另一方面(mian)，良好的兼容性(xing)和(he)一致性(xing)使(shi)廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)能較好地(di)利用(yong)進口(kou)數字音頻信(xin)(xin)號處理器，并根據(ju)需要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)不同的組(zu)(zu)合。時(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)于準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確提供時(shi)(shi)間參考和(he)時(shi)(shi)間參考，使(shi)列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)點準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)時(shi)(shi)運(yun)行(xing)，保證(zheng)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)有序運(yun)行(xing)。時(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)GPS接收設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)、主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)控母鐘(zhong)、各(ge)站鋪助母鐘(zhong)、子(zi)鐘(zhong)以及(ji)傳輸(shu)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)等(deng)(deng)組(zu)(zu)成，各(ge)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)組(zu)(zu)織互相配合工作(zuo)，形(xing)成全線(xian)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一的時(shi)(shi)間標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。無線(xian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有三(san)個(ge)內容：列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)無線(xian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)訊、公安(an)無線(xian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)、消防無線(xian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)。在(zai)列(lie)車(che)(che)(che)的運(yun)營、電力供應(ying)、日常維修、防災等(deng)(deng)工作(zuo)中(zhong)發揮著自動化(hua)、迅速(su)化(hua)的指(zhi)揮傳輸(shu)作(zuo)用(yong)，是(shi)提供指(zhi)揮手(shou)段(duan)的專用(yong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。電源系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的安(an)全性(xing)、可靠性(xing)、及(ji)時(shi)(shi)性(xing)是(shi)必須得(de)到全面(mian)保障的，它承擔著保證(zheng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)電源供應(ying)的重大責任。電源系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)三(san)部分(fen)組(zu)(zu)成：配電設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)、整流設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)、蓄(xu)電池。

三、結語

篇4

承(cheng)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方式(shi)有(you)(you)多種選擇，經常采(cai)用(yong)的(de)是(shi)傳統管(guan)(guan)理模式(shi)(DBB)的(de)合同(tong)關(guan)系，在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)種合同(tong)關(guan)系下，業(ye)主只(zhi)需(xu)要進行一次(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)招標，然后與中標的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位簽訂施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同(tong)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)常情況下施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中都(dou)不會只(zhi)有(you)(you)一家施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位或(huo)是(shi)供貨商，而(er)是(shi)有(you)(you)多家施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位與供貨商參與項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，這(zhe)(zhe)時由與業(ye)主簽訂了施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同(tong)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位來(lai)進行分包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商的(de)確定(ding)。這(zhe)(zhe)種管(guan)(guan)理模式(shi)下，招標人只(zhi)需(xu)要對總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)位進行管(guan)(guan)理即可(ke)，然而(er)，總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方式(shi)會產生相應的(de)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)理費，并且項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)較長(chang)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價也相對較高。在(zai)軌道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)中，設(she)計者對各(ge)(ge)種結構體系的(de)受力特點及施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要點、難(nan)點都(dou)比較熟悉(xi)，根(gen)據軌道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)設(she)計和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)特點，一般可(ke)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)傳統管(guan)(guan)理模式(shi)(DBB)，在(zai)設(she)計完(wan)成后，采(cai)用(yong)分段發包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)方式(shi)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣各(ge)(ge)段之(zhi)間就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)平(ping)行作業(ye)，從而(er)縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)。

2標段劃分的確定

城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通(tong)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)具有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)較(jiao)(jiao)高、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，因(yin)(yin)此，在(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)標(biao)(biao)段劃分(fen)(fen)時(shi)，應該根(gen)據項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際情況(kuang)，綜合(he)考慮(lv)其招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)內(nei)容(rong)、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)類(lei)別、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計劃和(he)(he)管理(li)(li)模式(shi)等因(yin)(yin)素，科學合(he)理(li)(li)地進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)標(biao)(biao)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)。標(biao)(biao)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模不宜過小(xiao)，優(you)先采(cai)用(yong)大標(biao)(biao)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)方式(shi)，盡量(liang)加(jia)大標(biao)(biao)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資規模，減少標(biao)(biao)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)數(shu)量(liang)，通(tong)過大規模發包引發價(jia)格(ge)優(you)勢。軌(gui)道項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)范圍(wei)應以土(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)主，適(shi)當納(na)入降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、預留預埋(mai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、二次(ci)結構工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等內(nei)容(rong)。例如降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，應該要求(qiu)其為(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)無水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)條件，這是因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中對于(yu)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方法和(he)(he)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)周期(qi)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，較(jiao)(jiao)難(nan)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。如果對降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)單獨招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)，對于(yu)無水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)作業(ye)(ye)(ye)條件會(hui)產生爭議(yi)，可能(neng)引起防護(hu)(hu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)投入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)，甚至導致土(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位索(suo)賠費(fei)(fei)用(yong)。通(tong)過將(jiang)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)納(na)入土(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)范圍(wei)，相(xiang)關責任和(he)(he)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)就由土(tu)(tu)(tu)建(jian)(jian)單位自行(xing)承(cheng)擔，有(you)效規避投資風險(xian)。對于(yu)軌(gui)道項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)安(an)(an)裝招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)，因(yin)(yin)其涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品多種多樣(yang)，可能(neng)需(xu)要考慮(lv)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兼容(rong)性問題，因(yin)(yin)此，在(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)置采(cai)購(gou)(gou)安(an)(an)裝招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)時(shi)，以系統設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)主、單機設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)輔，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而確保(bao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)安(an)(an)全穩(wen)定(ding)運行(xing)。進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)系統設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)時(shi)，在(zai)同一條線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同一類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)，可以選擇同一品牌，即對生產該系統設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠商(shang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)選擇，對于(yu)系統設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝和(he)(he)維護(hu)(hu)則由具有(you)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單位進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)。進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)單機設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)時(shi)，由于(yu)單機設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)型號(hao)比較(jiao)(jiao)復(fu)雜，因(yin)(yin)此設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)采(cai)取集成(cheng)(cheng)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)形式(shi)，由集成(cheng)(cheng)供(gong)(gong)應商(shang)負責對單機設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)、供(gong)(gong)應、安(an)(an)裝和(he)(he)維護(hu)(hu)，采(cai)用(yong)集成(cheng)(cheng)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)可以降(jiang)(jiang)低采(cai)購(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)本及(ji)調試和(he)(he)維護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)，有(you)利于(yu)軌(gui)道項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)運營和(he)(he)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)售后(hou)保(bao)障。

3合同模式的選擇

城市軌道(dao)交通項目(mu)(mu)涉及的(de)(de)(de)專業非常廣泛，因(yin)此合(he)同的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)也(ye)有(you)很多種(zhong)，可供(gong)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)選擇，相應的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)款約定(ding)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)也(ye)有(you)所(suo)不同。對于施工(gong)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)、設備招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)和材料招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)，因(yin)為圖(tu)紙深(shen)度、數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變化(hua)及其他變更因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)，價(jia)(jia)(jia)款約定(ding)通常采用(yong)固定(ding)單價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)。對于實施數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)難以(yi)控制(zhi)、因(yin)施工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)而(er)異的(de)(de)(de)個別項目(mu)(mu)，如封(feng)閉(bi)掌(zhang)子面噴射砼(tong)、超前(qian)支護注漿、降水工(gong)程等可以(yi)采用(yong)固定(ding)總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)包干方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行投資控制(zhi)。服(fu)(fu)務(wu)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，就是選擇優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)咨(zi)(zi)詢機構，招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)在(zai)其協助下(xia)，對工(gong)程咨(zi)(zi)詢進(jin)行管理(li)。因(yin)此，服(fu)(fu)務(wu)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)側重于選擇出合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)和優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)，與整個項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)投資來比較，服(fu)(fu)務(wu)費用(yong)所(suo)占投資比重相對來說不大，一般(ban)采取固定(ding)總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)作(zuo)為價(jia)(jia)(jia)款的(de)(de)(de)約定(ding)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)。采用(yong)固定(ding)總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)，招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)可以(yi)有(you)很多措(cuo)施來提(ti)高(gao)和促進(jin)咨(zi)(zi)詢機構的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)意識，如扣留(liu)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)保證(zheng)金、進(jin)行履約考評、獎優罰劣(lie)等，通過這些方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法和措(cuo)施的(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)，達到提(ti)高(gao)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，進(jin)而(er)協助招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)對投資進(jin)行合(he)理(li)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)。

4計價模式的選擇

2003年7月1日起，我(wo)國開始正(zheng)式(shi)實(shi)施《建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)計價(jia)規范(fan)》，為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計價(jia)建(jian)立(li)了(le)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)是(shi)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎，是(shi)招標(biao)(biao)文件必不(bu)(bu)(bu)可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分(fen)(fen)。在軌道交通項目(mu)(mu)招標(biao)(biao)時(shi)，只有確(que)保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)性，才(cai)能(neng)保(bao)證投(tou)標(biao)(biao)項目(mu)(mu)報(bao)價(jia)和項目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)底的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)性。此外，在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也離不(bu)(bu)(bu)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)。在進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，首先要(yao)(yao)對(dui)設計圖紙(zhi)有深(shen)入細(xi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)解(jie)，結合項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情況，掌(zhang)握項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關資料(liao)，這樣才(cai)能(neng)保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)性；其次，對(dui)于分(fen)(fen)部分(fen)(fen)項清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)(mu)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)要(yao)(yao)盡量(liang)細(xi)化(hua)，并且明確(que)標(biao)(biao)注(zhu)(zhu)每個(ge)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容、做法、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝等，避免投(tou)標(biao)(biao)人在報(bao)價(jia)時(shi)做手腳，導致(zhi)報(bao)價(jia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡；另外，對(dui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)說明要(yao)(yao)加以重(zhong)視，清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)說明是(shi)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)報(bao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎，明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表達是(shi)指導投(tou)標(biao)(biao)人合理填寫報(bao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據(ju)。最(zui)后，要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)(zhu)意工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格(ge)式(shi)，要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)按照《建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)計價(jia)規范(fan)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求進行編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，否則，將(jiang)會導致(zhi)評標(biao)(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加，影響整個(ge)項目(mu)(mu)招標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進度。

5評標方法的選擇

篇5

1.培(pei)(pei)(pei)養模式(shi)(shi)(shi)目(mu)前(qian)(qian)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養模式(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)種(zhong)，定向培(pei)(pei)(pei)養、訂(ding)單培(pei)(pei)(pei)養、崗前(qian)(qian)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)式(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)種(zhong)，其各自特(te)點(dian)如表(biao)1。在國內，大中專(zhuan)院(yuan)校中還沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)正式(shi)(shi)(shi)設置地(di)鐵(tie)供用電(dian)專(zhuan)業(ye)，地(di)鐵(tie)供用電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)大多來(lai)自電(dian)氣化鐵(tie)道供電(dian)，電(dian)氣工(gong)程(cheng)等(deng)相關專(zhuan)業(ye)，而(er)隨著地(di)鐵(tie)項目(mu)陸續(xu)開(kai)工(gong)及(ji)(ji)投(tou)運，軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)呈現需求(qiu)量大，專(zhuan)業(ye)性強的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)。蘇州(zhou)軌(gui)(gui)交(jiao)1號線首批一(yi)線專(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養，采用了(le)“訂(ding)單式(shi)(shi)(shi)”培(pei)(pei)(pei)養模式(shi)(shi)(shi)，介(jie)于當時蘇州(zhou)本身(shen)不具(ju)備學生(sheng)現場學習與(yu)實踐條(tiao)件，采用了(le)外(wai)送(song)至(zhi)北京(jing)、上(shang)海、廣州(zhou)、南京(jing)等(deng)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)鐵(tie)公(gong)司(si)現場培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)3到6個月的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。截至(zhi)目(mu)前(qian)(qian)，蘇州(zhou)已有(you)(you)(you)兩條(tiao)運營軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通線路(lu)。在與(yu)院(yuan)校原有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)作(zuo)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養經驗及(ji)(ji)本身(shen)現有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運營經驗基礎(chu)下，具(ju)備了(le)逐步(bu)完(wan)善和深化人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件，在人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)周期和專(zhuan)業(ye)知識技能(neng)等(deng)方(fang)面可(ke)以更具(ju)針對性和合(he)理性。

2.培(pei)養(yang)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計(ji)劃結(jie)合(he)蘇州(zhou)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)對人才(cai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)需求(qiu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)校企合(he)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)框(kuang)架內(nei)(nei)容，經過(guo)校企雙方(fang)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)負責人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流及(ji)(ji)(ji)協商，確定了(le)(le)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人才(cai)培(pei)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容。該(gai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)系框(kuang)圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)1，主要(yao)(yao)分為(wei)(wei)四(si)大模塊。（1）基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)素(su)質模塊。該(gai)模塊體(ti)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)職教育對大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)知(zhi)識及(ji)(ji)(ji)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)應(ying)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語言文字、外語、計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)知(zhi)識與(yu)(yu)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)。（2）核心(xin)(xin)崗(gang)位能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)模塊。分為(wei)(wei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)核心(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)三部分內(nei)(nei)容。1）專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)具備機(ji)械(xie)(xie)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)制圖(tu)(tu)、機(ji)械(xie)(xie)零(ling)件(jian)等機(ji)械(xie)(xie)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)制等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類(lei)(lei)(lei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)知(zhi)識，屬于專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)平(ping)臺課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。2）專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)核心(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，體(ti)現(xian)(xian)城市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)特(te)點，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)各課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)使(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)城市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)設備原(yuan)理、變配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)綜合(he)自(zi)動(dong)化系統、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)監控(kong)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理以及(ji)(ji)(ji)相關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)維護。3）專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)，體(ti)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)城市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)兩(liang)大專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)崗(gang)位，高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)城軌(gui)(gui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)設備及(ji)(ji)(ji)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)，并要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)熟(shu)悉(xi)城軌(gui)(gui)牽引供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全規(gui)則(ze)(ze)。利用(yong)院校高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、及(ji)(ji)(ji)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護實(shi)(shi)訓室(shi)內(nei)(nei)開(kai)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)訓來訓練學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)赴軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識實(shi)(shi)習(xi)，增加(jia)對現(xian)(xian)場(chang)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)感性認識，該(gai)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)一般(ban)可安排在學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)定崗(gang)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期，而到(dao)了(le)(le)頂崗(gang)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)期間(jian)，再到(dao)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)參加(jia)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)崗(gang)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)踐來提升崗(gang)位工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)。接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)（柔性接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)、剛性接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)和(he)(he)第(di)三軌(gui)(gui)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)組成、作(zuo)用(yong)，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受力(li)(li)(li)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分析(xi)和(he)(he)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)，掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)中(zhong)(zhong)各種(zhong)(zhong)負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)方(fang)法(fa)、接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)平(ping)面(mian)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)內(nei)(nei)容及(ji)(ji)(ji)一般(ban)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)，能(neng)(neng)夠讀懂接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)平(ping)面(mian)布置(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)分段示意圖(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)各種(zhong)(zhong)裝配圖(tu)(tu)，掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)、檢(jian)修和(he)(he)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準及(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)藝。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)實(shi)(shi)訓室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)訓來掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)常用(yong)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)零(ling)件(jian)、設備與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)具。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)支柱(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)登(deng)桿訓練適應(ying)將來現(xian)(xian)場(chang)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)登(deng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)赴軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)參觀、跟現(xian)(xian)場(chang)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)班作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)網(wang)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)。（3）綜合(he)應(ying)用(yong)模塊，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在校期間(jian)完成高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)進(jin)網(wang)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)許可證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓及(ji)(ji)(ji)考核，該(gai)證(zheng)是供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類(lei)(lei)(lei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許可證(zheng)，是城軌(gui)(gui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)崗(gang)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必備證(zheng)書。同時需要(yao)(yao)完成畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)設計(ji)。（4）拓展(zhan)模塊，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)選修課及(ji)(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)講座的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，使(shi)(shi)得學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)解軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)管理、公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)內(nei)(nei)涵以及(ji)(ji)(ji)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。該(gai)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可以通(tong)(tong)過(guo)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人教部門和(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人員授(shou)課完成，這樣(yang)利于學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)提前了(le)(le)解企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，縮短學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)入職適應(ying)時間(jian)。

二、校企合作資源共(gong)享及實訓基地的建(jian)立

教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學資源共(gong)享。共(gong)享圖書、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)、網絡(luo)數據(ju)庫教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學資源，校(xiao)企合(he)作開(kai)發(fa)城(cheng)軌(gui)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)。共(gong)建(jian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)團隊(dui)。院校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)可以到企業(ye)(ye)授(shou)(shou)課，蘇州軌(gui)交公司(si)具有豐(feng)富經驗的(de)(de)(de)工程師(shi)(shi)到校(xiao)授(shou)(shou)課或(huo)開(kai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)講座。院校(xiao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)團隊(dui)和(he)(he)(he)軌(gui)交公司(si)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)工程師(shi)(shi)組成(cheng)優勢互(hu)補的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)兼職教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)團隊(dui)。共(gong)建(jian)校(xiao)內外實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)基地(di)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學儀器(qi)市場上(shang)還沒有專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)門針對城(cheng)軌(gui)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)儀器(qi)和(he)(he)(he)設(she)備，學校(xiao)可以通過在(zai)傳統變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站綜合(he)自動(dong)化等實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)設(she)備上(shang)進(jin)行模(mo)塊化改(gai)造，比如在(zai)供配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)裝置(zhi)中，增加城(cheng)軌(gui)牽引(yin)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊，再加以改(gai)造，使其成(cheng)為地(di)鐵中典型的(de)(de)(de)牽引(yin)降(jiang)壓(ya)混合(he)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)裝置(zhi)。同時與當地(di)軌(gui)道(dao)交通企業(ye)(ye)共(gong)建(jian)現場性強的(de)(de)(de)接觸(chu)網和(he)(he)(he)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)基地(di)。給學生及在(zai)職人員(yuan)提供實(shi)(shi)踐與訓(xun)練(lian)的(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)，開(kai)展職業(ye)(ye)資格認定合(he)作。城(cheng)軌(gui)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)類(lei)所(suo)需實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)實(shi)(shi)習場所(suo)及適用項目課程等如表2。學校(xiao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)下(xia)企業(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)踐。利用假期(qi)下(xia)軌(gui)道(dao)交通公司(si)運(yun)營一線，了(le)解和(he)(he)(he)掌握最新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)道(dao)交通供電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，跟蹤最新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)營動(dong)態(tai)。

三(san)、就業服務與保障

就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)對象是(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)，而(er)根本(ben)上(shang)是(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)校、企業(ye)(ye)三者的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。協調好三者關系(xi)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)服務(wu)就(jiu)能做好。首先在(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)校學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)過程中，創造(zao)與軌道(dao)交(jiao)通公司(si)互(hu)動的(de)(de)(de)條件，通過邀請城(cheng)軌公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程師(shi)給已組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)“地鐵班”定期(qi)進行企業(ye)(ye)文化和專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術講座，通過學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)前納入教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識參觀實(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)，以及在(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)下(xia)城(cheng)軌公司(si)頂崗實(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)期(qi)間(jian)組織專業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)定期(qi)巡(xun)視，來完成(cheng)過程性監督和保(bao)障(zhang)。完善學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)預就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)外保(bao)險與醫(yi)療。現有軌道(dao)交(jiao)通公司(si)對于實(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)的(de)(de)(de)每個學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)提供一定的(de)(de)(de)住宿和生(sheng)活補(bu)助，使其無后顧之憂。而(er)對于城(cheng)軌公司(si)不予錄取的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)校積極(ji)組織再推(tui)薦就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)等都(dou)是(shi)作為該專業(ye)(ye)所(suo)必須的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)服務(wu)保(bao)障(zhang)。

四、總結

篇6

（一）軌道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價重心(xin)相對(dui)片面(mian)。在(zai)我國，軌道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)(de)重心(xin)大多數集中于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)，例如，審核施(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖的(de)(de)預算(suan)、建安工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)款價的(de)(de)合(he)理結算(suan)、算(suan)細賬等等。雖(sui)然(ran)這些做(zuo)法有一定的(de)(de)積極作(zuo)用，但是這些都(dou)屬于事后的(de)(de)補救(jiu)。實際(ji)上，想(xiang)要做(zuo)到有效地控制(zhi)(zhi)軌道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)(de)方法就是把控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)重心(xin)轉(zhuan)移到工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設的(de)(de)前期(qi)建設上。只有在(zai)前期(qi)建設階段做(zuo)好控制(zhi)(zhi)，才能從根(gen)本上解決軌道交通造(zao)價的(de)(de)問(wen)題。

（二(er)）軌道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價控制的(de)(de)積極性不高。由于軌道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)一般都是由政(zheng)府投(tou)資來建設(she)的(de)(de)，所(suo)以(yi)各級相關的(de)(de)工(gong)作人員大多會(hui)考(kao)慮(lv)如何才(cai)能(neng)夠使建設(she)方案更(geng)加的(de)(de)合理、如何才(cai)能(neng)保(bao)質保(bao)量地完成工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)，這就(jiu)導致(zhi)很(hen)少會(hui)有(you)人去考(kao)慮(lv)如何才(cai)能(neng)很(hen)好地減低(di)造(zao)價，因此建設(she)者(zhe)在剛(gang)開始的(de)(de)時候就(jiu)只注(zhu)重到了社會(hui)效(xiao)益，而忽略了經濟效(xiao)益。

（三）軌(gui)道工程(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)單位造價過高(gao)。對于較發達國(guo)(guo)家和地區來說，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)材價格與人力勞務價格都(dou)比較低，因(yin)此同(tong)類型的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設工程(cheng)應(ying)該也是低的(de)(de)(de)很多(duo)，然(ran)而我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)軌(gui)道交通(tong)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)造價卻比許多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家和地區高(gao)出好多(duo)。

（四）軌(gui)道工程造(zao)價(jia)控制的(de)措施不(bu)完善。因為我國在(zai)(zai)思想上就(jiu)對軌(gui)道工程造(zao)價(jia)管理不(bu)夠重(zhong)視(shi)，所(suo)以(yi)才(cai)使得在(zai)(zai)現(xian)今的(de)社(she)會上，有關于這些方(fang)面的(de)措施也是(shi)不(bu)多，即使現(xian)在(zai)(zai)有一些比較好的(de)措施，但其中大多數都是(shi)最近這幾年才(cai)慢慢興起的(de)，并且效(xiao)果也是(shi)不(bu)明顯。

二、在(zai)全過程進行工程造(zao)價(jia)的(de)原則

城市軌道的(de)(de)(de)建設與其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設相比，有著自己(ji)獨(du)特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點，其(qi)在科學的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)選址、適當的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規模(mo)、最優(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)功能效應。合理的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工方案、多樣的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工工法等等，有著不可比擬的(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)越特(te)(te)點。因此(ci)，在全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)，就(jiu)要堅持四個(ge)原則:

（一）適當的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)標(biao)準(zhun)。在城市的(de)(de)(de)軌道交通工(gong)程建設(she)中一定要做到(dao)適當的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)、實(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備、實(shi)(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)裝修(xiu)、可靠的(de)(de)(de)安全標(biao)準(zhun)。總而言之就是(shi)要做到(dao)根據實(shi)(shi)際情況，實(shi)(shi)事求是(shi)，千(qian)萬不要為了(le)所謂的(de)(de)(de)攀(pan)比，所謂的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)子工(gong)程。

（二）詳細(xi)的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)規劃(hua)。城市(shi)軌道交通建(jian)(jian)設(she)在規劃(hua)的(de)過程中一定要充分(fen)的(de)考(kao)慮城市(shi)的(de)未(wei)來建(jian)(jian)設(she)和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，這(zhe)樣做(zuo)既有(you)利(li)于工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)資金的(de)籌集，又(you)有(you)利(li)于助力城市(shi)的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)和經濟的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，并且(qie)也可(ke)以組織一些比較穩定的(de)客流，來提高后期(qi)的(de)收(shou)益。與此同(tong)時，軌道工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)路線應(ying)該盡可(ke)能的(de)依照(zhao)城市(shi)道路發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)來布局，這(zhe)樣就可(ke)以避免一些拆遷的(de)費用。

（三）采用(yong)科學的(de)造價控制的(de)方法。這其中(zhong)就包括建立(li)統(tong)一的(de)全國軌道工程設(she)計、預(yu)算編輯(ji)方法和配套的(de)定(ding)額，進行限額設(she)計，嘗試(shi)一些新的(de)計價體系等等方法。

三、全過程造價控制的具體措(cuo)施(shi)

（一）決策(ce)(ce)階段(duan)。在軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)程的(de)(de)決策(ce)(ce)階段(duan)上，應(ying)(ying)該根據對城市的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)結構、自然條(tiao)件(jian)、經(jing)濟狀況、土地的(de)(de)利(li)用開發、城市的(de)(de)總的(de)(de)規劃和交(jiao)通(tong)狀況等等因(yin)素進行研究。要以保證安全和功(gong)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)前(qian)提條(tiao)件(jian)，以交(jiao)通(tong)的(de)(de)需求為(wei)(wei)出(chu)發點，要以客流(liu)為(wei)(wei)基礎，進行多種方案的(de)(de)比較(jiao)來選(xuan)擇。通(tong)過結合城市的(de)(de)發展(zhan)現狀來進行決策(ce)(ce)，有利(li)于根據城市發展(zhan)來降低造價成本，確定與城市總體規劃相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)網絡(luo)。

（二）設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階段。軌道(dao)(dao)交通工程(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)實(shi)用(yong)，盡(jin)可能地(di)(di)減少與基(ji)本功能不相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施。在(zai)(zai)軌道(dao)(dao)交通設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)，一(yi)定要(yao)要(yao)嚴格(ge)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)車(che)站設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備和(he)(he)管理(li)(li)(li)用(yong)房的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積(ji)，優化(hua)車(che)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局。具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施如(ru)下五個(ge)方(fang)面：1、推行(xing)(xing)積(ji)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)招標，形成競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前期(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)(shi)投(tou)資控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)環(huan)節，其中設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位(wei)起著重要(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。一(yi)定要(yao)抓(zhua)住這(zhe)個(ge)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)節，要(yao)使得設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位(wei)不僅對(dui)(dui)項目擔(dan)負起責任(ren)，而(er)且必(bi)須對(dui)(dui)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目進行(xing)(xing)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。所以，一(yi)定要(yao)引(yin)(yin)進競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，這(zhe)樣就會(hui)使得競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)各個(ge)方(fang)面進行(xing)(xing)嚴密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。2、要(yao)積(ji)極(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)地(di)(di)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位(wei)在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，既要(yao)追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新穎合理(li)(li)(li)，更(geng)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術下注重經(jing)濟(ji)效益。各個(ge)專業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人員應(ying)該把控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意識(shi)融入(ru)到(dao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中去，引(yin)(yin)入(ru)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，來(lai)增(zeng)加設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危機(ji)感和(he)(he)積(ji)極(ji)性，從而(er)更(geng)好地(di)(di)更(geng)主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)地(di)(di)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。3．制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)索(suo)賠和(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)監理(li)(li)(li)等制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。這(zhe)些(xie)都是(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工程(cheng)(cheng)所必(bi)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，只有(you)(you)建(jian)立了(le)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，才能夠是(shi)(shi)人們在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候會(hui)有(you)(you)整(zheng)(zheng)體性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高，對(dui)(dui)于工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體質(zhi)量也是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)了(le)保障。4．加強限額(e)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管理(li)(li)(li)。在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階段，就應(ying)該用(yong)限額(e)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)來(lai)進行(xing)(xing)費用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，對(dui)(dui)于限額(e)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進行(xing)(xing)跟蹤(zong)觀察，對(dui)(dui)于偏離控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)進行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析，從而(er)進行(xing)(xing)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)和(he)(he)修改(gai)。而(er)對(dui)(dui)于必(bi)須要(yao)更(geng)改(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)該盡(jin)可能地(di)(di)提(ti)前，對(dui)(dui)于影響較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)，一(yi)定要(yao)做到(dao)先(xian)算賬，后更(geng)改(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。5、建(jian)立完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激勵機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按照現(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)費方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，不論(lun)是(shi)(shi)哪一(yi)種，都是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)責任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)一(yi)種計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)費方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)使得設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位(wei)只是(shi)(shi)一(yi)味的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)求(qiu)(qiu)技術，而(er)忽(hu)略了(le)科學和(he)(he)經(jing)濟(ji)效益。而(er)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)中，經(jing)常出現(xian)(xian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過于的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保守，施工過程(cheng)(cheng)中隨意地(di)(di)變更(geng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等問題，這(zhe)就會(hui)使得造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)超出預算。因此，我們要(yao)對(dui)(dui)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)費方(fang)式和(he)(he)審(shen)核方(fang)式進行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革。

（三）施(shi)(shi)工階段。設計一旦(dan)完成，軌道工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)控(kong)制就轉移到建(jian)(jian)設的(de)實施(shi)(shi)上了，在(zai)建(jian)(jian)設方面(mian)實施(shi)(shi)公開招(zhao)標(biao)的(de)方式的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)如下：1、加(jia)(jia)強招(zhao)標(biao)管理制度(du)。推行(xing)公開的(de)招(zhao)標(biao)制度(du)，是(shi)選擇優秀的(de)施(shi)(shi)工承包商、降低工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)有效方法。一定要堅(jian)持以施(shi)(shi)工圖進行(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)，要加(jia)(jia)強評標(biao)管理。2、加(jia)(jia)強施(shi)(shi)工合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)管理。要對招(zhao)標(biao)文(wen)件之(zhi)中影響(xiang)工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)條件和(he)原則進行(xing)不斷(duan)地(di)改善，以便于更(geng)好地(di)控(kong)制投資管理。3、加(jia)(jia)強合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)管理。在(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)執(zhi)行(xing)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，因為一些(xie)因素的(de)影響(xiang)，而(er)引起產生合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)，完善的(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條件就是(shi)控(kong)制合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)基礎。4、實施(shi)(shi)全面(mian)的(de)成本(ben)管理。要建(jian)(jian)立(li)健全成本(ben)責任制，是(shi)目標(biao)成本(ben)落(luo)實到人。

（四）竣工(gong)驗收(shou)的(de)階段(duan)。1、工(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理控制人(ren)員必須(xu)直(zhi)接參與最后(hou)的(de)竣工(gong)驗收(shou)工(gong)作。2、要充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)工(gong)程(cheng)審計的(de)作用，把好造價控制的(de)最后(hou)一關。

四、結語

篇7

目(mu)前三(san)維仿真、GIS、激(ji)光(guang)掃描等技(ji)(ji)(ji)術在軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)領(ling)域的(de)應用(yong)已經(jing)初(chu)見成果，然(ran)而，已有的(de)系統都是(shi)針對一(yi)(yi)些特定(ding)的(de)需求(qiu)而開發的(de)，它們在城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)某一(yi)(yi)方面的(de)應用(yong)取得了一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)效果，例如線網規劃、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)監測等;但未能將這些技(ji)(ji)(ji)術在軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)項目(mu)全(quan)生(sheng)命期內進(jin)(jin)行集成。為了使整(zheng)個軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)更快速、更智(zhi)能、更具成本效益(yi)，故提出(chu)理(li)論，即軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)息模型的(de)全(quan)生(sheng)命周(zhou)期管(guan)理(li)，是(shi)指項目(mu)全(quan)生(sheng)命周(zhou)期內綜合應用(yong)三(san)維仿真、激(ji)光(guang)掃描、GIS和(he)(he)(he)物聯網等信(xin)息技(ji)(ji)(ji)術進(jin)(jin)行設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)協(xie)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)精細管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)營(ying)智(zhi)能管(guan)理(li)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。以(yi)三(san)維仿真技(ji)(ji)(ji)術和(he)(he)(he)GIS為核(he)心，依托和(he)(he)(he)云(yun)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術等建(jian)立起“平臺”，將設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)協(xie)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)精細管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)營(ying)智(zhi)能管(guan)理(li)等服務(wu)部署(shu)在云(yun)端(duan)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)RIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術，將設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)營(ying)等多源(yuan)異構數據進(jin)(jin)行超細粒(li)度(du)分解，用(yong)于多專業協(xie)同(tong)作(zuo)業，方便(bian)信(xin)息流轉(zhuan)、管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)調度(du)。

2施工階(jie)段RIM和激光掃描結合應用

在已取得成果的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，利(li)用激(ji)光掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)方式協(xie)同整個軌道交(jiao)通施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，項目各參與方，就需要(yao)一個強(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)系統作為(wei)支撐。因此，軌道交(jiao)通施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)化的(de)(de)(de)新階(jie)段就是實時獲取施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)，并(bing)及時反(fan)饋至設(she)計(ji)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、監理等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，提供信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)資源的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)成、共(gong)享(xiang)、交(jiao)互。三維(wei)(wei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監測的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)研(yan)究在建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段，我們通過三維(wei)(wei)激(ji)光掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)等(deng)(deng)技術掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)軌道施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)站點，獲取施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)，并(bing)快速獲取施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)點云模型，利(li)用自動化生成的(de)(de)(de)激(ji)光點云數據和設(she)計(ji)階(jie)段信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)模型進(jin)行對比查看和擬合，并(bing)由(you)檢測軟件自動校核，生成精(jing)度誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)圖譜，由(you)此及時發現(xian)并(bing)糾正(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)，減少施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，以達到(dao)一定的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監督的(de)(de)(de)作用。

2.1數據深化

在施(shi)工階段，要進(jin)行管(guan)線(xian)安裝施(shi)工監測，需要對未完(wan)善的設計階段模(mo)(mo)型(xing)進(jin)行補充完(wan)善和細化，包括(kuo)管(guan)線(xian)閥門、機電設備、支吊(diao)架(jia)、吊(diao)頂(ding)和孔洞等，需對模(mo)(mo)型(xing)的制作(zuo)精度進(jin)行細致歸類(lei)，增加軌道站(zhan)點信息模(mo)(mo)型(xing)數據制作(zuo)種類(lei)，并對每一個圖層進(jin)行建(jian)模(mo)(mo)。

2.2施(shi)工(gong)數據(ju)采集

在(zai)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)點(dian)主體(ti)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結束，全程跟蹤站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管線施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，在(zai)管線施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段，設若干(gan)激光(guang)(guang)掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)測站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，最大限度掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)已施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)部分建筑(zhu)主體(ti)和(he)(he)管線。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程測量(liang)由控制網測量(liang)和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程控制測量(liang)兩(liang)大部分組(zu)成，它(ta)們之(zhi)間(jian)相互關系是(shi):控制網測量(liang)是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先導，原區(qu)域已建立的(de)(de)(de)(de)平面和(he)(he)高程控制網，當滿足施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)測量(liang)技術(shu)要求(qiu)時，應予利用。獲(huo)取管件的(de)(de)(de)(de)激光(guang)(guang)點(dian)云(yun)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作步驟如下:(1)利用三(san)維激光(guang)(guang)掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)儀和(he)(he)全站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)儀分別對(dui)軌道交通站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)點(dian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)進行(xing)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)采集，架(jia)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)要求(qiu)能夠準(zhun)確(que)并完整(zheng)地(di)獲(huo)取所有施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管線。(2)在(zai)車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)場布(bu)置好三(san)維激光(guang)(guang)掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)儀，完成車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)測站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)布(bu)設、后(hou)視點(dian)坐(zuo)標掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)、測站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)坐(zuo)標掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)、車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)場景(jing)粗掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)、場景(jing)精掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao);三(san)維激光(guang)(guang)掃(sao)(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)儀獲(huo)取車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)點(dian)云(yun)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)影像數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，全站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)儀獲(huo)取車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)參(can)考點(dian)云(yun)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)。

2.3點云數據(ju)和模型的擬合

根據(ju)(ju)(ju)快速獲取(qu)的(de)(de)站(zhan)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)云數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)，直(zhi)接(jie)導入(ru)到軟件中(zhong)，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)配準，配準過程(cheng)中(zhong)應保證模(mo)型不(bu)損失精(jing)度(du)(du)，得到三維矢量模(mo)型，并賦予必(bi)要的(de)(de)建筑信息(xi)。如圖3所示:不(bu)同區域按柱體(ti)(ti)(ti)、旋(xuan)轉體(ti)(ti)(ti)等特征劃分，然后(hou)以不(bu)同的(de)(de)CAD特征進(jin)行(xing)(xing)擬合(he)并修剪為最終三維實體(ti)(ti)(ti)模(mo)型。每(mei)次擬合(he)完成時，將顯(xian)示被處(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)云的(de)(de)實時偏差(cha)分析結果以輔助做出決策，施工(gong)(gong)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)模(mo)型能更精(jing)確(que)。將處(chu)理(li)(li)后(hou)的(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)云數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)直(zhi)接(jie)導入(ru)，直(zhi)接(jie)與設(she)計模(mo)型進(jin)行(xing)(xing)精(jing)度(du)(du)對比。通過計算出實測(ce)值(zhi)和設(she)計值(zhi)的(de)(de)標準差(cha)，得出實測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)離散程(cheng)度(du)(du)，從(cong)而判斷管(guan)線施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總體(ti)(ti)(ti)質量。

2.4設計施工協調(diao)

將對點云(yun)數據(ju)和(he)信息模型(xing)進行(xing)精確匹(pi)配和(he)對應，最后計(ji)算出點云(yun)數據(ju)與信息模型(xing)的偏差(cha)并用色譜圖顯示，使(shi)檢(jian)測結(jie)果可視化。同(tong)時可以挑選特征點，列(lie)出對比分(fen)析報告，包含偏差(cha)、公差(cha)、偏差(cha)半徑(jing)、參考差(cha)等項目。由(you)此(ci)及時發(fa)現并糾正施(shi)工(gong)(gong)誤差(cha)，減少施(shi)工(gong)(gong)返(fan)工(gong)(gong)，以達到一定的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)監督(du)的作用。將分(fen)析結(jie)果反(fan)饋給建設單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、設計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)等。設計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)根據(ju)檢(jian)測報告判斷是否修改設計(ji)或重新施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。管線的設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)協調(diao)過程與主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)結(jie)構(gou)的設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)協調(diao)過程整體(ti)(ti)流程基(ji)本(ben)相同(tong)。

3結語

篇8

關鍵詞：城市軌(gui)道(dao)；交通規劃；線網構架

Abstract: The urban rail transit network planning is a process of change; it is a process for multi-objective decision-makers. The urban rail transit network should be Make appropriate adjustments and improve the planning according to aspects of changing conditions. The paper analyzed the urban rail transit network planning research.Key words: urban rail; transport planning; Line and Network

中圖分(fen)類號：TU984 文獻標識碼：A文章編號：2095-2104（2012）

一、城市軌道交通的概念

城市軌道交通系統(tong)的(de)概念：服(fu)務于城市客運交通，通常(chang)以電力為(wei)動力，在固定導軌上輪軌運行方式(shi)為(wei)特征(zheng)的(de)車輛或列車與(yu)軌道等(deng)各種相關設施的(de)總和(he)。

城市軌道交通系統可以根據多方(fang)面(mian)的特點(dian)來分類，如運輸(shu)能力、外形(xing)特點(dian)、采(cai)用(yong)的技術(shu)等。

二(er)、線網(wang)構架相關(guan)問題線網(wang)構架受眾(zhong)多因素的影響，如何對(dui)它們(men)進行歸納，并沿一定的思路將分(fen)析過程(cheng)系統(tong)化，是保證線網(wang)構架科學合(he)理的關(guan)鍵。

（一）城市(shi)大型(xing)客流(liu)集散(san)點作為城市(shi)客運的骨干系統，城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通要串聯城市(shi)大型(xing)客流(liu)集散(san)點，同時分析這(zhe)些客流(liu)集散(san)點的規模等級(ji)、建設(she)順序(xu)、相互關系和可能的變(bian)化，以此(ci)作為規劃(hua)網構架(jia)的基(ji)礎。

（二）整體形態控制-擬定(ding)軌道(dao)交通(tong)線網基本構架

1、城市(shi)背景研究(jiu)，它(ta)是軌道交通(tong)規(gui)劃的(de)基礎，包括3個(ge)方面：

（1）城市總體規(gui)劃(hua)中對軌道(dao)交通線網規(gui)劃(hua)有(you)影響的城市結構和(he)(he)形態、土地利用布局(ju)、人口(kou)與(yu)就業分(fen)布、社會經濟發展水平、大型建設(she)項目、環(huan)境和(he)(he)文化保護等方面(mian)的規(gui)劃(hua)意圖；

（2）城市交(jiao)通規劃(hua)中明確的城市交(jiao)通發展戰略、道(dao)路網結構(gou)、合(he)理的交(jiao)通結構(gou)、交(jiao)通樞紐布局、公交(jiao)網絡以及中小城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通線網規劃(hua)構(gou)想(xiang)等；

（3）城市遠景(jing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)宏觀(guan)分(fen)析。該部分(fen)主要(yao)針對(dui)總體規(gui)劃(hua)和(he)(he)綜合交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)的局限，通(tong)(tong)過對(dui)城市遠景(jing)土地(di)發展和(he)(he)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)分(fen)布(bu)的宏觀(guan)分(fen)析，對(dui)軌(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)線(xian)網的基本形(xing)態作必要(yao)的深化、調整(zheng)和(he)(he)補充。

2、軌道(dao)交通線網基本構架擬定，主要包括以下內容：

（1）根(gen)據(ju)背景(jing)研(yan)究(jiu)提供的資(zi)料(liao)，對線網規劃(hua)的前提條件(jian)進行研(yan)究(jiu)。

（2）對軌道(dao)交通線網(wang)基(ji)本構架形態做出科學判(pan)斷(duan)，提(ti)出線網(wang)內線路的(de)組成和功能(neng)分工(gong)，作(zuo)為(wei)形成候選線網(wang)方案的(de)基(ji)礎。

（三）研(yan)究過(guo)程線網構(gou)(gou)架方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)研(yan)究工作(zuo)是從宏觀分(fen)析逐層(ceng)深入到各專題定性、定量分(fen)析的探(tan)索過(guo)程，大致可分(fen)為(wei)以下幾個階段(duan)(duan)：1)第(di)(di)一階段(duan)(duan)：方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)構(gou)(gou)思，根據(ju)線網規劃范圍與要(yao)求(qiu)，分(fen)析城市(shi)結構(gou)(gou)形態與客(ke)流待(dai)征(zheng)。2)第(di)(di)二階段(duan)(duan)：歸納提煉。對初始構(gou)(gou)思方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)進(jin)(jin)行分(fen)類(lei)歸納后，又經內部(bu)篩選(xuan)(xuan)提煉，推(tui)出其(qi)中的部(bu)分(fen)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)，向各有關(guan)單位征(zheng)求(qiu)意見，并要(yao)求(qiu)提出補充(chong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)。3)第(di)(di)三階段(duan)(duan)：方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)預(yu)選(xuan)(xuan)，以基礎方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)為(wei)基礎，以線網規劃的技術政策和規劃原則為(wei)指導，根據(ju)合理(li)規模(mo)和基本構(gou)(gou)思要(yao)求(qiu)，又進(jin)(jin)一步選(xuan)(xuan)擇出幾個典型(xing)的、不同線路(lu)走向和不同構(gou)(gou)架類(lei)型(xing)的方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)，成為(wei)初步預(yu)選(xuan)(xuan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)。4)第(di)(di)四階段(duan)(duan)：預(yu)選(xuan)(xuan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)分(fen)析與交通測試。5)第(di)(di)五(wu)階段(duan)(duan)：調整補充(chong)預(yu)選(xuan)(xuan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)，并選(xuan)(xuan)出候(hou)選(xuan)(xuan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)。6)第(di)(di)六階段(duan)(duan)：推(tui)薦最終(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)。

三(san)、線網(wang)合理規模(mo)問(wen)題

在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通線網(wang)(wang)規劃(hua)中(zhong)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個十分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題就是(shi)(shi)(shi)如何根(gen)據城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀及(ji)其發(fa)展(zhan)規劃(hua)、城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通需求(qiu)、城(cheng)市經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)水平等(deng)，從宏(hong)觀(guan)上合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)地(di)規劃(hua)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通網(wang)(wang)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)個規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通線網(wang)(wang)，不僅可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)充分(fen)滿足城(cheng)市日(ri)益(yi)增長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通需要(yao)，提高(gao)公交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)服務水平，而且可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)用較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入取得最佳經濟效益(yi)。城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線網(wang)(wang)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)線路長(chang)度(du)總(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宏(hong)觀(guan)控(kong)制。研究和尋(xun)求(qiu)經濟而有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，可(ke)(ke)防止盲(mang)目性；同(tong)時(shi)使線網(wang)(wang)方(fang)案(an)比較時(shi)，具(ju)有同(tong)等(deng)量(liang)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)比性，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)線網(wang)(wang)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)析(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)線網(wang)(wang)規劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)要(yao)質量(liang)控(kong)制點。“合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)”需要(yao)在(zai)(zai)上述城(cheng)市特征(zheng)分(fen)析(xi)基(ji)礎(chu)上，從“需求(qiu)”與“可(ke)(ke)能”兩(liang)方(fang)面(mian)來探討：“需求(qiu)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)城(cheng)市總(zong)體遠景發(fa)展(zhan)規劃(hua)和居(ju)民出行數量(liang)分(fen)析(xi)為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)，從人口規劃(hua)、出行強度(du)和交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通方(fang)式分(fen)配角度(du)來分(fen)析(xi)城(cheng)市交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)城(cheng)市結構形態為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)，按車站吸引范圍和線網(wang)(wang)覆蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)密度(du)，分(fen)析(xi)其服務水平和需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。“可(ke)(ke)能”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)指線網(wang)(wang)近期可(ke)(ke)能實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，主要(yao)取決于城(cheng)市財(cai)政經濟實力(li)，按國民經濟生產總(zong)值分(fen)析(xi)，可(ke)(ke)能投(tou)入軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通工(gong)程(cheng)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資金額度(du)，即可(ke)(ke)估(gu)計(ji)可(ke)(ke)能修建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)也要(yao)考(kao)慮工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適度(du)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，要(yao)考(kao)慮到整個城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)對環境影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承受力(li)。

四、線網規劃的(de)方法

線網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)是(shi)城(cheng)市總(zong)體規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中的(de)(de)專項規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，在(zai)城(cheng)市規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)流(liu)程中，位于綜合交通規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)之后，專項詳細控制性(xing)(xing)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)之前(qian)。線網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)是(shi)長遠(yuan)的(de)(de)、指導性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)專項宏觀規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)。它強調穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)、靈活性(xing)(xing)和(he)連(lian)續(xu)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)統一：穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)就是(shi)頰規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)核(he)心在(zai)空間(jian)上(城(cheng)市中心區(qu))和(he)時(shi)間(jian)上(近(jin)期(qi))要穩定(ding)；靈活性(xing)(xing)就是(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)延伸(shen)條件在(zai)空間(jian)上(城(cheng)市區(qu))和(he)時(shi)間(jian)上(遠(yuan)期(qi))要有靈活變(bian)化的(de)(de)余地；連(lian)續(xu)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)指線網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)要在(zai)城(cheng)市條件不(bu)斷變(bian)化的(de)(de)情況下，不(bu)斷調整(zheng)完(wan)善。

（一）規(gui)劃范圍(wei)與年限(xian)

線網規劃的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)范圍(wei)一(yi)般(ban)是規劃的(de)(de)城市(shi)(shi)建成區范圍(wei)。在(zai)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)范圍(wei)內，還應(ying)進一(yi)步明確(que)重(zhong)點研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)范圍(wei)，即軌道交通線路最為集中、規劃難點也最為集中的(de)(de)區域。重(zhong)點研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)范圍(wei)應(ying)根據具體(ti)城市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)特點確(que)定(ding)，但(dan)一(yi)般(ban)應(ying)選擇選擇城市(shi)(shi)中心區。

從規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)年限來看，線網(wang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)分為(wei)近期規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和(he)遠景規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)。近期規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)主(zhu)要研究線網(wang)重點部分的(de)(de)修建順(shun)序以及對城(cheng)市(shi)發展的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，因此年限應與城(cheng)市(shi)總體(ti)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)年限一致(zhi)。遠景規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)是(shi)研究城(cheng)市(shi)理(li)想發展狀態下(xia)軌道交通(tong)系統合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)，因此沒有(you)具體(ti)年限。一般地(di)，可以按城(cheng)市(shi)總體(ti)遠景發展規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和(he)城(cheng)區用地(di)控制范圍(wei)及其推算的(de)(de)人口規(gui)(gui)(gui)模和(he)就(jiu)業(ye)分布為(wei)基礎，作為(wei)線網(wang)遠景規(gui)(gui)(gui)模的(de)(de)控制條件(jian)。

（二）規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)方法城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通線網規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)是一項涉及(ji)多個研究范疇的系統(tong)(tong)工程，研究理論涉及(ji)城(cheng)市規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)、交(jiao)通工程、建筑(zhu)工程及(ji)社會經濟(ji)等多種(zhong)學(xue)科理論，在各子系統(tong)(tong)中又(you)包含各自(zi)的方法，線網規劃(hua)(hua)(hua)將其統(tong)(tong)一為一整體。

1、交通分(fen)析為主導(dao)。以(yi)交通模型為基礎、交通預(yu)測為核心的(de)(de)交通方法，是本研究的(de)(de)基本方法。

2、定性(xing)分析和定量分析相結合。交通規劃(hua)既(ji)要有(you)專(zhuan)業性(xing)，又(you)要有(you)綜合性(xing)；既(ji)有(you)規律勝，又(you)有(you)不定性(xing)；既(ji)有(you)數(shu)據計算，也要經驗判斷。

3、靜(jing)態(tai)(tai)(tai)和動態(tai)(tai)(tai)相結合。交(jiao)通規劃實際(ji)是出行需求與交(jiao)通供給這一對矛盾因(yin)素(su)的動態(tai)(tai)(tai)平衡過程(cheng)。

五、城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通線網規(gui)劃

在特大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)包括近郊(jiao)和遠(yuan)郊(jiao)。這(zhe)時(shi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通的作用就是提供市(shi)區(qu)(qu)內部和近郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)的運輸(shu)服(fu)務(wu)，而在隔離的遠(yuan)郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)，軌道交通服(fu)務(wu)則(ze)主要提供城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)中心區(qu)(qu)與遠(yuan)郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)之(zhi)間的快速(su)運輸(shu)。

（一）從運(yun)營角(jiao)度(du)來看，線路(lu)規(gui)劃中要考慮的目標包括：

1、線路要盡可能與交通目標一(yi)致。

2、盡(jin)量經過鬧市(shi)車站，以滿足更多的需求。

3、在(zai)相(xiang)關交叉點(dian)上(shang)與其他軌道交通(tong)線路有良(liang)好的換乘設計。

4、盡(jin)端折返點(dian)的(de)設(she)置或線路分叉點(dian)的(de)設(she)計應(ying)有利于增加線路吸(xi)引力。

5、線路與(yu)巴士(shi)和其他軌道交通有(you)良(liang)好的接續，以(yi)利擴大需求。

6、車站要適當(dang)地(di)設在與(yu)居(ju)民區相關的地(di)點，并設計好換(huan)乘設施。

7、戰略上(shang)為私人轎車停車換(huan)成預留場地，尤其在(zai)市區(qu)邊(bian)緣的盡(jin)端(duan)車站(zhan)。

8、要考慮殘(can)疾人(ren)出(chu)行通道(dao)。

（二）線路規劃(hua)中的某些目標主要體現在環(huan)境方(fang)面：

1、視覺侵犯盡(jin)可能(neng)少。

篇9

作者：陳(chen)恒 施立群 單位：寧波(bo)市測繪設計研究(jiu)院(yuan)

如(ru)(ru)英國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)RD系列(lie)、美國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Subsite系列(lie)等(deng)，電磁(ci)(ci)波(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)———地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)。電磁(ci)(ci)波(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀器(qi)設備是地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da) （GroundPene－tratingRadar），它利用(yong)(yong)超高頻電磁(ci)(ci)波(bo)(bo)(bo)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)地(di)下(xia)介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布情況，目(mu)前常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da)有日本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)GEORADAR系列(lie)、瑞(rui)(rui)典(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)RAMAC系列(lie)等(deng)：地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)達(da)一般(ban)(ban)以(yi)剖面(mian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或網(wang)格法(fa)(fa)(fa)作業(ye)(ye)。探(tan)測(ce)(ce)前，必須根據現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、地(di)球物理特點進行已知(zhi)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場試驗，以(yi)選定(ding)最佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量參數。地(di)震(zhen)波(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)———瞬(shun)態瑞(rui)(rui)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)。地(di)震(zhen)波(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是利用(yong)(yong)地(di)下(xia)各(ge)種(zhong)介質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彈性差異，由人工震(zhen)源(yuan)產(chan)生地(di)震(zhen)波(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)地(di)下(xia)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。一般(ban)(ban)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)瞬(shun)態瑞(rui)(rui)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)。在管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)中，電磁(ci)(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)其(qi)經濟、高效和(he)準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點，是目(mu)前最常采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)金屬管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，電磁(ci)(ci)波(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)地(di)震(zhen)波(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)由于其(qi)作業(ye)(ye)效率較低(di)，一般(ban)(ban)用(yong)(yong)于解決(jue)非金屬管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)探(tan)測(ce)(ce)儀無法(fa)(fa)(fa)探(tan)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疑難管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，如(ru)(ru)并排管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、深(shen)度較深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)。

傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器探(tan)測(ce)法傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器探(tan)測(ce)法實際(ji)上(shang)是(shi)將非開挖(wa)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)施工領域中(zhong)導向鉆(zhan)探(tan)方法引(yin)入(ru)到管(guan)(guan)線(xian)探(tan)測(ce)，其工作原(yuan)理(li)是(shi)將傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器置入(ru)被探(tan)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)內(nei)部，通過(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)面(mian)(mian)接收傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器發射(she)的(de)(de)固定(ding)(ding)信(xin)(xin)號進(jin)行(xing)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)和定(ding)(ding)深(shen)，該法（又(you)稱導向儀法）主(zhu)要適應(ying)于通信(xin)(xin)、電力(li)、雨水、污(wu)水等非封(feng)閉(bi)式埋(mai)(mai)(mai)設的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)，標(biao)稱精(jing)度(du)(du)平面(mian)(mian)和高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)5h％（h為(wei)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)中(zhong)心(xin)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)深(shen)），有效(xiao)探(tan)測(ce)深(shen)度(du)(du)24m。寧波市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通1號線(xian)福明路站電力(li)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)（埋(mai)(mai)(mai)深(shen)2．8～7．8m）27個點(dian)(dian)位(wei)開挖(wa)驗證（借助(zhu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)車站明挖(wa)施工進(jin)行(xing)），結 果 為(wei) 平 面(mian)(mian) 中(zhong) 誤 差(cha) 為(wei)0．186 m（限 差(cha) 為(wei)0．265m），高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)誤差(cha)為(wei)0．277m（限差(cha)為(wei)0．398m），滿(man)足《城市地(di)下(xia)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)探(tan)測(ce)技術規程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》要求(qiu)。磁(ci)(ci)梯(ti)度(du)(du)法在(zai)(zai)(zai)均勻(yun)(yun)無(wu)鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)土層中(zhong)，地(di)球磁(ci)(ci)場強度(du)(du)理(li)論上(shang)為(wei)均勻(yun)(yun)場，如果有鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)性(xing)物(wu)質存在(zai)(zai)(zai)，則因感(gan)應(ying)磁(ci)(ci)場而產生磁(ci)(ci)異常(chang)(chang)，且(qie)磁(ci)(ci)異常(chang)(chang)強度(du)(du)由(you)近及遠逐(zhu)漸衰減。因此(ci)，可(ke)以(yi)通過(guo)觀測(ce)其磁(ci)(ci)異常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)變化，尤其是(shi)垂(chui)直分(fen)量(liang)Za的(de)(de)梯(ti)度(du)(du)值的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)來(lai)判定(ding)(ding)異常(chang)(chang)物(wu)的(de)(de)平面(mian)(mian)位(wei)置及埋(mai)(mai)(mai)深(shen)，通過(guo)鉆(zhan)孔的(de)(de)手段(duan)將磁(ci)(ci)力(li)梯(ti)度(du)(du)儀置入(ru)鉆(zhan)孔內(nei)，由(you)上(shang)而下(xia)測(ce)量(liang)鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)物(wu)質在(zai)(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直方向上(shang)的(de)(de)Za曲線(xian)變化，可(ke)以(yi)得到較理(li)想的(de)(de)效(xiao)果。可(ke)知，在(zai)(zai)(zai)接近金屬管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)鉆(zhan)孔內(nei)，Za梯(ti)度(du)(du)值隨深(shen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)變化非常(chang)(chang)明顯，在(zai)(zai)(zai)接近鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)物(wu)質的(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)(du)位(wei)置，梯(ti)度(du)(du)值變化強烈，猶(you)如一個“S”型。在(zai)(zai)(zai)遠離鐵(tie)磁(ci)(ci)物(wu)質的(de)(de)數(shu)據處理(li)方法1）圖形數(shu)據和屬性(xing)數(shu)據一體化保存。在(zai)(zai)(zai)數(shu)據處理(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，充(chong)分(fen)考慮(lv)了設計(ji)單位(wei)對信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)化現狀的(de)(de)需求(qiu)，將管(guan)(guan)線(xian)所有信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)（如權屬單位(wei)、起點(dian)(dian)高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、終(zhong)點(dian)(dian)高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、埋(mai)(mai)(mai)深(shen)等）通過(guo)屬性(xing)的(de)(de)方式全部存儲在(zai)(zai)(zai)AutoCAD中(zhong)，當(dang)設計(ji)單位(wei)需查(cha)詢(xun)相關信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)時(shi)，無(wu)須再(zai)去尋找海量(liang)紙質資料，可(ke)以(yi)直接借助(zhu)CAD擴(kuo)展屬性(xing)查(cha)詢(xun)命令，查(cha)詢(xun)到與(yu)數(shu)據庫(ku)中(zhong)等同的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)。圖4所示為(wei)查(cha)詢(xun)YS609點(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)查(cha)詢(xun)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)。

軌道交(jiao)通管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)詳查不(bu)同于(yu)一(yi)般工程的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。為確保(bao)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)精度(du)，應該(gai)注(zhu)意以(yi)下幾點：1）多(duo)種探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)技術方(fang)法靈活運用。復雜(za)情(qing)況下，幾種方(fang)法聯(lian)合探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，互相檢核(he)和驗(yan)證。由于(yu)軌道交(jiao)通線(xian)(xian)(xian)路狹長，施工開挖較深(shen)(shen)(shen)，因(yin)此，對(dui)(dui)(dui)金屬管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)應以(yi)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)為主(zhu)；對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)非(fei)金屬管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)(huo)埋(mai)深(shen)(shen)(shen)較大(da)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)要以(yi)雷達或(huo)(huo)地(di)震波法探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)；對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)區內無出(chu)露點的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，應拓寬(kuan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)區范(fan)圍(wei)，盡可(ke)能找到出(chu)露點加以(yi)驗(yan)證。2）現場條件不(bu)具備(bei)或(huo)(huo)不(bu)滿足探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)方(fang)法實施時，通過輔助手段創造探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)條件，以(yi)優化探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)環境，滿足探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)要求(qiu)。如對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)疑難的(de)(de)排(pai)水管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，向管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)中置入(ru)金屬導線(xian)(xian)(xian)，通過金屬導線(xian)(xian)(xian)來進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。3）對(dui)(dui)(dui)深(shen)(shen)(shen)埋(mai)電力(li)、電信管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)采(cai)用傳感器探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)法（導向儀(yi)）進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。4）對(dui)(dui)(dui)深(shen)(shen)(shen)埋(mai)金屬管(guan)(guan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)使用磁梯度(du)法或(huo)(huo)輔以(yi)打樣洞進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)定位(wei)定深(shen)(shen)(shen)（必要時可(ke)采(cai)用PCM防腐檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)粗略(lve)定位(wei)）。5）對(dui)(dui)(dui)疑難地(di)段，在(zai)判斷不(bu)準的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，可(ke)輔以(yi)釬探(tan)(tan)(tan)或(huo)(huo)開挖。

篇10

1.1城市(shi)軌道交通運營管理問題(ti)表現方面(mian)

我國(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)發展方(fang)面經(jing)過(guo)近些年來的努力(li)，確實取得了具有(you)較高價值的成績。但(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)管理上還是出現(xian)了多方(fang)面的問題(ti)，對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)發展起著制約作用。這些問題(ti)主要歸納在(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)下幾個方(fang)面：城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)建設資(zi)金(jin)過(guo)于龐(pang)大所(suo)引起的管理不(bu)善現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)；城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)及維修投入資(zi)金(jin)補貼以(yi)(yi)及巨額銀行貸款(kuan)利(li)(li)息償還讓企(qi)業和政府(fu)負擔過(guo)重(zhong)；因為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)作為(wei)(wei)便民交通(tong)(tong)(tong)，盈利(li)(li)和成本(ben)(ben)不(bu)能持平，再加(jia)上很難吸收民間資(zi)本(ben)(ben)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)資(zi)金(jin)虧損(sun)(sun)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)很嚴重(zhong)，再加(jia)上在(zai)(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)模式(shi)和交通(tong)(tong)(tong)管理上缺(que)乏有(you)效管理，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)除了新加(jia)坡、香港(gang)等(deng)少數(shu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)能將交通(tong)(tong)(tong)盈利(li)(li)實現(xian)以(yi)(yi)外，全球超過(guo)半數(shu)的地鐵都存在(zai)(zai)(zai)虧損(sun)(sun)嚴重(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)。我國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)虧損(sun)(sun)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)尤為(wei)(wei)突出，就連經(jing)營(ying)(ying)狀(zhuang)況較為(wei)(wei)良好的廣州也僅僅相(xiang)對虧損(sun)(sun)稍微(wei)較低而已。

1.2城市軌道交通運營(ying)管理問題主要內容

我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)營管(guan)(guan)理中出(chu)現(xian)的(de)主要(yao)問(wen)題有(you)(you)(you)以下幾(ji)點：第一點，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)營基本(ben)(ben)上(shang)效(xiao)益(yi)不高。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)基本(ben)(ben)上(shang)都是由政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)門(men)(men)主管(guan)(guan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)建設和(he)運(yun)營的(de)，這種由政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)單一投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)包(bao)(bao)攬包(bao)(bao)辦的(de)經營管(guan)(guan)理模式，在(zai)(zai)體制上(shang)存在(zai)(zai)不少問(wen)題。如可(ke)行(xing)性(xing)研(yan)究報告編制、招投(tou)(tou)標以及(ji)設計單位(wei)與政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)門(men)(men)并沒有(you)(you)(you)將企政(zheng)分開原則(ze)徹底落實，因(yin)此造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)業(ye)嚴重壟斷；第二點，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)缺乏市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)競爭機制。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)大型基礎(chu)設施(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)，和(he)公眾生活有(you)(you)(you)著密切關(guan)系，再(zai)加(jia)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)(you)(you)自(zi)然壟斷特(te)點，就需政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)門(men)(men)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)強監(jian)管(guan)(guan)，但我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)因(yin)為(wei)都由國(guo)(guo)(guo)家部(bu)門(men)(men)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)運(yun)營管(guan)(guan)理，所以就造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了其對政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)財政(zheng)補貼依賴(lai)性(xing)，這樣不僅加(jia)重了政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)負擔，還因(yin)為(wei)完(wan)全(quan)沒有(you)(you)(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)競爭壓力(li)而出(chu)現(xian)決策能力(li)低、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)失(shi)控、服務水(shui)平低這些問(wen)題；第三點，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、融資(zi)(zi)(zi)渠道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)非常單一。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)目(mu)前城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)建設資(zi)(zi)(zi)金主要(yao)由政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)外銀(yin)行(xing)貸款及(ji)發行(xing)債券以及(ji)專項(xiang)基金組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)，對民間資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)吸引力(li)度(du)不夠，對于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)目(mu)前以及(ji)未來的(de)建設發展(zhan)需要(yao)都不能滿(man)足；第四點，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)企業(ye)票價(jia)定(ding)制處于(yu)(yu)被(bei)動狀(zhuang)態。因(yin)為(wei)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)(you)(you)壟斷性(xing)和(he)公益(yi)性(xing)兩大特(te)點，所以也直接決定(ding)了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)票價(jia)制定(ding)被(bei)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)管(guan)(guan)制。

 2對(dui)城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通運(yun)營(ying)管理改革具有的重要作(zuo)用(yong)

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)都是由政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)組建(jian)(jian)的，管(guan)理方(fang)(fang)式(shi)和建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)金都十分單一，通(tong)(tong)過對(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)進行(xing)改革，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)運營(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)理方(fang)(fang)式(shi)從(cong)純粹政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)主導型轉變為(wei)公私合營(ying)(ying)(ying)模(mo)式(shi)，通(tong)(tong)過引(yin)(yin)進民(min)間(jian)(jian)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)負擔(dan)(dan)減輕，再將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)競爭機制(zhi)引(yin)(yin)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)中對(dui)(dui)(dui)其市(shi)(shi)場競爭能力(li)(li)能很好(hao)提(ti)高(gao)，運作(zuo)(zuo)效率也可以大幅度(du)上(shang)升(sheng)。中國作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展中國家政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)財(cai)力(li)(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)限，再加上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)行(xing)業市(shi)(shi)場還不完善(shan)，若只僅僅依(yi)靠(kao)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)和市(shi)(shi)場單方(fang)(fang)面根本(ben)(ben)(ben)無法(fa)支付這(zhe)一龐(pang)大資(zi)(zi)金來源(yuan)，因此(ci)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)民(min)間(jian)(jian)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)良好(hao)合作(zuo)(zuo)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)必(bi)然性(xing)和客觀性(xing)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)最重要(yao)基礎設(she)施之(zhi)一，建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)金投入(ru)巨大，其投入(ru)資(zi)(zi)金主體(ti)均來自于政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)投資(zi)(zi)，在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)投入(ru)運營(ying)(ying)(ying)后，票款收(shou)入(ru)難(nan)以支付城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)成本(ben)(ben)(ben)，通(tong)(tong)常是依(yi)靠(kao)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)補(bu)貼才能維持城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)正常運轉，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)承擔(dan)(dan)沉重財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)負擔(dan)(dan)。因此(ci)通(tong)(tong)過對(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)進行(xing)改革，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)可利用的豐富空間(jian)(jian)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)和客流最大化使用，并(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)綜合資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)序(xu)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)多種(zhong)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)模(mo)式(shi)大力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，從(cong)而使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)最大化利用并(bing)保證效益率的穩定(ding)性(xing)提(ti)高(gao)。尤其是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)可衍生資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)從(cong)多種(zhong)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)模(mo)式(shi)中取得經(jing)濟收(shou)益，讓巨額建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)金得到填(tian)充并(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)虧損現(xian)象有(you)(you)(you)效彌(mi)補(bu)，從(cong)根本(ben)(ben)(ben)上(shang)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)投資(zi)(zi)和補(bu)貼減少，落實好(hao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運營(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)理工作(zuo)(zuo)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)統一規劃(hua)和綜合開發(fa)(fa)(fa)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)保證現(xian)實盈利的前提(ti)手段。

3城市軌道交通運營管理體(ti)制中關于改革方面提出建議

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)(he)政府給予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)扶持優惠政策密切相關(guan)，因(yin)此(ci)做好城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)扶持政策工作(zuo)對(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)著積極作(zuo)用(yong)。可觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)回報(bao)才能(neng)讓(rang)(rang)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)行(xing)業(ye)將(jiang)社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)充(chong)(chong)分吸引，因(yin)此(ci)要(yao)實(shi)現投資(zi)(zi)(zi)主體多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化，就要(yao)讓(rang)(rang)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)得到(dao)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)回報(bao)。所以(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)票(piao)(piao)(piao)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)建立，將(jiang)對(dui)(dui)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)吸引力的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)長時間有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)機(ji)(ji)制健全建立，才能(neng)將(jiang)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)渠(qu)道(dao)(dao)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)拓(tuo)寬(kuan)從而(er)實(shi)現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)良性循環。國內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)公(gong)司基本(ben)存在(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)年虧(kui)損(sun)現象(xiang)，其很重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)就是大(da)部分城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)票(piao)(piao)(piao)價(jia)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)得都非(fei)常(chang)(chang)低，票(piao)(piao)(piao)價(jia)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)通(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)由(you)政府把持，而(er)對(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)運(yun)營情況(kuang)都非(fei)常(chang)(chang)熟悉的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)公(gong)司沒有(you)(you)(you)根據(ju)乘客(ke)情況(kuang)和(he)(he)運(yun)營成本(ben)來決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)票(piao)(piao)(piao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權力，所以(yi)(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)才會(hui)出現常(chang)(chang)年虧(kui)損(sun)現象(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)如今，人們在(zai)(zai)社會(hui)經濟飛(fei)速發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)背景(jing)下，生活水平以(yi)(yi)及(ji)收入水平、支(zhi)付能(neng)力都有(you)(you)(you)很大(da)改善，因(yin)此(ci)政府可適度將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)票(piao)(piao)(piao)價(jia)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)權交(jiao)(jiao)給城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)公(gong)司。關(guan)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)票(piao)(piao)(piao)價(jia)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)可通(tong)(tong)(tong)過由(you)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)公(gong)司先提(ti)議、聽證會(hui)審(shen)核(he)并通(tong)(tong)(tong)過。政府相關(guan)部門批準方式來進(jin)行(xing)，讓(rang)(rang)票(piao)(piao)(piao)價(jia)真實(shi)反映票(piao)(piao)(piao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)成本(ben)狀況(kuang)。除此(ci)之(zhi)外，要(yao)將(jiang)競爭機(ji)(ji)制合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)引入，將(jiang)綜合(he)(he)開(kai)發、多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化投資(zi)(zi)(zi)、一(yi)(yi)體規劃策略(lve)落實(shi)在(zai)(zai)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)經營管理(li)(li)(li)上(shang)。

4結束語