導語：人工智能(neng)法律主體地位探(tan)討一文(wen)(wen)來源于網友上傳，不(bu)代表(biao)本站觀(guan)點，若(ruo)需要原創文(wen)(wen)章可咨(zi)詢客(ke)服老師，歡迎參考。

［提要］法律主體應當具備類人的自我意志、自律性等主體性要素。人工智能的發展也許會無限的類人化，但是并不能達到復刻人類必備特質程度。盲目將其納入法律主體范(fan)圍(wei)，無(wu)疑(yi)會對整個法秩序產生“質變”影響(xiang)。時下，對人工智能(neng)體的風險(xian)防范(fan)應主(zhu)要致(zhi)力于如何(he)確保其(qi)未來發展的“可控(kong)性”，亦或(huo)尋(xun)求人工智能(neng)納入法律(lv)客(ke)觀范(fan)圍(wei)等其(qi)他解決(jue)路徑。

關(guan)鍵詞：人工智能；法律主體；自主意識

一、問題的提出

隨著國家綜合國力的提高，科技水平的迅猛發展，與此同時也伴隨著一些憂慮。人工智能是否可以在人類可控環境下逐步實現技術飛躍仍然是一個未知問題。庫茲韋爾在其奇點理論中提到人工智能在未來的某個時刻極大可能出現發展的不可控性，并預測在2045年，人工智能將超越人的智能。這種猜測在法律領域也有折射。但在某種意義上說，此舉也確實將人工智能的法律主體資格這一問題擺在了人們面前。我們首先需要明確，法律主體即是在法律規定的范圍內從事社會各項活動的人，是以馬克思主義哲學為基礎認知。可以進一步理解為，法律層面上的主體即為哲學層面上的主體，因而所有的自然人都是法律主體，也是哲學層面上的主體。一個自然人從出生到死亡都是在社會這個大家庭中生活，自始至終是以一個社會人的角色生活著。而法律作為社會生活各方各面的“潤滑劑”，使得所有的自然人在以社會人身份生活的同時，還必須成為法律人，即作為法律主體而存在。既然如此，人工智能是否和應否作為社會甚至是法律意義上的“人”還有進一步探討，不能一概而論的賦予其與人類享有同等地位。

二、法律主體的標準

（一(yi)(yi)(yi)）法(fa)律主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哲(zhe)學(xue)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義定(ding)(ding)位。法(fa)律主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)法(fa)律意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，是(shi)(shi)以馬(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)主(zhu)(zhu)義哲(zhe)學(xue)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)認知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，兩者之(zhi)(zhi)間是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以畫等號的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。作為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)要(yao)同(tong)時具(ju)備三個(ge)條件：（1）能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)掌控(kong)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命(ming)活動(dong)(dong)；（2）能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)左右(you)外部世(shi)界；（3）可(ke)以控(kong)制自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欲(yu)望。上(shang)述(shu)三點(dian)(dian)(dian)都說明(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，即(ji)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)。由(you)(you)此(ci)可(ke)以看(kan)出，主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)本身就具(ju)備意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)存在(zai)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而(er)(er)同(tong)時具(ju)備這(zhe)(zhe)三點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即(ji)具(ju)有(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)就只有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)了(le)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他生(sheng)物(wu)很(hen)難同(tong)時做(zuo)到這(zhe)(zhe)三點(dian)(dian)(dian)。意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)從哲(zhe)學(xue)觀念出發。馬(ma)(ma)克(ke)思(si)在(zai)研究物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)時曾得出：“觀念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東西不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)外乎是(shi)(shi)移入人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)腦(nao)并(bing)在(zai)頭(tou)腦(nao)中改造過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東西”，物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起源，意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)對客觀世(shi)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)觀反映(ying)，而(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)是(shi)(shi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載體(ti)(ti)。如(ru)果(guo)脫離人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)將無法(fa)認知(zhi)世(shi)界，同(tong)時也(ye)(ye)就沒有(you)(you)辦法(fa)形成主(zhu)(zhu)觀意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。另(ling)外，意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本質(zhi)(zhi)特(te)征還在(zai)于“意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到必(bi)須和周(zhou)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)來(lai)往”，如(ru)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)周(zhou)圍之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)往，那么他脫離了(le)社(she)(she)會關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)，即(ji)使他具(ju)備一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)理(li)(li)機能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)動(dong)(dong)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)社(she)(she)會關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)來(lai)決定(ding)(ding)，因而(er)(er)社(she)(she)會關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總和是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)構成，在(zai)某(mou)種(zhong)程度(du)上(shang)，社(she)(she)會性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)現在(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)動(dong)(dong)上(shang)，通過社(she)(she)會勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)獲得自我物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)需求、精神需求，與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時還能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)滿足社(she)(she)會、他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)需求，并(bing)獲得自我價值。根據以上(shang)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)要(yao)想擁有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，第一(yi)(yi)(yi)，應具(ju)備意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)載體(ti)(ti)，即(ji)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)結構高度(du)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)仿(fang)真；第二，存在(zai)相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)，而(er)(er)事實上(shang)，科學(xue)技(ji)術(shu)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)限性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)腦(nao)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)復雜性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)決定(ding)(ding)了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)無法(fa)克(ke)隆人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)完(wan)全(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大腦(nao)，且仍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)適應社(she)(she)會。另(ling)外，從人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)與(yu)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)角(jiao)度(du)來(lai)看(kan)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)仍有(you)(you)差別。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)具(ju)有(you)(you)獨(du)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和差異性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)生(sheng)活中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)歷各(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相同(tong)。因此(ci)，他們(men)對同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件事結合個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)、常識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、直(zhi)覺等很(hen)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法(fa)或者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)式。而(er)(er)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian)(dian)恰(qia)恰(qia)是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無法(fa)模擬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。通過算法(fa)對現存信息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提取、剖析和分類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)做(zuo)出判斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。然(ran)而(er)(er)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)(shi)通過大量常識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)分析人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)所(suo)面(mian)對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)像人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)通過大數(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剖析、提取所(suo)得。第二，強(qiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)擁有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)EQ與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)較大差距(ju)。強(qiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)所(suo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“喜怒(nu)哀(ai)樂”仍然(ran)是(shi)(shi)對數(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析和處(chu)理(li)(li)。即(ji)使將來(lai)真正(zheng)出現“情(qing)(qing)感(gan)機器人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)“情(qing)(qing)感(gan)”仍然(ran)屬于“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)造情(qing)(qing)感(gan)”，與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)緒世(shi)界截然(ran)相反。明(ming)斯基(ji)曾指出：智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)、直(zhi)覺和感(gan)情(qing)(qing)都是(shi)(shi)相通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，只不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)思(si)維方(fang)法(fa)。理(li)(li)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后于情(qing)(qing)感(gan)而(er)(er)產生(sheng)，而(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)只具(ju)備智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力很(hen)難具(ju)備情(qing)(qing)感(gan)，因此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)真正(zheng)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)和情(qing)(qing)感(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)復制性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)決定(ding)(ding)了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具(ju)備人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)那樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。

（二(er)）各部(bu)門(men)法(fa)(fa)視(shi)角下法(fa)(fa)律主體(ti)的(de)(de)標(biao)準。不同部(bu)門(men)法(fa)(fa)之下，法(fa)(fa)律主體(ti)的(de)(de)范(fan)圍有所區別，民法(fa)(fa)領域包括(kuo)自然人(ren)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)、非法(fa)(fa)人(ren)組織；刑法(fa)(fa)領域主要以自然人(ren)和(he)單位(wei)為主；而(er)在國(guo)際法(fa)(fa)上主要指國(guo)家與國(guo)際組織。不同部(bu)門(men)法(fa)(fa)之下的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律主體(ti)對(dui)于人(ren)工(gong)智能的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律主體(ti)資(zi)格問題參考意(yi)義(yi)也有所差別，因此有必要分(fen)別討論。

1、民事法律主體標準。參加民事法律關系享受權利和承擔義務的人，即民事法律關系的當事人。一般情況下，享有民事權利和承擔民事義務是民事主體權利能力的體現，也即權利義務主體的資格。在民法上，自然人和法人的民事權利能力大致相同，自然人出生時開始享有，死亡時終止；法人則以成立為起點，注銷時終止。人工智能能否享有與人類相同的民事權利呢？筆者認為，人工智能能否具備民事權利可以從以下幾個方面探討：一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)與(yu)自(zi)然(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)？本(ben)(ben)文談(tan)論到，自(zi)然(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)集理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)、道德(de)、情(qing)(qing)感于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)，自(zi)我(wo)意(yi)識(shi)比較顯著(zhu)。而(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)則是(shi)(shi)依據(ju)(ju)(ju)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)算(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、大數據(ju)(ju)(ju)分(fen)析來實(shi)(shi)(shi)施人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)指(zhi)令，弱(ruo)化(hua)自(zi)我(wo)意(yi)識(shi)，強(qiang)調服(fu)從意(yi)識(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)核心為(wei)(wei)(wei)邏輯(ji)(ji)運(yun)算(suan)。強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)會(hui)做(zuo)出一(yi)(yi)些面(mian)部(bu)表情(qing)(qing)甚至(zhi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過語言來與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)溝通(tong)(tong)(tong)，但其(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知如(ru)何定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義是(shi)(shi)非(fei)、善惡，即便能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠知曉，也是(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)邏輯(ji)(ji)運(yun)算(suan)得出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，缺(que)乏必備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值感和(he)道德(de)感。依靠一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段通(tong)(tong)(tong)過邏輯(ji)(ji)算(suan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)得出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，并(bing)按人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)默認程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)做(zuo)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表示(shi)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)(bei)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)平(ping)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)位(wei)？筆者對(dui)此(ci)持否(fou)(fou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內(nei)享(xiang)有(you)(you)，以(yi)(yi)憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)準則。假設人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)享(xiang)有(you)(you)平(ping)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)位(wei)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)超強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)(ji)運(yun)算(suan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)會(hui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)追逐利(li)(li)(li)益最大化(hua)而(er)損害自(zi)然(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)當利(li)(li)(li)益？是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)會(hui)破壞市場正(zheng)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營秩序(xu)？是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)會(hui)危害國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全？我(wo)們并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)對(dui)此(ci)表示(shi)肯定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，所以(yi)(yi)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)對(dui)賦予人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)平(ping)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)位(wei)表示(shi)否(fou)(fou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)(zi)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)與(yu)滅(mie)失都是(shi)(shi)取(qu)決于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)沒有(you)(you)把現實(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)會(hui)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)都確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，享(xiang)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)(zi)格，而(er)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)政策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)引之(zhi)下，挑選一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)賦予民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)(zi)格。由(you)(you)此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)契合人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)，因此(ci)并(bing)沒有(you)(you)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。但社(she)會(hui)中不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)乏同(tong)(tong)意(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)應(ying)被(bei)賦予民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)(zi)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，在(zai)(zai)他們看來，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)極強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)(xing)，我(wo)們不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)簡單地(di)將其(qi)(qi)(qi)看成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)供(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)操作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)被(bei)動性(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)，而(er)應(ying)賦予其(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)(zi)格，享(xiang)有(you)(you)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)，履(lv)行(xing)(xing)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義務，承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任。反(fan)之(zhi)，則有(you)(you)些人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)靠技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)邏輯(ji)(ji)分(fen)析，缺(que)乏意(yi)志、沒有(you)(you)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)識(shi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)(bei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)條(tiao)件，仍然(ran)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)開發利(li)(li)(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)。面(mian)對(dui)觀點迥異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)種主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張，如(ru)何更(geng)加理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)地(di)看待問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)從法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)哲(zhe)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層面(mian)來探討(tao)，將人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)置于(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哲(zhe)學(xue)基礎之(zhi)中，為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)立(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)提供(gong)理(li)(li)論上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)置否(fou)(fou)，有(you)(you)部(bu)分(fen)學(xue)者認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也并(bing)非(fei)是(shi)(shi)真正(zheng)意(yi)義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)，將人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)推理(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，由(you)(you)此(ci)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)其(qi)(qi)(qi)享(xiang)有(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)位(wei)。需(xu)要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)享(xiang)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)(zi)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)，它和(he)自(zi)然(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，同(tong)(tong)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍，是(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力和(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)獨立(li)(li)享(xiang)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)和(he)承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)義務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集合能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，在(zai)(zai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)追求同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)甚至(zhi)多個(ge)(ge)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)組成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過分(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)協作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)完成(cheng)(cheng)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現各(ge)項功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、規范(fan)秩序(xu)，這個(ge)(ge)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)就(jiu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)(you)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)來行(xing)(xing)使特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)，而(er)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，規范(fan)秩序(xu)以(yi)(yi)章程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)推選的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代表。其(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)按照章程(cheng)(cheng)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，由(you)(you)此(ci)可(ke)見(jian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看成(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，所以(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機關。著(zhu)重在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)該(gai)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)章程(cheng)(cheng)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)本(ben)(ben)身。從這一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)來說，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)擬制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)類(lei)(lei)(lei)比于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)預先(xian)設定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)像法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)逐漸適應(ying)繁(fan)瑣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)活動；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)受到侵害或者因他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)義務時尋求法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)保護，該(gai)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)賦予的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，然(ran)而(er)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)該(gai)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)享(xiang)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。從這方(fang)(fang)面(mian)來看，即便賦予人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)(bei)獨立(li)(li)財產，更(geng)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)責(ze)任，也就(jiu)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)真正(zheng)地(di)融入(ru)到民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)商事(shi)(shi)活動中。

2、刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)標準(zhun)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)今后發展(zhan)中，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)即使(shi)形成一(yi)(yi)定(ding)獨立意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)，但(dan)(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)也非絕對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)。恩格斯之前(qian)提出(chu)：“道德和法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題要(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)研究(jiu)自(zi)由意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)、必(bi)然(ran)和自(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)下(xia)探討”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)沒有(you)形成自(zi)由意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，意(yi)(yi)(yi)味著(zhu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)身行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)真正具(ju)(ju)備(bei)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)個犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處罰，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。而決(jue)定(ding)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)有(you)兩個：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年齡；二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)精神(shen)狀況。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩個原因(yin)最終決(jue)定(ding)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，同(tong)時(shi)它們(men)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)必(bi)備(bei)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)，究(jiu)其(qi)原因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩個因(yin)素(su)影(ying)響(xiang)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辨認能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)具(ju)(ju)有(you)辨認能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)時(shi)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)找到(dao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)處罰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正當依據(ju)。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)強(qiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，自(zi)由意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欠(qian)缺(que)決(jue)定(ding)了它們(men)并不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)完全獨立地(di)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)列行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)不(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，致使(shi)其(qi)沒有(you)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)資(zi)格。根據(ju)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)構成四要(yao)(yao)(yao)件說(shuo)：（1）客觀上(shang)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)了嚴重危害(hai)社(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)；（2）主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)觀上(shang)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)故意(yi)(yi)(yi)或者過失；（3）客體(ti)(ti)上(shang)侵害(hai)了刑(xing)(xing)(xing)法(fa)(fa)所(suo)保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)；（4）主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)即為(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)、依法(fa)(fa)應當負刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和單(dan)位(wei)(wei)。任(ren)(ren)何(he)不(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)都喪失了受到(dao)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罰處罰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)終究(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)物，因(yin)而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)任(ren)(ren)何(he)時(shi)候都無(wu)法(fa)(fa)真正脫離人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)某(mou)種(zhong)程度上(shang)仍(reng)(reng)然(ran)夾帶著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)志(zhi)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)永遠無(wu)法(fa)(fa)橫跨人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)大腦，只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)近。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)擁有(you)與人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)身行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)做(zuo)出(chu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非善惡之分，因(yin)而也就不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個適格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)。綜上(shang)所(suo)述，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)，但(dan)(dan)可(ke)以尋求(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)他解(jie)決(jue)途徑，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)未(wei)(wei)來(lai)發展(zhan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)風(feng)險防(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)可(ke)以將(jiang)其(qi)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)客體(ti)(ti)。法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)最主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)達到(dao)社(she)會(hui)(hui)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)鏈條的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)和連(lian)(lian)貫性(xing)(xing)，因(yin)此這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本質變化(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個自(zi)相沖突的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)。所(suo)以，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)仍(reng)(reng)持(chi)有(you)懷(huai)疑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度下(xia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)通用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)今天，以穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)和連(lian)(lian)貫性(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)如果帶領人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)框(kuang)架內(nei)賦(fu)予其(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)地(di)位(wei)(wei)，將(jiang)會(hui)(hui)顯得(de)比較草率。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2020年人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)峰(feng)會(hui)(hui)中，演(yan)講嘉賓都不(bu)(bu)約而同(tong)地(di)提到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)數(shu)據(ju)分析(xi)、邏輯運算方(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)作用(yong)(yong)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)，凸(tu)顯著(zhu)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)客體(ti)(ti)地(di)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)分需求(qiu)(qiu)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)發展(zhan)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無(wu)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲取(qu)、對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認知(zhi)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)情境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反應等，無(wu)一(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通過人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)輸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)，通過對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)各(ge)項(xiang)數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)、運算得(de)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)際參與社(she)會(hui)(hui)生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果，不(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)社(she)會(hui)(hui)性(xing)(xing)。進(jin)而言之，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)擺(bai)脫人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，其(qi)本質意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)上(shang)始終是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)服(fu)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)。如果說(shuo)將(jiang)來(lai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)真正實(shi)現獨立思考，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)支配行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)“反控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)”時(shi)，那么(me)造(zao)就這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)(lei)(lei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)？對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)“居安思危”固然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)(dan)并非一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)將(jiang)其(qi)推向法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)。當下(xia)，最應當致力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)于(yu)如何(he)保(bao)障人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)發展(zhan)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)要(yao)(yao)(yao)比增設(she)一(yi)(yi)個新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型更為(wei)(wei)(wei)簡便。“未(wei)(wei)雨綢(chou)繆(mou)”未(wei)(wei)嘗不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇。

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作者:蔡澤(ze)男 單(dan)位:吉首(shou)大學(xue)(xue)法學(xue)(xue)與(yu)公共管(guan)理(li)學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)