導語：中學物理等效替代法分(fen)析一文來(lai)源于(yu)網(wang)友上傳，不代表(biao)本站(zhan)觀點，若需要原(yuan)創(chuang)文章可(ke)咨詢(xun)客(ke)服(fu)老師，歡迎(ying)參考。

摘要:中學物理在解決實際問題中，最常見的方式是直接模型建構后求解．在遇到比較復雜的實際問題中，這種處理往往比較繁瑣，需要用的數學知識也往往超出中學生當下的掌握水平．換用等效替代法進(jin)行處理，往(wang)往(wang)使(shi)得問題(ti)得到簡(jian)化，即有利于學(xue)(xue)生解決問題(ti)，也有利于在深度學(xue)(xue)習的指導(dao)下，強化學(xue)(xue)生對該知(zhi)識點的理解與(yu)應(ying)用．

關鍵詞:中(zhong)學(xue)物(wu)理(li);等效替代法;深度學(xue)習

深度學習是對新課改中培養學生核心素養的積極響應，在教育領域的深度學習是一種基于理解與遷移的學習方式．深度學習是基于理解的學習，適用于分析、解(jie)釋、評價信息等(deng)(deng)(deng)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)層面．深度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)展現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)是高階思維，能(neng)(neng)夠將(jiang)知識轉接到實際實踐中．深度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)涉及批判性(xing)思維、信息的(de)(de)整合，具有自(zi)主(zhu)導(dao)(dao)向的(de)(de)特(te)征，是學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)者(zhe)主(zhu)動的(de)(de)、積極的(de)(de)行為．深度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)需體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)了(le)學(xue)(xue)生學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)性(xing)，也需要充分發揮教(jiao)師的(de)(de)主(zhu)導(dao)(dao)性(xing)．等(deng)(deng)(deng)效替(ti)(ti)代法(fa)(fa)是中學(xue)(xue)物理(li)(li)核心的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)方法(fa)(fa)，是解(jie)決物理(li)(li)問(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)常(chang)用(yong)方式(shi)．物理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)過程中，學(xue)(xue)生常(chang)常(chang)因為無法(fa)(fa)正確使(shi)用(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)效代替(ti)(ti)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)而導(dao)(dao)致問(wen)(wen)題陷(xian)入(ru)困境(jing)(jing)，走入(ru)漫長的(de)(de)彎路，進(jin)(jin)(jin)行復雜(za)的(de)(de)步驟后能(neng)(neng)解(jie)決，費(fei)時(shi)費(fei)力;甚至需要用(yong)到后面學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)內容(rong)(rong)，在(zai)(zai)邏(luo)輯(ji)上陷(xian)入(ru)絕(jue)境(jing)(jing)，走入(ru)暫時(shi)無法(fa)(fa)處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)困境(jing)(jing)，以后能(neng)(neng)解(jie)決，但是暫時(shi)沒有掌握對應的(de)(de)物理(li)(li)方法(fa)(fa);也可能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)數學(xue)(xue)相關內容(rong)(rong)上陷(xian)入(ru)絕(jue)境(jing)(jing)，所需采用(yong)的(de)(de)數學(xue)(xue)工(gong)具是現(xian)(xian)階段還沒有學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)．目前(qian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)效替(ti)(ti)代法(fa)(fa)在(zai)(zai)傳統(tong)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)中，被研(yan)究得極其(qi)透徹(che)，能(neng)(neng)充分發揮教(jiao)師的(de)(de)引導(dao)(dao)性(xing)．筆者(zhe)試圖(tu)從深度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)論的(de)(de)角度(du)(du)，做(zuo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步挖掘等(deng)(deng)(deng)效替(ti)(ti)代法(fa)(fa)，將(jiang)成果(guo)用(yong)于(yu)以等(deng)(deng)(deng)效替(ti)(ti)代法(fa)(fa)為核心的(de)(de)中學(xue)(xue)物理(li)(li)專題復習(xi)(xi)(xi)課．

1等效替代法之簡化模型

“簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型”指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)將原本復(fu)(fu)雜、抽象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)代為(wei)(wei)(wei)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)單、形(xing)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型，從(cong)而使得(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，起到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)培養學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)科學(xue)(xue)思維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)科學(xue)(xue)思維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷移性發(fa)展，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)思維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)創造性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養和發(fa)展．在簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型中，最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表象出(chu)發(fa)，層層剖析，抓住(zhu)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)本質(zhi)．比(bi)如(ru)“物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)A與(yu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)B通過(guo)彈(dan)簧(huang)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互作用(yong)，從(cong)開始(shi)接觸彈(dan)簧(huang)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)彈(dan)簧(huang)被壓(ya)縮到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)短的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)”簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)A與(yu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)B發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)彈(dan)性碰撞”，該簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，抓住(zhu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)量不(bu)變(bian)(bian)，忽略了運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中間過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，只取初末(mo)狀態(tai)，再結合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)A與(yu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)B末(mo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)(deng)這關(guan)鍵信息，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型．“不(bu)計(ji)空氣阻(zu)(zu)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，將物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)斜拋(pao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)高點(dian)”簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“從(cong)最(zui)(zui)高點(dian)處(chu)(chu)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)平(ping)拋(pao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)”，該簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，抓住(zhu)末(mo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)方向(xiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)水平(ping)方向(xiang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)末(mo)狀態(tai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)始(shi)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接使用(yong)平(ping)拋(pao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結論，簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，進(jin)(jin)而生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型．“內阻(zu)(zu)已知(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表與(yu)定值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)”簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)內阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表”，該簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，抓住(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表本質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)與(yu)表頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)，再串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)后(hou)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接看成(cheng)(cheng)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和表頭依次串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)，即可以(yi)(yi)(yi)把兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)當成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表內阻(zu)(zu)，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型．事實上(shang)(shang)，在物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)知(zhi)(zhi)識新授(shou)課(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)，我(wo)們(men)常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)將現(xian)要(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型進(jin)(jin)行(xing)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，去在之(zhi)(zhi)前學(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型中尋找原模(mo)(mo)(mo)型來輔助學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)習及理(li)解(jie)．比(bi)如(ru)在高二講解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新授(shou)課(ke)(ke)中，我(wo)們(men)常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)代為(wei)(wei)(wei)一個(ge)普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外力作用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)上(shang)(shang)，與(yu)高一受力分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型做對(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，喚醒學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)前置(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)識，先(xian)回顧下對(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)受力分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型，來簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受力分析模(mo)(mo)(mo)型，來實現(xian)學(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)度(du)降低．在系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)習課(ke)(ke)中，我(wo)們(men)也常(chang)(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)(chang)將基(ji)礎(chu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型進(jin)(jin)行(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)代成(cheng)(cheng)各種形(xing)式，來豐富課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容，進(jin)(jin)而擴寬(kuan)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)．比(bi)如(ru)，從(cong)水平(ping)面上(shang)(shang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)受到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦力出(chu)發(fa)，變(bian)(bian)形(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)光滑水平(ping)面上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場對(dui)(dui)(dui)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)力．下面以(yi)(yi)(yi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例進(jin)(jin)行(xing)說明等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)代法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)．例1甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)v勻速(su)(su)(su)向(xiang)東(dong)在海上(shang)(shang)行(xing)駛(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)在甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)正(zheng)(zheng)南方相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)距(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)L處(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乙船(chuan)(chuan)正(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)v向(xiang)北行(xing)駛(shi)，在后(hou)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)中，甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)乙兩(liang)船(chuan)(chuan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)距(ju)離為(wei)(wei)(wei)．圖1圖2常(chang)(chang)(chang)規(gui)解(jie)答(da):如(ru)圖1，以(yi)(yi)(yi)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初始(shi)位(wei)置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)原點(dian)，正(zheng)(zheng)東(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)x軸正(zheng)(zheng)方向(xiang)，正(zheng)(zheng)南為(wei)(wei)(wei)y軸正(zheng)(zheng)方向(xiang)建立(li)(li)(li)坐(zuo)標(biao)軸．則經過(guo)t時(shi)(shi)間后(hou)，甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(vt，0)，乙船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(0，L－vt)，則兩(liang)船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離為(wei)(wei)(wei):s=(vt)2+(L－vt)2=2(vt－L2)2+L22;當vt=L2時(shi)(shi)，s取到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)值2L2．簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型解(jie)答(da):如(ru)圖2，選(xuan)(xuan)取甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)參考(kao)(kao)系，則乙船(chuan)(chuan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)v1=v2+v2=2v，方向(xiang)tanθ=vv=1，θ=45°．由幾何關(guan)系可知(zhi)(zhi)，甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)乙船(chuan)(chuan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)軌(gui)跡(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離，垂直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)smin=Lcosθ=2L2．該簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型中，主要(yao)(yao)結合(he)抓住(zhu)了運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)性．選(xuan)(xuan)取甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)船(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)參考(kao)(kao)系，乙在該參考(kao)(kao)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)移大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)乙相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)距(ju)離．在海平(ping)面上(shang)(shang)乙相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)距(ju)離為(wei)(wei)(wei)二維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，處(chu)(chu)理(li)起來相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)繁瑣(suo)，而轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)乙在新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參考(kao)(kao)系下最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)移大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)后(hou)，該題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)度(du)是(shi)(shi)急劇(ju)下降的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)．我(wo)們(men)有(you)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)將二維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)降維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)一維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)處(chu)(chu)理(li)，實現(xian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，常(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)于(yu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)參考(kao)(kao)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇、直(zhi)角坐(zuo)標(biao)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立(li)(li)(li)、極坐(zuo)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)．我(wo)們(men)有(you)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)還通過(guo)割補法(fa)，將不(bu)規(gui)則物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型降維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)則物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型處(chu)(chu)理(li)，實現(xian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，常(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)于(yu)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)求解(jie)、補償法(fa)求萬(wan)有(you)引力等(deng)(deng)．我(wo)們(men)有(you)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)甚至將二維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)三維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)結論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型處(chu)(chu)理(li)，實現(xian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)(jian)(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，常(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)于(yu)高中物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)競(jing)賽(sai)．

2等效替換法之相互作用等效替代

不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)往(wang)往(wang)意(yi)味(wei)著不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜程度(du)，意(yi)味(wei)著學生(sheng)對(dui)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)熟悉(xi)程度(du)，意(yi)味(wei)著學生(sheng)對(dui)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)．我們(men)常(chang)將(jiang)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)進行處理，將(jiang)未知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)已知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)進行處理，將(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)熟悉(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)熟悉(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)進行處理，進而實現簡化(hua)(hua)問(wen)題．以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定性分析為(wei)例:電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)為(wei)庫侖力，這是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)中(zhong)較容(rong)易(yi)理解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)．電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)之(zhi)間是通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)將(jiang)一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)換成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)變形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，該(gai)(gai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點，也(ye)是學生(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)熟悉(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)．同(tong)(tong)(tong)理，兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)都可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)換成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)變形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，該(gai)(gai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)是高中(zhong)學生(sheng)極(ji)度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)熟悉(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)．所以(yi)(yi)(yi)，在(zai)解(jie)決實際問(wen)題中(zhong)，我們(men)往(wang)往(wang)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，變形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，甚至更(geng)進一(yi)步變形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);或者將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)變形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來實現問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速解(jie)決．例2如圖3所示，把輕(qing)質導(dao)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)絕緣(yuan)細線(xian)(xian)懸掛在(zai)磁鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)N極(ji)附近(jin)，磁鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)穿過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓心且(qie)垂直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)平面，當線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)內通(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)如圖方向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)后，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)將(jiang)()．A．不(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)B．轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)C．向右擺動(dong)(dong)(dong)D．向左擺動(dong)(dong)(dong)方法(fa)一(yi):直(zhi)接利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)磁場(chang)(chang)(chang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)進行解(jie)答方法(fa)二:磁體(ti)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)磁體(ti)與磁體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)解(jie)答方法(fa)三:磁體(ti)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)解(jie)答。

3等效替代法之推導結論

在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)教學(xue)(xue)，等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)型和(he)相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)得(de)到(dao)了(le)充(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，不少中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)生關于(yu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認知界限(xian)就到(dao)這里(li)．這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)維(wei)深(shen)度(du)(du)，在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)階段物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常規(gui)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)往往不會遇到(dao)思(si)維(wei)障礙．同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)在(zai)進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)如中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)競賽或者(zhe)大學(xue)(xue)普通(tong)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)，就顯得(de)有(you)些局限(xian)了(le)．在(zai)合(he)(he)適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間節點上，應該進(jin)一(yi)步深(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)推導(dao)(dao)結(jie)論(lun)．可以滲透的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間節點包(bao)含以下(xia)(xia)幾(ji)個(ge):第(di)一(yi)，在(zai)初(chu)二(er)下(xia)(xia)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)推導(dao)(dao)直線上二(er)力合(he)(he)成公式．第(di)二(er)，在(zai)初(chu)三(san)上電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)串(chuan)并(bing)聯中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)推導(dao)(dao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)阻公式．第(di)三(san)，在(zai)初(chu)三(san)上特殊(shu)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)直接測量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓或者(zhe)電(dian)(dian)流．第(di)四，在(zai)高一(yi)上受力分析中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不同(tong)(tong)坐標系下(xia)(xia)得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表達式可以通(tong)過三(san)角函數變換(huan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)簡(jian)成一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)．第(di)五(wu)，在(zai)高中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)競賽，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)推導(dao)(dao)△和(he)Y型電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)換(huan)．從(cong)(cong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)推導(dao)(dao)結(jie)論(lun)這個(ge)角度(du)(du)出(chu)發(fa)，能(neng)(neng)指導(dao)(dao)學(xue)(xue)生清晰地認識(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別．等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)原模(mo)型和(he)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)模(mo)型兩(liang)個(ge)模(mo)型，兩(liang)者(zhe)都能(neng)(neng)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，甚至能(neng)(neng)推導(dao)(dao)出(chu)更為簡(jian)便的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公式．為了(le)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)換(huan)，原模(mo)型和(he)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)換(huan)模(mo)型必須是(shi)同(tong)(tong)性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)．而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不需要同(tong)(tong)性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)．轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)把(ba)抽(chou)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)或者(zhe)難以定(ding)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成形象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、具體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、可以定(ding)量(liang)(liang)分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)型處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)．從(cong)(cong)定(ding)義上看，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)包(bao)含等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)．深(shen)度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)指導(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)，培養(yang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)思(si)維(wei)，對于(yu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)要求，應該是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)原模(mo)型能(neng)(neng)夠解(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)型能(neng)(neng)快速解(jie)決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)．這樣(yang)更加能(neng)(neng)加強(qiang)學(xue)(xue)生對問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)本質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)解(jie)，實現從(cong)(cong)多個(ge)角度(du)(du)看待同(tong)(tong)一(yi)個(ge)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，從(cong)(cong)多個(ge)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)個(ge)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，實現知識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)．等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常見研(yan)究方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，本論(lun)文在(zai)深(shen)度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)，從(cong)(cong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)型、等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)推導(dao)(dao)結(jie)論(lun)三(san)個(ge)方(fang)向(xiang)展開(kai)研(yan)究，將等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)復(fu)習(xi)(xi)(xi)課(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，以等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)替(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)為工具，應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)深(shen)度(du)(du)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)，充(chong)分調(diao)動學(xue)(xue)生學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)性(xing)，發(fa)揮教師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引導(dao)(dao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，實現多角度(du)(du)看待物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，深(shen)入挖掘(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)本質(zhi)，進(jin)而找到(dao)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，鍛(duan)煉學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)思(si)維(wei)，培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)素養(yang)．

參考文獻:

［1］中華(hua)人民共和國教育部．普通高中物理課程(cheng)標準(2017年(nian)版(ban))［M］．北京:人民教育出版(ban)社，2018．

［2］雷向(xiang)才．在高中(zhong)物理(li)教學(xue)中(zhong)促進(jin)學(xue)生(sheng)深度學(xue)習的(de)探討［J］．中(zhong)學(xue)生(sheng)數理(li)化(hua)(教與學(xue))，2020(10):62．

［3］霍風莉．等效替代(dai)法在高中物理解題中的應(ying)用［J］．高中數理化(hua)，2020(24):40－41．

作者(zhe)：李(li)文棒 單位(wei)：福建省同安(an)第一中學(xue)