社會治理風險點范文
時(shi)間(jian):2023-08-08 17:20:42
導語(yu):如何才(cai)能寫好(hao)一篇社(she)會治理風險(xian)點,這就需要搜集整理更(geng)多的(de)資料和文獻,歡迎閱讀由公務員之家整理的(de)十篇范文,供你借(jie)鑒。
篇1
關鍵(jian)詞:新(xin)時代;高校思想(xiang)政治教育治理;風(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)準確(que)評估(gu)
高校思想政治教育治理風險是破解高校思想政治教育治理困境、推進高校治理現代化的題中應有之義。新時代高校思想政治教育治理作為國家治理體系和治理能力現代化的重要組成部分,既面臨西方思潮沖擊、社會結構變遷、信息網絡化等外向性風險,又存在高校思想政治工作運行體系、課程體系、理論研究體系衍生的內源性風險。當前,可以從風險識別、風險分析、危機評價等環節著手,借助可視化、可量化、可感知的評估方法,有效提升高校防范化解思想政治教育治理風險的能力,為新時代高(gao)等教(jiao)育事業(ye)行穩致(zhi)遠保(bao)駕護航。
一、風險(xian)識(shi)別:發現風險(xian)項目與辨認危害要素
風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)評估新時代(dai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提和(he)(he)(he)(he)基礎(chu)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個發(fa)(fa)現風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、辨認(ren)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)并(bing)描述風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)旨(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)現風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)項目、辨認(ren)危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)、描繪(hui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)特性(xing)并(bing)輸出(chu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)。1.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)因子。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),要(yao)(yao)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包含危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)和(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)、確(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)件(jian)、潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)征(zheng)兆等。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),辨識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)源(yuan)(yuan)頭類(lei)危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)和(he)(he)(he)(he)衍生類(lei)危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)。只有(you)做好(hao)危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),才能找(zhao)出(chu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真正誘因。識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)件(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)征(zheng)兆則(ze)屬(shu)于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心任務。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)皆(jie)由事(shi)件(jian)觸發(fa)(fa),因而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),應當(dang)(dang)重(zhong)點(dian)關(guan)(guan)注給思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帶來(lai)消(xiao)極影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)事(shi)件(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)征(zheng)兆。2.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)程(cheng)序(xu)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個發(fa)(fa)現、辨認(ren)、描述、清(qing)(qing)單(dan)輸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完整過(guo)程(cheng)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),確(que)定(ding)(ding)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍和(he)(he)(he)(he)對象是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)環節(jie)。當(dang)(dang)前(qian),高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍大(da)體(ti)可(ke)(ke)(ke)劃定(ding)(ding)為(wei)國際國內(nei)(nei)兩大(da)變局,對象則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)。把握風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)項目是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二步(bu)。當(dang)(dang)前(qian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)由危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)、確(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)件(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)征(zheng)兆構成(cheng)。歸(gui)納(na)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)類(lei)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)并(bing)凝練風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)特質是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三步(bu)。當(dang)(dang)前(qian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)類(lei)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)大(da)致可(ke)(ke)(ke)分為(wei)外向(xiang)性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與內(nei)(nei)源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)輸出(chu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第四(si)步(bu)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)環節(jie)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu),也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分析(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入(ru)。通過(guo)形成(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)清(qing)(qing)單(dan),既能為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)提供可(ke)(ke)(ke)量(liang)(liang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據,也可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分析(xi)(xi)提供可(ke)(ke)(ke)量(liang)(liang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準。3.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣態歸(gui)檔。新時代(dai),高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)因教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化,產生了不(bu)(bu)同形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。根據事(shi)物發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外因和(he)(he)(he)(he)內(nei)(nei)因,大(da)體(ti)可(ke)(ke)(ke)歸(gui)結為(wei)外向(xiang)性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)內(nei)(nei)源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),外向(xiang)性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)自國際、國內(nei)(nei)雙重(zhong)語(yu)境(jing)。從國際大(da)局勢看(kan),自由主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)、功利(li)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)、消(xiao)費(fei)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)、享(xiang)樂(le)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)等西方(fang)(fang)(fang)錯誤思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)潮給高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推行(xing)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣傳(chuan)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)造成(cheng)了沖擊,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)(shang)削弱(ruo)了大(da)學(xue)生對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)同。從國內(nei)(nei)大(da)環境(jing)看(kan),社(she)會(hui)結構變遷和(he)(he)(he)(he)智能信息化時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到來(lai),改變了意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形態斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰場,對高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論課的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)陣地(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)有(you)所削弱(ruo)。內(nei)(nei)源(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)體(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)地(di)(di)位(wei)邊緣化、工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機制滯后、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工隊伍游離、主(zhu)體(ti)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)流失、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)與科研績效割裂等治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。如面(mian)(mian)對不(bu)(bu)斷上(shang)(shang)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)競(jing)爭壓力,部分高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)為(wei)了提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)院校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭優(you)勢,將關(guan)(guan)注點(dian)側(ce)重(zhong)于(yu)增設校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)園硬件(jian)設施、擴大(da)招生規模、爭取辦(ban)學(xue)經費(fei)等方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian),“增加了高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)被(bei)邊緣化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”[1]。4.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)而(er)言(yan),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)德(de)爾(er)(er)菲法(fa)(專(zhuan)家調查(cha)(cha)(cha)法(fa))、安全檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)表法(fa)、問卷調查(cha)(cha)(cha)法(fa)、Citespace計量(liang)(liang)分析(xi)(xi)法(fa)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),德(de)爾(er)(er)菲法(fa)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)本質上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種基于(yu)專(zhuan)家意(yi)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反饋匿名(ming)函詢法(fa)。該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)能夠迅速定(ding)(ding)位(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點(dian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)。安全檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)表法(fa)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)辨識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)危(wei)害(hai)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“索引”,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)(shang)確(que)保風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)排(pai)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全面(mian)(mian)性(xing)、廣泛性(xing)。問卷調查(cha)(cha)(cha)法(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)Citespace數(shu)據計量(liang)(liang)法(fa)則(ze)屬(shu)于(yu)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)分析(xi)(xi)法(fa)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),問卷調查(cha)(cha)(cha)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式,能較為(wei)客(ke)觀地(di)(di)反映某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時段(duan)學(xue)科體(ti)系(xi)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。以(yi)Citespace為(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)數(shu)據識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)利(li)用(yong)(yong)科學(xue)計量(liang)(liang)軟件(jian)Citespace進行(xing)關(guan)(guan)鍵詞共現和(he)(he)(he)(he)聚(ju)類(lei)分析(xi)(xi),不(bu)(bu)僅可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)觀、準確(que)地(di)(di)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)(bie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點(dian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan),還(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)構建科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)圖譜。
二、風(feng)險(xian)分析(xi):尋(xun)找風(feng)險(xian)點與追溯(su)風(feng)險(xian)源(yuan)
風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)是(shi)(shi)評(ping)估高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心環(huan)(huan)節。作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二個子過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),對(dui)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)(yin)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)著(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)于尋(xun)找(zhao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點(dian)和(he)(he)(he)追溯風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成因(yin)(yin),側(ce)重于從(cong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)(he)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)出發(fa),分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展階段、運行(xing)(xing)機理(li)(li)(li)(li)以及(ji)內(nei)在(zai)張力(li)(li)(li)(li)。1.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)路。首先,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)素包(bao)括(kuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)、觸(chu)(chu)發(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點(dian)、傳導(dao)(dao)(dao)路徑(jing)(jing)等。其中,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)包(bao)括(kuo)確(que)(que)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)、引起損失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)確(que)(que)定(ding)因(yin)(yin)素、潛(qian)(qian)在(zai)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物或現象等。觸(chu)(chu)發(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)引爆(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“助燃(ran)器”,它能(neng)(neng)激活高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)中潛(qian)(qian)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)素,并(bing)將其轉化(hua)為(wei)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)連接潛(qian)(qian)在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)外(wai)部環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)媒(mei)介。傳導(dao)(dao)(dao)路徑(jing)(jing)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線索(suo)。通過(guo)這(zhe)一(yi)線索(suo),風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點(dian)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)、觸(chu)(chu)發(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)得以串聯(lian)。其次,高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)由環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)引發(fa)。前(qian)者指意(yi)識形(xing)態領域斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)嚴峻,后者指高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)內(nei)部各(ge)權(quan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益沖突(tu)。再次,高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),實際上是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)中風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態互動(dong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),即在(zai)特定(ding)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)發(fa)下(xia),導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點(dian)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)集群風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),進而(er)通過(guo)傳導(dao)(dao)(dao)路徑(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)斷延伸和(he)(he)(he)擴散。2.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引爆(bao)條件(jian)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)既(ji)受(shou)(shou)自(zi)身(shen)發(fa)展規律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)束,又面(mian)臨來自(zi)外(wai)部環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰。因(yin)(yin)而(er),我們(men)大(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)可(ke)(ke)從(cong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)切入,考察高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引爆(bao)條件(jian)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)(ke)歸結(jie)為(wei)國際風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)國內(nei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)。在(zai)經濟全球化(hua)浪潮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響下(xia),西方(fang)發(fa)達國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活方(fang)式極易(yi)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)青(qing)年學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追捧。隱藏在(zai)西式生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活表象下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西方(fang)價(jia)值觀念是(shi)(shi)沖擊我國高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)流意(yi)識形(xing)態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)因(yin)(yin)素。同(tong)時(shi),在(zai)市場(chang)經濟中滋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功利主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義、拜(bai)金主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義等傾向,造成了(le)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)大(da)(da)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)社(she)會責任(ren)感和(he)(he)(he)社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義價(jia)值觀念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漠視。此(ci)外(wai),部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)大(da)(da)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)知偏(pian)差(cha)以及(ji)當前(qian)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些新情(qing)況也會產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)。二是(shi)(shi)對(dui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考察。思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)(he)客體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)以互相轉化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),受(shou)(shou)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)者和(he)(he)(he)施教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)者都不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)避(bi)免地受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)來自(zi)社(she)會各(ge)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,其意(yi)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多變性(xing)(xing)(xing)勢必給(gei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)帶來不(bu)(bu)同(tong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。同(tong)時(shi),高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)結(jie)構中各(ge)權(quan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)失調引發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)術(shu)權(quan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)地位邊(bian)緣化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)異化(hua),增強了(le)人(ren)才(cai)培養、學(xue)術(shu)研(yan)究、財務管理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren)命等各(ge)類(lei)權(quan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)運行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)確(que)(que)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。[2]3.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)樹分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、因(yin)(yin)果(guo)(guo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、根原因(yin)(yin)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、Citespace計量(liang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)算(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。其中事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)樹分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)屬于事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故概率(lv)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)范疇。只有確(que)(que)定(ding)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)確(que)(que)認(ren)該事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故能(neng)(neng)否構成高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。因(yin)(yin)果(guo)(guo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)結(jie)合“‘是(shi)(shi)/否’邏(luo)輯”來識別思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中“所有相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)和(he)(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)在(zai)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)”[3](P53)。因(yin)(yin)而(er),它能(neng)(neng)幫助人(ren)們(men)更全面(mian)地認(ren)識高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病因(yin)(yin)。根原因(yin)(yin)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)又稱損失分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi),是(shi)(shi)一(yi)項結(jie)構化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題處理(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa),旨在(zai)逐步找(zhao)出問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)并(bing)加以解決(jue)。[4](P43)Citespace計量(liang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)算(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)則(ze)可(ke)(ke)以幫助人(ren)們(men)借助大(da)(da)數據和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng),把高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)中存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隱性(xing)(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)明晰化(hua)。這(zhe)兩種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong),在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度上減少了(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隨機性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)偶(ou)然性(xing)(xing)(xing)。
三(san)、危機評(ping)價:劃分風險等級和確立優先次序(xu)
作(zuo)為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三(san)個子(zi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng),危機評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)準(zhun)則進(jin)行比對(dui),以(yi)此決定(ding)(ding)(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)或其大(da)小(xiao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否在主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)容(rong)忍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),并依據損害程(cheng)(cheng)度確(que)(que)(que)立防控的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)先次序。1.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)對(dui)象是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)后果或損害程(cheng)(cheng)度。一(yi)般(ban)可(ke)(ke)(ke)將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)位(wei)(wei)線、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)因子(zi)視為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)確(que)(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)。按照風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)受(shou)程(cheng)(cheng)度,可(ke)(ke)(ke)將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)劃分(fen)(fen)為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)下帶(dai)(dai)(dai)。如(ru)我(wo)們可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)把高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境作(zuo)為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)際環(huan)(huan)(huan)于(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)代(dai),國(guo)內(nei)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)處于(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)位(wei)(wei)線是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)介。我(wo)們可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)不同風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)數值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),規定(ding)(ding)(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)。在高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)位(wei)(wei)線一(yi)般(ban)指(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閾值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)點。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵,它(ta)確(que)(que)(que)認風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。在高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)級(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)評(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來確(que)(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)數量(liang)以(yi)及(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)。2.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)內(nei)容(rong)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),本質上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識別和(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概括與總結。它(ta)側重于(yu)(yu)關注治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)給高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)乃至社(she)(she)會運行帶(dai)(dai)(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消極影響。因而(er),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)從政(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)、師(shi)(shi)(shi)資力(li)量(liang)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)客體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、社(she)(she)會效益(yi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面綜合評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后果。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)政(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)政(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開展(zhan)(zhan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)力(li)量(liang)。對(dui)政(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)要(yao)(yao)(yao)圍(wei)繞歷史、現(xian)實、未來三(san)個維度展(zhan)(zhan)開,既(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)充分(fen)(fen)肯定(ding)(ding)(ding)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)黨委領導班子(zi)過(guo)(guo)往取得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)績,也(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)立足現(xian)實,客觀陳述各(ge)(ge)院校(xiao)(xiao)、各(ge)(ge)部門(men)在執行過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)師(shi)(shi)(shi)資力(li)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。師(shi)(shi)(shi)資隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資源(yuan),對(dui)師(shi)(shi)(shi)資隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)應當(dang)包(bao)括理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)知識水(shui)平(ping)和(he)(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傾向。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)客體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。當(dang)代(dai)大(da)學(xue)生思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)素(su)(su)養和(he)(he)實踐能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)效最直(zhi)觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反映。要(yao)(yao)(yao)善于(yu)(yu)根據上(shang)課出(chu)勤率、志愿活動參與次數等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)來對(dui)大(da)學(xue)生進(jin)行評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)從范圍(wei)來看可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)國(guo)際大(da)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)國(guo)內(nei)小(xiao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)內(nei)小(xiao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)又可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)校(xiao)(xiao)園(yuan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境和(he)(he)社(she)(she)會環(huan)(huan)(huan)境。對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)不僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)(yao)全面,而(er)且要(yao)(yao)(yao)精準(zhun)。因此,有必要(yao)(yao)(yao)在實際調(diao)(diao)研的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),深入認識環(huan)(huan)(huan)境與思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)主(zhu)客體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關聯。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)社(she)(she)會效益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果,能(neng)正確(que)(que)(que)引導社(she)(she)會輿情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan),提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會認可(ke)(ke)(ke)度。3.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系。要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),就(jiu)必須建立一(yi)套評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系。一(yi)方(fang)面,我(wo)們要(yao)(yao)(yao)推動風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)朝民主(zhu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、法(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)效化(hua)(hua)(hua)、協(xie)調(diao)(diao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、制(zhi)度化(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向發展(zhan)(zhan);另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面,要(yao)(yao)(yao)引入可(ke)(ke)(ke)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao),如(ru)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)將評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)與監控指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)、預(yu)測(ce)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)相協(xie)調(diao)(diao),確(que)(que)(que)保指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)性(xing)和(he)(he)準(zhun)確(que)(que)(que)性(xing)。4.治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)后果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有模糊目(mu)(mu)標(biao)檢驗法(fa)(fa)、比較(jiao)(jiao)法(fa)(fa)、效益(yi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)、接(jie)受(shou)程(cheng)(cheng)度評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),此外還有定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估和(he)(he)不定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。以(yi)比較(jiao)(jiao)法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)效益(yi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)為(wei)例,運用比較(jiao)(jiao)法(fa)(fa)來評(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在“思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)客體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)間,駐(zhu)地環(huan)(huan)(huan)境之(zhi)(zhi)間,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)、目(mu)(mu)標(biao)、內(nei)容(rong)、形式和(he)(he)效果之(zhi)(zhi)間,甚至教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)間”進(jin)行共時性(xing)與歷時性(xing)比較(jiao)(jiao)。[5]效益(yi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種量(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)確(que)(que)(que)切、直(zhi)觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會效益(yi)進(jin)行評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。換言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi),如(ru)果投(tou)入遠(yuan)大(da)于(yu)(yu)產(chan)出(chu),那(nei)么思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)將面臨較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);如(ru)果產(chan)出(chu)遠(yuan)大(da)于(yu)(yu)投(tou)入,那(nei)么思(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di),質量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。
參考文獻:
[1]魏明(ming)祿,丁(ding)烈云(yun).新時期高校思想(xiang)政治教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)風險及其(qi)規避[J].學(xue)校黨建與思想(xiang)政治教(jiao)育(yu)(yu),2009,(31).
[2]許邁進,章瑚緯.高校內部治理(li)風險的結構性探源[J].浙江大學學報(人文社會科學版(ban)),2015,(3).
[3][4]張增蓮,編著.風險評估方法[M].北京:機械(xie)工業出版社(she),2017.
篇2
[關鍵詞(ci)]國家審計;國家治理;全(quan)球(qiu)性(xing)風險;控制
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673 - 0194.2017.12.001
[中圖分類號]F239.44 [文獻聳堵]A [文章編(bian)號]1673-0194(2017)12-000-02
0 引 言
“天下(xia)未(wei)亂計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)先亂,天下(xia)欲治(zhi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)乃(nai)治(zhi)”,社會實踐證明:會計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)越發展,國(guo)(guo)(guo)家政(zheng)治(zhi)越文明。而(er)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)理這個大系(xi)(xi)統中內生的(de)(de)(de)具有(you)預防、揭(jie)示和(he)抵御功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)“免疫系(xi)(xi)統”,對提升國(guo)(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)理的(de)(de)(de)作用不言而(er)喻。經濟全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)化(hua)、政(zheng)治(zhi)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)化(hua)、文化(hua)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)化(hua),使(shi)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)日益(yi)凸(tu)顯,并使(shi)其滲透到了國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)各個領(ling)域,對國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)理提出了新的(de)(de)(de)挑(tiao)戰。本文從全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)性風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制的(de)(de)(de)視角,探討(tao)在此背景下(xia)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)未(wei)來的(de)(de)(de)發展方向(xiang),為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)應對全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)性風(feng)險(xian)(xian)、推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)理體(ti)系(xi)(xi)和(he)治(zhi)理能(neng)力現(xian)代化(hua)提供參考。
1 全球性(xing)風險(xian)及其對國家(jia)治理提出的要求
1.1 全球性風險(xian)的概念及類別
世界(jie)經濟論壇的《全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)報告(gao)》對全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)性風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)進行(xing)了(le)界(jie)定:“所謂全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)性風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),是指那些可在長達10年的時間(jian)跨度內,對若干國(guo)家和行(xing)業產(chan)生顯著負面影(ying)響的重大事件”。該(gai)報告(gao)將31項主要的全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)性風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)劃分為5個類(lei)別(bie),即經濟風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)、環境風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)、地(di)緣政(zheng)治(zhi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)、社會風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)以及技術風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。每一類(lei)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)都對我國(guo)國(guo)家治(zhi)理的發(fa)展提出了(le)新要求。
1.2 國家(jia)治理的內涵與范圍
我國(guo)的(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)治理(li)(li)先后經(jing)(jing)歷了(le)統治行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)、管理(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)和服(fu)務行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)3種模(mo)式,其內涵也(ye)呈現(xian)出了(le)復雜性(xing)和多樣化的(de)特點。國(guo)家(jia)(jia)治理(li)(li)不(bu)僅是(shi)一個結構性(xing)系(xi)(xi)統,更應是(shi)一種持續的(de)互動,在我國(guo)當代的(de)社會實踐中,國(guo)家(jia)(jia)治理(li)(li)體現(xian)為以黨(dang)和政(zheng)府(fu)為主導,多元主體并存(cun),以維護穩定為核(he)心(xin)價值,注重經(jing)(jing)濟、社會、文化、精神文明全面(mian)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)制度體系(xi)(xi)。
1.3 全球性風險控制(zhi)對國家治(zhi)理的(de)要求
全(quan)球性(xing)(xing)風險控制(zhi)(zhi)要求(qiu)國家治理致(zhi)力于(yu)滿足經濟(ji)活動的(de)需要,降(jiang)低經濟(ji)危機(ji)(ji)發生的(de)可能性(xing)(xing),維(wei)護國家經濟(ji)安(an)全(quan);把建設生態(tai)文明作為(wei)重要目標,維(wei)護生態(tai)平衡,降(jiang)低人為(wei)環境災害發生的(de)概率;完善國家體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi),有力打擊腐(fu)敗和犯(fan)罪,打造高(gao)效政府,建設法治社會;關(guan)注公(gong)(gong)共健康、維(wei)護社會穩定,培育(yu)公(gong)(gong)民積極參(can)與國家事務管理的(de)公(gong)(gong)共精神,抑制(zhi)(zhi)社會功能的(de)失調(diao);完善通信網絡(luo),提高(gao)公(gong)(gong)共部(bu)門信息(xi)化(hua)水平,在信息(xi)化(hua)社會中降(jiang)低數據(ju)泄露的(de)風險,保障(zhang)信息(xi)安(an)全(quan)。
2 國家(jia)審計在國家(jia)治理中的(de)作用
2.1 國(guo)家(jia)審計的(de)概念及特征
國(guo)家(jia)審(shen)計是(shi)指政府審(shen)計機(ji)關獨立檢查會(hui)計賬戶,監(jian)督財政、財務收支的(de)(de)(de)(de)真實性、合(he)法性、效益(yi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為,是(shi)對公共(gong)權力長效監(jian)控的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)制,是(shi)對公共(gong)受托責任履行結果進行評價(jia)、鑒(jian)證(zheng)與(yu)監(jian)督的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度安排。我國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)審(shen)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標不僅僅是(shi)保障經濟社會(hui)持續健康的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行,還應致(zhi)力于(yu)推動(dong)實現良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)治理(li)。
2.2 國家審計提升國家治理的理論依據
2.2.1 免(mian)疫系(xi)統觀
劉家義審計(ji)長于2008年(nian)首次(ci)提出“免疫(yi)系統(tong)觀”,該觀點立足于國(guo)(guo)家治理(li)的(de)(de)需要來(lai)認(ren)(ren)識國(guo)(guo)家審計(ji)的(de)(de)本質和定位,其(qi)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)“國(guo)(guo)家審計(ji)作為(wei)一種制(zhi)度(du)(du)安排(pai),是(shi)(shi)依法用權力監督制(zhi)約權力的(de)(de)行為(wei),是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)家治理(li)這個大系統(tong)中內生的(de)(de)一個具有預防、揭(jie)示(shi)和抵御(yu)功能的(de)(de)‘免疫(yi)系統(tong)’,是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)家政治制(zhi)度(du)(du)中不可或缺的(de)(de)重要組(zu)成部分。”
2.2.2 公共(gong)受(shou)托責任觀(guan)
公(gong)共(gong)(gong)受(shou)托責(ze)任(ren)(ren)觀點(dian)認為(wei),國(guo)家(jia)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)產生于公(gong)共(gong)(gong)受(shou)托經濟責(ze)任(ren)(ren)關系(xi)的(de)確立(li),因此,其根(gen)本目標(biao)是促(cu)進(jin)政府公(gong)共(gong)(gong)受(shou)托經濟責(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)切實有(you)效(xiao)履行。楊時展也曾指出,審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)工作的(de)精義在于受(shou)托責(ze)任(ren)(ren)。我國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)促(cu)進(jin)政府全面有(you)效(xiao)履行公(gong)共(gong)(gong)受(shou)托責(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)一種監控機制,發揮作用以推(tui)進(jin)國(guo)家(jia)治理更(geng)是義不容辭。
2.2.3 新公共(gong)管(guan)理理論
20世紀80年代以(yi)后,很多西方發(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)均出現(xian)了大規模的政府(fu)再造(zao)運(yun)動(dong),傳(chuan)統官僚體制已經(jing)被新形態的以(yi)市場(chang)為基礎的治(zhi)理模式所取代,公(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門正(zheng)浮現(xian)出一種新的典范(fan)。隨(sui)著這一理論而產生(sheng)的PPP模式等行政管(guan)理模式,更是要求國(guo)(guo)家(jia)審計模式要緊隨(sui)公(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門治(zhi)理模式的變化(hua)(hua)而變化(hua)(hua)。
2.3 國家審(shen)計提升(sheng)國家治(zhi)理的作用機(ji)制
(1)經(jing)濟(ji)資源配(pei)置(zhi):國家(jia)審計通過配(pei)置(zhi)公共資源、運作公共權(quan)(quan)力來管(guan)理和調控(kong)社(she)會經(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan),進(jin)而實現國家(jia)善治。其關鍵在于明晰政府(fu)與市(shi)場的(de)效(xiao)率邊(bian)界,通過對(dui)權(quan)(quan)力結構的(de)優化和權(quan)(quan)力邊(bian)界的(de)明晰,建立提高資源配(pei)置(zhi)效(xiao)率的(de)機制,有效(xiao)降低經(jing)濟(ji)資源配(pei)置(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)交易費用(yong)。
(2)環(huan)境污染(ran)遏制:國(guo)家(jia)審計中(zhong)關于自然(ran)資源(yuan)(yuan)環(huan)境領域的審計,以落實節約資源(yuan)(yuan)和保護環(huan)境的基(ji)本國(guo)策為目標,使國(guo)家(jia)治理在(zai)促進(jin)節能(neng)減排以及資源(yuan)(yuan)管理中(zhong)發(fa)揮積極作用。
(3)政(zheng)治(zhi)協同(tong)治(zhi)理:國家審計借助(zhu)其法定(ding)性、獨立性、專(zhuan)業(ye)性等獨特(te)優(you)勢,能夠及時防范國家治(zhi)理可能發生的各項重大風險(xian),進而搭建政(zheng)府、市場(chang)和社會(hui)三類單一(yi)治(zhi)理機制(zhi)(zhi)的互動(dong)橋梁(liang),使三類單一(yi)治(zhi)理機制(zhi)(zhi)有效(xiao)協調。
(4)社(she)會價(jia)(jia)值指(zhi)引(yin):審計(ji)理論和(he)實踐中相關構(gou)成要素所(suo)體現的(de)關乎公平正義的(de)價(jia)(jia)值取向,正是(shi)人(ren)們對經濟社(she)會發展的(de)目的(de)、過(guo)程和(he)結果(guo)等之間復雜關系的(de)一種合理性評價(jia)(jia),因而(er)能(neng)夠推動(dong)國家治理更好(hao)地發揮社(she)會價(jia)(jia)值的(de)指(zhi)引(yin)作(zuo)用(yong)。
(5)信(xin)(xin)息技術(shu)安(an)(an)保(bao):由(you)審計(ji)機關收集并評估證據,且以判(pan)斷(duan)信(xin)(xin)息系統能否有效保(bao)護信(xin)(xin)息資產安(an)(an)全(quan)的信(xin)(xin)息系統安(an)(an)全(quan)問題的審計(ji)應運而生。國家(jia)審計(ji)通(tong)過對公共(gong)部(bu)門的信(xin)(xin)息系統安(an)(an)全(quan)進(jin)行審計(ji),可在(zai)一定程度上推動國家(jia)治(zhi)理實現(xian)信(xin)(xin)息技術(shu)安(an)(an)保(bao)的功能。
3 全球性風險控制下國(guo)家治(zhi)理對國(guo)家審計職能(neng)的要求
3.1 國家審(shen)計在(zai)經(jing)濟領(ling)域中的職(zhi)能
國家(jia)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)應發(fa)揮(hui)其專(zhuan)業特長,對(dui)(dui)財(cai)政(zheng)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)評(ping)價,促(cu)進社會公眾(zhong)對(dui)(dui)財(cai)政(zheng)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)監(jian)督、對(dui)(dui)財(cai)政(zheng)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)報(bao)告進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑒證和評(ping)價,進而提(ti)高財(cai)政(zheng)支出的(de)(de)(de)透明(ming)度(du),推動宏(hong)觀經濟(ji)政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)落實(shi)。國家(jia)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)應運用自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)獨立地位,發(fa)揮(hui)專(zhuan)業優勢,對(dui)(dui)市場(chang)中資源(yuan)配置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)突出問題進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充分(fen)披(pi)露和反映,做到公開、公平(ping)、公正。對(dui)(dui)財(cai)政(zheng)收支進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審(shen)計(ji)(ji),有(you)利(li)于(yu)督促(cu)政(zheng)府(fu)依法履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)能(neng)、提(ti)高公共資源(yuan)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv),使(shi)其更好(hao)地履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受托(tuo)經濟(ji)責任。
3.2 國家審計在環境領域中的(de)職能(neng)
國(guo)家(jia)審(shen)計在(zai)環境(jing)領(ling)域的(de)職能(neng)(neng)主要表現(xian)為協助相關(guan)職能(neng)(neng)部(bu)門,實現(xian)對(dui)環境(jing)污染的(de)有效遏制。國(guo)家(jia)審(shen)計工(gong)作應通過加大對(dui)環保資金、治(zhi)污項目、水(shui)利建設(she)、林業(ye)建設(she)等,與經濟發展、人(ren)民群眾生產生活密切相關(guan)的(de)各項經濟活動(dong)的(de)監督,制約盲目發展,促(cu)進(jin)產業(ye)結構調整(zheng),促(cu)進(jin)經濟與環境(jing)和諧發展。
3.3 國(guo)家審計在(zai)政治領(ling)域中的職(zhi)能
在(zai)健全適合(he)我(wo)國(guo)國(guo)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)政策(ce)網絡前,國(guo)家審(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)制(zhi)度評價(jia)事實上擔負(fu)著彌補國(guo)家審(shen)計(ji)在(zai)政治領域中功能性(xing)(xing)缺失的(de)(de)重任。因此,審(shen)計(ji)機關(guan)(guan)應密切關(guan)(guan)注各項改革措(cuo)施的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)配合(he)情(qing)(qing)況,提高改革的(de)(de)系統性(xing)(xing)、整體(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)性(xing)(xing),進(jin)而深(shen)化體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)改革。審(shen)計(ji)機關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)權(quan)威性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)獨(du)立性(xing)(xing)會對行(xing)政官員產生(sheng)極強的(de)(de)震懾(she)作用,可以預防(fang)腐敗的(de)(de)發生(sheng)。國(guo)家審(shen)計(ji)可通(tong)過法律(lv)來保障公(gong)民的(de)(de)合(he)法權(quan)利,發揮其(qi)推動建(jian)設法治社會、服務(wu)國(guo)家治理的(de)(de)職能。
3.4 國家審計(ji)在(zai)社會(hui)領(ling)域中的職(zhi)能
從國家(jia)治理(li)的(de)需(xu)求方面(mian)看(kan),高質量的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)為(wei)實現(xian)政(zheng)府有(you)效問(wen)責(ze)(ze)、遏制(zhi)官員腐敗、改善公共資源(yuan)配置,以(yi)及保障相關決策的(de)合理(li)性、科學(xue)性奠定了基礎。只有(you)通過為(wei)利益相關者(zhe)提供高質量的(de)審計信(xin)(xin)息(xi)和(he)更(geng)優質、高效的(de)服務(wu),國家(jia)審計才能實現(xian)對權力的(de)問(wen)責(ze)(ze),進(jin)而降低經濟、政(zheng)治和(he)社會層(ceng)面(mian)的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)風(feng)險,得到社會公民(min)的(de)重視和(he)信(xin)(xin)任。有(you)效發(fa)揮國家(jia)審計的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)屬性,推動(dong)公民(min)參與國家(jia)事(shi)務(wu)管理(li)、培育(yu)公共精神。
3.5 國家審(shen)計在技術領域中(zhong)的職能(neng)
信息(xi)(xi)(xi)系統(tong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)問題(ti)審(shen)計(ji)是(shi)國家審(shen)計(ji)的一個分支,它是(shi)專門針對公共部(bu)門信息(xi)(xi)(xi)系統(tong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)而實(shi)施的審(shen)計(ji),可以確定被審(shen)計(ji)單位的信息(xi)(xi)(xi)系統(tong)是(shi)否設(she)置了相應的安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)控(kong)制措施,以識別技術風險、防(fang)范各種安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)威脅(xie),從而使其信息(xi)(xi)(xi)系統(tong)在一個更加安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的環境下運(yun)行(xing)。
4 全(quan)球風險控制下國家審計(ji)推進國家治理的發展(zhan)路徑
4.1 經濟層面
強化對國(guo)(guo)家財政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),特別是預(yu)算(suan)執(zhi)行審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),這有(you)利于(yu)財政(zheng)政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貫徹落實(shi),還(huan)預(yu)算(suan)監(jian)督(du)權于(yu)人民。審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)關應(ying)全(quan)面推(tui)進政(zheng)府(fu)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),建(jian)立健全(quan)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)。計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)關尤其要特別關注專(zhuan)題績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),將政(zheng)府(fu)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容拓展到政(zheng)策(ce)、決策(ce)、運營、管(guan)理(li)、風險等宏觀層(ceng)面,消除專(zhuan)題領域(yu)決策(ce)中(zhong)“信息孤(gu)島(dao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying),進而(er)提高(gao)政(zheng)府(fu)相關部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)管(guan)理(li)水平。在專(zhuan)項(xiang)資金和政(zheng)府(fu)投資審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong),國(guo)(guo)家審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)關應(ying)高(gao)度(du)(du)重視審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處罰等執(zhi)法手(shou)段,在審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)監(jian)督(du)職能中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)和效(xiao)(xiao)果,準確把握審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處罰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力度(du)(du),建(jian)立具有(you)強大威懾力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)聲(sheng)譽機(ji)制(zhi)和結果問責制(zhi),切實(shi)保障審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)落實(shi)。
4.2 環境層面
應(ying)開(kai)展(zhan)自然(ran)資源資產負(fu)債表(biao)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)及自然(ran)資源資產離任審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji),以(yi)建立生態環(huan)境造(zao)成損害責任終(zhong)身(shen)追究制度。開(kai)展(zhan)環(huan)境治理審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji),促進保護環(huan)境、實(shi)現人與自然(ran)的和諧,環(huan)境治理審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)包括(kuo)水污染(ran)(ran)治理審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、大氣(qi)(qi)污染(ran)(ran)治理審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、廢物管理審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、氣(qi)(qi)候變化應(ying)對審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)等。開(kai)展(zhan)以(yi)生物多樣(yang)性審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)為主要表(biao)現形(xing)式的生態系(xi)統審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji),維(wei)護生態平衡,保障生態安全(quan)。
4.3 政治層面
應加強經濟責(ze)任(ren)審(shen)計(ji)的相關(guan)規制(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)設(she),整合經濟責(ze)任(ren)審(shen)計(ji)相關(guan)的資源和(he)力量(liang),擴大經濟責(ze)任(ren)審(shen)計(ji)發(fa)現(xian)問(wen)題的途徑及(ji)方式,由此提升政治(zhi)信任(ren)、實現(xian)善治(zhi)。審(shen)計(ji)機關(guan)要重點(dian)關(guan)注各項宏觀政策措施的落實情況,利用國家審(shen)計(ji)獨(du)立性、專業性和(he)權威性的獨(du)特優(you)勢,強化整改問(wen)責(ze)制(zhi)(zhi),實行追責(ze)問(wen)責(ze)制(zhi)(zhi)度,使其監督(du)職(zhi)能落到實處(chu),解決審(shen)計(ji)過(guo)程中長期存在的“屢查(cha)屢犯”等問(wen)題。
4.4 社會層面
應(ying)進一步發揮審計(ji)機關(guan)在村(cun)居審計(ji)中的(de)主(zhu)導作用,對(dui)涉(she)及農村(cun)財(cai)政(zheng)資金(jin)的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)進行審查,開(kai)展(zhan)村(cun)居經(jing)濟責任審計(ji),促(cu)進國家強農、惠農政(zheng)策的(de)落實,維護基層民主(zhu)。著重開(kai)展(zhan)基本(ben)服務領域的(de)審計(ji),審計(ji)機關(guan)應(ying)強化與民生職能部門的(de)合作,推(tui)(tui)進民生資金(jin)審計(ji),確(que)保民生資金(jin)安全(quan)、完(wan)整;推(tui)(tui)進民生政(zheng)策審計(ji)發展(zhan),確(que)保惠民政(zheng)策得(de)以落實。
4.5 技術層面
國家(jia)審(shen)計(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關(guan)應大(da)力推(tui)行信(xin)息化審(shen)計(ji)和公共部(bu)門ERP審(shen)計(ji),實施信(xin)息系統安(an)全問題(ti)審(shen)計(ji)這一新興審(shen)計(ji)類型,以評(ping)估各(ge)政府機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)IT安(an)全制度是(shi)否(fou)適當(dang)、有(you)效,其計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)硬件、軟件是(shi)否(fou)得到了(le)適當(dang)保護,以及其操(cao)作系統是(shi)否(fou)能安(an)全并有(you)效的(de)(de)運(yun)行,從(cong)而(er)提高運(yun)用(yong)信(xin)息化審(shen)計(ji)技術(shu)識(shi)別風險、查核分析、評(ping)價(jia)判斷的(de)(de)能力,進而(er)提升公共部(bu)門各(ge)項服(fu)務的(de)(de)技術(shu)水平,有(you)效控(kong)制互聯(lian)網數據信(xin)息帶來的(de)(de)技術(shu)風險。
5 結 語
本(ben)(ben)文分析(xi)了全(quan)球(qiu)性(xing)風(feng)險給我國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)帶來的(de)(de)要求與挑戰,從國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質、目標(biao)和模式三個角度,闡(chan)釋了國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)作用于國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)依(yi)據,并(bing)基(ji)于經(jing)濟資源(yuan)配置、環境污染遏制(zhi)、政治(zhi)協(xie)同治(zhi)理(li)(li)、社會價值(zhi)指引,以及信息(xi)技術安保5個方面,闡(chan)述(shu)了國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)提升國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)水平(ping)以應對全(quan)球(qiu)性(xing)風(feng)險的(de)(de)作用機制(zhi),分析(xi)在全(quan)球(qiu)性(xing)風(feng)險的(de)(de)大背景(jing)下,我國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)職能框架以及未來發展的(de)(de)路徑選擇。國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)參與提升國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)是一(yi)項重要的(de)(de)制(zhi)度創新,更是一(yi)個“沒(mei)有完(wan)成時、永遠在路上”的(de)(de)過程,我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)更需要在不斷嘗試(shi)中進步,在試(shi)錯中前行。
主要參考文獻
[1]蔡春,朱榮,蔡利.國家審計服務國家治理(li)的(de)理(li)論分(fen)析與實(shi)現路徑探討――基于受托(tuo)經濟(ji)責任觀(guan)的(de)視(shi)角[J].審計研究,2012(1).
[2]劉家義(yi).論國家治(zhi)理與(yu)國家審計[J].中國社(she)會科學,2012(6).
篇3
[關鍵詞]內(nei)部審(shen)計公司(si)治理(li)對策
一、公司治理及內部審計的(de)概念(nian)
公(gong)司治(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)概(gai)念。公(gong)司治(zhi)理(li),從狹義的(de)(de)角(jiao)度進行理(li)解(jie),是指(zhi)所(suo)有(you)者主要是股東對經營者的(de)(de)一種監督與(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)衡機制(zhi)。即通過一種制(zhi)度安(an)排,來合理(li)地配置所(suo)有(you)者與(yu)(yu)(yu)經營者之間(jian)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利與(yu)(yu)(yu)責任(ren)關系。若(ruo)從廣義角(jiao)度進行理(li)解(jie),是指(zhi)包含法律、文化等在內的(de)(de)有(you)關企業控制(zhi)權(quan)(quan)和剩余索取權(quan)(quan)分配的(de)(de)一整套制(zhi)度安(an)排,其(qi)決定(ding)企業目標的(de)(de)實現。
內部審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji),是審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)監督體系的(de)有(you)機組(zu)成(cheng)部分。內部審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)是一(yi)項獨立、客觀的(de)保(bao)證和(he)(he)咨詢活(huo)動。其目的(de)在于增加(jia)價(jia)值和(he)(he)改進組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)經營(ying)。它通過系統化(hua)和(he)(he)規范化(hua)的(de)方法,評價(jia)和(he)(he)改進風(feng)險管(guan)理(li)、控制和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)過程的(de)效果(guo),幫助組(zu)織(zhi)實現其目標。審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)理(li)論界所(suo)研究(jiu)的(de)關(guan)于審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)風(feng)險理(li)論體系同樣適用于內部審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)。
二(er)、公司治理(li)的核(he)心是(shi)風險(xian)管理(li)
風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)是識別風(feng)險(xian)(xian)并設(she)計控制風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)方法,其(qi)(qi)核心是將沒有預計到的(de)(de)未(wei)來事項的(de)(de)影響控制在最(zui)低程(cheng)度(du)。對風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),首先,要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)在組織中發現那些(xie)高(gao)(gao)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)暴露(lu)的(de)(de)領域,對高(gao)(gao)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)暴露(lu)點(dian)的(de)(de)識別要(yao)(yao)通過對組織的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)進行,這(zhe)種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)既包括(kuo)(kuo)審計人員(yuan)客觀的(de)(de)測試(shi),也包括(kuo)(kuo)主觀的(de)(de)判斷。其(qi)(qi)次,將分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)結果(guo)與(yu)認為可(ke)接受的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)水平相(xiang)比較。最(zui)后(hou),實施必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)變革(ge),使組織的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)暴露(lu)水平與(yu)其(qi)(qi)所設(she)定(ding)的(de)(de)目標相(xiang)一致。風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)所涉及的(de)(de)范圍是十(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)廣(guang)泛:其(qi)(qi)中包括(kuo)(kuo)投資風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、外匯風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、利(li)率風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、商品(pin)價(jia)格風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)等(deng)等(deng)。
在(zai)上(shang)述公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)定(ding)義中,我們可以看到,公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)這一制度(du)(du)安排(pai)所(suo)決(jue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業目標(biao)、決(jue)策(ce)人(ren)及風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和收益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)配(pei)都(dou)(dou)(dou)圍繞(rao)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)展開;風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)直接影響目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現;而決(jue)策(ce)人(ren)對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制和管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)直接決(jue)定(ding)目標(biao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否能夠實(shi)(shi)(shi)現及實(shi)(shi)(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)(du);治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)結(jie)構中各部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員需要承擔所(suo)分(fen)配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一定(ding)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)并獲得相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收益。另(ling)外,從解釋公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)問題(ti)(ti)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟學(xue)(xue)(xue)觀(guan)點(dian)來看,無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)契約理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論中提及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)完備(bei)契約,還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)信(xin)息經(jing)濟學(xue)(xue)(xue)中提及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息不(bu)對稱,以及理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論中提及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti),這些引發(fa)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)究(jiu)其實(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)屬于風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),都(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)企業目標(biao)無法實(shi)(shi)(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)潛在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、可能發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事件。公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組織應對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略反應,其職責核(he)心就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)確保有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適當性,因(yin)此公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中包含(han)一些戰(zhan)略性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)。例如:公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)董事會所(suo)設定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)經(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)基(ji)調是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)偏好型或是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)型;再如公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)高層管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)當局(ju)(CEO)在(zai)經(jing)營(ying)風(feng)(feng)格、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念、管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)中包含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)度(du)(du)等。這些戰(zhan)略性風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)因(yin)素(su)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交匯點(dian)。因(yin)此,風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心。
三、內部審計在公司(si)治(zhi)理中的作(zuo)用
從功能上來說,公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理包括:股東、董(dong)事會;管理階層;監(jian)督(du)者(外(wai)、內(nei)部審計人員);其他(ta)利益關系人等。溝通公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理各(ge)功能主體的(de)重要(yao)工(gong)具是(shi)(shi)會計信(xin)(xin)息系統(tong)。因此,會計信(xin)(xin)息系統(tong)本身是(shi)(shi)公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理結構的(de)組成部分,而且會計信(xin)(xin)息更(geng)嚴重地制(zhi)(zhi)約(yue)和影響著公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理結構中其他(ta)制(zhi)(zhi)度安排效用的(de)高低。會計信(xin)(xin)息系統(tong)提供的(de)會計信(xin)(xin)息的(de)真實(shi)可靠(kao)是(shi)(shi)內(nei)外(wai)部激勵機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)常運行的(de)前(qian)提條件(jian)(jian),而有效的(de)審計監(jian)督(du)制(zhi)(zhi)度是(shi)(shi)確保這一前(qian)提條件(jian)(jian)實(shi)現的(de)關鍵。
外部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(有國家審(shen)(shen)計(ji)和社會(hui)(hui)審(shen)(shen)計(ji),此處專指社會(hui)(hui)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)。),即對(dui)公司財務報表(biao)進(jin)行審(shen)(shen)計(ji),并對(dui)其公允性(xing)發表(biao)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)意見(jian),從而(er)起(qi)(qi)到增強(qiang)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)信息可(ke)信性(xing)的作用(yong)。而(er)內部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)處于公司內部(bu),對(dui)于公司內部(bu)控制(zhi)、管理經營(ying)活動、風險管理都有透(tou)徹深入(ru)的了解,與外部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)人員相比,內部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)對(dui)公司治理發揮的作用(yong)在(zai)(zai)層面上更(geng)為(wei)深入(ru),在(zai)(zai)范圍上更(geng)為(wei)廣泛(fan),在(zai)(zai)方(fang)式(shi)上也更(geng)為(wei)靈活。因此內部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)對(dui)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)信息系統的正確(que)性(xing)起(qi)(qi)著極為(wei)關鍵的作用(yong)。其作用(yong)主要體現(xian)在(zai)(zai):
1、建(jian)(jian)議作用。為(wei)保證目標的實(shi)現(xian),公(gong)司(si)(si)董事(shi)會(hui)(hui)或經(jing)(jing)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)通過(guo)履行以下責(ze)(ze)任來進行公(gong)司(si)(si)治理(li),即使用各種法(fa)律形式、結構、戰略(lve)和程序來確保其遵紀守法(fa);遵守職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)規(gui)范和社(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)德,滿足社(she)會(hui)(hui)期(qi)望(wang);為(wei)社(she)會(hui)(hui)謀福利(li)(li),兼顧國家、社(she)會(hui)(hui)、公(gong)司(si)(si)三方利(li)(li)益,并考(kao)慮(lv)其長(chang)期(qi)和短期(qi)利(li)(li)益;全面真(zhen)實(shi)地向有(you)關各方提供(gong)財(cai)(cai)(cai)務報(bao)告,對(dui)其經(jing)(jing)營業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績與財(cai)(cai)(cai)務行為(wei)負責(ze)(ze)。因此,內部(bu)審(shen)計部(bu)門主要是通過(guo)以下工(gong)作對(dui)公(gong)司(si)(si)治理(li)過(guo)程發揮建(jian)(jian)議作用:通過(guo)對(dui)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)負責(ze)(ze)人(ren)任期(qi)經(jing)(jing)濟責(ze)(ze)任審(shen)計,建(jian)(jian)議經(jing)(jing)營者(zhe)合法(fa)經(jing)(jing)營;通過(guo)股權投資審(shen)計,建(jian)(jian)議管理(li)層(ceng)力(li)求投資回報(bao),在考(kao)慮(lv)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)短期(qi)利(li)(li)益的同(tong)時更要考(kao)慮(lv)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的長(chang)期(qi)利(li)(li)益;通過(guo)財(cai)(cai)(cai)務收支與經(jing)(jing)營業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績審(shen)計,建(jian)(jian)議企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)出具全面真(zhen)實(shi)的財(cai)(cai)(cai)務報(bao)告,督(du)促(cu)財(cai)(cai)(cai)務人(ren)員(yuan)遵守職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)道(dao)德等等。
2、測評作用。內(nei)部(bu)審計人(ren)(ren)員可以通(tong)過(guo)一系列的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部(bu)測評工作協(xie)助管(guan)理(li)層建(jian)立(li)起一整套(tao)企(qi)業(ye)道德(de)規范。如(ru)通(tong)過(guo)內(nei)部(bu)控(kong)制制度(du)科學性、有效性的(de)(de)(de)測評,發現內(nei)控(kong)制度(du)執(zhi)行(xing)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)漏洞與不足;通(tong)過(guo)企(qi)業(ye)風險(xian)測評,發現領(ling)導(dao)者(zhe)在(zai)制定(ding)企(qi)業(ye)政策方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)疏漏;通(tong)過(guo)對企(qi)業(ye)經(jing)濟效益的(de)(de)(de)測評,發現經(jing)營(ying)者(zhe)遵紀守法、穩步經(jing)營(ying)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)欠缺(que),提醒管(guan)理(li)層為加(jia)強(qiang)執(zhi)行(xing)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)責任心、提高(gao)領(ling)導(dao)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導(dao)水平、強(qiang)化(hua)經(jing)營(ying)者(zhe)合(he)法經(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)念而建(jian)立(li)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)規范。
3、評(ping)價作(zuo)用(yong)。內(nei)部審(shen)計(ji)人員作(zuo)為(wei)良(liang)好道(dao)德(de)倡導(dao)者(zhe)應當(dang)定期評(ping)價公(gong)司(si)良(liang)好道(dao)德(de)文化建設(she)的效果,即(ji)通過進行一(yi)系列的專項(xiang)審(shen)計(ji)活動,以及協助紀檢(jian)部門(men)進行案件取證工作(zuo)和配合監察(cha)部門(men)開展公(gong)司(si)經營績效方(fang)面的效能監察(cha)專項(xiang)檢(jian)查,評(ping)價并(bing)改進工作(zuo)程序,為(wei)公(gong)司(si)治理過程發揮不同作(zuo)用(yong)。如評(ping)價是否有(you)強有(you)力的對(dui)領導(dao)干(gan)部的監督機(ji)制,是否有(you)保(bao)護檢(jian)舉(ju)人的舉(ju)報制度,是否設(she)有(you)接(jie)受舉(ju)報的機(ji)構來加(jia)強公(gong)司(si)廉政(zheng)建設(she),起到(dao)反腐敗、反舞(wu)弊(bi)的作(zuo)用(yong);評(ping)價
公(gong)(gong)司(si)是否(fou)有企(qi)業(ye)文(wen)化宣傳教育機(ji)制(zhi),是否(fou)使(shi)每一個員(yuan)工(gong)都能(neng)理(li)解,明確企(qi)業(ye)文(wen)化建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)所提倡的(de)企(qi)業(ye)宗旨、精神(shen)和(he)經營、管理(li)理(li)念來促進企(qi)業(ye)文(wen)化建(jian)設(she),起(qi)到(dao)企(qi)業(ye)文(wen)化宣傳者(zhe)的(de)作用(yong);評(ping)價企(qi)業(ye)形象與員(yuan)工(gong)形象,公(gong)(gong)司(si)領(ling)導(dao)是否(fou)身(shen)先士卒(zu)做(zuo)精神(shen)文(wen)明的(de)表率,是否(fou)與業(ye)務客(ke)戶建(jian)立了良(liang)好(hao)的(de)信譽往來關系,由此(ci)來敦促管理(li)者(zhe)和(he)員(yuan)工(gong)忠(zhong)于職守、遵守法(fa)律、道(dao)德(de)規范和(he)社會責任,在公(gong)(gong)司(si)逐步形成一種良(liang)好(hao)向(xiang)上的(de)道(dao)德(de)文(wen)化氛圍,起(qi)到(dao)良(liang)好(hao)道(dao)德(de)倡導(dao)者(zhe)的(de)作用(yong)。四、公(gong)(gong)司(si)治理(li)與內(nei)部審計(ji)的(de)整(zheng)合
美國一個專門研(yan)究(jiu)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發起(qi)人企業(ye)委員(yuan)會(COSO)于(yu)20__年起(qi)著手(shou)進(jin)行企業(ye)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)研(yan)究(jiu),并力圖建立(li)一個類(lei)似于(yu)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)框架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、具有(you)理(li)(li)(li)論與(yu)實(shi)踐意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)框架(jia),其在(zai)(zai)為企業(ye)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)研(yan)究(jiu)項目(mu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)中明確指出(chu):風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)框架(jia)必須和內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)框架(jia)相協調,把控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立(li)嵌入(ru)到(dao)某種形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)中去(qu)。而(er)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)面,將(jiang)領域(yu)擴展到(dao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境等(deng)“軟控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”要(yao)素上(shang)時,就決定(ding)了公(gong)司治理(li)(li)(li)與(yu)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相互交匯。在(zai)(zai)COSO報告的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)義中,特別提(ti)出(chu)“內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)受組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)董事會、管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)和其他人員(yuan)影響(xiang)”,由(you)此可(ke)見“軟控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”因(yin)素對組(zu)織內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)是深遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而(er)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對公(gong)司治理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)也是巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營目(mu)標(biao)(biao)、財(cai)務(wu)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)及遵循(xun)性目(mu)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現提(ti)供(gong)合理(li)(li)(li)保證,同(tong)樣為公(gong)司治理(li)(li)(li)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行提(ti)供(gong)了保障。良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)助于(yu)完善契約,減輕信息不對稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),并對人形成一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約束,因(yin)此從一定(ding)程(cheng)度上(shang)說,內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)公(gong)司治理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關內(nei)(nei)容可(ke)以整合一致。而(er)作為內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)審(shen)計,也不可(ke)避免地在(zai)(zai)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),與(yu)公(gong)司治理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)交匯。
在新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)審計(ji)(ji)范(fan)式下,內部(bu)審計(ji)(ji)參與到公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)與風險管理(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong),幫助組織(zhi)發(fa)現并評(ping)價(jia)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)風險因素,促(cu)(cu)進組織(zhi)改進風險管理(li)(li)(li)(li)體系;評(ping)價(jia)并改進組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)程(cheng)序(xu),為組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)做貢獻;同時(shi)繼續原有的(de)(de)(de)對控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效率(lv)和效果的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價(jia)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),幫助組織(zhi)保持有效的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)審計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員是控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和規避風險的(de)(de)(de)專家,通(tong)過對風險的(de)(de)(de)把握(wo)來評(ping)價(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)及內部(bu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),并促(cu)(cu)進公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)和內部(bu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)改善,從而實(shi)現對風險的(de)(de)(de)掌(zhang)握(wo)與駕馭。在風險管理(li)(li)(li)(li)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)下,公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)與內部(bu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現了一(yi)(yi)定程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)合,為組織(zhi)增加了價(jia)值;同樣,在風險管理(li)(li)(li)(li)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)下,內部(bu)審計(ji)(ji)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)現了整(zheng)合。在公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong),內部(bu)審計(ji)(ji)發(fa)揮著越來越重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
鑒于(yu)內(nei)部審計(ji)在確(que)保公司內(nei)部控(kong)制制度有(you)效運轉及管(guan)理(li)(li)和控(kong)制風(feng)險(xian)(xian)等方面(mian)的(de)獨(du)特作(zuo)用,紐約(yue)證券(quan)交易所(suo)于(yu)20__年8月1日明確(que)規定(ding)所(suo)有(you)上市公司必須設置和保持有(you)效的(de)內(nei)審機構(gou),否則不(bu)得上市或將面(mian)臨退市。內(nei)部審計(ji)師(shi)已被看(kan)作(zuo)是與董(dong)事會、高級(ji)管(guan)理(li)(li)層、外部審計(ji)師(shi)構(gou)成有(you)效公司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)的(de)四大基石之(zhi)一。內(nei)部審計(ji)師(shi)擁(yong)有(you)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)、內(nei)部控(kong)制的(de)知識與技能(neng),能(neng)幫助(zhu)公司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)實(shi)現其核(he)心目標:控(kong)制風(feng)險(xian)(xian)以促進組(zu)織目標實(shi)現。因此,在公司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)中,內(nei)部審計(ji)是組(zu)織內(nei)部不(bu)容忽視的(de)一支(zhi)力量。
目前(qian)(qian),我國(guo)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計一般尚未與公(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)緊密結(jie)合,使之成為(wei)公(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)的(de)有機部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。為(wei)此,要逐(zhu)步完善(shan)企業法人治(zhi)理(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou),明(ming)確(que)(que)企業外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)委(wei)托(tuo)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi),培養管(guan)理(li)(li)者的(de)競爭意識(shi)和(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)意識(shi),形成內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計的(de)需求市場,為(wei)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計的(de)發(fa)(fa)展創(chuang)造(zao)良好的(de)環境(jing)。同(tong)時,要順應內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計科學(xue)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)客觀規(gui)律,在實(shi)踐中有意識(shi)地推動風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)導向(xiang)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計的(de)發(fa)(fa)展。從強調(diao)確(que)(que)認和(he)(he)測(ce)試控(kong)制的(de)完整(zheng)性,逐(zhu)步轉向(xiang)強調(diao)確(que)(que)認和(he)(he)測(ce)試風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)是(shi)否(fou)得到有效(xiao)(xiao)管(guan)理(li)(li);從傳(chuan)統的(de)強調(diao)關(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)因素(su),逐(zhu)步轉向(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)前(qian)(qian)景規(gui)劃。內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計的(de)建議應不再僅是(shi)強化控(kong)制、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)控(kong)制效(xiao)(xiao)率和(he)(he)效(xiao)(xiao)果,而(er)應該(gai)包括規(gui)避風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)、轉移風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)和(he)(he)控(kong)制風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian),通過風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)化,評價(jia)并改進組織的(de)治(zhi)理(li)(li)程序,提(ti)(ti)高(gao)公(gong)司(si)(si)整(zheng)體的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)效(xiao)(xiao)率和(he)(he)效(xiao)(xiao)果。
五、內部審計的(de)對策
突出“內(nei)(nei)向性”,擺正內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)。內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)是基于(yu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)科學管理的(de)(de)需要而(er)產生的(de)(de),是企(qi)業(ye)(ye)多層(ceng)次經(jing)營管理的(de)(de)產物。內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)基于(yu)其內(nei)(nei)向性的(de)(de)特點,從根本上決定內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)只能立足于(yu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)管理,代表企(qi)業(ye)(ye)對(dui)內(nei)(nei)實(shi)行(xing)經(jing)濟(ji)監督,強化服務職能,確保企(qi)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)營戰略、方針目標的(de)(de)貫徹實(shi)施。內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)為企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)控制度的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要組(zu)成部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分,在(zai)激勵機制中發揮有效的(de)(de)監督作(zuo)(zuo)用,會越來(lai)越引起(qi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)領導層(ceng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)視和支持,內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)將會有更加廣闊的(de)(de)發展(zhan)空間(jian)。
把握“獨立性(xing)”,發揮(hui)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。獨立性(xing)原則是內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)區(qu)別(bie)于(yu)其(qi)他職能部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)的(de)重要(yao)標志。企業(ye)在機構(gou)設置中,將(jiang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)機構(gou)和人員保(bao)持相對(dui)(dui)獨立性(xing),內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)機構(gou)由企業(ye)第一(yi)負(fu)(fu)責人直接領導,對(dui)(dui)其(qi)負(fu)(fu)責并(bing)報(bao)告工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),獨立于(yu)、高于(yu)各職能部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)。內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)與被監(jian)督對(dui)(dui)象無利益(yi)關系,才能保(bao)證(zheng)審計(ji)(ji)結果的(de)真實、客(ke)觀、公正(zheng)。同(tong)時對(dui)(dui)必要(yao)的(de)審計(ji)(ji)經費予(yu)以(yi)保(bao)證(zheng),才能使其(qi)正(zheng)常工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。當前,內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)審計(ji)(ji)應突(tu)出(chu)監(jian)督、評價、服務職能,發揮(hui)監(jian)控、參謀、建設作(zuo)用(yong),也應與管(guan)理(li)層多溝通。對(dui)(dui)影響大(da)的(de)審計(ji)(ji)結果該公示(shi)的(de)經請示(shi)后應予(yu)以(yi)公示(shi),以(yi)發揮(hui)審計(ji)(ji)的(de)應有作(zuo)用(yong)。
注(zhu)重“實(shi)(shi)效性”,提高內部(bu)審計工作(zuo)的(de)(de)水平。內部(bu)審計工作(zuo)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)效性是指(zhi)內部(bu)審計發揮(hui)職能(neng)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)和取得的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際效果(guo)。包(bao)括審計報告(gao)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量、審計工作(zuo)效率、查出問題的(de)(de)充分性和層次性,審計的(de)(de)廣度(du)和深度(du),以及審計建議、審計決(jue)定被(bei)采納程(cheng)度(du)和效果(guo)。
提高審(shen)(shen)計實(shi)效性的(de)途徑有(you):一是(shi)量(liang)力(li)而行、突出重(zhong)點的(de)審(shen)(shen)計工(gong)作方針,對(dui)重(zhong)點問題查(cha)(cha)深(shen)(shen)查(cha)(cha)透,找出深(shen)(shen)層次的(de)原因,為領導決(jue)策提供依據(ju);二是(shi)改進審(shen)(shen)計方法(fa),規(gui)范(fan)審(shen)(shen)計程序,采用(yong)現代審(shen)(shen)計手段,提高審(shen)(shen)計質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),規(gui)避審(shen)(shen)計風險;三是(shi)堅持實(shi)事求是(shi)、客觀公正的(de)原則,嚴格處理處罰(fa)行為;四(si)是(shi)以(yi)人為本,加強審(shen)(shen)計隊伍(wu)建設,嚴明(ming)的(de)審(shen)(shen)計工(gong)作紀律(lv)是(shi)審(shen)(shen)計形(xing)象和(he)工(gong)作質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)保證。
風險(xian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)夠(gou)彌補制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的缺陷與不足(zu),但在我國現階(jie)段(duan)的經濟(ji)環境下,不能(neng)完全摒棄制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji),應該在實施(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)上靈活運用風險(xian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji),而且把風險(xian)控制(zhi)(zhi)的重(zhong)點放(fang)在管理層舞(wu)弊方(fang)面,使(shi)風險(xian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)成為控制(zhi)(zhi)管理層舞(wu)弊的重(zhong)要手(shou)段(duan)之(zhi)一。所以(yi),在企(qi)業固有的內部約束機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)和激勵機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)失效的情(qing)況下,以(yi)風險(xian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)代替制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)成為必(bi)要。
勝(sheng)任內部(bu)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)工作,必須加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)隊伍建設,提高(gao)(gao)(gao)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)素質和(he)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)風險意識。一是(shi)(shi)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)專(zhuan)業知識的(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)教(jiao)育(yu),不斷提高(gao)(gao)(gao)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業理(li)論水平和(he)業務(wu)技能(neng)。二是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化專(zhuan)業法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)、學(xue)習,重點是(shi)(shi)《審(shen)計(ji)(ji)法(fa)》及《實施(shi)條例》和(he)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)署1、2、3號令等。三是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化審(shen)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)思想政治教(jiao)育(yu)、職(zhi)業道(dao)德教(jiao)育(yu)、廉政教(jiao)育(yu),使(shi)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)樹(shu)立正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生觀(guan)、世界(jie)觀(guan)、價值觀(guan),自(zi)覺(jue)依法(fa)規(gui)范(fan)自(zi)身(shen)行為(wei),增強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)在紛繁復雜的(de)(de)(de)環境中發現和(he)處理(li)問題的(de)(de)(de)鑒(jian)別(bie)力、判(pan)斷力和(he)協(xie)調(diao)各方面(mian)矛盾的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力。四是(shi)(shi)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)警示(shi)教(jiao)育(yu),提高(gao)(gao)(gao)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)風險意識。綜合考慮審(shen)計(ji)(ji)項目,合理(li)配置(zhi)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)。
篇4
關鍵(jian)詞:信托型企(qi)業 年金治(zhi)理 治(zhi)理措施
企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)(nian)金(jin)信(xin)(xin)托業(ye)務的(de)重大特征就(jiu)是(shi)信(xin)(xin)托財產是(shi)企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)(nian)金(jin),由于企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)(nian)金(jin)是(shi)養(yang)老的(de)保命(ming)錢,而且(qie)是(shi)長期繳(jiao)納(na)、不斷積累的(de),對(dui)(dui)管理的(de)獨立性和投資的(de)安全性等方面要(yao)求很高。因(yin)此,企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)(nian)金(jin)信(xin)(xin)托對(dui)(dui)受托人的(de)要(yao)求較(jiao)高。因(yin)此,對(dui)(dui)信(xin)(xin)托型(xing)企業(ye)的(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)金(jin)治理策略探討(tao)有其必要(yao)性。
一、信(xin)托(tuo)型企業的年(nian)金治理現狀
(一)企業年金(jin)的積累規模(mo)預測
企業(ye)年(nian)金類(lei)似于(yu)公積金,個人參加后,自已要繳款(kuan)(kuan),單(dan)(dan)位也為員(yuan)工(gong)繳款(kuan)(kuan)。只有(you)(you)(you)退休(xiu),死亡,出(chu)國(guo),才能支取。目(mu)前(qian)只有(you)(you)(you)單(dan)(dan)位為員(yuan)工(gong)繳款(kuan)(kuan)的才能在(zai)稅前(qian)列(lie)支(打入成本(ben)),但在(zai)支取這部份款(kuan)(kuan)項(xiang)仍(reng)需交個稅。員(yuan)工(gong)個人繳款(kuan)(kuan)目(mu)前(qian)仍(reng)未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)稅務(wu)優惠政(zheng)策(ce)。其中,年(nian)金的利(li)處就在(zai)于(yu)如果年(nian)金所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)人居住(zhu)與(yu)工(gong)作的地方相對固(gu)定(長(chang)時間(jian)),年(nian)金賬戶可轉(zhuan)移(yi),前(qian)提是新單(dan)(dan)位也有(you)(you)(you)年(nian)金計劃,否則只能保留在(zai)舊單(dan)(dan)位。
另外,年(nian)(nian)金存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)缺點就是(shi)(shi)領(ling)(ling)取(qu)方面不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)(hen)(hen)靈活(huo):退(tui)休、身故、出國定居才可以領(ling)(ling)取(qu);無(wu)保底(di)收益;企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)金建(jian)立后,如果(guo)要(yao)更換四方管(guan)理人會很(hen)(hen)(hen)麻煩(fan),所以在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)立的(de)時候(hou)選擇(ze)好(hao)的(de)四方管(guan)理人(尤其是(shi)(shi)受托人)非常重要(yao);員(yuan)工離職換工作,如果(guo)新單位有企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)金可以轉(zhuan)移,如果(guo)沒有就保留在(zai)(zai)(zai)原單位,但是(shi)(shi)賬戶轉(zhuan)移很(hen)(hen)(hen)麻煩(fan),主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)我國還(huan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)立企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)金的(de)初級階段,在(zai)(zai)(zai)運(yun)作上還(huan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)很(hen)(hen)(hen)多不(bu)(bu)足,政(zheng)策也還(huan)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)(hen)(hen)完善。
關(guan)于企(qi)業年(nian)金(jin)(jin)發展趨勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)測,有兩種(zhong)不同觀點。一種(zhong)認為中國企(qi)業年(nian)金(jin)(jin)具(ju)有廣闊的(de)(de)(de)空間和發展潛力。世界銀行的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)測表明,到2030年(nian),中國企(qi)業年(nian)金(jin)(jin)總(zong)規模將高達(da)1.8萬億(yi)美元(yuan),成為世界第三大(da)企(qi)業年(nian)金(jin)(jin)市場。保(bao)監會也(ye)認為從(cong)2006年(nian)開(kai)始,今(jin)后每年(nian)企(qi)業年(nian)金(jin)(jin)新增(zeng)額將超過1000億(yi)元(yuan),10年(nian)后將達(da)到10000億(yi)元(yuan)。
(二)信托型企業(ye)年(nian)金面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)風險
年金(jin),直(zhi)觀來講,就是(shi)補充養老保險,具有更加靈(ling)活的(de)投資渠道和上限(xian)。但是(shi)與此同時,它的(de)風險存在的(de)也是(shi)必然(ran)的(de),因此,信(xin)托型企業年金(jin)治理時,須注意的(de)風險有以(yi)下幾(ji)點(dian):
首(shou)先(xian),年(nian)金(jin)方案(an)制訂(ding)過(guo)程中的(de)劫貧濟富風險(xian),利(li)用年(nian)金(jin)的(de)杠桿原理(li)更加(jia)地剝奪普通(tong)職工的(de)權益,擴(kuo)大(da)決策層或利(li)益既(ji)得層的(de)利(li)益。
其次(ci),年金(jin)基金(jin)運行過(guo)程(cheng)中面(mian)臨的(de)重大風險則是目前年金(jin)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)市場的(de)不完(wan)善(shan),投(tou)資(zi)(zi)渠道的(de)狹窄(zhai),同時投(tou)資(zi)(zi)高素質經理的(de)缺乏也是風險之一。
第三,年金基(ji)金在勞(lao)動(dong)保(bao)障部門鑒(jian)管(guan)(guan)下運(yun)作,但真正能(neng)(neng)做到(dao)監管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)有多少,不得而知,這第三個風險(xian)(xian)就是監而不管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian),可能(neng)(neng)會讓企業年金基(ji)金集(ji)中在銀行或(huo)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司手中做出高風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)投資,導(dao)致重大損(sun)失的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)。
此外(wai),一個信(xin)托產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)風險(xian)主要(yao)看(kan)資金投向(xiang)還(huan)(huan)有具體(ti)的(de)(de)風險(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)措施:1、資金投向(xiang):一般(ban)情況下,投資于(yu)(yu)房地產(chan)、證(zheng)券市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)信(xin)托項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風險(xian)比(bi)較(jiao)高一點,但預期(qi)收益(yi)也相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)高;而上市(shi)公(gong)司(si)股(gu)(gu)權質(zhi)(zhi)押、或(huo)投資于(yu)(yu)能源、電力(li)、市(shi)政基礎(chu)設施建設等政府支持(chi)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)信(xin)托項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)比(bi)較(jiao)穩定,風險(xian)性較(jiao)低但預期(qi)收益(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)低。2、產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)風險(xian)控(kong)制(zhi),看(kan)押質(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)(de)安全性、是(shi)否容(rong)易(yi)兌現(xian)(xian)(xian),押質(zhi)(zhi)率越(yue)低越(yue)好。還(huan)(huan)有擔保方的(de)(de)實力(li)信(xin)用級別等。比(bi)如,上市(shi)公(gong)司(si)股(gu)(gu)權流動性好變(bian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)容(rong)易(yi),而如果是(shi)土地、或(huo)者不動產(chan)質(zhi)(zhi)押,變(bian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)則(ze)相(xiang)(xiang)對困(kun)難。
二、信(xin)托(tuo)型企(qi)業(ye)的(de)年(nian)金治理措施
(一)加強年(nian)金的(de)監管,明確監管主體
我國(guo)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)年(nian)金(jin)(jin)是信托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)模式的(de)(de),委(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)通(tong)過與(yu)受(shou)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)簽署(shu)的(de)(de)受(shou)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)合同,以信托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)的(de)(de)模式將(jiang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)年(nian)金(jin)(jin)交給受(shou)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)。在運作(zuo)過程中(zhong),托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)會(hui)為企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)年(nian)金(jin)(jin)基金(jin)(jin)會(hui)開立(li)專門(men)的(de)(de)賬戶,用于歸集和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)年(nian)金(jin)(jin)基金(jin)(jin)。受(shou)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)根據受(shou)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)合同以及(ji)國(guo)家(jia)政策(ce)法規的(de)(de)要求來協調其他管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)來管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)年(nian)金(jin)(jin)。在我國(guo),企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)年(nian)金(jin)(jin)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)機構(gou)(gou)主要是“三部一會(hui)”,具體是人(ren)力資源和(he)社會(hui)保障部,中(zhong)國(guo)銀(yin)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)監(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui),中(zhong)國(guo)保險業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)監(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui),中(zhong)國(guo)證券業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)監(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui) 另外(wai)國(guo)有資產(chan)監(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)、中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)民(min)銀(yin)行(xing)和(he)國(guo)家(jia)稅(shui)務(wu)總局也參(can)與(yu)了政策(ce)的(de)(de)制(zhi)定和(he)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)及(ji)機構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。
(二(er))完(wan)善年金制(zhi)度,強化制(zhi)度管理(li)
就目前我(wo)國的年(nian)(nian)金管(guan)(guan)理(li)的現狀來(lai)分析,企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)年(nian)(nian)金制(zhi)(zhi)度還(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)成熟(shu)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)完善,社(she)會公(gong)眾(zhong)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)年(nian)(nian)金的關注度還(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠,一些政策、法規的缺位阻(zu)滯(zhi)了企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)和職工積極發展和參與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)年(nian)(nian)金,企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)年(nian)(nian)金投資管(guan)(guan)理(li)的市(shi)場化程度不(bu)(bu)(bu)高,因此,針對(dui)這種(zhong)情(qing)況,企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)必須要(yao)完善相關的年(nian)(nian)金制(zhi)(zhi)度,強(qiang)化年(nian)(nian)金的制(zhi)(zhi)度化管(guan)(guan)理(li),促進年(nian)(nian)金管(guan)(guan)理(li)的規范化發展,具體可(ke)以從下方面(mian)入(ru)手:
首(shou)先,要(yao)加強對企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)盈利情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分析,建立(li)員工激勵機制(zhi),尤其是要(yao)加強研(yan)究中央和地方關于企(qi)(qi)業年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律及政策,對應(ying)審視一下自己企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang),可成立(li)企(qi)(qi)業內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)理事會,最(zui)好選擇機構受托人專門(men)負責管理企(qi)(qi)業年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin),協調好與職工、年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)受托人的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系,按期向帳戶管理人繳(jiao)納應(ying)當由企(qi)(qi)業負擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)部(bu)(bu)分,并合理監(jian)督企(qi)(qi)業年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理、運(yun)作以及效果,完(wan)善(shan)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)度。
其(qi)次,建議整(zheng)合(he)標準、法(fa)律、檢(jian)(jian)驗檢(jian)(jian)測、監督執(zhi)法(fa)資(zi)源,將現有(you)(you)(you)體(ti)制改革成為(wei)食品(pin)全(quan)鏈條由一個(ge)部門監管,全(quan)面保障該部門的(de)設備(bei)資(zi)金人力,確(que)保其(qi)有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)力監管;同時明確(que)責任,加強考(kao)核,確(que)保其(qi)監管到位,嚴(yan)懲有(you)(you)(you)法(fa)不依執(zhi)法(fa)不嚴(yan)違法(fa)不究(jiu)等行為(wei),營(ying)造嚴(yan)厲執(zhi)法(fa)、全(quan)社會共同參(can)與(yu)執(zhi)法(fa)的(de)良好氛圍;提高(gao)(gao)違法(fa)成本,讓違法(fa)行為(wei)成為(wei)不敢觸碰的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓線。
(三)加強風險(xian)技術管理,完善預警機制
在(zai)信托模式下,企業年(nian)金的(de)風(feng)險(xian)識別(bie)及管(guan)(guan)理(li)是(shi)我們(men)要研究的(de)一項重(zhong)要課題,風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)技術導入(ru)企業年(nian)金的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)流程(cheng)就(jiu)顯得(de)十分必(bi)要。為(wei)此(ci),需要建立相關的(de)預警機制,引入(ru)風(feng)險(xian)技術管(guan)(guan)理(li)。
首先(xian),要建立專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)年金(jin)客(ke)(ke)戶項目公關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門,提(ti)供(gong)基(ji)本的(de)(de)受(shou)托和(he)(he)投(tou)(tou)資產品(pin)(pin)推介支持,解(jie)答受(shou)托管(guan)理(li)、投(tou)(tou)資產品(pin)(pin)相關(guan)問題(ti),了解(jie)客(ke)(ke)戶需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu),根據客(ke)(ke)戶需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)準(zhun)備(bei)解(jie)決方(fang)案(an)和(he)(he)項目競標材(cai)料,參加中(zhong)小型年金(jin)項目競標,進行年金(jin)項目推介演示(shi),對(dui)于大型或特(te)殊(shu)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)客(ke)(ke)戶配(pei)合總部(bu)(bu)相關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門制作(zuo)(zuo)特(te)殊(shu)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)方(fang)案(an)和(he)(he)標書,并(bing)且推動機(ji)構銷(xiao)(xiao)售隊伍的(de)(de)年金(jin)銷(xiao)(xiao)售工作(zuo)(zuo),提(ti)供(gong)受(shou)托和(he)(he)投(tou)(tou)資產品(pin)(pin)培訓,解(jie)答銷(xiao)(xiao)售隊伍日常年金(jin)銷(xiao)(xiao)售和(he)(he)服務方(fang)面(mian)問題(ti),負(fu)責為簽約客(ke)(ke)戶提(ti)供(gong)年金(jin)基(ji)礎知(zhi)識和(he)(he)投(tou)(tou)資產品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)培訓,協調帳戶管(guan)理(li)人為企業提(ti)供(gong)培訓,為客(ke)(ke)戶提(ti)供(gong)后續受(shou)托管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)投(tou)(tou)資方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)咨詢服務工作(zuo)(zuo);及時(shi)收集和(he)(he)匯報(bao)機(ji)構年金(jin)銷(xiao)(xiao)售信息,進行年金(jin)市場和(he)(he)競爭對(dui)手分(fen)析(xi)(xi)并(bing)編寫分(fen)析(xi)(xi)報(bao)告。
其次(ci),要針對企業年(nian)金(jin)市場的(de)(de)發(fa)展情況和背(bei)景,參(can)照《企業年(nian)金(jin)基金(jin)管理(li)試行辦法》的(de)(de)規定(ding):“第十九(jiu)條 本辦法所稱(cheng)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)管理(li)人,是(shi)指受受托(tuo)人委托(tuo)管理(li)企業年(nian)金(jin)基金(jin)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)專業機構。”,明確賬(zhang)(zhang)戶(hu)(hu)管理(li)人的(de)(de)條件(jian)和職責,提高風(feng)險承(cheng)受能力,通過選擇投資組合(he),穩定(ding)收益,確保企業年(nian)金(jin)資金(jin)的(de)(de)安全和穩定(ding)性(xing)。
三、強化年金治理
(一)強化政府調控
國家和政(zheng)(zheng)府要(yao)加(jia)強社(she)(she)會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)建(jian)立,綜(zong)合分析(xi)相關的(de)(de)影響因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su),如經(jing)(jing)濟因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)、社(she)(she)會(hui)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)、道德因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)、政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su),針對社(she)(she)會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)與(yu)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)基礎性影響,增強完(wan)善社(she)(she)會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)實踐活動的(de)(de)全面展(zhan)(zhan)開,加(jia)強年金的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理,解決(jue)人民(min)和社(she)(she)會(hui)問題。而且(qie)在社(she)(she)會(hui)保(bao)險(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)與(yu)形成(cheng)階段,其(qi)根本(ben)目的(de)(de)就是(shi)解決(jue)社(she)(she)會(hui)成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)現(xian)實困(kun)(kun)難(nan);解決(jue)社(she)(she)會(hui)成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)當前困(kun)(kun)難(nan);解除社(she)(she)會(hui)成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)后(hou)顧之憂;促(cu)進(jin)社(she)(she)會(hui)經(jing)(jing)濟發展(zhan)(zhan),因(yin)(yin)此,國家和政(zheng)(zheng)府必須要(yao)建(jian)立起(qi)完(wan)善的(de)(de)現(xian)代社(she)(she)會(hui)保(bao)險(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),進(jin)行(xing)促(cu)進(jin)年金治(zhi)(zhi)理的(de)(de)規(gui)范化發展(zhan)(zhan)。另(ling)外,可(ke)以借鑒西方(fang)福利國家,如德國、美(mei)國、加(jia)拿大、英(ying)國等(deng)年金治(zhi)(zhi)理方(fang)法(fa)和經(jing)(jing)驗,為我國建(jian)立完(wan)善相關制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),提供良好的(de)(de)理論與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)策依據。
(二)完(wan)善企業年金治(zhi)理(li)框架
正如(ru)我(wo)們所(suo)知,社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本出發點是發展經濟,創造(zao)社會(hui)穩定。但是以目(mu)(mu)前我(wo)國(guo)社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)水平(ping)來分析,其(qi)仍(reng)舊處于基(ji)本保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)型和最低(di)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)型。因此(ci),需要在此(ci)基(ji)礎上,完善(shan)我(wo)國(guo)企業年金(jin)治理(li)框架,不斷地推進(jin)我(wo)國(guo)社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)進(jin)入高級階段,實(shi)現年金(jin)治理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)及化與(yu)高水平(ping)化,與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時,還要以社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)法立法原則為根本,確保(bao)(bao)年金(jin)治理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人權保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)、公(gong)平(ping)優先、權利與(yu)義務(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)結合(he)、遍性與(yu)特殊性相(xiang)(xiang)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一體化進(jin)行(xing),達到企業年金(jin)治理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),加大社會(hui)成(cheng)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍參與(yu),實(shi)行(xing)全國(guo)統籌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)(zhi)性企業年金(jin)計劃。
(三(san))加強(qiang)企業年(nian)金治(zhi)理的監督管理
年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)度作為(wei)一種社會(hui)化(hua)(hua)保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)體(ti)制(zhi),其應該體(ti)現自主性(xing)(xing)、補償性(xing)(xing)、社會(hui)性(xing)(xing)、多樣化(hua)(hua)。因此(ci),要從我國(guo)社會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)度的具體(ti)安排出發,可以(yi)(yi)將我國(guo)各個(ge)企(qi)業的年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)治理模式(shi)不斷地推進法(fa)制(zhi)化(hua)(hua),充(chong)分(fen)實現年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)度的實體(ti)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、理念(nian)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、內在(zai)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi) 和外(wai)在(zai)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi),做到依(yi)法(fa)管(guan)理,規范運行(xing),完善企(qi)業年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)預算管(guan)理方(fang)式(shi),確保(bao)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)(jin)保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)范圍的公平性(xing)(xing)、保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)待遇的公平性(xing)(xing)、保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)過程(cheng)的公平性(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)及保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)手段(duan)的公平性(xing)(xing)。
另外,在進(jin)行制度管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)過程中,要保證年金(jin)(jin)制度管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)開放(fang)性和管(guan)理(li)監(jian)督的(de)(de)社會化(hua)、水平結構的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣化(hua)、法律規范(fan)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣化(hua),以不(bu)同時期的(de)(de)具體實踐內容為依(yi)據,可以把年金(jin)(jin)治理(li)劃(hua)分為若干個階段,優化(hua)企業(ye)年金(jin)(jin)制度結構,真正完整(zheng)地體現了(le)年金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)與價值。
(四(si))加強內部治理(li)與(yu)外部治理(li)的(de)結(jie)合(he)
對于信托(tuo)型(xing)(xing)企(qi)業(ye)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)治理而言,內部治理是根本、核心和基(ji)礎(chu),外部治理是保(bao)障。首先,要(yao)(yao)加強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)內部治理系統的(de)(de)(de)分析,建(jian)立一整套合理界定(ding)甕利(li)益相關(guan)(guan)者的(de)(de)(de)契約制(zhi)度,明確股(gu)東、職(zhi)工(gong)、經營者、債權人以及政(zheng)府和其他利(li)益相關(guan)(guan)者之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)權利(li),并(bing)且通(tong)過科學的(de)(de)(de)激勵約束機制(zhi),促(cu)進這些契約制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)執行,同(tong)時,還要(yao)(yao)著(zhu)力于完(wan)善企(qi)業(ye)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)治理的(de)(de)(de)文化信念(nian)。其次,要(yao)(yao)完(wan)善我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)計(ji)劃保(bao)障機制(zhi),建(jian)立和制(zhi)定(ding)集合型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)計(ji)劃,并(bing)明確發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)政(zheng)策(ce)思路,實現公司治理與企(qi)業(ye)年(nian)(nian)金(jin)計(ji)劃發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)動(dong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。同(tong)時,還要(yao)(yao)完(wan)善政(zheng)府法規監管、信息披露制(zhi)度以及行業(ye)自律機制(zhi)等(deng)相關(guan)(guan)內容。
四、總結
總而(er)言之,針(zhen)對我(wo)國信托型企(qi)業年(nian)金治理(li)(li)(li)的(de)現狀以(yi)及存(cun)在的(de)風險,要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),必須要(yao)(yao)完善企(qi)業年(nian)金治理(li)(li)(li)構建的(de)原則和治理(li)(li)(li)框架,將(jiang)內部治理(li)(li)(li)與內部治理(li)(li)(li)結合(he)起來(lai),進(jin)一步促(cu)進(jin)企(qi)業年(nian)金治理(li)(li)(li)的(de)規范性。
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篇5
關鍵詞(ci):風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)社會;環境風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian);預防為(wei)主原則;預防原則;風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)防范
現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)工業社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)帶來了越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)災難,人(ren)們在(zai)(zai)(zai)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)生活的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)領(ling)域、不(bu)同層面都能感受到(dao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。面對(dui)越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),公(gong)眾的(de)(de)(de)神經變得越(yue)來越(yue)敏感和(he)脆(cui)弱,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)問題(ti)由(you)此成(cheng)了當(dang)今社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)爭論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)焦點。20世(shi)紀80年代(dai)德國著(zhu)名學者烏爾里希?貝(bei)(bei)克提出(chu)了風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun),該理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)迅速成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)科學領(ling)域重(zhong)要(yao)議題(ti)。他在(zai)(zai)(zai)《風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)》一書中(zhong)(zhong)并沒有(you)(you)對(dui)“風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)”概(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)做出(chu)直接歸納,而是(shi)從當(dang)代(dai)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)概(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)出(chu)發(fa)(fa)引出(chu)“風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)”概(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)應含之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。貝(bei)(bei)克認為(wei)(wei):風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)概(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)直接與(yu)反思現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)相關(guan)(guan),可以(yi)被界定為(wei)(wei)系統地處理(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化自身引致的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)不(bu)安(an)全(quan)感的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),與(yu)早期的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)相對(dui)是(shi)與(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)威(wei)脅力(li)量以(yi)及現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化引致的(de)(de)(de)懷疑的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)球化相關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)一些后(hou)果①。之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)他在(zai)(zai)(zai)《風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)思考》中(zhong)(zhong)總結“風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)”概(gai)(gai)念(nian)(nian)意(yi)味著(zhu):既(ji)不(bu)是(shi)毀滅也(ye)不(bu)是(shi)信任/安(an)全(quan),而是(shi)“真實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)虛(xu)擬(ni)”;是(shi)有(you)(you)威(wei)脅的(de)(de)(de)未來,(始(shi)終(zhong))與(yu)事實(shi)(shi)相反,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)影響當(dang)前(qian)行為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)參數;既(ji)是(shi)對(dui)事實(shi)(shi)也(ye)是(shi)對(dui)評價的(de)(de)(de)陳述(shu),它在(zai)(zai)(zai)“數字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)道德”中(zhong)(zhong)結合了起來;控制(zhi)或缺乏(fa)控制(zhi),就像在(zai)(zai)(zai)“人(ren)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)穩定”中(zhong)(zhong)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)那樣;認識(shi)(再認識(shi))沖(chong)突中(zhong)(zhong)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)或不(bu)知;出(chu)于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)“全(quan)球性”而使全(quan)球和(he)本土(tu)同時重(zhong)組;知識(shi)、潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)沖(chong)突和(he)癥候(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie);—個(ge)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)混合世(shi)界,失去了自然與(yu)文化之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)二元性②。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)提出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)初正(zheng)值切爾諾貝(bei)(bei)利核(he)電(dian)危(wei)機發(fa)(fa)生之(zhi)(zhi)際,而與(yu)環(huan)境(jing)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)一直是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)議題(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)一。應對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)背景下(xia)與(yu)環(huan)境(jing)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),環(huan)境(jing)法應有(you)(you)所(suo)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei),它的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用之(zhi)(zhi)一就是(shi)要(yao)防(fang)止某種不(bu)確定的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)安(an)全(quan)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)(wei)現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)威(wei)脅。環(huan)境(jing)法預(yu)防(fang)原則(ze)與(yu)對(dui)安(an)全(quan)追求的(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)價值體(ti)系具有(you)(you)一致性。但是(shi),現(xian)(xian)(xian)行環(huan)境(jing)法預(yu)防(fang)原則(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)語(yu)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)受到(dao)挑戰(zhan),預(yu)防(fang)原則(ze)應有(you)(you)所(suo)突破并進行重(zhong)構。
一(yi)、預防(fang)原則產生(sheng)與發展
預(yu)(yu)防(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)作為(wei)(wei)一項法(fa)(fa)(fa)律原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)最初規(gui)(gui)定(ding)于聯邦(bang)(bang)(bang)德(de)(de)國(guo)的預(yu)(yu)防(fang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)(ze),這(zhe)項規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)(ze)的要點是為(wei)(wei)了(le)防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)破壞(huai),社會應該未(wei)雨綢(chou)(chou)繆,在(zai)(zai)(zai)潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)危險(xian)(xian)行為(wei)(wei)發生(sheng)之(zhi)前(qian)做出(chu)詳細計劃(hua)。1976年聯邦(bang)(bang)(bang)德(de)(de)國(guo)議(yi)會通(tong)過(guo)清(qing)潔(jie)空氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)將(jiang)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)作為(wei)(wei)一項基本(ben)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)。預(yu)(yu)防(fang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)作為(wei)(wei)一項法(fa)(fa)(fa)律原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)最初規(gui)(gui)定(ding)于聯邦(bang)(bang)(bang)德(de)(de)國(guo)的預(yu)(yu)防(fang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)(ze),這(zhe)項規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)(ze)的要點是為(wei)(wei)了(le)防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)破壞(huai)社會應該未(wei)雨綢(chou)(chou)繆,在(zai)(zai)(zai)潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)危險(xian)(xian)行為(wei)(wei)發生(sheng)之(zhi)前(qian)做出(chu)詳細計劃(hua)。1976年聯邦(bang)(bang)(bang)德(de)(de)國(guo)議(yi)會通(tong)過(guo)清(qing)潔(jie)空氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)將(jiang)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)作為(wei)(wei)一項基本(ben)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)。這(zhe)些原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)要求政策制(zhi)定(ding)者考慮(lv)(lv)科學不確定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。但是關于不可逆的環(huan)境(jing)損害問(wen)題(ti)(ti),要考慮(lv)(lv)風險(xian)(xian)防(fang)范(fan)措施。聯邦(bang)(bang)(bang)德(de)(de)國(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)處(chu)理酸雨、全球(qiu)氣候變(bian)暖、北(bei)部(bu)海域污染等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)時經常提到這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)。通(tong)過(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)些領域適用風險(xian)(xian)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)措施來確立這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)的合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。風險(xian)(xian)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)措施的實施對當(dang)時德(de)(de)國(guo)工業環(huan)境(jing)保護(hu)和環(huan)境(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的發展做出(chu)了(le)貢獻。
20世紀80年(nian)代,預防(fang)(fang)原則開始經(jing)常出現在國際環境(jing)保(bao)護條(tiao)約、協議和宣言中。比(bi)這更早(zao)的(de)關于預防(fang)(fang)原則的(de)國際文件,是1982年(nian)世界自然(ran)和1987年(nian)第二次北(bei)海(hai)保(bao)護部長(chang)會議宣言。它們清楚的(de)規定了風險預防(fang)(fang)原則。
20世紀90年(nian)(nian)代是(shi)(shi)預(yu)防原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則全面發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要階段,更(geng)多國(guo)家了(le)(le)解、接受了(le)(le)這個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則,并發(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)這個(ge)(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)范(fan)圍和(he)領域。預(yu)防原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)部分。有(you)學者(zhe)指出(chu)20世紀90年(nian)(nian)代以后幾乎(hu)所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與環(huan)境有(you)關國(guo)際法律文(wen)件都承認預(yu)防原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則。值得指出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)1992年(nian)(nian)在里(li)(li)約熱內盧(lu)召開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯合國(guo)環(huan)境發(fa)展(zhan)大會(hui)中發(fa)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《里(li)(li)約環(huan)境宣言(yan)》是(shi)(shi)預(yu)防原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)里(li)(li)程碑。《里(li)(li)約宣言(yan)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第15條指出(chu),“為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)保護環(huan)境,各(ge)國(guo)應(ying)(ying)根據(ju)它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力廣泛采取(qu)預(yu)防性(xing)措(cuo)施(shi)。凡有(you)可(ke)能造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或不(bu)可(ke)挽回的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang),不(bu)能把(ba)缺乏充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學肯(ken)定性(xing)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)推遲采取(qu)防止環(huan)境退化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)低(di)廉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)由”。1998年(nian)(nian)Wingspread會(hui)議進一(yi)(yi)步將(jiang)該原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則表(biao)(biao)述為(wei)(wei)(wei):“當(dang)一(yi)(yi)項活動對(dui)人類(lei)健(jian)康或環(huan)境產(chan)生威脅時(shi)應(ying)(ying)采取(qu)預(yu)防措(cuo)施(shi),即(ji)使因果關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學證明沒有(you)完全建(jian)立……。在這種情況下活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)持(chi)者(zhe),而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)公眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),應(ying)(ying)承擔舉證責任。”《里(li)(li)約宣言(yan)》規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)防原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)述是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種弱勢形(xing)式表(biao)(biao)述,而(er)Wingspread會(hui)議則采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種強勢形(xing)式表(biao)(biao)達。這兩個(ge)(ge)條約被認為(wei)(wei)(wei)包含了(le)(le)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)預(yu)防原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心要素(su),即(ji)在應(ying)(ying)采取(qu)行動應(ying)(ying)對(dui)某些(xie)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)時(shi)科(ke)學不(bu)確定性(xing)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)采取(qu)預(yu)防措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)由。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)預(yu)防原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弱勢形(xing)式是(shi)(shi)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)且(qie)有(you)必要在國(guo)際上(shang)得到廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認可(ke)Jonathan Hughes,“How Not to Criticize the Precautionary Principle”,Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,2006,31,pp447–464。
二、中國環境(jing)法之預防(fang)為主原則
法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承、法(fa)(fa)(fa)律移植和(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制改革(ge)是(shi)(shi)當代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)途徑和(he)(he)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)沈宗(zong)靈主編:《法(fa)(fa)(fa)理(li)學》(第(di)二版(ban)),高(gao)等教育(yu)出(chu)版(ban)社2009年(nian)版(ban),第(di)99-107頁(ye)。。從時間上(shang)看中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)(dai)環境法(fa)(fa)(fa)產生(sheng)發(fa)展較之(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)方(fang)社會更(geng)晚(wan)一(yi)(yi)些,因此中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)(dai)環境法(fa)(fa)(fa)很注重(zhong)吸(xi)收(shou)和(he)(he)借(jie)(jie)鑒(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外先進(jin)經驗。預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主原則是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)環境法(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)早期就得以(yi)承認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)原則,是(shi)(shi)在(zai)借(jie)(jie)鑒(jian)、吸(xi)收(shou)預防(fang)(fang)(fang)原則基礎上(shang)發(fa)展而來的(de)(de)(de)(de)。20世紀70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)西(xi)方(fang)社會已(yi)經認(ren)識到人(ren)對自(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大影響,認(ren)識到預防(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)(shi)比事(shi)后治理(li)更(geng)有(you)效(xiao)更(geng)符合成(cheng)本(ben)收(shou)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。1976年(nian)德國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)經將預防(fang)(fang)(fang)原則作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)基本(ben)原則收(shou)入清潔(jie)空(kong)氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)。70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)末正值我國(guo)(guo)(guo)環境法(fa)(fa)(fa)蓬勃發(fa)展之(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),1978年(nian)《憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)》將環境保(bao)護作為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)基本(ben)職責確(que)立(li)了下來蔡守秋(qiu)主編:《環境法(fa)(fa)(fa)教程(cheng)》,法(fa)(fa)(fa)律出(chu)版(ban)社1995年(nian)版(ban),第(di)55頁(ye)。。1979年(nian)《環境保(bao)護法(fa)(fa)(fa)(試行(xing))》將保(bao)護自(zi)然資源、防(fang)(fang)(fang)治污染和(he)(he)其它公害作了全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則性規定(ding)。之(zhi)(zhi)后預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主原則成(cheng)為(wei)環境法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原則之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)被確(que)定(ding)延續下來。
預(yu)(yu)防(fang)為(wei)主原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)為(wei)主、防(fang)治(zhi)結(jie)合、綜合整治(zhi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)簡稱(cheng)(cheng)。這在(zai)(zai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法學界已經(jing)得到(dao)公認(ren),不同(tong)(tong)學者(zhe)(zhe)也對(dui)該(gai)(gai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)作了闡述。呂(lv)忠梅教(jiao)授(shou)認(ren)為(wei)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)為(wei)主原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)內(nei)涵是(shi)(shi)指(zhi):國(guo)家在(zai)(zai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)作中采取各(ge)種預(yu)(yu)防(fang)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),防(fang)止開發和(he)(he)建設活動(dong)中產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)新的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)和(he)(he)破(po)壞(huai)(huai);而對(dui)已經(jing)造(zao)成的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)和(he)(he)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)要(yao)積(ji)極治(zhi)理(li)呂(lv)忠梅:《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法》,法律(lv)(lv)出(chu)(chu)版社(she)(she)1997年版,第61頁(ye)。。陳泉(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)教(jiao)授(shou)認(ren)為(wei)該(gai)(gai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)由預(yu)(yu)防(fang)、防(fang)治(zhi)、綜合治(zhi)理(li)三(san)個部分組成。所(suo)謂(wei)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)一切環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)或(huo)(huo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)造(zao)成的(de)(de)危(wei)害,它(ta)包括通常(chang)不會發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)危(wei)害,時(shi)間和(he)(he)空間上(shang)距離(li)遙遠的(de)(de)危(wei)害,以及(ji)累(lei)積(ji)型的(de)(de)危(wei)害。所(suo)謂(wei)防(fang)治(zhi),是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)對(dui)一切環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)或(huo)(huo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)所(suo)進行(xing)的(de)(de)治(zhi)理(li)。所(suo)謂(wei)綜合治(zhi)理(li),又稱(cheng)(cheng)綜合整治(zhi),則(ze)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)根據環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)的(de)(de)具(ju)體情況,對(dui)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)和(he)(he)防(fang)治(zhi)進行(xing)統籌安排,綜合運(yun)用(yong)各(ge)種手段來(lai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)改(gai)善環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)陳泉(quan)生(sheng)(sheng):《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)》,法律(lv)(lv)出(chu)(chu)版社(she)(she)1997年版,第71頁(ye)。。汪勁認(ren)為(wei)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)對(dui)開發和(he)(he)利用(yong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)下降或(huo)(huo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)等應(ying)當事前采取預(yu)(yu)測、分析和(he)(he)防(fang)范措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),以避免、消除由此可能帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)損(sun)害。預(yu)(yu)防(fang)為(wei)主、防(fang)治(zhi)結(jie)合要(yao)求將(jiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)重點放在(zai)(zai)事前防(fang)止環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)和(he)(he)自然破(po)壞(huai)(huai)之上(shang),防(fang)止環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)問(wen)題的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)惡化,同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也要(yao)求積(ji)極治(zhi)理(li)和(he)(he)恢復(fu)現(xian)有的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染(ran)與自然破(po)壞(huai)(huai),以保(bao)護(hu)(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統的(de)(de)安全和(he)(he)人(ren)類的(de)(de)健康及(ji)其生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)安全汪勁:《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法學》,北京大學出(chu)(chu)版社(she)(she)2006年版,第153頁(ye)。。這些學者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)該(gai)(gai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)論述中體現(xian)了某些共同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)思想就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)承(cheng)認(ren)防(fang)患于未然的(de)(de)重要(yao)性和(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)損(sun)害發生(sheng)(sheng)之前采取措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)的(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)性。
法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)在立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)表達形式并不相(xiang)同,既有通過直(zhi)接明確(que)的(de)(de)條文(wen)形式立(li)于法(fa)(fa)(fa)條之中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de),也(ye)(ye)有通過不同具(ju)體(ti)(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)條文(wen)間(jian)接表現(xian)出的(de)(de)。作為(wei)一項(xiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)基本原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze),預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)就是通過相(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)條文(wen)間(jian)接體(ti)(ti)現(xian)的(de)(de)。從相(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)條文(wen)的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)闡述看,《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》和(he)其(qi)他(ta)單行法(fa)(fa)(fa)并未直(zhi)接使用(yong)“預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”一詞(ci),但是該原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)在相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)一直(zhi)有所體(ti)(ti)現(xian)。《憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第26條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)國家保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)改善(shan)生(sheng)活環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)和(he)其(qi)它公害(hai)。《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第1條也(ye)(ye)用(yong)到了(le)“防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)和(he)其(qi)他(ta)公害(hai)”的(de)(de)論(lun)述。《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第25 條規(gui)定(ding)(ding):“新(xin)建工(gong)(gong)業企業和(he)現(xian)有工(gong)(gong)業企業的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)改造,應當采(cai)取資源利用(yong)率高(gao)、污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)排放(fang)量少的(de)(de)設備和(he)工(gong)(gong)藝,采(cai)用(yong)經濟合理的(de)(de)廢棄物(wu)綜合利用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)處理技(ji)術(shu)(shu)。”《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第13 條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)確(que)立(li)了(le)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),該法(fa)(fa)(fa)第26 條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)“三同時”制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)了(le)從源頭上防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)思想(xiang),是預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)間(jian)接表述。此(ci)(ci)外(wai),在專門性環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)層次上,《大氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》、《水污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》、《固體(ti)(ti)廢物(wu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》、《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)噪(zao)聲污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》和(he)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價法(fa)(fa)(fa)》等法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui),在各自(zi)的(de)(de)適(shi)用(yong)領域重申、補充、豐(feng)富(fu)或發展了(le)以上基本原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)在環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)適(shi)用(yong)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)、集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在幾項(xiang)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)。汪勁教授將(jiang)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)歸類于“事(shi)(shi)前(qian)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)類法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)”。事(shi)(shi)前(qian)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)類的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)是預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)在環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)和(he)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)適(shi)用(yong),主要包括:環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)標準制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)計劃制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)評(ping)(ping)價制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)呂(lv)忠梅:《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》,法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)出版社1997年版,第201頁。。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)清潔生(sheng)產機制(zhi)(zhi)、許可證(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。
三、風險社會下預防為(wei)主原(yuan)則的困境
預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)在(zai)范疇上缺(que)乏風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang),這(zhe)(zhe)本(ben)身(shen)可能(neng)導(dao)致新的(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生,這(zhe)(zhe)是風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)會(hui)背景下預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)一。預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)與(yu)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)不(bu)盡相同文中(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)特(te)指我國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze),即(ji)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)、防(fang)(fang)治結合、綜(zong)合治理原(yuan)則(ze)(ze),用(yong)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)特(te)指國(guo)(guo)際通行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。。我國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)產(chan)生于20世(shi)紀70年(nian)代,此時在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際上各種環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染與(yu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)事件(jian)頻(pin)發。各國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)立法(fa)(fa)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)始準備(bei),在(zai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)損害(hai)(hai)(hai)出現(xian)(xian)之(zhi)前就(jiu)采取預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)措施的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)被廣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)接受。鑒于西方的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗教訓,我國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)在(zai)產(chan)生之(zhi)初就(jiu)采用(yong)了(le)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)接受了(le)在(zai)對(dui)(dui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帶來(lai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)損害(hai)(hai)(hai)之(zhi)前就(jiu)采取行(xing)動以(yi)避免(mian)危(wei)(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生之(zhi)思(si)想(xiang)。但預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)有(you)兩層含義(yi):一是運用(yong)已有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識和(he)經(jing)驗,對(dui)(dui)開(kai)發和(he)利(li)用(yong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)危(wei)(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)事件(jian)之(zhi)前采取措施以(yi)避免(mian)危(wei)(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生;二(er)是在(zai)科學不(bu)確(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下,基于現(xian)(xian)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學知(zhi)識去(qu)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),即(ji)對(dui)(dui)開(kai)發和(he)利(li)用(yong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)可能(neng)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尚未明(ming)確(que)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)具體明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)危(wei)(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)進(jin)行(xing)事前預(yu)(yu)測、分析和(he)評(ping)價(jia)(jia),促(cu)進(jin)開(kai)發決策避免(mian)這(zhe)(zhe)種可能(neng)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)危(wei)(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)及(ji)其風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)呂忠梅:《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)》,法(fa)(fa)律(lv)出版社(she)(she)1997年(nian)版,第154頁。。從環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)學者(zhe)(zhe)關(guan)于預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)概(gai)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)論述(shu)看,關(guan)于預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一層含義(yi)大家獲得了(le)共識:應該(gai)利(li)用(yong)各種手段防(fang)(fang)止環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)利(li)用(yong)導(dao)致對(dui)(dui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)利(li)影響。但對(dui)(dui)于預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)層次含義(yi)即(ji)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)確(que)定(ding)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)范法(fa)(fa)律(lv)未作規(gui)定(ding),不(bu)同學者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點也(ye)各異(yi)。目前中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已經(jing)進(jin)入以(yi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(或(huo)(huo)生態)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(或(huo)(huo)危(wei)(wei)(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian))為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)標(biao)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)會(hui)。面對(dui)(dui)越來(lai)越多的(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),僅將(jiang)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)局限于預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染、破壞等確(que)定(ding)性損害(hai)(hai)(hai)之(zhi)上,而忽視風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)范將(jiang)導(dao)致更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)生產(chan),導(dao)致惡性循環(huan)(huan)。
實踐(jian)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)原則(ze)(ze)成效(xiao)甚微,此為(wei)風險社(she)會背景下預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)原則(ze)(ze)困境(jing)(jing)之二(er)。預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)治結合、綜合治理作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)一項原則(ze)(ze)在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)法(fa)產(chan)生(sheng)之初就(jiu)已經確立,對相(xiang)關環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)立法(fa)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)執(zhi)法(fa)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)司法(fa)均有(you)(you)指導作(zuo)(zuo)用。預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)原則(ze)(ze)應該貫穿于環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)法(fa)治的(de)整個過程中(zhong),對一切與環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)影響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)行為(wei)指引(yin)。根據預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)原則(ze)(ze)設置了相(xiang)關法(fa)律制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):清潔生(sheng)產(chan)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影響(xiang)(xiang)評價機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)標(biao)準制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)計(ji)劃制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和許可制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)在實踐(jian)中(zhong)起(qi)到了積(ji)極效(xiao)應,但作(zuo)(zuo)用卻非常有(you)(you)限。最(zui)初以(yi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)止環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)原則(ze)(ze)在環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)面前成效(xiao)甚微。以(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)為(wei)例,根據《2010中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)公報(bao)》顯示全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)依(yi)然較重(zhong),七(qi)大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系總體輕度(du)(du)(du)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran),近岸海(hai)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質總體為(wei)輕度(du)(du)(du)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。據財新網不完全(quan)統計(ji),自2005至2011年近六年中(zhong)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已發(fa)生(sheng)了15起(qi)重(zhong)大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)事故張煥(huan)平:《近6年15起(qi)重(zhong)大(da)化工水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)事故一覽》,wwwcaingcom/2011-08-17/100291673html,2011-09-05。加上(shang)康菲漏(lou)油事故,統計(ji)數據應該是(shi)近六年來(lai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已經發(fa)生(sheng)了16起(qi)重(zhong)大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)事故。。近年來(lai),環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)問(wen)題日(ri)益突出(chu),污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)問(wen)題嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)(xiang)社(she)會穩定,因(yin)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)問(wen)題引(yin)發(fa)的(de)不斷(duan)增加。自松(song)花江水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)事件發(fa)生(sheng)以(yi)來(lai),全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)生(sheng)各類突發(fa)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)事件76起(qi),平均每兩天(tian)就(jiu)發(fa)生(sheng)一起(qi)。如果環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)(bao)護繼續被動適應經濟增長(chang),這(zhe)(zhe)種狀(zhuang)況(kuang)將難以(yi)遏(e)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),甚至有(you)(you)愈(yu)演(yan)愈(yu)烈之勢參(can)見《環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)工作(zuo)(zuo)要實現(xian)(xian)歷(li)史性轉變——國(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)(bao)總局局長(chang)周生(sheng)賢答(da)本報(bao)記者問(wen)》,《學習時報(bao)》第332期(2007年4月)。。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)糾(jiu)紛、污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)事故的(de)發(fa)生(sheng)充分證明了預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)原則(ze)(ze)的(de)失靈。
實踐(jian)中(zhong)重(zhong)治理(li)而輕預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang),此為(wei)風(feng)險(xian)社(she)會背景下預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)境(jing)(jing)之(zhi)三。環(huan)境(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)具(ju)體內(nei)容(rong)與(yu)(yu)適用(yong)體現在(zai)四(si)個方面:第一,合(he)理(li)規劃(hua)、有計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開發利(li)(li)用(yong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)自然(ran)資(zi)源;第二,運用(yong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)標準(zhun)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)減少生產經營(ying)活動(dong)向環(huan)境(jing)(jing)排放污染(ran)物(wu);第三,對開發利(li)(li)用(yong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)實行環(huan)境(jing)(jing)影響(xiang)評(ping)價(jia);第四(si),增(zeng)強風(feng)險(xian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范意(yi)識,謹(jin)慎地對待具(ju)有科(ke)學(xue)(xue)不(bu)確定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開發利(li)(li)用(yong)活動(dong)汪(wang)勁(jing):《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)學(xue)(xue)》(第二版),北京大學(xue)(xue)出(chu)版社(she)2011年版,第96-97頁(ye)。。第四(si)個方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong),即風(feng)險(xian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong),中(zhong)國環(huan)境(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)尚未做出(chu)規定,環(huan)境(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)學(xue)(xue)界(jie)對是(shi)(shi)否采(cai)取風(feng)險(xian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)也未達成(cheng)統一意(yi)見。與(yu)(yu)風(feng)險(xian)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)不(bu)同,前面三個方面內(nei)容(rong)作為(wei)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)在(zai)我國環(huan)境(jing)(jing)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)均有規定,然(ran)而這(zhe)些被認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)(shi)貫徹(che)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關內(nei)容(rong),在(zai)長期以(yi)經濟(ji)建設(she)為(wei)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導下依舊被“末端控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”所控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。環(huan)境(jing)(jing)標準(zhun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、環(huan)境(jing)(jing)影響(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度被認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)(shi)最典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度,可(ke)即便是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)兩個典(dian)型(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度也不(bu)完全(quan)是(shi)(shi)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點依舊是(shi)(shi)污染(ran)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)處置(zhi)方式,是(shi)(shi)污染(ran)治理(li)設(she)施。
四、預防原(yuan)則的重構
法(fa)律(lv)是社(she)會歷(li)史(shi)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu),物(wu)質生活條件對法(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)產(chan)生和發展(zhan)起著(zhu)決定作(zuo)用。隨(sui)著(zhu)經濟社(she)會的(de)(de)不斷(duan)發展(zhan),法(fa)需要實現(xian)自(zi)我(wo)更新(xin)、自(zi)我(wo)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)、自(zi)我(wo)完善(shan),保持活力和生命(ming)力。預(yu)防為(wei)主(zhu)原則是中國在借鑒西方經驗并結合中國國情的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)發展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)(de),在改革開(kai)放之初起到了(le)積極作(zuo)用。進入風險社(she)會,預(yu)防為(wei)主(zhu)原則要起到應有的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,需要實現(xian)自(zi)我(wo)更新(xin)、調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)與(yu)完善(shan)。
篇6
日前,中(zhong)國社會科(ke)學院(yuan)世(shi)界經濟與政治(zhi)(zhi)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所公(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)心聯合全球性商業(ye)(ye)咨詢(xun)和(he)內部審計專業(ye)(ye)機(ji)構甫(fu)瀚咨詢(xun)共同其連續第六年的合作成(cheng)果――《2010年中(zhong)國上(shang)(shang)市公(gong)司(si)(si)100強公(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)評價》報(bao)告。報(bao)告對中(zhong)國百(bai)強上(shang)(shang)市公(gong)司(si)(si)(按2009年6月30日市值)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)狀況進(jin)行了系統評估,調查(cha)結果顯示(shi):中(zhong)國上(shang)(shang)市公(gong)司(si)(si)總體公(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)平均水(shui)平首次“合格”;企業(ye)(ye)主動風(feng)控(kong)意識提高,尚需(xu)引入(ru)有效的風(feng)險(xian)管理(li)機(ji)制;董事(shi)(shi)會和(he)監(jian)事(shi)(shi)會的風(feng)險(xian)監(jian)督作用成(cheng)為新(xin)的關注點。
“在去年經濟復蘇的(de)(de)背景下,上(shang)(shang)市公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)出現(xian)了一些(xie)新的(de)(de)特(te)點。得益于金(jin)融危機的(de)(de)啟示(shi),我(wo)們高興地看到,一些(xie)領先企(qi)業已(yi)經進入了持續自我(wo)改進的(de)(de)良性過程,中國上(shang)(shang)市公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)整(zheng)體水平呈(cheng)穩步(bu)上(shang)(shang)升態勢。”甫瀚咨詢(xun)董事、總經理(li)兼大中華區總裁劉(liu)建新說(shuo),“同時,隨著國家監管(guan)措(cuo)施的(de)(de)日(ri)趨完善,公司(si)決(jue)策層對企(qi)業風控認識的(de)(de)逐(zhu)步(bu)深化,以風險(xian)為導向的(de)(de)風險(xian)管(guan)理(li)機制應成為上(shang)(shang)市公司(si)提升公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)水平下一步(bu)工作的(de)(de)重點。”
綜合(he)表(biao)現首次“及格”
本(ben)年度(du)的(de)100個樣本(ben)公司覆蓋了制造、金融(rong)、交(jiao)通、房地產等11個行(xing)業,其(qi)中(zhong)97家在A股上市。
基(ji)于經(jing)濟合作與(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)組(zu)織(OECD)的(de)(de)(de)《公(gong)司治(zhi)理原則》,并結合中國法(fa)律、法(fa)規體(ti)系,今年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司治(zhi)理評價(jia)指(zhi)標體(ti)系依然沿用了往(wang)年(nian)“股東(dong)權(quan)利(li)”、“對股東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)平等待遇”、“利(li)益相(xiang)關者的(de)(de)(de)作用”、“信息披露和透明度”、“董事(shi)會職責”和“監事(shi)會職責”六大(da)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)分類。
報告顯示,今(jin)年(nian)(nian)百(bai)強上市公(gong)司的(de)公(gong)司治理(li)綜合(he)得(de)分(fen)(fen)6年(nian)(nian)來(lai)首次達到“合(he)格(ge)線”水平(ping),平(ping)均(jun)得(de)分(fen)(fen)61.6,而六項指標的(de)得(de)分(fen)(fen)相(xiang)比去年(nian)(nian)均(jun)有不同幅度的(de)提升。其中“信(xin)息披露和透明度”表現最(zui)佳,平(ping)均(jun)得(de)分(fen)(fen)77.9,此后依次為“平(ping)等對(dui)待(dai)股東”(65.3)、“股東權利”(59.4)、“董事會的(de)責(ze)任”(55.8)、“利益(yi)相(xiang)關者(zhe)的(de)作用”(55.6),“監(jian)視(shi)會的(de)責(ze)任”(51)。值得(de)一提的(de)是(shi),在過(guo)去5年(nian)(nian)中最(zui)為薄弱(ruo)的(de)公(gong)司治理(li)環節(jie)――“利益(yi)相(xiang)關者(zhe)的(de)作用”,相(xiang)比往年(nian)(nian)上升幅度最(zui)大(da),是(shi)去年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)分(fen)(fen)(34.2)的(de)1.6倍。
風(feng)險(xian)控(kong)制主動(dong)意識提高,但“短板”依舊明顯,建議引(yin)入風(feng)險(xian)管理機制
自(zi)2008年6月(yue)財政部等五部委聯合《企業內(nei)部控制(zhi)基本規(gui)范》(以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)“基本規(gui)范”)以(yi)來,我國上(shang)市(shi)公司的(de)內(nei)部風險意識(shi)和制(zhi)度(du)有了(le)明顯提(ti)高。從2009年起,上(shang)市(shi)公司董事會開始(shi)披露(lu)《內(nei)部控制(zhi)自(zi)我評估報(bao)告(gao)》。上(shang)市(shi)公司在(zai)控制(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)、風險評估、控制(zhi)活動等方面(mian)都做了(le)大量基礎性工作,但(dan)在(zai)經(jing)營(ying)業績和風險管理之間(jian)仍未(wei)找到(dao)良好的(de)平衡點,“短(duan)板”依舊(jiu)明顯。
“我們在實踐工作中了解發現(xian),盡管(guan)(guan)大(da)部(bu)分公(gong)司(si)管(guan)(guan)理層內部(bu)控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)意識比往(wang)年大(da)幅(fu)度提高,也(ye)主動(dong)地(di)對(dui)內部(bu)控制(zhi)(zhi)和運營流程進行了梳理工作,卻(que)往(wang)往(wang)忽(hu)視了最為(wei)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個環(huan)(huan)節――風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理‘先行’。僅停留于(yu)對(dui)現(xian)有(you)內控的(de)(de)(de)梳理是不(bu)夠的(de)(de)(de),要對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)事先排(pai)查(cha)、未(wei)雨綢繆。”劉(liu)建新表示,一(yi)(yi)些管(guan)(guan)理層對(dui)內部(bu)控制(zhi)(zhi)和風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識尚不(bu)全面,往(wang)往(wang)認(ren)為(wei)“有(you)比風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理更加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)事情等(deng)著要做(zuo)”,比如(ru)大(da)幅(fu)提升銷(xiao)售業(ye)績。然而(er),忽(hu)略風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)后果已經在這場金融危機中顯露無遺。企業(ye)必須對(dui)現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)加(jia)(jia)以全面評估,有(you)針對(dui)性地(di)找(zhao)到(dao)(dao)最重(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian),才能有(you)的(de)(de)(de)放矢地(di)完善風(feng)(feng)險(xian)控制(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)系,推(tui)動(dong)企業(ye)實現(xian)公(gong)司(si)目標(biao)。
2010年4月26日,五部(bu)委又聯(lian)合了《企(qi)業(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)配套(tao)指(zhi)引(yin)》(以簡稱“配套(tao)指(zhi)引(yin)”)。至此(ci)(ci),以“基(ji)(ji)本規(gui)(gui)范”為(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu),以“配套(tao)指(zhi)引(yin)”為(wei)補充的(de)(de)層次分明(ming)、銜接(jie)有(you)序的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)規(gui)(gui)范體系已(yi)經初步建立,中(zhong)國企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)工作(zuo)將有(you)統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)標準可循。“指(zhi)引(yin)的(de)(de)出臺,是(shi)監管層完善中(zhong)國企(qi)業(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)體系的(de)(de)又一(yi)(yi)重大舉措(cuo),企(qi)業(ye)應該給予充分的(de)(de)重視。”劉建新(xin)建議,僅(jin)僅(jin)為(wei)了遵守“基(ji)(ji)本規(gui)(gui)范”及“配套(tao)指(zhi)引(yin)”而開(kai)展內(nei)(nei)部(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)“合規(gui)(gui)”工作(zuo)并(bing)不是(shi)最終目的(de)(de),中(zhong)國企(qi)業(ye)應在此(ci)(ci)內(nei)(nei)控(kong)(kong)標準體系的(de)(de)指(zhi)導下對(dui)業(ye)務流程進行梳理,識(shi)別關鍵(jian)風險(xian)(xian),充分調(diao)動內(nei)(nei)部(bu)資源,在現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)控(kong)(kong)框架上(shang),擴展內(nei)(nei)容,借此(ci)(ci)契(qi)機(ji)全面(mian)提(ti)高內(nei)(nei)控(kong)(kong)意識(shi)和(he)風險(xian)(xian)管理水(shui)平。
金融企業繼續領跑(pao),國有控股行業依舊落后(hou)
數據顯示(shi),20家(jia)金融企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)司治(zhi)理得分(68.5)繼續高于非金融企(qi)業(ye)(59.9),并且(qie)領先程度(du)有(you)所提(ti)(ti)高,相較去年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)7.5分分差,今年(nian)升至8.6分。而屬于國家(jia)控股行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)司治(zhi)理得分(60.7)仍然落后于其他行(xing)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(61.9),并且(qie)差距有(you)所擴大,二者分差由(you)去年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)0.3提(ti)(ti)高到本(ben)年(nian)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)1.2。
中國(guo)社會科學院世界經(jing)濟與(yu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)研究所公(gong)司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)研究中心主任魯桐研究員在接受《經(jing)濟》記者采(cai)訪時(shi)表示:“這表明,在一些領(ling)先企業已(yi)經(jing)進入了(le)持續自我改(gai)進過程(cheng)的同時(shi),還有一些落后企業在改(gai)進公(gong)司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)上仍舊(jiu)只是迫(po)于監管要(yao)求才有所行(xing)動(dong),缺乏對公(gong)司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)加以完善的主動(dong)意識。”
值得(de)一提的是,鑒(jian)于金融業(ye)和(he)國有控股(gu)企業(ye)在(zai)樣本(ben)公司(si)(si)中比較集中的特性(xing),本(ben)次報告另(ling)辟蹊徑,就(jiu)“巴塞(sai)爾新資本(ben)協議(yi)與銀行業(ye)公司(si)(si)治理”及““七大國有控股(gu)行業(ye)上市公司(si)(si)治理評價”兩(liang)大議(yi)題進(jin)行了專題分析和(he)闡述,并(bing)針對具體問題給出(chu)了建議(yi)和(he)見(jian)解。
董事會和監事會的獨(du)立性增(zeng)強,風(feng)險監督進入視野(ye)
評估(gu)結果顯示,中(zhong)國百強上市(shi)公司董事會和監事會中(zhong)的公司內部(bu)(bu)人(ren)比(bi)例(li)都在進(jin)一步下降,獨立性有(you)所(suo)增強。同時,外部(bu)(bu)董事和外部(bu)(bu)監事的比(bi)例(li)也均有(you)所(suo)上升(sheng)。
面(mian)對(dui)瞬息萬變的(de)商業環境,董事會如(ru)何(he)(he)提高運作效率(lv),改善風(feng)險管理,對(dui)企業的(de)成功(gong)尤為關(guan)(guan)鍵。劉(liu)建新(xin)表示,隨著風(feng)險監(jian)督開始進(jin)入立法和監(jian)管機構的(de)視(shi)野,董事會如(ru)何(he)(he)在風(feng)險管理流(liu)程(cheng)中對(dui)公(gong)司治理的(de)落實情況予以(yi)監(jian)督,成為新(xin)的(de)關(guan)(guan)注焦點。
改進公司(si)治理(li)仍需(xu)長期努(nu)力
整(zheng)體來看,本年度(du)中國百強(qiang)上市公司(si)治理的總體水平在(zai)整(zheng)體提升的同時(shi),兩(liang)極分化形(xing)勢再次顯現。
篇7
[關鍵詞]企業(ye)社會責任;物流(liu)金融(rong);中小企業(ye);供應鏈管理(li)
[中圖分(fen)類(lei)號]F2763[文獻標識碼]A[文章編(bian)號]1005-6432(2011)41-0056-02
1 引 言
有關數(shu)據(ju)顯示(shi),我國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)數(shu)量(liang)占全國(guo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)總量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)998%,提供了(le)約(yue)75%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城鎮就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)崗位,80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)下崗人員在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)現了(le)再就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。我國(guo)66%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)明專利、82%以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新產品開發(fa)(fa),都是(shi)由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。作(zuo)為一個數(shu)量(liang)龐(pang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群體(ti),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)已(yi)成為我國(guo)經濟和(he)(he)社會發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要推(tui)動力,發(fa)(fa)揮著(zhu)不可(ke)替(ti)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。在金融(rong)危(wei)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)下,國(guo)際市場需求大幅萎(wei)縮(suo)、融(rong)資困(kun)難兩大因素已(yi)經成為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)停產倒閉風險很高而無法顧(gu)及履行(xing)(xing)(xing)社會責(ze)任。隨著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央和(he)(he)地方(fang)支持中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出臺(tai),部分(fen)解決了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題和(he)(he)困(kun)難,但是(shi)形勢(shi)依然嚴峻。社會責(ze)任概(gai)念(nian)模糊不清成為我國(guo)數(shu)量(liang)眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)群體(ti)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)社會責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盲點和(he)(he)難點。假冒偽劣(lie)商品、誠(cheng)信缺失(shi)和(he)(he)生態(tai)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞成為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代名詞。如何在解決中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展困(kun)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上,促使中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)社會責(ze)任,促進我國(guo)經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良性發(fa)(fa)展成為一個非常值得關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題。
2 中小(xiao)企(qi)業社會責任
企業(ye)(ye)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)責(ze)任(ren)是(shi)指企業(ye)(ye)在創造利潤、對股(gu)東承(cheng)擔(dan)法律責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,承(cheng)擔(dan)對員(yuan)工、消費者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、社(she)(she)(she)區和(he)(he)(he)環境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)。企業(ye)(ye)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)責(ze)任(ren)強調(diao)(diao)要在生產過程中(zhong)對人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)注,強調(diao)(diao)對消費者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、對環境(jing)(jing)、對社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻。早在18世紀(ji),亞當·斯密(mi)就提出(chu)(chu),社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)富如果(guo)不能被全社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)共享,那么這個社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)就不會(hui)穩定。社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)是(shi)企業(ye)(ye)利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源,企業(ye)(ye)不是(shi)獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),作為社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個子系(xi)統,與(yu)各(ge)(ge)種組織產生互動,在享受社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)自由和(he)(he)(he)機會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上以(yi)符合倫理(li)(li)、道(dao)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)動做出(chu)(chu)回報,承(cheng)擔(dan)經(jing)濟(ji)活動所造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)后果(guo)。公司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)相關(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)理(li)(li)論認為,公司(si)(si)是(shi)各(ge)(ge)種投入資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合,除(chu)股(gu)東資源外(wai),供應商(shang)、顧(gu)客、貸款人(ren)、員(yuan)工都(dou)對企業(ye)(ye)做出(chu)(chu)了專門化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資,企業(ye)(ye)經(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量不僅對股(gu)東產生影(ying)響,而且對后者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。因此,所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益相關(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)都(dou)是(shi)公司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有機組成部分。這種理(li)(li)論加速了公司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融合。西(xi)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)實踐證明,規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)理(li)(li)制度和(he)(he)(he)企業(ye)(ye)章程可以(yi)有效降(jiang)低相關(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損害風險。當治(zhi)理(li)(li)環境(jing)(jing)比較(jiao)完(wan)善,外(wai)部環境(jing)(jing)影(ying)響較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下,公司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)企業(ye)(ye)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)責(ze)任(ren)出(chu)(chu)現收斂和(he)(he)(he)融合。公司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)可以(yi)保證各(ge)(ge)相關(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)利益,更好地履行(xing)(xing)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)責(ze)任(ren)。我國中(zhong)小企業(ye)(ye)成長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部環境(jing)(jing)不夠完(wan)善。企業(ye)(ye)在擴(kuo)張決策中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)除(chu)了創造利潤和(he)(he)(he)對股(gu)東負(fu)責(ze)外(wai)。對于(yu)環境(jing)(jing)、產品質量問題;顧(gu)客利益和(he)(he)(he)政府(fu)利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)注是(shi)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),相關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報道(dao)屢見不鮮(xian)。
3 相關研究綜述
段盛華等(deng)認(ren)為利益—風險模型(xing)是指導利益相關方(fang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)利益或者公司(si)價值分(fen)配(pei)(pei)和企業(ye)(ye)(ye)風險分(fen)配(pei)(pei)進行(xing)事后談判(pan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)系(xi)列(lie)約束條件。公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理即指導利益相關者對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)活動(dong)產生利潤或者所(suo)創(chuang)造價值和風險承(cheng)擔分(fen)配(pei)(pei)進行(xing)事后談判(pan)的(de)(de)(de)約束條件。這些條件包括(kuo)宏觀政(zheng)策行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)約束條件和微觀的(de)(de)(de)制度安排。張兆國(guo)認(ren)為,企業(ye)(ye)(ye)承(cheng)擔社會責(ze)任(ren)可以(yi)從(cong)股東(dong)(dong)以(yi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)債權人、顧客、供應商、政(zheng)府、社區、公眾和內部(bu)員工等(deng)其他利益相關者手中(zhong)獲(huo)得各種專(zhuan)用(yong)型(xing)資產和良好的(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing),從(cong)而可以(yi)轉化為穩定的(de)(de)(de)財務增長。余耀東(dong)(dong)、李景勃(bo)認(ren)為,公司(si)外(wai)部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)理環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)是影響公司(si)內部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)理機制的(de)(de)(de)根本因素(su)。政(zheng)策環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)、行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)和政(zheng)府干(gan)預等(deng)外(wai)部(bu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)監督、激勵和決策等(deng)內部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)理機制的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)有重要(yao)影響。謝文武證明企業(ye)(ye)(ye)外(wai)部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)理環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)社會責(ze)任(ren)起著(zhu)非常重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。企業(ye)(ye)(ye)社會責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)應該建立在(zai)明確治(zhi)(zhi)理環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)和企業(ye)(ye)(ye)契約關系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)既是(shi)(shi)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)國民經濟發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)社會和(he)諧發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)而(er)言,不(bu)是(shi)(shi)分析(xi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)要不(bu)要承擔(dan)(dan)社會責(ze)任(ren)和(he)社會績效,而(er)是(shi)(shi)要分析(xi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會責(ze)任(ren)究竟(jing)由哪(na)些因素推動(dong)(dong)(dong),而(er)這種推動(dong)(dong)(dong)如(ru)何落實到企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)常經營(ying)管(guan)理(li)(li)當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外部治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)環境方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian),可以(yi)通過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央和(he)地方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)府出臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扶持政(zheng)策(ce)部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得到解(jie)決(jue);內部治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian),各(ge)利(li)益相關(guan)者(zhe)所面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)較大(da),需(xu)要解(jie)決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題是(shi)(shi)如(ru)何解(jie)決(jue)發(fa)展(zhan)困境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,促進社會責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承擔(dan)(dan),從(cong)而(er)降低在環境、產(chan)品質(zhi)量方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題,損害顧客(ke)和(he)政(zheng)府利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事件發(fa)生(sheng)。陳(chen)其安(an)等(deng)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)透明度所造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銀行和(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)不(bu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)身(shen)稟賦不(bu)足構(gou)建商業(ye)(ye)(ye)性擔(dan)(dan)保機構(gou)參(can)與的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)信貸(dai)模型。李電生(sheng)等(deng)以(yi)銀行為(wei)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)承擔(dan)(dan)主體,針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)銀行操作風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、信貸(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資信風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)物(wu)流企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)監(jian)管(guan)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)采用(yong)多層次模糊評(ping)價方(fang)(fang)(fang)法構(gou)建評(ping)價模型對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行了評(ping)價。陳(chen)志新通過供應鏈網(wang)絡治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li),伴隨(sui)(sui)著組織結構(gou)化和(he)網(wang)絡化,成(cheng)員交易聯合治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)模式,通過建立供應鏈內部秩序,維持成(cheng)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集體行動(dong)(dong)(dong)過程,確保成(cheng)員行為(wei)遵(zun)循集體行動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秩序,節(jie)約(yue)交易費用(yong),有效減(jian)輕各(ge)種形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契約(yue)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。隨(sui)(sui)著網(wang)絡關(guan)系治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷完(wan)善(shan),網(wang)絡功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷提(ti)高(gao),網(wang)絡信任(ren)不(bu)斷提(ti)升,企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運營(ying)環境不(bu)斷完(wan)善(shan)。
4 物流金融模(mo)(mo)式下的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)社會(hui)責任履行(xing)分析傳統模(mo)(mo)式下中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)社會(hui)責任研究(jiu),從公司(si)治理(li)的(de)利(li)益(yi)(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)角度(du)是(shi)圍繞(rao)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)和(he)銀行(xing)展開(kai)。環(huan)境、產(chan)品質量(liang);顧(gu)(gu)客和(he)政(zheng)府(fu)利(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)損害問(wen)題出現在(zai)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)信(xin)用監(jian)督機制的(de)缺(que)失。從承擔社會(hui)責任的(de)角度(du),中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)首先(xian)是(shi)滿足核心利(li)益(yi)(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe),然后輻(fu)射到一(yi)(yi)般利(li)益(yi)(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)。核心利(li)益(yi)(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)即中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)股東(dong)和(he)銀行(xing);而一(yi)(yi)般利(li)益(yi)(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)則是(shi)顧(gu)(gu)客、政(zheng)府(fu)和(he)環(huan)境。因此,解(jie)決中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)社會(hui)責任,需要(yao):①構建(jian)模(mo)(mo)式解(jie)決中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)和(he)銀行(xing)之間(jian)的(de)信(xin)息不對稱問(wen)題。②在(zai)此基礎上通(tong)過一(yi)(yi)定的(de)監(jian)督平臺來完成一(yi)(yi)般利(li)益(yi)(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)利(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)保(bao)證。
信(xin)息不對稱,即銀(yin)行和(he)(he)中(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)在決策中(zhong),都不能獲(huo)得決策所(suo)(suo)需對方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充分信(xin)息。構(gou)(gou)建模(mo)式意(yi)味著雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)都能夠有效低成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲(huo)得相關(guan)信(xin)息。近(jin)幾年,通過引(yin)入物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)業(ye),從以中(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不動產作為(wei)信(xin)用載(zai)體(ti),轉變為(wei)以存貨等動產物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)過程(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)信(xin)用載(zai)體(ti)。這種金融模(mo)式即物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)金融模(mo)式。物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)金融是(shi)金融機構(gou)(gou)為(wei)了降(jiang)低交易成(cheng)本(ben)和(he)(he)風險,利用物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)業(ye)所(suo)(suo)提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)信(xin)息和(he)(he)對物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監管,采用恰當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金融工(gong)具實(shi)現組織(zhi)和(he)(he)調劑物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨幣(bi)資金,實(shi)現物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)價(jia)值增值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動。同樣,物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)過程(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)身也可以作為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)承擔社會(hui)責任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載(zai)體(ti)。
以(yi)下(xia)結合物流金融(rong)模式分兩個方面來進行分析:
引入物流(liu)(liu)企業對中小企業的(de)物流(liu)(liu)過程進行(xing)監督。物流(liu)(liu)企業的(de)數據中包含銷(xiao)售(shou)、庫存信息。同時,物流(liu)(liu)企業更加清楚貨物的(de)規格、型(xing)號、質量、原價、凈值、銷(xiao)售(shou)區域的(de)網點(dian)分布,銷(xiao)售(shou)量、進貨周期、結款信譽(yu)度等。
物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)三(san)方主(zhu)體:物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)企(qi)業、金(jin)融(rong)(rong)機構(gou)和(he)中小企(qi)業和(he)第三(san)方物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)企(qi)業構(gou)成系(xi)統(tong),可(ke)以(yi)有效降低(di)銀行和(he)中小企(qi)業之間的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)不(bu)對(dui)稱。按照(zhao)公司治(zhi)(zhi)理的(de)利(li)益(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)理論(lun),物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)中涉及(ji)的(de)三(san)方主(zhu)體都需(xu)(xu)要在降低(di)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)同時使(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)利(li)益(yi)得(de)到滿足從(cong)(cong)而承(cheng)擔相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)社會(hui)責任。從(cong)(cong)各自(zi)角(jiao)度(du)來(lai)說,實現社會(hui)責任的(de)承(cheng)擔需(xu)(xu)要不(bu)僅關(guan)注自(zi)身(shen)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)還要關(guan)注三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)構(gou)成系(xi)統(tong)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)。而三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)與收益(yi)需(xu)(xu)要從(cong)(cong)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)系(xi)統(tong)角(jiao)度(du)來(lai)分(fen)析。隨(sui)著競爭的(de)加劇,在整個物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)系(xi)統(tong)中逐漸變成大企(qi)業主(zhu)導(dao),中小企(qi)業參(can)與的(de)產業鏈(lian)(lian)分(fen)工模(mo)式,關(guan)注整個物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)程的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi),從(cong)(cong)原材料到最終產品(pin)到達顧客手中,就是從(cong)(cong)核心利(li)益(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)到一般利(li)益(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)。供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)兩端涉及(ji)環境、產品(pin)質(zhi)量,顧客、地(di)方政府(fu)和(he)國家的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)利(li)益(yi)。因此,在供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)模(mo)式下對(dui)資金(jin)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)優化產生的(de)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)模(mo)式通過(guo)治(zhi)(zhi)理管理的(de)綁(bang)定實現了社會(hui)責任的(de)有效承(cheng)擔。
從核心(xin)利益(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)者角度來看,物流金(jin)(jin)融模式保(bao)證了核心(xin)利益(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益(yi),但是從核心(xin)利益(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)者擴展到(dao)一(yi)般利益(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)者,需(xu)要(yao)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督機制。監(jian)(jian)(jian)督機制必須(xu)是基(ji)于(yu)(yu)供(gong)應鏈(lian)本(ben)身,完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)應鏈(lian)解決方(fang)案,比(bi)如關(guan)(guan)注環境(jing)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綠色供(gong)應鏈(lian)。在提(ti)供(gong)集成(cheng)管理(li)咨詢(xun)和(he)第三方(fang)物流服務集成(cheng)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,對企業所處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物流系(xi)統進行(xing)分析,提(ti)供(gong)行(xing)業和(he)全局優(you)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案。對于(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督機制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)無法(fa)(fa)將監(jian)(jian)(jian)督的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對象僅僅限定在中(zhong)小企業上面(mian),監(jian)(jian)(jian)督的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部環境(jing):相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立、健(jian)全;社(she)會(hui)誠信(xin)制度;強(qiang)化債權人、債務人市場主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)性(xing);建立和(he)完(wan)(wan)善負債合(he)約履行(xing)機制。從宏(hong)觀層面(mian)和(he)社(she)會(hui)整體(ti)(ti)視角,需(xu)要(yao)完(wan)(wan)善相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)法(fa)(fa)律制度、加強(qiang)金(jin)(jin)融監(jian)(jian)(jian)管、建設社(she)會(hui)信(xin)用體(ti)(ti)系(xi)等措施。從內(nei)部來說,供(gong)應鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式建立后,信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲取(qu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督平(ping)臺,必須(xu)來自于(yu)(yu)供(gong)應鏈(lian)節點企業外部。中(zhong)小企業是其監(jian)(jian)(jian)督的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點,挖掘(jue)參與物流過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi),獲取(qu)貨物本(ben)身所攜帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi),按照一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)進行(xing)中(zhong)小企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評級,在此基(ji)礎上給予稅(shui)收、貸款利率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)惠,促使其內(nei)部治(zhi)理(li)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范優(you)化,帶(dai)來承擔社(she)會(hui)責任的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良性(xing)循(xun)環。
5 結論與展望
本文(wen)探討(tao)了物(wu)流金融(rong)模(mo)式下的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小企業社會(hui)責任(ren)。物(wu)流金融(rong)模(mo)式是解決中(zhong)(zhong)小企業融(rong)資難(nan)的(de)(de)一個有效(xiao)途徑,通(tong)過(guo)物(wu)流金融(rong)模(mo)式降低(di)了核心利益(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian),并通(tong)過(guo)監督(du)機制(zhi)將這種降低(di)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)機制(zhi)延伸到(dao)(dao)一般利益(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者,通(tong)過(guo)信用捆綁和(he)主體(ti)信用能力的(de)(de)提升,承擔社會(hui)責任(ren)使所有利益(yi)相(xiang)關(guan)者的(de)(de)利益(yi)得到(dao)(dao)保(bao)證。
參考文獻:
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[2]余(yu)耀東,李景勃企業(ye)外(wai)部(bu)治理環境對內部(bu)治理機制的影(ying)響(xiang)——基于結構方程模(mo)型(xing)的實證研究(jiu)[J].貴(gui)州(zhou)大(da)學學報,2010(9)
篇8
(一)主要任務。區政府有關部門和單位、各鎮街要按(an)照“分類指(zhi)導、分級(ji)管(guan)(guan)理、重點突(tu)出、全(quan)(quan)面推進”的原則,結(jie)合安(an)全(quan)(quan)大排查(cha)大整治大執(zhi)法(fa)專項行動(dong)(dong)回頭看活動(dong)(dong),認真組織開(kai)展突(tu)發(fa)事件(jian)風險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)排查(cha)治理工(gong)作,以(yi)查(cha)漏(lou)補缺為重點,對(dui)風險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)實行動(dong)(dong)態監管(guan)(guan),確(que)(que)保(bao)排查(cha)不留(liu)死角,整改不留(liu)后患(huan)(huan)(huan),嚴防突(tu)發(fa)事件(jian)的發(fa)生。要全(quan)(quan)面準確(que)(que)地掌握風險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)的種類、數(shu)量(liang)和狀況,對(dui)風險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)進行普(pu)查(cha)登(deng)記、安(an)全(quan)(quan)評估、統計匯總;要建(jian)立(li)風險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)數(shu)據庫,建(jian)立(li)長效監管(guan)(guan)機制。
(二)職(zhi)責分(fen)工。按(an)照“誰主管、誰負責”和“屬地管理”原則,區(qu)(qu)政(zheng)府有關職(zhi)能部門(men)負責安排(pai)(pai)、指(zhi)導(dao)和規范本系統本行(xing)業(ye)領域(yu)風(feng)險隱患(huan)(huan)排(pai)(pai)查治理工作,建立本行(xing)業(ye)領域(yu)風(feng)險隱患(huan)(huan)數(shu)據庫,匯總(zong)上報風(feng)險隱患(huan)(huan)信(xin)息;各鎮街,園區(qu)(qu)(新城、風(feng)景(jing)區(qu)(qu))及有關單位負責本行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內風(feng)險隱患(huan)(huan)排(pai)(pai)查治理工作,建立本區(qu)(qu)域(yu)風(feng)險隱患(huan)(huan)數(shu)據庫,匯總(zong)上報風(feng)險隱患(huan)(huan)信(xin)息。其中:
1、煤礦(kuang)及非煤礦(kuang)山、危(wei)險(xian)(xian)化(hua)學(xue)品、煙花爆竹安全風(feng)險(xian)(xian)隱患排查工作,由(you)區(qu)安監局(ju)負責。
2、社會消防(fang)風險隱患(huan)排查(cha)工作由區消防(fang)支隊負(fu)責。
3、工程建設領域風險隱(yin)患排查工作由區(qu)城鄉(xiang)建委負(fu)責。
4、防(fang)汛(xun)抗旱、水(shui)利(li)工程風險隱患(huan)排查工作(zuo)由區水(shui)利(li)局負責。
5、森(sen)林(lin)火(huo)災和重大森(sen)林(lin)病蟲害風險隱患(huan)排查工作由(you)區(qu)林(lin)業(ye)局負責。
6、地質災害風險(xian)隱患排(pai)查工作由區國土分(fen)局負責。
7、環境污染(ran)風險隱患排(pai)查工作由區環保局負責。
8、工業企業、燃氣、電(dian)力領域(yu)的風險(xian)隱患排(pai)查(cha)工作由區(qu)經信委(wei)負責(ze)。
9、民爆(bao)物品、成(cheng)品油、液化(hua)氣、大型商場超市的風險隱患(huan)排查工作由區商委負責。
10、道路交通安全,道路運(yun)輸、水上交通、交通設施及在建工程(cheng)的風(feng)險(xian)隱患排查工作(zuo)分別由(you)區公安分局(ju)、區交委負責。
11、衛(wei)生(sheng)醫療(liao)機構的風險隱患(huan)排(pai)查工作(zuo)由區衛(wei)生(sheng)局負(fu)責(ze)。
12、食品藥品安全風險(xian)隱(yin)患排(pai)查工作由區食藥監分(fen)局負責。
13、特(te)種(zhong)設備的風(feng)險隱患排查工作由區質監(jian)局(ju)負責。
14、學(xue)校安全風險隱患排查(cha)工作由區教(jiao)委(wei)負責。
15、房屋住用安(an)全(quan)風險隱患排(pai)查工作由區房管局負責。
16、防雷安全風險隱(yin)患排(pai)查工作(zuo)由區氣象局負(fu)責。
17、其他(ta)有關(guan)(guan)部門按照《區突發(fa)公共事(shi)件(jian)綜合應(ying)急(ji)預案》和《市區人民政府關(guan)(guan)于進一步明確和強化安全生(sheng)產監督管理職(zhi)責(ze)的(de)意見》(府發(fa)〔〕69號)對處置各(ge)類突發(fa)事(shi)件(jian)的(de)職(zhi)責(ze)分工,開(kai)展好本行業或領域的(de)風險(xian)隱患排查工作。
二、方法步驟
(一)準備階段
各鎮街、各有(you)關部門和(he)單位進一步研(yan)究解決風險(xian)隱患排查治理工(gong)作(zuo)存(cun)在的問(wen)題和(he)薄弱環節,制定針(zhen)對性的工(gong)作(zuo)措施(shi),落實工(gong)作(zuo)責任,明確工(gong)作(zuo)目標、工(gong)作(zuo)內(nei)容、范圍、時間進度要(yao)求,立(li)即組織(zhi)實施(shi)。
(二)實施階段
一是(shi)排(pai)查(cha)(cha)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)。采用資(zi)料分析、實(shi)地調查(cha)(cha)、勘查(cha)(cha)、走(zou)訪、鼓勵群眾報告和(he)(he)聽(ting)取(qu)專家意見(jian)等多種方式迅速(su)開展好風(feng)(feng)險(xian)隱患(huan)(huan)普查(cha)(cha)工作,將排(pai)查(cha)(cha)出的(de)各(ge)類(lei)(lei)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)隱患(huan)(huan)以表格(ge)的(de)形(xing)式統計歸檔,詳(xiang)細登(deng)(deng)記(ji)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)隱患(huan)(huan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)、形(xing)成(cheng)原因、確定依據、責任主體(ti)、上報單位(wei)以及應(ying)對各(ge)類(lei)(lei)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)隱患(huan)(huan)的(de)應(ying)急資(zi)源和(he)(he)應(ying)急能力等基本情況(kuang)。各(ge)類(lei)(lei)企事(shi)業單位(wei)和(he)(he)基層組織要對本單位(wei)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)隱患(huan)(huan)進行登(deng)(deng)記(ji)建檔,并將有(you)關情況(kuang)報各(ge)鎮街(jie)和(he)(he)區政府有(you)關部門。
二是(shi)分析評估(gu)。對(dui)(dui)各類(lei)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)的成(cheng)因,易(yi)發時(shi)間、地(di)點及發生(sheng)概率,可控(kong)性和緊急(ji)程度(du),可能造成(cheng)的直接危害及次生(sheng)危害,受(shou)其(qi)影響區域內(nei)其(qi)他風(feng)險(xian)(xian)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)情(qing)況,需整改的內(nei)容(rong)、針對(dui)(dui)性的防范措(cuo)施及落實(shi)情(qing)況,應(ying)對(dui)(dui)該類(lei)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)的應(ying)急(ji)資源和應(ying)急(ji)能力儲備等(deng)各方面,全面深(shen)入地(di)進行分析評估(gu),確定(ding)(ding)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)級別,完善監測(ce)預警網絡(luo),落實(shi)強有力的監控(kong)措(cuo)施,同時(shi)按照(zhao)《市區人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)室關(guan)于做好突發事件隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)信息(xi)公(gong)(gong)開(kai)工作的通知》(府(fu)(fu)辦(ban)發〔〕10號)有關(guan)規定(ding)(ding)及時(shi)向(xiang)社會(hui)公(gong)(gong)布風(feng)險(xian)(xian)隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)(huan)(huan)信息(xi)。
三(san)是治理整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)。堅(jian)持邊(bian)查(cha)邊(bian)改(gai)(gai),把治理整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)工作貫穿于普查(cha)登記全過程。對(dui)排查(cha)出(chu)的(de)(de)風險隱患(huan),要(yao)(yao)(yao)制定“一對(dui)一”的(de)(de)應急急預案(an)(an)和切(qie)實(shi)(shi)可(ke)行的(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)方(fang)案(an)(an),按照責任(ren)、措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)、資金、時限、預案(an)(an)“五落實(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求限期(qi)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)到位。對(dui)能立(li)即整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)的(de)(de),要(yao)(yao)(yao)立(li)即采取有效(xiao)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)消除風險隱患(huan);對(dui)風險隱患(huan)情況復雜、短期(qi)內難以整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)的(de)(de),要(yao)(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)行掛牌督辦、跟蹤(zong)落實(shi)(shi);對(dui)問題較多(duo)、隱患(huan)嚴(yan)重、危險較大的(de)(de),要(yao)(yao)(yao)采取停(ting)產(chan)、停(ting)業整(zheng)(zheng)頓或停(ting)止使用等(deng)果斷措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),防止突發(fa)事件(jian)的(de)(de)發(fa)生。
四是匯總上報。各(ge)(ge)地(di)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)門(men)要認(ren)真做好信息匯總和統計分(fen)析工作,建立健(jian)全各(ge)(ge)級各(ge)(ge)類風(feng)險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)數據庫(ku),明確風(feng)險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)的類別、性質(zhi)、預警級別、起(qi)始(shi)時間(jian)、影響范圍、警示事項、簡化(hua)應急(ji)預案、應急(ji)措施(shi)、公(gong)眾自我保護措施(shi)、隱(yin)患(huan)動態(tai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)情況(kuang)、責任單(dan)位(wei)、責任人等(deng),風(feng)險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan)數據庫(ku)資料(含(han)電子件(jian))于年3月25日前通過黨(dang)政(zheng)內網(wang)上報區政(zheng)府應急(ji)辦(ban),對(dui)情況(kuang)緊急(ji)、極易引(yin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)突發(fa)(fa)(fa)事件(jian)的風(feng)險(xian)隱(yin)患(huan),要立即上報并采取相應防(fang)控措施(shi)。
(三)檢查階段
各鎮街、各有(you)關部(bu)門和(he)單位要對風險(xian)隱(yin)患排查(cha)(cha)(cha)治(zhi)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)進行(xing)自(zi)查(cha)(cha)(cha)、全面總(zong)結,于(yu)年3月25日前(qian)將該(gai)項工(gong)作(zuo)總(zong)結材料(liao)報區(qu)(qu)(qu)政(zheng)府(fu)應(ying)急(ji)辦。區(qu)(qu)(qu)政(zheng)府(fu)應(ying)急(ji)辦會同區(qu)(qu)(qu)政(zheng)府(fu)安委會辦公室(shi)及(ji)相(xiang)關部(bu)門及(ji)時組織對風險(xian)隱(yin)患排查(cha)(cha)(cha)治(zhi)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)的督查(cha)(cha)(cha)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha),并將檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)情況(kuang)在全區(qu)(qu)(qu)進行(xing)通報。
三、工作要求
(一)加強(qiang)組(zu)織領(ling)導(dao),狠(hen)抓責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)落實(shi)。各(ge)級各(ge)有關部(bu)門(men)要(yao)(yao)提高思想認(ren)識,將風(feng)險(xian)隱患排(pai)查(cha)(cha)治理(li)工(gong)作作為預防突(tu)發事件的重點,切(qie)實(shi)加強(qiang)組(zu)織領(ling)導(dao),落實(shi)隱患排(pai)查(cha)(cha)治理(li)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)制,健全工(gong)作機制,明確職責(ze)(ze)分工(gong),周密部(bu)署,精心組(zu)織。各(ge)有關部(bu)門(men)要(yao)(yao)密切(qie)配合,通過(guo)多種形式加大(da)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)、督(du)促(cu)和(he)指導(dao)力度。要(yao)(yao)建立責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)追究(jiu)制度,對未按要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)開展調(diao)查(cha)(cha)工(gong)作、調(diao)查(cha)(cha)不全面徹底、發現問題未采取有力措施的,要(yao)(yao)嚴肅(su)追究(jiu)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren);對因遲報(bao)、漏報(bao)、瞞報(bao)、謊報(bao)造成(cheng)嚴重后果的,要(yao)(yao)依(yi)法追究(jiu)有關人員的責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。
篇9
【關鍵詞】 風(feng)險導向(xiang); 事(shi)故(gu)災(zai)難(nan); DPSIR模(mo)型; 預(yu)防審計
中圖分類號(hao):F239.42 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號(hao):1004-5937(2016)09-0098-02
一、引言
人類社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)發(fa)展過(guo)程(cheng)就是不斷應對自(zi)然災(zai)害、事故(gu)災(zai)難、公(gong)共衛生事件(jian)、社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)安(an)全(quan)(quan)事件(jian)等各(ge)種公(gong)共危機事件(jian)挑戰的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)①。頻發(fa)的(de)(de)公(gong)共危機事件(jian)給經濟社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)帶來巨大損失,甚(shen)至成(cheng)為社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)不穩定因素,如2003年(nian)(nian)肆虐全(quan)(quan)球的(de)(de)非(fei)典疫情、2007年(nian)(nian)太湖(hu)藍藻(zao)污染事件(jian)、2008年(nian)(nian)中國的(de)(de)汶(wen)川地震、2009年(nian)(nian)H1N1甲型流(liu)感、2015年(nian)(nian)天津(jin)“8?12”特(te)大爆炸事故(gu)等。
面對各種公(gong)(gong)共危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)件,各國(guo)政(zheng)府機(ji)(ji)(ji)關及國(guo)際組織開展(zhan)了(le)大(da)量(liang)的公(gong)(gong)共危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),如地震預(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)績效審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(加(jia)拿(na)大(da)不列顛哥(ge)倫比亞審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)署,1997),禽流感、極端海(hai)洋污染和危(wei)(wei)險化學品導致交通事(shi)故的應急預(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)系統(tong)功能評估(愛(ai)沙尼(ni)亞國(guo)家審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)署,2007),城市災難預(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(洛杉磯城市控制辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)室,2008)[1]。相(xiang)比而(er)言,我(wo)國(guo)的公(gong)(gong)共危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)管理審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)還處于(yu)僅針對公(gong)(gong)共危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)生后的援助(zhu)款物開展(zhan)財政(zheng)財務收(shou)支審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階段。如何(he)借鑒他(ta)國(guo)經(jing)驗,轉(zhuan)變(bian)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理念(nian),由事(shi)后審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為事(shi)前審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),盡(jin)快開展(zhan)事(shi)故災難預(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),對于(yu)充分發(fa)揮(hui)政(zheng)府在應對公(gong)(gong)共危(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)中的作用具有重要意義(yi)。
二、風險(xian)導(dao)向事故災難預防審計(ji)模式內涵
現代風(feng)險(xian)導(dao)向(xiang)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)現于“審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)險(xian)=重大錯(cuo)報風(feng)險(xian)×檢查風(feng)險(xian)”模(mo)型,該模(mo)型是制定審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃和實(shi)施有效(xiao)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)重要(yao)工具,這(zhe)一模(mo)型要(yao)求審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)人員將財(cai)務(wu)報表(biao)看做被審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單位戰(zhan)略實(shi)施結果的(de)(de)一部(bu)分,以(yi)客戶經營風(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)為導(dao)向(xiang),從源頭上更加準確地評估(gu)與財(cai)務(wu)報表(biao)相聯系的(de)(de)重大錯(cuo)報風(feng)險(xian),據以(yi)制定和實(shi)施審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃,合理(li)分配(pei)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)資源,以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率(lv)、加強審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)果[2]。
在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)免疫(yi)系統理(li)(li)論(lun)下,事故災難預(yu)防(fang)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)采用風險導向(xiang)模式是必(bi)然選(xuan)擇。劉(liu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)義審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)長在(zai)2011年提出國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)是國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)重要組成部分(fen)的(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)觀點,認(ren)為(wei)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)本質上是國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)大系統中(zhong)一個內生的(de)(de)具有預(yu)防(fang)、揭(jie)示(shi)和抵御功(gong)(gong)能的(de)(de)免疫(yi)系統。預(yu)防(fang)功(gong)(gong)能是指國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)憑借其威懾作用及各(ge)方面的(de)(de)優勢,能夠(gou)(gou)預(yu)防(fang)和預(yu)警經濟(ji)社會健康運行(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)風險和隱患,增強國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)“免疫(yi)力”;揭(jie)示(shi)功(gong)(gong)能是指國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)通(tong)過監督檢(jian)查各(ge)項(xiang)治(zhi)理(li)(li)政策措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)(de)貫徹執行(xing)情況(kuang),能夠(gou)(gou)反映發生的(de)(de)違(wei)法違(wei)規、損失浪費、污染環境等(deng)真實(shi)情況(kuang)和揭(jie)示(shi)存在(zai)的(de)(de)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)障(zhang)礙、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度缺陷、管理(li)(li)漏洞等(deng)問題,促進治(zhi)理(li)(li)措(cuo)施(shi)落實(shi)到位;抵御功(gong)(gong)能是指國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)通(tong)過促進健全制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、完善體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),能夠(gou)(gou)抑制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)社會運行(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)各(ge)種“病害(hai)”,提高國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)(li)績效[3]。
事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)災(zai)難(nan)(nan)預(yu)(yu)防審(shen)計(ji)(ji)屬于事(shi)(shi)前審(shen)計(ji)(ji),能(neng)(neng)夠識(shi)別(bie)和評估對(dui)經濟社會造成損害(hai)的各(ge)類事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)災(zai)難(nan)(nan)風險,較好(hao)地發揮(hui)預(yu)(yu)防功能(neng)(neng);事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)災(zai)難(nan)(nan)預(yu)(yu)防審(shen)計(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)對(dui)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)災(zai)難(nan)(nan)風險評估的基礎上,對(dui)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)災(zai)難(nan)(nan)預(yu)(yu)防和應(ying)急準(zhun)備(bei)工作開展審(shen)計(ji)(ji),能(neng)(neng)夠發現(xian)被(bei)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)單位(wei)在(zai)(zai)預(yu)(yu)防和應(ying)急準(zhun)備(bei)方面(mian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的各(ge)種(zhong)違法違規、制(zhi)(zhi)度缺陷問題,較好(hao)地發揮(hui)揭示功能(neng)(neng);事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)災(zai)難(nan)(nan)預(yu)(yu)防審(shen)計(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)發現(xian)被(bei)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)單位(wei)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)各(ge)種(zhong)問題的基礎上,提出整改(gai)建議,以促進改(gai)革(ge)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)、完善(shan)制(zhi)(zhi)度、防范風險,較好(hao)地發揮(hui)抵御功能(neng)(neng)。
三、風險導向事(shi)故災(zai)難預防審計(ji)模式應用
(一)風險評估
風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估階段要(yao)求開展對事(shi)(shi)故(gu)災(zai)難風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的系統(tong)評(ping)估,優先(xian)考(kao)慮全局性(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)高風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)領域,以(yi)(yi)此確(que)定(ding)審計項目重(zhong)點和(he)(he)先(xian)后(hou)順序(xu)。按(an)照風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理理論(lun),風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估是根據(ju)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)結果,采(cai)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估技術和(he)(he)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)件發生(sheng)的概率及(ji)由此產生(sheng)后(hou)果的嚴重(zhong)程度(du),依據(ju)“事(shi)(shi)故(gu)災(zai)難風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)=風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)發生(sheng)的概率×風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)發生(sheng)產生(sheng)的后(hou)果”計算風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價分(fen)(fen)值(zhi),根據(ju)建立起來的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價標準確(que)定(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)等級。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估技術和(he)(he)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用定(ding)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)定(ding)量(liang)相結合(he)的方(fang)(fang)式(shi),定(ding)性(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包括(kuo)專家打分(fen)(fen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),定(ding)量(liang)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包括(kuo)層次分(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、事(shi)(shi)故(gu)樹分(fen)(fen)析(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)模糊數學綜合(he)評(ping)價法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。
通過事(shi)故(gu)災難(nan)風險(xian)的(de)系統(tong)評估(gu),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)形成(cheng)事(shi)故(gu)災難(nan)風險(xian)審(shen)計(ji)數據(ju)庫,為有計(ji)劃開展事(shi)故(gu)災難(nan)預防審(shen)計(ji)提供基礎(chu)數據(ju)。美國在“9?11”恐怖襲擊之(zhi)后出(chu)臺(tai)了《國家應急規劃情(qing)景》文(wen)件,強調對(dui)容易造成(cheng)大(da)量(liang)人(ren)員傷亡(wang)、重大(da)財產損失和(he)(he)嚴重社會影(ying)響(xiang)等(deng)災難(nan)的(de)應急準備(bei),充(chong)分反映出(chu)對(dui)災難(nan)風險(xian)事(shi)前準備(bei)工作(zuo)的(de)重視。《中華人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)國突發(fa)事(shi)件應對(dui)法》規定國家建立重大(da)突發(fa)事(shi)件風險(xian)評估(gu)體系,并(bing)要求縣級人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府對(dui)本行政(zheng)區內(nei)容易引發(fa)事(shi)故(gu)災難(nan)的(de)危(wei)險(xian)源、危(wei)險(xian)區進行調查、登記、風險(xian)評估(gu)和(he)(he)定期檢查監控。因(yin)此,審(shen)計(ji)機關可(ke)以(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)國家其他公共(gong)部門共(gong)建事(shi)故(gu)災難(nan)風險(xian)數據(ju)共(gong)享平臺(tai),合力應對(dui)事(shi)故(gu)災難(nan)的(de)威脅[4]。
(二)風險應對
在(zai)風險應對階段,事故災(zai)難預(yu)防(fang)審(shen)計(ji)旨在(zai)依據災(zai)害風險數據,開展基于(yu)DPSIR概念模型的(de)預(yu)防(fang)審(shen)計(ji),評(ping)價(jia)被(bei)審(shen)計(ji)單位預(yu)防(fang)和應急管理系統的(de)完善程度(du)及存在(zai)的(de)缺陷,以(yi)提出相應的(de)對策建議。
本文(wen)引(yin)入可持續發展(zhan)研究領域(yu)使用的DPSIR概念(nian)模型,以(yi)某流域(yu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)安全評價為例,解析事(shi)故災難預(yu)防審計過程。DPSIR概念(nian)模型由經濟(ji)合作(zuo)與發展(zhan)組織(OECD)在1993年提出,包含驅(qu)動(dong)力(li)(Driving)、壓力(li)(Pressure)、狀態(tai)(tai)(State)、影響(xiang)(Impact)、響(xiang)應(ying)(Response)五個(ge)因(yin)子(zi),形成(cheng)社會(hui)經濟(ji)發展(zhan)“驅(qu)動(dong)力(li)”,給(gei)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)造成(cheng)“壓力(li)”,引(yin)起生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的“狀態(tai)(tai)”改變(bian),進而“影響(xiang)”人(ren)類(lei)活動(dong),促成(cheng)一系列“響(xiang)應(ying)”措施(shi)產生(sheng)的完整因(yin)果(guo)鏈(lian)[5]。
1.驅動力審計
驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)力審計旨在(zai)評(ping)價引(yin)起生態(tai)環(huan)境變(bian)化的(de)根本因(yin)素(su),這些因(yin)素(su)包(bao)括該流域內人(ren)(ren)類活動(dong)(dong)(dong)和經濟發(fa)(fa)展。衡(heng)量人(ren)(ren)類活動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)指標可以采用人(ren)(ren)口(kou)密度、城鎮化率、人(ren)(ren)均耕地面(mian)積,衡(heng)量經濟發(fa)(fa)展的(de)指標可以采用人(ren)(ren)均GDP及年度增長率、工業化水平(ping)指數、流域開發(fa)(fa)值占GDP的(de)比例。
2.壓力審計
壓(ya)(ya)力審計(ji)旨在評價(jia)引起(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境變化(hua)的(de)直(zhi)接(jie)因(yin)(yin)素,這些(xie)因(yin)(yin)素包(bao)括對(dui)流(liu)域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)需求的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力和對(dui)流(liu)域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統造成的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力。隨著城市化(hua)進程和工(gong)業的(de)發展,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)來源(yuan)是(shi)對(dui)流(liu)域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)提出的(de)巨大(da)挑戰(zhan),這一因(yin)(yin)素衡量(liang)指標可(ke)以采用萬元GDP水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)耗、家庭用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。人(ren)類生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)和工(gong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)也會使(shi)(shi)流(liu)域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統受到破壞,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)排(pai)放物使(shi)(shi)空氣、土壤(rang)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體受到不同(tong)程度(du)的(de)污染,這一因(yin)(yin)素衡量(liang)指標可(ke)以采用萬元GDP廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)放量(liang)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)區單位面積(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)放量(liang)。
3.狀態審計
狀態審計旨在評價流域(yu)生(sheng)態環境在上述壓力(li)(li)(li)(li)下的(de)現(xian)實情(qing)況,主(zhu)要(yao)體(ti)現(xian)在水(shui)資源系(xi)統滿足生(sheng)活(huo)和生(sheng)產(chan)需水(shui)的(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和水(shui)資源的(de)承(cheng)載力(li)(li)(li)(li)。衡量滿足生(sheng)活(huo)和生(sheng)產(chan)需水(shui)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)可(ke)以采用指標(biao)超III類百分比(bi),衡量水(shui)資源的(de)承(cheng)載力(li)(li)(li)(li)可(ke)以采用污染物(wu)凈化(hua)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)指標(biao)。
4.影響審計
影(ying)響審計旨在評(ping)價流域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境所處的(de)(de)狀態(tai)(tai)對(dui)人類活動和經濟發展產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)影(ying)響,具體體現在對(dui)水(shui)(shui)質的(de)(de)影(ying)響和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境的(de)(de)影(ying)響。衡量(liang)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)質的(de)(de)影(ying)響可以用水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境污染損(sun)失占當年GDP的(de)(de)比例指(zhi)標,衡量(liang)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境的(de)(de)影(ying)響可以采用水(shui)(shui)土(tu)流失率(lv)、生(sheng)(sheng)活用水(shui)(shui)缺水(shui)(shui)率(lv)指(zhi)標。
5.響應審計
響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)審計旨(zhi)在評價人類對(dui)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)影響(xiang)(xiang)采(cai)取(qu)的(de)(de)改進措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),包(bao)括(kuo)社(she)會響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)和(he)生(sheng)態(tai)恢復兩個方(fang)面(mian)(mian)。社(she)會響(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)包(bao)括(kuo)國(guo)家有關部門在經(jing)濟(ji)、政治、法(fa)律和(he)技術層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)采(cai)取(qu)的(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),可以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)環境(jing)投(tou)入占(zhan)GDP比例(li)指標(biao)來衡量。生(sheng)態(tai)恢復包(bao)括(kuo)為恢復生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)所采(cai)取(qu)的(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),可以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)污水(shui)集中處(chu)理率、水(shui)土流失(shi)治理率指標(biao)來衡量。
四、開(kai)展風險(xian)導向事故災難預防審計的保障措施
(一)加強對事故(gu)災(zai)難預防審(shen)計的認識
各級(ji)審計(ji)機關和(he)(he)人員(yuan)需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)思想上認(ren)識到事故(gu)災難(nan)預(yu)防(fang)審計(ji)是國家(jia)治理這個大系統中內生(sheng)的(de)具有(you)預(yu)防(fang)、揭(jie)示和(he)(he)抵御功能的(de)“免疫系統”,對維(wei)護、完(wan)善和(he)(he)促進國家(jia)治理有(you)重要(yao)意義(yi),從而充分體會事故(gu)災難(nan)預(yu)防(fang)審計(ji)的(de)重要(yao)地位和(he)(he)作用(yong)[6]。
(二)確立(li)事(shi)故災難預防審計的法(fa)律(lv)地位
目前,公共危機(ji)管理審計(ji)在(zai)相關(guan)的法(fa)律規(gui)范中有(you)所涉及,《審計(ji)署2008至2012年審計(ji)工(gong)作發展規(gui)劃》要求(qiu)審計(ji)機(ji)關(guan)“對關(guan)系(xi)國際民生的……重大突(tu)發性公共事(shi)件……試行全過程跟蹤審計(ji)”。
但是(shi),截至目(mu)前我國(guo)并沒有關于(yu)事故(gu)災難預防審(shen)(shen)計的單(dan)獨法律(lv)法規,也沒有制定專門的審(shen)(shen)計準(zhun)則。鑒于(yu)預防審(shen)(shen)計的重要性(xing),為(wei)使事故(gu)災難預防審(shen)(shen)計在(zai)執行過程(cheng)中能夠有法可依、有章(zhang)可循,亟須在(zai)法規層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)上確(que)立其地位,在(zai)準(zhun)則層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)明確(que)其程(cheng)序和(he)方法。
(三)提(ti)高審計人員(yuan)的素(su)質(zhi)
事故(gu)災(zai)(zai)難風險的(de)多樣性(xing)決定(ding)了審計(ji)人員僅僅掌(zhang)握財會知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)是遠遠不能(neng)勝(sheng)任事故(gu)災(zai)(zai)難預防審計(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de),審計(ji)人員需要廣泛涉獵(lie)建筑學(xue)(xue)、醫學(xue)(xue)、農學(xue)(xue)等領(ling)域的(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi),掌(zhang)握新知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)和新技術,盡最大可(ke)能(neng)提升自(zi)身的(de)審計(ji)能(neng)力。
(四)完善審計工作(zuo)的基(ji)礎數據
建立信息(xi)資源(yuan)庫,將突發公共(gong)(gong)事(shi)件預警信息(xi)、法律(lv)法規(gui)、被審計單(dan)位(wei)的內部控制情(qing)況(kuang)等分類儲存和管(guan)理;審計機關可以和國家其(qi)他(ta)公共(gong)(gong)部門共(gong)(gong)建事(shi)故災難風險數據共(gong)(gong)享平臺(tai),做到(dao)信息(xi)系統的社會(hui)聯動(dong)。
【參考文獻】
[1] 山東財(cai)經大學課題組.公(gong)共(gong)危機狀(zhuang)態下政(zheng)府(fu)審(shen)計問題研(yan)究[R]//審(shen)計署重(zhong)點科研(yan)課題研(yan)究報告(2010―2011),2012:100-101.
[2] 楊明增,任慶玲.現代(dai)風險(xian)導(dao)向審計模式運用(yong)及其研究[J].中(zhong)國注冊會計師(shi),2015(3):95-100.
[3] 劉家(jia)義.論國家(jia)治理(li)與(yu)國家(jia)審計[J].中國社會科學,2012(6):60-74.
[4] 高靜美.災害風險預防性審(shen)計(ji)(ji)的構(gou)架設(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)問題(ti)研(yan)究[J].宏觀經濟(ji)研(yan)究,2014(10):139-147.
篇10
關鍵詞:PPP(publicprivate partnership);合作(zuo)伙伴;公(gong)共基礎設(she)施(shi)項目;研(yan)究評述(shu)
中(zhong)圖分類號(hao):F062.4文(wen)獻標識碼:A文(wen)章編號(hao):1001-8409(2013)06-0006-04
1引言
PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)是(shi)實(shi)現公(gong)(gong)共(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建設(she)資(zi)(zi)金的(de)(de)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)模式,也是(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)產品的(de)(de)一(yi)種供給方式。PPP模式是(shi)伴(ban)隨著公(gong)(gong)共(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)需(xu)求的(de)(de)多元(yuan)化(hua)而產生的(de)(de)私(si)(si)人(ren)部(bu)門和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門合作(zuo)(zuo)。早在(zai)17世紀英國(guo)領(ling)港公(gong)(gong)會和(he)(he)私(si)(si)人(ren)投資(zi)(zi)者合作(zuo)(zuo)建造燈塔[1],開始了(le)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)私(si)(si)合作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)。英國(guo)財政(zheng)大臣(chen)肯尼斯·克拉克為了(le)提升(sheng)基礎設(she)施水(shui)平、解決(jue)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)服務的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)金匱乏和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門缺少有效(xiao)性及資(zi)(zi)金效(xiao)率等(deng)問題,率先提出“公(gong)(gong)私(si)(si)合作(zuo)(zuo)”的(de)(de)概念。1984年我國(guo)以BOT(Build-Operate-Transfer,建設(she)-運營-移交)方式建設(she)的(de)(de)深(shen)圳沙頭角B電(dian)廠是(shi)我國(guo)嘗(chang)試實(shi)踐(jian)基礎設(she)施公(gong)(gong)私(si)(si)合作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)標志。
近年(nian)來,我國學(xue)術界形(xing)成了大(da)量可供借(jie)鑒的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)成果(guo),但至今PPP概念的(de)(de)(de)認識仍存(cun)在多種解析(xi),難以形(xing)成有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度。研(yan)究(jiu)內容側重(zhong)于風險與利益分擔,方法(fa)研(yan)究(jiu)實效不足(zu);研(yan)究(jiu)范圍廣(guang)泛,政策(ce)促進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)運行機制(zhi)(zhi)不足(zu)。因此,結合我國的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度背(bei)景,探索我國公共項目公私合作模式的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質、理論基礎和(he)實現途徑,對進(jin)一步(bu)推動我國PPP理論研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)度創新具有(you)重(zhong)要意義(yi)。
2PPP概念(nian)及特征研究(jiu)
2.1國外PPP定義(yi)研(yan)究
PPP即公私(si)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)伙伴。西方(fang)發(fa)達國(guo)家在PPP項(xiang)目推廣(guang)(guang)方(fang)面建立了成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)(de)制度體(ti)系(xi)(xi),得益(yi)于(yu)理論(lun)(lun)研究與實踐(jian)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)結合(he)。理論(lun)(lun)研究成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果主要(yao)從4個角度:一是(shi)(shi)(shi)關系(xi)(xi)性(xing)合(he)約(yue)理論(lun)(lun),Tony Bovaird認為PPP是(shi)(shi)(shi)新型的(de)(de)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)伙伴關系(xi)(xi)及聯盟,與交(jiao)易契約(yue)關系(xi)(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有區(qu)別的(de)(de),具有關系(xi)(xi)契約(yue)的(de)(de)特點,相應的(de)(de)治(zhi)理方(fang)式(shi)也(ye)應吸(xi)收關系(xi)(xi)契約(yue)的(de)(de)治(zhi)理原則。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)從交(jiao)易成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本經(jing)濟學角度,Michael Essig和(he)(he)Alexander Batran提(ti)出了PPP交(jiao)易成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)和(he)(he)關系(xi)(xi)合(he)約(yue)中信任的(de)(de)重要(yao)性(xing)。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)權經(jing)濟學觀點,Peter Scharle提(ti)出了私(si)人部門(men)參與政府提(ti)供(gong)公共產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)權是(shi)(shi)(shi)怎(zen)樣起作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de),即何種(zhong)產(chan)(chan)權安排(pai)導致聯合(he)剩余最大(da)。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)把PPP看(kan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一個社(she)會(hui)博弈(yi),Grout認為把PPP的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)、經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)討論(lun)(lun)放(fang)到更廣(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)博弈(yi)視角的(de)(de)環境中,有利于(yu)更好(hao)地理解(jie)。
基于理論研(yan)究(jiu)成(cheng)果和豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)PPP項目實踐,各國對PPP的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學內涵(han)解釋,如加(jia)拿大(da)PPP國家委員會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義:PPP是指公共(gong)部(bu)門(men)(men)和私(si)人(ren)部(bu)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種合(he)(he)作經(jing)營關(guan)系(xi),它建(jian)立在雙方(fang)各自經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang),通過(guo)適當(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源分配、風險分擔(dan)和利(li)益(yi)共(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)機制(zhi),最好地滿足事先清晰(xi)界定的(de)(de)(de)(de)公共(gong)需(xu)求;聯合(he)(he)國培(pei)訓(xun)研(yan)究(jiu)院的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義:PPP涵(han)蓋了不同社會(hui)系(xi)統倡導(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有制(zhi)度化合(he)(he)作方(fang)式(shi),目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是解決(jue)當(dang)(dang)地區域內的(de)(de)(de)(de)某些復雜(za)問題;標(biao)準普爾(er)認為PPP是公共(gong)部(bu)門(men)(men)與私(si)人(ren)部(bu)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間長(chang)期合(he)(he)約關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)媒介,包括(kuo)風險分擔(dan)和多部(bu)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)專有技(ji)術人(ren)才(cai)和融資共(gong)享(xiang)(xiang),從而(er)達到理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)政策結(jie)果。
PPP概念的(de)(de)本質在于:①明確了(le)PPP是公(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門與私(si)人部(bu)門之間的(de)(de)伙伴關系(xi),是PPP區別(bie)于其(qi)他(ta)項(xiang)目融資模式的(de)(de)關鍵點。②定義了(le)這(zhe)種合作(zuo)伙伴關系(xi)是關系(xi)性(xing)的(de)(de)契約形式,契約實現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)是公(gong)(gong)共(gong)需求(qiu)目的(de)(de),而(er)非單純(chun)的(de)(de)商業利益(yi)關系(xi)。③提出(chu)了(le)PPP項(xiang)目公(gong)(gong)私(si)合作(zuo)的(de)(de)實現(xian)(xian),需要有長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)、有效的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)政策或(huo)制度的(de)(de)規范。④明晰了(le)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門和(he)私(si)人部(bu)門合作(zuo)基礎是基于共(gong)有產權關系(xi)以及合作(zuo)期(qi)間的(de)(de)資源(yuan)配置(zhi)、風險分擔和(he)利益(yi)共(gong)享(xiang),實現(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)項(xiang)目理想的(de)(de)政策結(jie)果。
2.2國(guo)內(nei)PPP概(gai)念內(nei)涵解釋(shi)
我國(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共項目(mu)(mu)建(jian)設的(de)傳統(tong)模式一(yi)直是(shi)由(you)(you)政府(fu)行政指令(ling)性管(guan)理,從項目(mu)(mu)立項、建(jian)設到運(yun)營都是(shi)由(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)或地方政府(fu)部門統(tong)籌管(guan)理。改(gai)革開放以后(hou),1999年深圳沙頭(tou)角(jiao)B電(dian)廠順利移交,實(shi)現了基礎設施(shi)BOT項目(mu)(mu)融資(zi)(zi);2000年我國(guo)頒布了“建(jian)設項目(mu)(mu)業主制”;2005年試行了政府(fu)項目(mu)(mu)“代(dai)建(jian)制”等(deng)系列體(ti)制的(de)改(gai)革;2008年成功(gong)運(yun)用PPP模式實(shi)現國(guo)家(jia)體(ti)育場館建(jian)設與運(yun)營等(deng),不(bu)斷深化了公(gong)共項目(mu)(mu)投融資(zi)(zi)管(guan)理體(ti)制改(gai)革。迄(qi)今為止,對PPP的(de)認識及解釋(shi)一(yi)般借鑒國(guo)外釋(shi)譯,我國(guo)學術界對于PPP的(de)概(gai)念仍有歧義,如表(biao)1所示。
概念解(jie)讀的(de)差異性客(ke)觀存在,有(you)人譯為(wei)“公(gong)私(si)合作經營”、“公(gong)私(si)合作關系(xi)”和(he)“公(gong)私(si)伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)關系(xi)”等(deng),但對(dui)公(gong)共(gong)項目而(er)言(yan),“公(gong)私(si)伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)關系(xi)”解(jie)釋更適合PPP運營特(te)征。重要的(de)是(shi)需要明晰我國混合經濟體(ti)制(zhi)下的(de)“伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)關系(xi)”結(jie)構(gou),即中(zhong)國式伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)關系(xi)的(de)特(te)殊性與國際通(tong)用慣(guan)例(li)的(de)有(you)機(ji)統一。伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)I是(shi)我國“公(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門(men)(men)”發起主(zhu)體(ti)或投(tou)資(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體(ti),包括(kuo)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)及(ji)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)管(guan)理部(bu)門(men)(men)、公(gong)用事業(ye)部(bu)門(men)(men)、事業(ye)單位(wei)等(deng);伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)Ⅱ是(shi)我國“私(si)人部(bu)門(men)(men)”投(tou)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)合作主(zhu)體(ti),界定為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)集團、公(gong)司或個(ge)人等(deng);伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)Ⅲ是(shi)監(jian)督主(zhu)體(ti),包括(kuo)社會公(gong)眾、專業(ye)咨詢組織和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)監(jian)管(guan)人。概念的(de)另一個(ge)核心點就是(shi)“合作模式”,即2010年國務院 “新36條”中(zhong)明確提(ti)出“鼓勵和(he)引導民間資(zi)(zi)本(ben)”參與基礎設施建(jian)設。為(wei)此,公(gong)私(si)合作將通(tong)過企(qi)業(ye)與政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)簽訂的(de)協議或合同文件實(shi)現(xian),通(tong)過專業(ye)的(de)、系(xi)統的(de)合約制(zhi)度安排確認伙(huo)伴(ban)(ban)(ban)關系(xi),提(ti)高公(gong)共(gong)項目的(de)資(zi)(zi)源配置效率(lv)或生產力,實(shi)現(xian)公(gong)共(gong)項目的(de)“物有(you)所值”[8]。
因此(ci),中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)PPP概(gai)念是:公(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門(men)和私(si)人部(bu)門(men)為提供公(gong)(gong)共(gong)產品(pin)或(huo)服(fu)務、實現(xian)特定(ding)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)效(xiao)益而建立的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目全(quan)生命期關系性契約的(de)(de)(de)(de)合作伙伴、融(rong)資(zi)、建設(she)和經營管理模式(shi)。
2.3PPP的(de)本質
本(ben)質是(shi)指事物(wu)(wu)所固有的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)本(ben)屬(shu)性(xing)。PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)活動是(shi)對公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)以關系型契(qi)約方式合(he)(he)作融(rong)資(zi)、合(he)(he)作建設(she)、共(gong)同經營(ying)和(he)(he)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)移交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程。王守清認(ren)為項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)融(rong)資(zi)專指狹義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)融(rong)資(zi),即(ji)“通過(guo)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)融(rong)資(zi)”,而非廣義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)為項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)融(rong)資(zi)。韓顏超認(ren)為PPP 項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)(he)私人部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)選擇集擴大的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程,也(ye)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)(he)私人部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)間(jian)進行優(you)勢能力(li)交(jiao)換的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。李曉東認(ren)為其本(ben)質在于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)(he)私營(ying)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)間(jian)實現(xian)優(you)勢互補的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程,同時也(ye)是(shi)基礎設(she)施建設(she)中公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)與私營(ying)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)相對參與程度實現(xian)帕累托(tuo)最優(you)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程[9]。PPP的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)源于(yu)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)”(Public Project)供(gong)給的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)屬(shu)性(xing),根(gen)(gen)據(ju)C V Brown和(he)(he)P W Jackson的(de)(de)(de)觀點,社會物(wu)(wu)品(pin)可分(fen)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)物(wu)(wu)品(pin)(Public Goods)和(he)(he)私人物(wu)(wu)品(pin)(Private Goods)兩類,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)物(wu)(wu)品(pin)來(lai)自于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)需求,因此必須由政(zheng)府(fu)提(ti)供(gong)。正是(shi)由于(yu)形成了政(zheng)府(fu)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)經濟特性(xing)體(ti)現(xian)在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)自然壟(long)斷性(xing)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益性(xing)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)產(chan)權屬(shu)性(xing)和(he)(he)外部(bu)性(xing)。
認識PPP本質的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)不在(zai)于它如何提(ti)供(gong)公共項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu),而是在(zai)這種提(ti)供(gong)方式下(xia)如何實(shi)現(xian)滿足公眾(zhong)利益的(de)(de)(de)最佳效果(guo),即PPP實(shi)現(xian)了政府資源和(he)社會資源式的(de)(de)(de)零和(he)競爭,相比有很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢[11],厘(li)清PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)合(he)作中形成的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)契(qi)約(yue)關(guan)系和(he)保障PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)成功的(de)(de)(de)系列(lie)法律法規、管理(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、激勵機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、合(he)同(tong)體系等(deng)在(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度框架創(chuang)新。
因此,我(wo)國(guo)PPP的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質一(yi)方(fang)面包(bao)含公(gong)與(yu)私(si)的(de)(de)(de)內涵,另一(yi)方(fang)面包(bao)括合(he)作主體(ti)廣泛(fan)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)延。在(zai)合(he)作本(ben)質上,通過(guo)建立(li)新(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)伙伴契約關系,在(zai)規范的(de)(de)(de)合(he)作規則(ze)和運行機(ji)制(zhi)下,為公(gong)眾提供(gong)(gong)公(gong)共(gong)產品或服務,從而形成一(yi)致(zhi)和明確的(de)(de)(de)PPP定(ding)義,為政府促(cu)進PPP項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)政策制(zhi)定(ding)、機(ji)制(zhi)設(she)計和管理(li)體(ti)系建設(she)提供(gong)(gong)理(li)論(lun)依據。
3PPP項目風險(xian)與分配(pei)研究
PPP項目(mu)投(tou)融(rong)資決策成功的(de)(de)(de)必要條件(jian)之一是設計合理的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險分配和風(feng)險分擔。由于PPP項目(mu)通(tong)常(chang)都是投(tou)資規模大、技術復雜、建設周期長、涉及面(mian)廣(guang)、發揮社會效益長和社會公眾(zhong)影響(xiang)大的(de)(de)(de)公共工(gong)程項目(mu),因此PPP項目(mu)融(rong)資風(feng)險與分配研究十(shi)分重(zhong)要。
3.1風險管理及評(ping)價方(fang)法(fa)研(yan)究
公(gong)私雙方(fang)合作存在明(ming)顯的(de)利益沖突,是(shi)PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)產生風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)基(ji)本因素。崔軍歸納了(le)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)融(rong)資風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)素的(de)主要(yao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)類別及風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)擔的(de)原則(ze)。王要(yao)武、孫成(cheng)雙提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)動態項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理框架。金德民提(ti)出(chu)(chu)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)集成(cheng)管理模(mo)式具有(you)現(xian)代(dai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理意義。PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)研究(jiu)始于(yu)近幾年,李勝等運用(yong)模(mo)糊綜合評(ping)價(jia)法(fa)(fa)對BOT項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進行評(ping)估。劉曉君等根據TBT原理,提(ti)出(chu)(chu)對基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)投(tou)標風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、財務風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、建設(she)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、市場風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)投(tou)資環境風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進行有(you)效管理的(de)若干措施(shi);陳玲在專家打分法(fa)(fa)、統(tong)計概(gai)率法(fa)(fa)等風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分析論述(shu)的(de)基(ji)礎上,提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)基(ji)本管理程序;尹貽林在PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔研究(jiu)中(zhong)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔方(fang)法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)有(you)矩陣法(fa)(fa)、類比(bi)法(fa)(fa)、統(tong)計分析法(fa)(fa)和(he)數學(xue)模(mo)型法(fa)(fa)。
3.2風險分(fen)擔研(yan)究
國內學者(zhe)從不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)角度研究(jiu)了PPP模式運(yun)用過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)及合(he)理分配問題。王守清在其(qi)研究(jiu)中提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分配觀點具(ju)代表性,論證(zheng)了我國PPP 項(xiang)目(mu)外匯風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、政(zheng)治風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)等的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要表現,提出(chu)了PPP 項(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔的(de)(de)(de)三條(tiao)(tiao)原則,對公共(gong)部門和私人部門談判PPP項(xiang)目(mu)具(ju)有實際指導作用。李啟明提出(chu)了風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分配的(de)(de)(de)9 條(tiao)(tiao)原則。尹貽林(lin)認為PPP項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔通常(chang)是在若干主(zhu)體(ti)之間通過(guo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)轉移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式進行(xing),主(zhu)要是通過(guo)復雜的(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)安排來實現,同(tong)時指出(chu)了PPP 項(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔研究(jiu)存在的(de)(de)(de)三個薄弱環節,即風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)評價、風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔比例的(de)(de)(de)確定(ding)以及風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分擔與其(qi)他方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)聯關(guan)系。
以上研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)表明:第(di)(di)(di)(di)一,研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)都是將公私合作(zuo)作(zuo)為統一模式,不(bu)區分公私合作(zuo)中所有權不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體形式,特(te)別(bie)是不(bu)同模式之間風(feng)險(xian)分配(pei)有怎樣的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)同[10],仍有待深(shen)入(ru)探(tan)索具(ju)體規則。第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er),PPP項目是現代關系性(xing)(xing)契約形式,而非單純的(de)(de)(de)商業合同。第(di)(di)(di)(di)三,風(feng)險(xian)評價方法(fa)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)注重理(li)論上可(ke)行(xing),但實(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)簡便(bian)性(xing)(xing)、操作(zuo)性(xing)(xing)和實(shi)用性(xing)(xing)不(bu)足(zu)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)四,對政府宏觀政策(ce)性(xing)(xing)風(feng)險(xian)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)以及如何推進(jin)政府有效的(de)(de)(de)PPP項目公共政策(ce)與創(chuang)新(xin)機制研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)程度不(bu)夠,成(cheng)為有效推進(jin)PPP項目的(de)(de)(de)主要矛盾。
4PPP項(xiang)目(mu)治理理論研究
國外項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念是秉(bing)承Williamson的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)易(yi)成本經濟學框架而(er)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)。公(gong)共(gong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)是通過一套制(zhi)度體系(xi)來(lai)建(jian)立并(bing)維(wei)持(chi)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)交(jiao)易(yi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)良好秩序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。至于(yu)(yu)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果,從宏(hong)觀角度來(lai)看即在(zai)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)交(jiao)易(yi)市場(chang)中營造(zao)了一種(zhong)體制(zhi)環境,從微觀角度來(lai)看即在(zai)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)交(jiao)易(yi)內部(bu)建(jian)立和(he)維(wei)持(chi)了一種(zhong)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)秩序(xu)[11]。然而(er),公(gong)共(gong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)不同(tong)于(yu)(yu)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)盈利(li)(li)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)追求(qiu)利(li)(li)潤最(zui)大化。公(gong)共(gong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是政府為(wei)了滿(man)足公(gong)眾(zhong)需求(qiu)而(er)發起的(de)(de)(de)(de),其(qi)追求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是公(gong)共(gong)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi),其(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)不能局限于(yu)(yu)某一方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi),而(er)應(ying)為(wei)公(gong)共(gong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)眾(zhong)多利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)服務,以(yi)達到利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)者(zhe)之間關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協(xie)調和(he)利(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)同(tong),從而(er)最(zui)終實現項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)[12]。對于(yu)(yu)確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)分為(wei)內部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)與外部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li),內部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特征(zheng)是以(yi)產權(quan)為(wei)主(zhu)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)制(zhi)度安排,其(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)載體就是項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)組織;而(er)外部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)則是以(yi)競(jing)爭為(wei)主(zhu)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外在(zai)制(zhi)度安排,其(qi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)載體是市場(chang)體系(xi)[13]。
我國公共項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)主要代表(biao)性研(yan)究有(you):尹貽林教(jiao)授團(tuan)隊從(cong)政府、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)公司角度(du)(du)(du)探索了(le)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)論與實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)方法,構建了(le)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)模式;丁榮貴(gui)教(jiao)授從(cong)管理(li)(li)(li)學的(de)角度(du)(du)(du)更加關注(zhu)多組(zu)織(zhi)合作(zuo)(zuo)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)[14];沙凱遜教(jiao)授探討的(de)是建設項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)或者建筑市場制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)面的(de)問題 [15]。他們的(de)研(yan)究有(you)效(xiao)提出了(le)PPP項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)公司共同建設、運營和管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)機理(li)(li)(li)、機制(zhi)和實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)方式,為防范合作(zuo)(zuo)風險、指導有(you)效(xiao)合作(zuo)(zuo)提供(gong)了(le)理(li)(li)(li)論依(yi)據。在宏(hong)觀(guan)政策層(ceng)面尚(shang)未開展PPP項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)機制(zhi)研(yan)究,缺乏PPP制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)系(xi)統的(de)頂層(ceng)設計。
國際經(jing)驗表明,公共項目(mu)治理機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)是制(zhi)度控制(zhi)運行的一(yi)種管理模式,主要有三個方面:①政府政策和管理組織機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)創新;②建立(li)社(she)會有效的獨立(li)監(jian)督和公眾(zhong)參與機(ji)(ji)制(zhi);③項目(mu)公司內部建立(li)科(ke)學的合(he)作治理機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)。
5政府(fu)管理機制(zhi)與監管研究
從概(gai)念界定到治理(li)研(yan)究,政(zheng)府作(zuo)為PPP模式中(zhong)公共利益(yi)的集(ji)中(zhong)代表(biao),既是項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)發起者和(he)(he)參與者,又是項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的監管(guan)者。明確政(zheng)府在PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)生命周期中(zhong)伴演的“雙重(zhong)”角色和(he)(he)具備(bei)的“雙重(zhong)”職能,是探索政(zheng)府在PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)定位與管(guan)理(li)的前提。
5.1政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)管(guan)理(li)職能
我國(guo)對(dui)特許(xu)經營項目(mu)(mu)(mu)及壟(long)斷產品定(ding)價(jia)(jia)沿用(yong)成本(ben)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)輔以價(jia)(jia)格聽證(zheng),PPP項目(mu)(mu)(mu)適當(dang)價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)制(zhi)會(hui)使社會(hui)經濟(ji)效率提(ti)高。趙宇等人(ren)討論了(le)壟(long)斷行業進入(ru)博弈及其管(guan)制(zhi)績效評價(jia)(jia),管(guan)制(zhi)對(dui)社會(hui)福利(li)和消費(fei)者剩(sheng)余的(de)(de)影響。何壽(shou)奎、傅鴻源在分析PPP項目(mu)(mu)(mu)政府(fu)(fu)監管(guan)現狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)基礎上,提(ti)出健全監管(guan)體系、合理確定(ding)政府(fu)(fu)監督邊界、科學選(xuan)擇監管(guan)途徑,以推進公共(gong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)PPP模式(shi)的(de)(de)健康發展。
5.2政府的激勵措(cuo)施(shi)
任志濤分(fen)(fen)析(xi)了(le)我國(guo)基礎設施領(ling)域公(gong)私(si)伙(huo)伴關系(xi),研究了(le)信息不(bu)對稱條件下政(zheng)府部(bu)門(men)和民營(ying)部(bu)門(men)之間委(wei)托—關系(xi)的目標函數,并對公(gong)私(si)伙(huo)伴關系(xi)下的激(ji)勵問題進行了(le)博弈分(fen)(fen)析(xi)。王守(shou)清等認為政(zheng)府激(ji)勵措施包括政(zheng)府投資(zi)贊助(zhu)、政(zheng)府對融資(zi)的協助(zhu)、政(zheng)府擔保、稅(shui)收減(jian)免優惠(hui)和開發新市(shi)場,私(si)營(ying)部(bu)門(men)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)肯定各種(zhong)激(ji)勵措施的有效性,其中稅(shui)收減(jian)免措施得分(fen)(fen)最高,政(zheng)府投資(zi)贊助(zhu)得分(fen)(fen)最低。
5.3政府的定位
PPP 模式下的參與方主要有(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府、私(si)營(ying)企業和公眾,其總目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標是(shi)(shi)三方滿(man)意。盡(jin)管三方在(zai)PPP項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中所關注的目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標有(you)著很大的不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),但三方的目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標體系(xi)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)完全獨立(li)的,而是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)叉在(zai)一(yi)起,只是(shi)(shi)三方對同(tong)(tong)一(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標的重(zhong)視程度不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)[16]。因此,政(zheng)(zheng)府在(zai)PPP項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)上必須定位于促(cu)進、主導和管理的功能,同(tong)(tong)時又是(shi)(shi)參與合(he)作的一(yi)方,只有(you)明(ming)確政(zheng)(zheng)府的目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標才(cai)能促(cu)進PPP項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的實施。
現有研究(jiu)(jiu)表明,我(wo)國政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)參(can)與PPP項(xiang)目的主(zhu)體(ti)表現在地方政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)或政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部門,或政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)授權融資平(ping)臺,是有條件的公(gong)(gong)私(si)合作,容易形(xing)成政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)公(gong)(gong)司對公(gong)(gong)共(gong)資源的壟斷(duan),缺乏有效的競爭,不利于PPP項(xiang)目的可持續發展。因此,PPP項(xiang)目的政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)管(guan)理(li)(li)有必要從(cong)兩(liang)個(ge)方面進行研究(jiu)(jiu):其(qi)一,理(li)(li)論上明晰政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)在PPP中的定位、責任和(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)主(zhu)體(ti),科學分離政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的參(can)與者和(he)監管(guan)者職能;其(qi)二,運行上探索建立中央政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與地方政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)層級(ji)的PPP政(zheng)策指南、運行機制和(he)有效的監管(guan)機制。
6小結(jie)和(he)未來研究(jiu)方(fang)向
6.1小結
我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)PPP研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)盡管開始時(shi)間(jian)相對較(jiao)晚,但發展十分(fen)迅速。在(zai)經(jing)歷了理(li)論(lun)(lun)引進、經(jing)驗介紹、初步研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)過程(cheng)之后,近年(nian)來針對我國(guo)(guo)PPP模(mo)式的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)無(wu)論(lun)(lun)是在(zai)量上還(huan)是在(zai)質(zhi)上都(dou)有(you)較(jiao)大提(ti)升。許多研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)已(yi)(yi)不再(zai)簡單停留在(zai)理(li)念層面,而(er)是將其應用到公(gong)共(gong)項目建(jian)設實踐的(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)(lun)分(fen)析框架中(zhong),出(chu)現了一些較(jiao)有(you)深度的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)成果(guo),PPP的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)也因(yin)此更趨深入。總體而(er)言,我國(guo)(guo)PPP項目融(rong)資(zi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)(yu)實踐持續了10年(nian)的(de)(de)歷程(cheng),在(zai)PPP的(de)(de)概念與(yu)(yu)本質(zhi)理(li)論(lun)(lun)分(fen)析研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)(fang)面已(yi)(yi)經(jing)有(you)了比較(jiao)清晰的(de)(de)界(jie)定;在(zai)風(feng)險與(yu)(yu)分(fen)配研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)(fang)面已(yi)(yi)經(jing)做(zuo)了比較(jiao)系統(tong)性(xing)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu);在(zai)治理(li)理(li)論(lun)(lun)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)(fang)面開始了初步的(de)(de)嘗試(shi);在(zai)政府管理(li)機(ji)制與(yu)(yu)監(jian)管研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)(fang)面已(yi)(yi)經(jing)有(you)了比較(jiao)全面的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),但我國(guo)(guo)公(gong)共(gong)項目PPP模(mo)式的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)尚處于起步階段,研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)系統(tong)性(xing)和深入性(xing)仍顯不足(zu)。
6.2未來(lai)研究(jiu)方向
“十二(er)五”期間(jian)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)民生(sheng)保障、城市建設和社(she)會經濟(ji)可持續發展的(de)重要時期,因而也是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)PPP項(xiang)目的(de)重要發展階(jie)段。加(jia)強我(wo)國(guo)公共項(xiang)目公私合作(zuo)模式的(de)研(yan)究(jiu),對(dui)于(yu)促(cu)進(jin)我(wo)國(guo)城市建設發展具有重要的(de)理(li)(li)(li)論意(yi)義和實(shi)踐價值(zhi)。未來的(de)PPP項(xiang)目研(yan)究(jiu)主要關(guan)(guan)(guan)注以下幾個方面(mian):第(di)一,在市場經濟(ji)條件下,我(wo)國(guo)PPP項(xiang)目合同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)論與(yu)實(shi)踐合同(tong)體系形式的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)。第(di)二(er),目標利(li)益關(guan)(guan)(guan)系方面(mian),PPP項(xiang)目中(zhong)政(zheng)府、私人部門與(yu)公眾(zhong)利(li)益三者間(jian)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系的(de)理(li)(li)(li)論梳理(li)(li)(li)值(zhi)得進(jin)一步探索。第(di)三,合作(zuo)的(de)機制(zhi)建設方面(mian),政(zheng)府各層級公私合作(zuo)機制(zhi)如何建立。第(di)四,PPP準入(ru)門坎研(yan)究(jiu),即(ji)我(wo)國(guo)對(dui)公共項(xiang)目公私合作(zuo)過程中(zhong)所涉及到(dao)的(de)私人部門準入(ru)的(de)具體條件的(de)論證。因此(ci),理(li)(li)(li)論突破(po)和制(zhi)度(du)創新不僅是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)實(shi)現PPP項(xiang)目制(zhi)度(du)化(hua)的(de)有效途徑(jing),更(geng)是(shi)(shi)為社(she)會和廣(guang)大公眾(zhong)有效提供公共產品與(yu)服務的(de)現實(shi)需(xu)要。
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