導語(yu)：如何才(cai)能寫好一(yi)篇城市設計的(de)(de)必要性(xing)，這就需要搜(sou)集整理(li)更多的(de)(de)資料和文(wen)獻，歡迎閱讀(du)由公務(wu)員之家整理(li)的(de)(de)十(shi)篇范文(wen)，供你借鑒(jian)。

篇1

關鍵詞:城市規劃;城市設計;重要性

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)是建(jian)(jian)設(she)良好城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)環境的重要(yao)前提，在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)斷發展(zhan)的過程中，要(yao)按照城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)規劃(hua)進(jin)行建(jian)(jian)設(she)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)規劃(hua)為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)未來一段時間的發展(zhan)制定了方向，并通(tong)過城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)協調城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)方面建(jian)(jian)筑和空間的關系，使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)中的各(ge)種因素能夠有效的協調和統一起來，為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)打下(xia)夯(hang)實(shi)的基礎(chu)。

1城(cheng)市(shi)規劃與(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)設計(ji)概述(shu)

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃是(shi)(shi)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)間環(huan)境(jing)以(yi)(yi)及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形體的(de)(de)安排(pai)，是(shi)(shi)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)們(men)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)與(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)空(kong)(kong)間秩(zhi)序的(de)(de)創造(zao)(zao)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)街道、建(jian)(jian)筑以(yi)(yi)及公共(gong)設(she)施等分別按照其藝術特征、使用(yong)功能(neng)等結(jie)合起來，是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文化(hua)以(yi)(yi)及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)精(jing)(jing)神面(mian)(mian)貌以(yi)(yi)及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)體現(xian)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃的(de)(de)根本目(mu)的(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)創造(zao)(zao)一(yi)個(ge)高質量的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)神環(huan)境(jing)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)環(huan)境(jing)，使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)對生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)環(huan)境(jing)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)高效、融(rong)洽、快捷以(yi)(yi)及衛生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)感覺(jue)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃是(shi)(shi)一(yi)項復雜的(de)(de)工(gong)程，在(zai)(zai)規(gui)劃之(zhi)前要(yao)(yao)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)間有充分的(de)(de)了解，在(zai)(zai)設(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)保證這(zhe)些(xie)空(kong)(kong)間協調發展(zhan)(zhan)，使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)外貌更加美(mei)麗大方(fang)(fang)，使生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)民(min)深(shen)切感受到城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)文化(hua)魅(mei)力和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)動力。在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃中(zhong)尤其要(yao)(yao)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)圖書館、賓館以(yi)(yi)及醫院、學校和(he)(he)電影(ying)院等這(zhe)些(xie)公共(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑重點規(gui)劃與(yu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)，要(yao)(yao)合理(li)安排(pai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)區(qu)和(he)(he)各類工(gong)廠建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間位置(zhi)，由此(ci)可見(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃不僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)精(jing)(jing)神面(mian)(mian)貌的(de)(de)體現(xian)更是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟文化(hua)水平(ping)的(de)(de)衡量標準［1］。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)包括城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)景觀、建(jian)(jian)筑形態以(yi)(yi)及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)項目(mu)規(gui)劃中(zhong)各方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)內容，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)概念主要(yao)(yao)包括三(san)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian):第(di)(di)一(yi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種約束城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)能(neng)和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形態的(de)(de)規(gui)則，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)和(he)(he)結(jie)構(gou)都應(ying)按照這(zhe)一(yi)規(gui)則進行(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)設(she)與(yu)修(xiu)筑。第(di)(di)二，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)打造(zao)(zao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)，通(tong)過城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)打造(zao)(zao)，向(xiang)其他城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或國家展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)美(mei)觀造(zao)(zao)型(xing)。第(di)(di)三(san)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類的(de)(de)一(yi)種行(xing)(xing)為藝術，設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)不僅(jin)為了向(xiang)外界(jie)展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)美(mei)觀，還(huan)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)住宅(zhai)、建(jian)(jian)筑、工(gong)廠、商店等設(she)施進行(xing)(xing)合理(li)的(de)(de)安排(pai)，以(yi)(yi)滿足城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)在(zai)(zai)審美(mei)、經濟、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)等諸多方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)需求。

2城市規劃中城市設計的重要(yao)性

2．1住宅設(she)計對(dui)城市居民的影響

住(zhu)宅(zhai)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部分(fen)，人(ren)(ren)作(zuo)(zuo)為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵因素，其居住(zhu)、生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)以(yi)及工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)都離不開住(zhu)宅(zhai)，人(ren)(ren)們生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)時間(jian)最長的(de)(de)(de)(de)地點就是住(zhu)宅(zhai)區(qu)(qu)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)住(zhu)宅(zhai)區(qu)(qu)不僅涵蓋(gai)了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)們生(sheng)理(li)需要(yao)，還包含(han)了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)們生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)、娛樂及休(xiu)閑等需要(yao)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)住(zhu)宅(zhai)小區(qu)(qu)是由(you)多個(ge)家(jia)庭共同(tong)建設(she)(she)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)，包含(han)了(le)(le)所有(you)家(jia)庭成員的(de)(de)(de)(de)感情(qing)以(yi)及心理(li)寄托。近年來(lai)隨著我國經濟建設(she)(she)水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷提(ti)升，人(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)水平(ping)也有(you)了(le)(le)大幅度提(ti)高，人(ren)(ren)們對(dui)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)住(zhu)宅(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)高，已經從傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)物質需求理(li)念轉向(xiang)精神層面的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求，給住(zhu)宅(zhai)設(she)(she)計提(ti)出了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求標準(zhun)，為了(le)(le)滿足現(xian)代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)居民對(dui)住(zhu)宅(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)住(zhu)宅(zhai)設(she)(she)計不僅要(yao)關(guan)注居住(zhu)空間(jian)更要(yao)關(guan)注空間(jian)環境(jing)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，充分(fen)營(ying)造一個(ge)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)宅(zhai)空間(jian)與(yu)住(zhu)宅(zhai)環境(jing)，使(shi)人(ren)(ren)們心情(qing)愉悅，為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展做出貢獻［2］。此外，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)住(zhu)宅(zhai)設(she)(she)計對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象十分(fen)重要(yao)，在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)用地規劃(hua)中，居住(zhu)用地占據整(zheng)個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建筑用地的(de)(de)(de)(de)30%，由(you)此可見(jian)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)住(zhu)宅(zhai)區(qu)(qu)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)形象的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響是非常大的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此，對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)住(zhu)宅(zhai)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計加(jia)以(yi)重視對(dui)整(zheng)個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)性與(yu)合理(li)性具有(you)重要(yao)意義。

2．2設計使城市空間人性化(hua)

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)要(yao)注重服務于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)民，尤(you)其要(yao)注重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)共空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)，縱觀歷史中(zhong)(zhong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，從古時(shi)候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)林、市(shi)(shi)(shi)、坊等公(gong)共場(chang)所(suo)，到現代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步行街、廣場(chang)、公(gong)園(yuan)等，都體現了公(gong)共空(kong)間在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性。目(mu)前，隨著城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)用地面積緊張形(xing)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生以及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交通(tong)工具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚增，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)停(ting)車場(chang)等建筑漸(jian)漸(jian)占(zhan)據了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些街道和(he)廣場(chang)等公(gong)共空(kong)間，加(jia)之(zhi)近年來城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡化，使參與公(gong)共活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)民數量逐(zhu)漸(jian)減少(shao)，因此(ci)，公(gong)共空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)逐(zhu)漸(jian)被輕(qing)視。雖(sui)然城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)諸(zhu)多(duo)現象不利于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學、合理布局，但城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)共空(kong)間與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)生活(huo)質量之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密切(qie)關系是切(qie)實存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此(ci)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)不僅是設(she)計(ji)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，還是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)政府(fu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)與廣大居(ju)(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，政府(fu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)要(yao)加(jia)大力(li)度科(ke)學發(fa)展(zhan)機動交通(tong)，盡(jin)力(li)復興和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)共空(kong)間，保證城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可持續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)。

2．3城市(shi)濱(bin)水區設計對城市(shi)發展的(de)積極作用

濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)部分(fen)，對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)整(zheng)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)以及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展都有(you)著積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)促進(jin)(jin)作用(yong)。首先，濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)(yao)是指(zhi)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)具有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)進(jin)(jin)行恢復(fu)和(he)修繕(shan)，保持濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)維持原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)格局和(he)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)風貌，起到保護歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。其次，隨著城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)發(fa)展，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)要(yao)(yao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新定位，要(yao)(yao)對原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)進(jin)(jin)行再次開(kai)發(fa)和(he)改造(zao)，使原有(you)濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)成為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)場所(suo)［3］。第三，當今(jin)一(yi)(yi)些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)已經(jing)不能承擔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)功(gong)能，這就需要(yao)(yao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新開(kai)發(fa)濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)，結合城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局空間(jian)(jian)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化特征，創造(zao)一(yi)(yi)個嶄新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、具有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)民(min)切(qie)實(shi)需要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新濱(bin)水(shui)區(qu)(qu)。結論綜上所(suo)述(shu)，在一(yi)(yi)些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)，往(wang)往(wang)會出現(xian)由于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)(jian)缺乏協調性(xing)與(yu)(yu)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)性(xing)，造(zao)成城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)出現(xian)一(yi)(yi)些缺憾(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象，無(wu)法通(tong)過城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)與(yu)(yu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)體現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人文精神與(yu)(yu)經(jing)濟發(fa)展現(xian)狀，因(yin)此，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)要(yao)(yao)注重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，切(qie)實(shi)根據(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)特征以及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)，從建筑、空間(jian)(jian)、格局等(deng)各方面(mian)綜合考慮，為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)民(min)打造(zao)一(yi)(yi)個環境優美(mei)，具有(you)現(xian)代(dai)氣(qi)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)空間(jian)(jian)，增強城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸屬感(gan)、獲得感(gan)，促進(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長足發(fa)展。

作(zuo)者:胡禾 單位:貴州(zhou)省黔西南(nan)州(zhou)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)規劃(hua)局

參考文獻：

［1］奚文沁(qin)．歷史地(di)區整體空間格(ge)局保護(hu)導向下的城(cheng)市(shi)設計方法(fa)探索(suo)———以(yi)上(shang)海(hai)中(zhong)心城(cheng)為例［J］．上(shang)海(hai)城(cheng)市(shi)規劃(hua)．2016(05)

篇2

[關鍵(jian)詞]應(ying)用化學；機械制造實訓(xun)；工程能力；必要(yao)性(xing)

[中圖分類號] G423 [文獻(xian)標(biao)識碼] A [文章編(bian)號] 2095-3437（2016）08-0165-02

目(mu)前(qian)，以(yi)素(su)質教育模(mo)式為核(he)心的(de)高(gao)等教育必(bi)然要求(qiu)全(quan)面提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)質，重視(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)主體(ti)地位(wei)，從而更好的(de)開發學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)潛能(neng)(neng)，促進學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)個性(xing)發展，提(ti)升學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實踐(jian)(jian)創(chuang)新能(neng)(neng)力。因此(ci)，國家(jia)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)校和學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)都(dou)更加重視(shi)實踐(jian)(jian)環(huan)節(jie)教育。目(mu)前(qian)高(gao)等教育往往比較(jiao)重視(shi)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)科研和創(chuang)新能(neng)(neng)力的(de)培(pei)養，卻常忽視(shi)了學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)實踐(jian)(jian)動手能(neng)(neng)力的(de)培(pei)養。

一(yi)、機械制造(zao)實訓能帶來什么

和(he)眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)等學校(xiao)一(yi)樣，作為以工(gong)科為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西南石(shi)油(you)大(da)(da)學，實(shi)(shi)驗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學在大(da)(da)學生創新能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)工(gong)程實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)培(pei)養(yang)中(zhong)發揮(hui)著(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。隨著(zhu)(zhu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革和(he)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求，除了專業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗室資(zi)源(yuan)外，作為校(xiao)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)習實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)基(ji)地，工(gong)程訓(xun)練中(zhong)心已成為高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)工(gong)程人(ren)才培(pei)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學環節，也成為高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)，乃(nai)至社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)資(zi)源(yuan)。工(gong)程訓(xun)練在發揮(hui)高(gao)(gao)等教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)培(pei)養(yang)人(ren)才和(he)服(fu)務(wu)社會這兩(liang)大(da)(da)功能(neng)(neng)上，具(ju)有實(shi)(shi)用性(xing)(xing)、綜合性(xing)(xing)、開放性(xing)(xing)和(he)廣闊性(xing)(xing)。在我國今后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)建(jian)設發展中(zhong)，工(gong)程訓(xun)練中(zhong)心將(jiang)被作為像高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)圖(tu)書館(guan)和(he)體育(yu)場(chang)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)基(ji)礎設施對(dui)待(dai)，在校(xiao)園文化建(jian)設中(zhong)發揮(hui)著(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)要作用。

我校(xiao)由(you)工(gong)程(cheng)訓(xun)(xun)練中(zhong)心開設(she)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)程(cheng)認知(zhi)實(shi)(shi)踐、機械(xie)(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)和(he)(he)機械(xie)(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)綜(zong)合實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)三(san)門(men)實(shi)(shi)踐類課程(cheng)。機械(xie)(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)是一(yi)門(men)技術(shu)性很強的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)基(ji)礎課，是工(gong)科類專業重要的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐性教(jiao)學(xue)環(huan)節(jie)，通(tong)過(guo)2周(zhou)時間的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)中(zhong)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)，使學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)習機械(xie)(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)基(ji)本知(zhi)識，了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)機械(xie)(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)，熟悉(xi)機械(xie)(xie)零件(jian)加工(gong)方法，初步掌(zhang)握(wo)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)操作技能，了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)新工(gong)藝、新技術(shu)在機械(xie)(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用。同時，讓學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)工(gong)業過(guo)程(cheng)，體驗實(shi)(shi)踐樂趣，建立工(gong)程(cheng)背景，激(ji)發學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)熱情(qing)，并初步培(pei)養(yang)創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)創(chuang)新意識，為更好的(de)(de)(de)開展專業課學(xue)習打下基(ji)礎。我校(xiao)目前(qian)實(shi)(shi)行的(de)(de)(de)是“9+1”的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)模式，包括了(le)(le)(le)9天的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎技能訓(xun)(xun)練和(he)(he)1天的(de)(de)(de)個性化(hua)訓(xun)(xun)練，在學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)掌(zhang)握(wo)了(le)(le)(le)9個工(gong)種的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎技能以后，選擇自己(ji)最(zui)喜歡的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個工(gong)種設(she)計并制(zhi)(zhi)作出(chu)作品，很好的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang)了(le)(le)(le)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合實(shi)(shi)踐能力(li)(li)。

二、應用化學為何要開設機械制(zhi)造實訓

（一）是學(xue)校發展的需(xu)要

西南石(shi)油(you)(you)大學(xue)(xue)作為一所面向石(shi)油(you)(you)石(shi)化(hua)領(ling)域的(de)(de)研究教學(xue)(xue)型地方高(gao)等院校，不(bu)得不(bu)面臨著向技術應用(yong)型大學(xue)(xue)轉(zhuan)型的(de)(de)挑戰和思考(kao)。我校應用(yong)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)專業(ye)人(ren)才培養(yang)目(mu)標是培養(yang)石(shi)油(you)(you)化(hua)工(gong)的(de)(de)杰出工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)領(ling)軍人(ren)才。然(ran)而(er)，社會發展對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師及其培養(yang)工(gong)作的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)越(yue)來越(yue)高(gao)，現行的(de)(de)人(ren)才培養(yang)模式無法滿足(zu)上述使命和任務。學(xue)(xue)生培養(yang)過程(cheng)(cheng)重理論輕實踐，成(cheng)為高(gao)等教育的(de)(de)通(tong)病。雖然(ran)掌握大量的(de)(de)專業(ye)知識(shi)，但在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)創新和工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)綜(zong)合能力(li)等方面明顯(xian)不(bu)足(zu)，而(er)這(zhe)些方面卻是用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)選擇人(ren)才的(de)(de)主要(yao)依(yi)據。這(zhe)就要(yao)求(qiu)學(xue)(xue)校必須加(jia)大投入，強化(hua)管理，促進學(xue)(xue)校實踐教學(xue)(xue)質量的(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高(gao)。

（二(er)）是專業發(fa)展的需要(yao)

應(ying)用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)培養適應(ying)國家經濟社會發展的(de)(de)研究型工程(cheng)技術人(ren)(ren)才(cai)，要(yao)求學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)必須(xu)掌握應(ying)用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)基(ji)礎知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)與(yu)技能(neng)，同時具有較強(qiang)創新意識(shi)(shi)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)力(li)(li)。通過培養學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)獨立學(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)，夯實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)，強(qiang)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)技能(neng)，以達到培養學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐動手(shou)能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)。為了(le)保證工程(cheng)型人(ren)(ren)才(cai)特(te)定培養目(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現，必須(xu)要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)鍛(duan)煉，必須(xu)有相應(ying)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)條(tiao)件可供學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)行現場實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習、綜合鍛(duan)煉和(he)(he)反復訓(xun)(xun)(xun)練。目(mu)(mu)前，我校(xiao)應(ying)用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)主要(yao)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習還是傳統的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)驗(yan)證教學(xue)(xue)，與(yu)專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)培養目(mu)(mu)標(biao)還有不少差距，而機械制造(zao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)恰好(hao)可以彌補這一(yi)空白(bai)。俗話說，隔行如(ru)隔山，由于本(ben)環節的(de)(de)缺失(shi)，應(ying)用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對車削(xue)加(jia)工、鉗(qian)工實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)、焊接實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)、鑄(zhu)造(zao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)、特(te)種(zhong)加(jia)工（含(han)3D打印）、數控(kong)車削(xue)、數控(kong)銑(xian)削(xue)、銑(xian)削(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)和(he)(he)磨削(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)等工程(cheng)材料主要(yao)成形加(jia)工方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)主要(yao)機械加(jia)工方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)知(zhi)之甚(shen)少。這種(zhong)現象(xiang)使學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在今后的(de)(de)工作中(zhong)，無法(fa)(fa)(fa)與(yu)本(ben)專(zhuan)業(ye)相關的(de)(de)作業(ye)過程(cheng)相聯系，影響(xiang)(xiang)他們實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)提高(gao)，甚(shen)至對工作流程(cheng)的(de)(de)設(she)計、分析等也(ye)帶來較大的(de)(de)困難和(he)(he)影響(xiang)(xiang)。

（三）是(shi)人才培養的需要

從(cong)企業對人才(cai)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)來看，具有準工(gong)(gong)程師身份的(de)(de)大學生(sheng)走(zou)出校(xiao)門，跨入(ru)社會，無疑將提升畢業生(sheng)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭力，在(zai)人才(cai)市(shi)場競(jing)爭中能保持優勢。我校(xiao)的(de)(de)應用化學是典(dian)型的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)科專(zhuan)業，但機械(xie)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)理論(lun)課程較少，學生(sheng)對機械(xie)、零件的(de)(de)感性認識(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)不足。通過機械(xie)制造實訓(xun)，除了必(bi)要的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程訓(xun)練(lian)、能力的(de)(de)培養，學生(sheng)獲得一些加(jia)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)知識(shi)(shi)外(wai)，同時可為(wei)專(zhuan)業課學習、從(cong)事專(zhuan)業工(gong)(gong)作打下(xia)必(bi)要的(de)(de)機械(xie)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)基(ji)礎，提高(gao)大學生(sheng)的(de)(de)認識(shi)(shi)和實踐能力。另外(wai)，實際操作加(jia)強了大學生(sheng)對基(ji)本動作、基(ji)本操作方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)了解(jie)，按工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、工(gong)(gong)序嚴(yan)格要求(qiu)，增強思維系統性訓(xun)練(lian)，對大學生(sheng)以(yi)后工(gong)(gong)作有明顯的(de)(de)作用。

（四）是(shi)就業形勢的需要

經(jing)(jing)歷(li)十(shi)多年高(gao)校(xiao)的(de)擴招(zhao)，就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)數不(bu)斷增加，大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)面(mian)臨(lin)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)難的(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)日益凸顯。應用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)性比較強，研究(jiu)油(you)田(tian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方向，畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)直以來(lai)主要面(mian)向幾大(da)(da)(da)油(you)田(tian)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，但由于很(hen)多企(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)受(shou)到金(jin)融危機(ji)的(de)影響進行(xing)了裁員減(jian)支，導致了在油(you)田(tian)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)壓力(li)劇增。這就(jiu)(jiu)要求(qiu)(qiu)應用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)絕(jue)大(da)(da)(da)部分需要到地(di)方企(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)去就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，同時，企(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位(wei)(wei)在招(zhao)聘人(ren)才(cai)時不(bu)僅會看(kan)求(qiu)(qiu)職者的(de)文憑和(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)歷(li)，更看(kan)重(zhong)求(qiu)(qiu)職者的(de)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。“能(neng)(neng)(neng)得(de)(de)一(yi)將，不(bu)得(de)(de)千兵”，這就(jiu)(jiu)要求(qiu)(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)應成為復(fu)合(he)型人(ren)才(cai)，而創(chuang)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)動(dong)手實(shi)踐能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)培養(yang)正是(shi)將大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)從(cong)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)單一(yi)培養(yang)向多方面(mian)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)培養(yang)邁進，這對于解決大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)是(shi)十(shi)分重(zhong)要的(de)。經(jing)(jing)過(guo)完整的(de)機(ji)械(xie)制造實(shi)訓中(zhong)理論學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習、技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)訓練(lian)、創(chuang)新設計、習慣養(yang)成幾個(ge)方面(mian)的(de)嚴格訓練(lian)與親身體驗，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)強化(hua)不(bu)足(zu)，完善自己，從(cong)而增強就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭(zheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。

（五）是(shi)能力培養的需要

一專多(duo)(duo)能(neng)(neng)，多(duo)(duo)種能(neng)(neng)力(li)的培養，這(zhe)將有利(li)于大學(xue)生畢業時擇業，在工(gong)作(zuo)崗位上能(neng)(neng)很快適應。我們在調(diao)查中發現(xian)，參加機械制造實訓后(hou)的學(xue)生，在掌握了操作(zuo)技術和(he)工(gong)藝知識之(zhi)后(hou)，下車間時與工(gong)人溝通交流容易，沒有膽怯與被動(dong)感覺，在工(gong)作(zuo)中，遇到困難(nan)敢于主動(dong)解決，深受用人單位歡(huan)迎(ying)。

（六(liu)）是(shi)崗(gang)前準(zhun)備(bei)的(de)需要

對(dui)于(yu)多數大學(xue)生來說(shuo)，參(can)加機(ji)械制(zhi)造(zao)實訓是他們(men)第(di)一(yi)次走進(jin)工(gong)(gong)廠，以普通勞(lao)動(dong)者的(de)(de)身(shen)份參(can)加勞(lao)動(dong)。他們(men)可(ke)以親身(shen)感受(shou)到(dao)勞(lao)動(dong)的(de)(de)艱辛，體驗到(dao)勞(lao)動(dong)成果的(de)(de)來之不(bu)易，增強了組織性、紀(ji)律性。所(suo)有這(zhe)(zhe)些，對(dui)于(yu)培養學(xue)生“嚴謹、求真、務實、創(chuang)新(xin)”的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)風，必(bi)將起到(dao)重要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。一(yi)方面使學(xue)生從中學(xue)到(dao)實踐(jian)(jian)知識(shi)，增強實踐(jian)(jian)動(dong)手能(neng)力；另一(yi)方面還能(neng)使他們(men)學(xue)到(dao)師(shi)傅(fu)們(men)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)認真負(fu)責、一(yi)絲不(bu)茍的(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)。這(zhe)(zhe)些學(xue)生在工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)后，可(ke)以更(geng)好(hao)地遵守職(zhi)業行為準(zhun)則，熟悉(xi)企業技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)，更(geng)好(hao)地承擔有關健康、安全等事務的(de)(de)責任。

（七）是學生自己的需要

通過對應用(yong)化(hua)學專(zhuan)業大一學生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查(cha)了解，發現目(mu)前，工程訓練中(zhong)心面向(xiang)全校大一學生(sheng)(sheng)開設了一門為期1周的(de)(de)(de)近實(shi)(shi)踐類課(ke)程工程認(ren)知(zhi)實(shi)(shi)踐，其中(zhong)包含了1天的(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造實(shi)(shi)訓模塊的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)，讓(rang)學生(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)己選其中(zhong)一個工種(zhong)進(jin)行學習(xi)(xi)，學生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)后(hou)設計制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)出(chu)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品并可帶(dai)走，這深受學生(sheng)(sheng)歡迎，但(dan)由于時間(jian)、場地(di)和條件的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)，學生(sheng)(sheng)普遍(bian)希望(wang)學校能夠在(zai)應用(yong)化(hua)學專(zhuan)業也開設機械(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造實(shi)(shi)訓課(ke)程，為他們(men)能夠在(zai)學校有(you)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐動手機會提供平臺(tai)。

三、結語

人才(cai)培養(yang)模式具(ju)有(you)(you)多樣化(hua)的(de)(de)屬性(xing)，工程(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育是(shi)社會、企業(ye)(ye)對人才(cai)培養(yang)的(de)(de)迫(po)切需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，也是(shi)高(gao)等院校素質教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育解決工科專業(ye)(ye)工程(cheng)(cheng)能力欠缺的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)手段。作(zuo)為國(guo)家(jia)油(you)氣特(te)色鮮明的(de)(de)西南(nan)石油(you)大學(xue)(xue)應(ying)(ying)用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)專業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)人才(cai)培養(yang)，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)論、創(chuang)新與(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)三(san)者(zhe)并重，既(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)打牢學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)理(li)論基礎，又(you)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提升學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)能力。所以，對于應(ying)(ying)用化(hua)學(xue)(xue)專業(ye)(ye)來說，我(wo)們制(zhi)訂學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)培養(yang)方(fang)案就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)把實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)與(yu)理(li)論教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)擺(bai)在同等重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)位置。機械(xie)制(zhi)造(zao)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)作(zuo)為校內(nei)開設(she)的(de)(de)一(yi)門(men)技術性(xing)、實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)性(xing)比較強(qiang)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育課(ke)(ke)，促進了(le)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習動力，是(shi)有(you)(you)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)而且必(bi)須要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)開設(she)的(de)(de)一(yi)門(men)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)類(lei)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)。機械(xie)制(zhi)造(zao)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)的(de)(de)培養(yang)模式讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)成為教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)活動中(zhong)的(de)(de)主導者(zhe)、參與(yu)者(zhe)，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)提前接觸社會，對未來的(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)提早規劃，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)感覺到自己的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習活動是(shi)為未來的(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)涯(ya)(ya)進行(xing)的(de)(de)準備。同時，加強(qiang)大學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)，這既(ji)(ji)符合國(guo)家(jia)發(fa)展要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求，也適應(ying)(ying)國(guo)際形勢需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。

[ 參(can) 考 文 獻 ]

[1] 張(zhang)海(hai)濤.從就業看加(jia)強大學(xue)生實踐動手能力培養[J].企業家天地(di)，2006.

[2] 孫康寧(ning).高校工程(cheng)實(shi)踐教(jiao)學(xue)改革的探究與實(shi)踐[J].山東高等教(jiao)育(yu)，2015.

[3] 孟祥海.工科專業大(da)學生工程能力培養探索與實(shi)踐[J].石油(you)教育(yu)，2015.

[4] 于開(kai)迪(di).在(zai)工程實踐教育(yu)中培(pei)養大學(xue)生的工程素質(zhi)[J].吉林省教育(yu)學(xue)院學(xue)報，2015.

篇3

關(guan)鍵詞：地質;大學;實(shi)踐;急救;自助;互助

中圖分類號：G642.0 文獻(xian)標志碼(ma)：A 文章編(bian)號：1674-9324（2016）43-0003-02

一、前言

高(gao)等教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)任務是(shi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)具(ju)有(you)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)精神和(he)(he)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)級(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)門人才(cai)，“加強(qiang)基礎、拓寬專(zhuan)(zhuan)業、強(qiang)化實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)、培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)素質(zhi)”已成為21世紀高(gao)等教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)目標之一，在實(shi)現(xian)這一改(gai)革目標進程中，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)力培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方式的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革已成為當前高(gao)等教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)各專(zhuan)(zhuan)業教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點。地(di)質(zhi)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)業具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)，實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)是(shi)地(di)質(zhi)學(xue)人才(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵環節，充(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)驗室教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)實(shi)習和(he)(he)野(ye)(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)考察實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)都是(shi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)學(xue)人才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)途徑。隨著地(di)學(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷深化，高(gao)等地(di)質(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)更應注重(zhong)未來地(di)質(zhi)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)門技(ji)術人才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)力和(he)(he)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)。近幾年我國校園意外(wai)(wai)(wai)傷(shang)(shang)害及猝死事件的(de)(de)(de)頻發(fa)，越來越多學(xue)者開(kai)始關注如(ru)何在高(gao)校普及現(xian)場急(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)性(xing)。相對于(yu)城市的(de)(de)(de)便(bian)捷，地(di)質(zhi)類師生(sheng)(sheng)野(ye)(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)對于(yu)突(tu)發(fa)事件的(de)(de)(de)第一時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)正確高(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)更為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。隨著野(ye)(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷深化，伴隨而來的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)安全隱(yin)患也突(tu)顯出(chu)來。在野(ye)(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)應對意外(wai)(wai)(wai)傷(shang)(shang)害死亡最有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)方法是(shi)現(xian)場第一目擊人如(ru)何正確利(li)用院(yuan)前“黃金四分鐘(zhong)”、“白金十分鐘(zhong)”對傷(shang)(shang)病者進行及時(shi)正確的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)步的(de)(de)(de)救(jiu)(jiu)助(zhu)救(jiu)(jiu)護，以(yi)挽(wan)救(jiu)(jiu)傷(shang)(shang)病員的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命，減少傷(shang)(shang)殘，有(you)利(li)于(yu)后續醫療措施。

二、研究對象與方(fang)法

1.研究(jiu)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)。以地質類高校(xiao)在校(xiao)大學生急救知識技能現狀為研究(jiu)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)。

2.研(yan)究(jiu)方法。①文(wen)獻資料法。分析(xi)研(yan)究(jiu)大(da)量(liang)關于普(pu)通地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)在校(xiao)(xiao)大(da)學(xue)生(sheng)基本急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)技能相(xiang)關文(wen)獻資料。參考知(zhi)(zhi)網(wang)(wang)、中國(guo)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)網(wang)(wang)等網(wang)(wang)站的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)和建議。②調查(cha)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)法。發(fa)放(fang)調查(cha)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)，對中國(guo)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)大(da)學(xue)（北京），中國(guo)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)大(da)學(xue)（武漢），中國(guo)礦業(ye)大(da)學(xue)，中國(guo)石油大(da)學(xue)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)關專業(ye)學(xue)生(sheng)現極端所(suo)掌(zhang)握的(de)(de)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)技能進(jin)行了解(jie)。設計(ji)、發(fa)放(fang)、回(hui)收(shou)調查(cha)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)，發(fa)放(fang)調查(cha)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)問(wen)(wen)卷(juan)(juan)600份，有效(xiao)(xiao)回(hui)收(shou)496份，有效(xiao)(xiao)回(hui)收(shou)率95.3%。③訪(fang)談(tan)法。為(wei)更全(quan)面的(de)(de)了解(jie)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)在校(xiao)(xiao)大(da)學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)技能的(de)(de)掌(zhang)握，對其進(jin)行了訪(fang)談(tan)，并與校(xiao)(xiao)園紅十字會(hui)進(jin)行溝通，從(cong)多(duo)方位的(de)(de)角度了解(jie)現階段地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)高(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)技能的(de)(de)開展現狀以及(ji)問(wen)(wen)題。④數據統(tong)計(ji)法。運用(yong)SPSS22.0對結果進(jin)行統(tong)計(ji)和分析(xi)。

三、結果與分析

1.地質類大學(xue)生(sheng)野外(wai)實踐中的(de)常見(jian)突(tu)發危(wei)險狀況分(fen)析(xi)。野外(wai)實踐工(gong)作的(de)開(kai)(kai)始就意味著危(wei)險的(de)開(kai)(kai)始，地質類工(gong)作的(de)特殊性(xing)決(jue)定(ding)了所處(chu)野外(wai)環境的(de)危(wei)險性(xing)。根(gen)據野外(wai)工(gong)作記錄顯示，野外(wai)實踐急(ji)(ji)診以突(tu)發暈厥、閉合性(xing)軟組織(zhi)受(shou)損(sun)、脫位骨折、蛇咬蜂蟄(zhe)、野生(sheng)動物襲擊、高處(chu)墜落、食物中毒等(deng)最為多見(jian)。也常有(you)受(shou)極(ji)端天氣（洪(hong)水、暴雪等(deng)）和潛在疾病（高血壓、心臟病等(deng)）引發的(de)急(ji)(ji)診。由于其(qi)專業(ye)有(you)效的(de)急(ji)(ji)救措施掌握(wo)程度不(bu)一(yi)，受(shou)傷(shang)學(xue)生(sheng)通(tong)常無法第一(yi)時間得到有(you)效的(de)保護(hu)而造成一(yi)些不(bu)可挽回的(de)身體傷(shang)害。因而針對地質類大學(xue)生(sheng)開(kai)(kai)設急(ji)(ji)救知識技(ji)能培(pei)訓(xun)是迫(po)在眉睫(jie)的(de)，讓其(qi)充分(fen)掌握(wo)必(bi)要的(de)急(ji)(ji)救措施不(bu)僅可以保障野外(wai)實踐的(de)順利進(jin)行(xing)，更是使其(qi)掌握(wo)一(yi)項畢(bi)業(ye)后參加工(gong)作能終身受(shou)益(yi)的(de)安全保障。

2.地(di)(di)質(zhi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)大(da)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對于(yu)(yu)常見(jian)急救(jiu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)技能(neng)了解情況。通(tong)過(guo)調查可以(yi)清晰地(di)(di)看出目前(qian)地(di)(di)質(zhi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)大(da)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對于(yu)(yu)急救(jiu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)的匱乏(fa)，對于(yu)(yu)心肺復蘇(su)（CPR）、外(wai)(wai)傷(shang)處理(li)等(deng)意(yi)外(wai)(wai)事故的處理(li)能(neng)力(li)嚴重不(bu)(bu)(bu)足。496名大(da)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)聽說過(guo)心肺復蘇(su)的很多(duo)，但是具體如何操作僅僅只有10%。對于(yu)(yu)野外(wai)(wai)實踐中骨(gu)(gu)傷(shang)固(gu)定(ding)，傷(shang)員搬運(yun)(yun)的急救(jiu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)技能(neng)的知(zhi)(zhi)曉(xiao)率分別(bie)是14%、16%，醫(yi)學(xue)證明骨(gu)(gu)折固(gu)定(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)當，錯誤搬運(yun)(yun)很有可能(neng)造成不(bu)(bu)(bu)可逆的終身(shen)殘疾(ji)，這是極其危險的現狀，理(li)應引起地(di)(di)質(zhi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)高校的高度重視。被(bei)調查的大(da)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對于(yu)(yu)肌(ji)肉局部挫(cuo)傷(shang)、拉傷(shang)和(he)外(wai)(wai)傷(shang)出血(xue)、壓迫止血(xue)的知(zhi)(zhi)曉(xiao)率相對較高，其原因是高校學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)常年參加體育(yu)活動，無論(lun)是足籃排(pai)還是各種小球以(yi)及(ji)田(tian)徑等(deng)的體育(yu)運(yun)(yun)動，或(huo)多(duo)或(huo)少的會發生(sheng)(sheng)一些的肌(ji)肉局部挫(cuo)傷(shang)、拉傷(shang)，通(tong)過(guo)正規有效的治療過(guo)程，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)可以(yi)掌握一定(ding)的應急處理(li)方法，提高對于(yu)(yu)此類(lei)(lei)(lei)損傷(shang)的預防以(yi)及(ji)應急處理(li)能(neng)力(li)。

3.地質類大學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)野外(wai)實踐急救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)知識技(ji)能(neng)掌握現(xian)狀。通過表1可(ke)以(yi)清晰地反(fan)映(ying)出地質類大學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)于緊(jin)急現(xian)場(chang)急救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)能(neng)力還(huan)是(shi)相當薄弱的(de)(de)。雖然北京市高(gao)校學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)部分(fen)參加過校園(yuan)紅(hong)十字(zi)會的(de)(de)培訓(xun)以(yi)及急救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)知識技(ji)能(neng)的(de)(de)自(zi)學(xue)(xue)，但(dan)是(shi)遇到(dao)突(tu)發緊(jin)急情況安全有(you)效的(de)(de)處(chu)理能(neng)力卻依然沒(mei)有(you)提(ti)高(gao)。更可(ke)怕的(de)(de)是(shi)心肺復(fu)蘇(su)胸外(wai)心臟(zang)按(an)壓(ya)的(de)(de)位(wei)置、脊柱外(wai)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)搬運手法、四肢(zhi)骨折的(de)(de)緊(jin)急處(chu)理、外(wai)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)出血包扎方法等(deng)急救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)知識技(ji)能(neng)的(de)(de)自(zi)我評價(jia)與實際水平差距(ju)較(jiao)大，如心肺復(fu)蘇(su)胸外(wai)心臟(zang)按(an)壓(ya)如何準確(que)按(an)壓(ya)，近1/4的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)操作錯(cuo)誤。當遇到(dao)緊(jin)急突(tu)況，這1/4的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)極有(you)可(ke)能(neng)自(zi)以(yi)為知道如何保護傷(shang)(shang)(shang)者(zhe)而進行現(xian)場(chang)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)治(zhi)，結(jie)果非但(dan)保護不了傷(shang)(shang)(shang)者(zhe)，還(huan)有(you)可(ke)能(neng)對(dui)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)者(zhe)造成進一步的(de)(de)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)害，甚(shen)至(zhi)讓傷(shang)(shang)(shang)者(zhe)丟(diu)失性(xing)命。

通過對比(bi)分析國內外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多文獻不(bu)(bu)難(nan)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)：目(mu)(mu)前(qian)我國對于第一(yi)目(mu)(mu)擊者(zhe)實(shi)施急(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念淡薄，院前(qian)急(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)概念也尚未普及。在(zai)物質(zhi)資源相對豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市都沒有辦法做到安全有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)院前(qian)急(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，那么在(zai)艱難(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野(ye)外自然(ran)環境中，一(yi)旦(dan)意外發(fa)(fa)生，專(zhuan)業(ye)醫(yi)護人(ren)員無法迅速(su)趕到現(xian)場(chang)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)治，而(er)在(zai)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又沒有急(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)知識(shi)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，那么情(qing)況就十分危險，甚至性命堪憂。地(di)質(zhi)類高校(xiao)應該結(jie)合本專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊性，根據學生在(zai)野(ye)外實(shi)踐(jian)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)實(shi)情(qing)況開(kai)設急(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)知識(shi)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)課(ke)程，不(bu)(bu)僅培養急(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，提高學生野(ye)外遇(yu)到意外傷害和(he)緊急(ji)危重(zhong)疾(ji)病(bing)發(fa)(fa)生時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)互救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，加(jia)強(qiang)“第一(yi)目(mu)(mu)擊者(zhe)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)護能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，以降低學生在(zai)野(ye)外地(di)質(zhi)實(shi)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非正常死亡率(lv)和(he)傷殘率(lv)，提高生命存活率(lv)，這個不(bu)(bu)僅重(zhong)要更加(jia)迫在(zai)眉睫。

4.地質類(lei)大學(xue)(xue)生急救知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)技能(neng)培訓內容(rong)合(he)(he)理途(tu)徑認識(shi)(shi)。據調(diao)查，學(xue)(xue)生通常是自(zi)發(fa)性(xing)通過網絡、手(shou)機、書(shu)刊等方式學(xue)(xue)習(xi)急救知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)技能(neng)，這(zhe)樣(yang)的自(zi)學(xue)(xue)必然(ran)導(dao)致知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)技能(neng)的系統不(bu)完整(zheng)性(xing)和不(bu)規范性(xing)，同時又缺乏合(he)(he)理正確(que)的操作(zuo)實踐性(xing)。通過調(diao)查可以(yi)看(kan)出學(xue)(xue)生人為最合(he)(he)理的學(xue)(xue)習(xi)途(tu)徑是面(mian)授(shou)講座(zuo)，系統的學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理論知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)，然(ran)后(hou)進行實踐操作(zuo)，并且在專業(ye)人士的指導(dao)下(xia)進行考核。

四、結論與建議

通過(guo)此次調查(cha)結果的(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)示，地(di)質(zhi)類(lei)(lei)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在進(jin)行艱難的(de)(de)(de)野外實(shi)踐時(shi)，并沒有做(zuo)好充分的(de)(de)(de)急救(jiu)知識技能(neng)(neng)(neng)儲備(bei)，對于(yu)應(ying)對突(tu)發狀況所(suo)具(ju)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)急救(jiu)措施(shi)掌握程(cheng)度低下，雖然學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)普遍(bian)對急救(jiu)知識技能(neng)(neng)(neng)興趣濃厚，但是由(you)于(yu)沒有系統學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習，也沒有專業(ye)人士進(jin)行指導考(kao)核，客觀(guan)評(ping)價與自我評(ping)價矛盾(dun)突(tu)出(chu)，極易(yi)發生(sheng)由(you)于(yu)操作(zuo)不當對傷者造成的(de)(de)(de)二次傷害。針對地(di)質(zhi)類(lei)(lei)專業(ye)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)，結合其專業(ye)特殊性，應(ying)該(gai)盡快(kuai)開(kai)展野外急救(jiu)知識技能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)系統學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習，編寫(xie)針對性教材，開(kai)設急救(jiu)知識技能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關課(ke)程(cheng)。理論課(ke)程(cheng)與實(shi)際操作(zuo)相(xiang)(xiang)結合，對于(yu)實(shi)踐地(di)利用案(an)例教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)提高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)分析(xi)解決(jue)問題的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，從而使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在野外實(shi)踐時(shi)遇見突(tu)發事件能(neng)(neng)(neng)有較為專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)綜合急救(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。

參考文獻：

[1]張麗萍(ping)，等.地質類專業學生實踐能力培養(yang)方案探(tan)討[J].中國電力教育(yu)，2010，（12）：109-111.

[2]陳駿(jun)，等(deng).地質(zhi)(zhi)學實踐(jian)教(jiao)學現狀分析(xi)與(yu)對策[J].中(zhong)國地質(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)育，2007，（1）：133-139.

[3]文美蘭(lan)，等.“基(ji)礎地(di)質學”實驗教學改革探討[J].中國地(di)質教育，2008，（3）：86-89.

[4]殷欣，等.國內外公(gong)眾急(ji)救知識普(pu)及現狀比較[J].醫學與(yu)社會(hui)，2009，（22）.

Geology Universities Offer the Courses in First Aid Knowledge and Skills of the Necessity and Implementation

WANG Ying，YANG Wen-ge

（China University of Geosciences（Beijing），Beijing 10083，China）

篇4

【關(guan)鍵詞】：天(tian)然(ran)林 資(zi)源 建設 措施

天水市秦州區天然林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資源保護工程(cheng)二期工程(cheng)區總面(mian)積308.86萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)，林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積67.06萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)，其中(zhong)有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積16.09萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)（其中(zhong)天然林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)面(mian)積3.19萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)，人工林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)面(mian)積12.9萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)）；疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積2.92萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)；灌林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積19.24萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)；未成林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積5.80萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)；宜林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)荒山荒地(di)(di)面(mian)積23.01萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)；非林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積241.80萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)。

秦州(zhou)區(qu)是一個以(yi)農業為(wei)主的(de)(de)地區(qu)，人多地少(shao)，山多川少(shao)，農業生產力相對低下，經濟(ji)發展緩慢，群(qun)(qun)眾(zhong)生活水(shui)平相對困難，生態(tai)環境極(ji)其(qi)脆弱。我區(qu)現有(you)的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)林資源(yuan)，對改善生態(tai)環境，改善人民群(qun)(qun)眾(zhong)生存環境發揮著(zhu)極(ji)其(qi)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)作用，不(bu)僅(jin)體現在天(tian)水(shui)市區(qu)涵養(yang)水(shui)源(yuan)和水(shui)土(tu)保(bao)持的(de)(de)功能，更是S系當(dang)地生態(tai)安(an)全的(de)(de)綠色屏(ping)障，生態(tai)地位十分重要(yao)(yao)。

1、實(shi)施天然林資源保護工(gong)程二(er)期建設的必要性(xing)

1.1實施天保二期是改善我區環境問題(ti)的重(zhong)大(da)舉(ju)措

森林具(ju)有(you)調節氣候(hou)、涵養水源、保持(chi)水土(tu)、防風固(gu)沙、改良土(tu)壤、減少(shao)污染等多種(zhong)功(gong)能。保護好我(wo)區(qu)現有(you)森林資源，加(jia)快公益(yi)林建設步伐，對于改善我(wo)區(qu)生態環(huan)境，維持(chi)生態平(ping)衡(heng)，保護我(wo)區(qu)人民賴以(yi)生存的(de)生命線，具(ju)有(you)十分重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)現實意義(yi)。

1.2實施天保(bao)工程二期(qi)是(shi)建設山川秀美(mei)的新秦(qin)州，實現(xian)我區(qu)社會文(wen)明進步(bu)的需要

林業的(de)(de)(de)發展在當今(jin)社(she)(she)會已成為社(she)(she)會文明程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)一個重要標(biao)志。這是(shi)因(yin)為人民(min)在工業化速(su)度(du)加快，物質(zhi)生(sheng)活(huo)水平不斷提高之(zhi)后，對其(qi)生(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)量(liang)尤其(qi)是(shi)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)環境質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)要求愈來(lai)愈高。綠色(se)和(he)森林在給人民(min)帶來(lai)精(jing)神上的(de)(de)(de)愉悅和(he)享受是(shi)其(qi)他任何(he)東西無法代(dai)替的(de)(de)(de)，這就是(shi)其(qi)社(she)(she)會性(xing)和(he)公益性(xing)。實施天(tian)保(bao)工程(cheng)對改(gai)變我區山川面貌(mao)，充(chong)分發揮其(qi)社(she)(she)會公益性(xing)，對于(yu)推動我區社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義(yi)精(jing)神文明建設具有十分重要的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。

1.3實施天保二期(qi)是我區在“天水――關中經濟(ji)開發區”建設(she)中，最經濟(ji)、最有效(xiao)的生(sheng)態建設(she)之(zhi)路

天保二(er)期涉及全區范圍的方方面面，需要(yao)全社會(hui)的參(can)與和(he)支持，對加快我(wo)區經濟發展，群眾脫(tuo)貧致富(fu)具有(you)十分重要(yao)的意義戰(zhan)略意義。

1.4實施天(tian)保(bao)二(er)期是可(ke)持續發展的戰略需(xu)求

對(dui)改善(shan)我區(qu)農業(ye)生產條件，實現生態環境和農業(ye)發展的良性循環，具(ju)有非常重(zhong)要的作(zuo)用。

1.5實(shi)(shi)施天保二期是我區(qu)調整(zheng)林業(ye)產業(ye)結構(gou)、發(fa)揮森(sen)林生態效益(yi)，實(shi)(shi)現林業(ye)產業(ye)跨越式發(fa)展的需要。

2、實施(shi)天(tian)然林資源保護(hu)工(gong)程二(er)期建設(she)的主要目標(biao)

通過(guo)實施天(tian)保工程二期，構建長(chang)江上游、黃(huang)河中上游穩定的森(sen)林(lin)生(sheng)(sheng)態屏障(zhang)，實現森(sen)林(lin)資源從恢(hui)復(fu)增長(chang)進一步(bu)向(xiang)質量提(ti)高轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變，生(sheng)(sheng)態狀(zhuang)況(kuang)從逐步(bu)恢(hui)復(fu)向(xiang)明(ming)(ming)顯改善轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變。工程區(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)土流失明(ming)(ming)顯減少，生(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性明(ming)(ming)顯增加，林(lin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)經濟社(she)會發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)由穩步(bu)復(fu)蘇向(xiang)和諧發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變，民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)明(ming)(ming)顯改善，社(she)會保障(zhang)全面提(ti)升，林(lin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)社(she)會和諧穩定。

3.加(jia)強天(tian)保工程(cheng)建設采取(qu)的措(cuo)施

3.1全面停(ting)止天然(ran)林商品性(xing)采伐，確保天然(ran)林資(zi)源得到(dao)切實有效的保護

3.2繼(ji)續加強森林(lin)管護

全區(qu)(qu)天(tian)保二期工(gong)程總面(mian)積67.06萬(wan)畝，其中有林(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積16.09萬(wan)畝；疏林(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積2.92萬(wan)畝；灌林(lin)林(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積19.24萬(wan)畝；未(wei)成林(lin)造林(lin)地(di)(di)面(mian)積5.80萬(wan)畝；宜林(lin)荒山(shan)荒地(di)(di)面(mian)積23.01萬(wan)畝。工(gong)程區(qu)(qu)林(lin)地(di)(di)全部(bu)屬于重點管護(hu)區(qu)(qu)域，加強對林(lin)地(di)(di)的管護(hu)力度(du)，有力地(di)(di)維護(hu)全區(qu)(qu)林(lin)業資源可持續(xu)健康發(fa)展。

3.3加強公益林建設力度

通過(guo)天保二(er)期工(gong)程的(de)實施，完成(cheng)公(gong)益(yi)林建(jian)設(she)9.0萬(wan)畝，其中(zhong)：人工(gong)造林6.0萬(wan)畝，封(feng)山育林3.0萬(wan)畝。通過(guo)公(gong)益(yi)林建(jian)設(she)進度的(de)加快，為進一步(bu)擴大我區森林資源，提高森林質量提供了有力的(de)建(jian)設(she)保障。

3.4實施(shi)中幼林撫育

通過(guo)天保二期(qi)工程(cheng)的(de)實(shi)施，完成中幼林(lin)撫(fu)育2.0萬畝（國(guo)有藉(jie)源林(lin)場）。通過(guo)開(kai)展(zhan)中幼林(lin)撫(fu)育，進一步促進林(lin)分生(sheng)長(chang)，實(shi)現優化林(lin)分結(jie)構，改善林(lin)內衛生(sheng)、林(lin)木生(sheng)長(chang)環境，促進林(lin)林(lin)生(sheng)長(chang)發育，達(da)到科學培育森(sen)林(lin)資源，發揮森(sen)林(lin)多種效能的(de)目的(de)。

3.5保障(zhang)和(he)改善民生

通過(guo)工(gong)(gong)程實施，落實中央和省上兩個《關于加快林(lin)業發展的決定》，認(ren)真貫徹執(zhi)行國(guo)家(jia)(jia)相關政(zheng)(zheng)策，我(wo)區(qu)藉源(yuan)林(lin)場通過(guo)改革已(yi)轉制公益性(xing)事業單(dan)位(wei)，定編人(ren)員81人(ren)，其中退休(xiu)人(ren)員20人(ren)，藉源(yuan)林(lin)業派出所定編10人(ren)。定編人(ren)員工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)已(yi)納(na)入同級(ji)財政(zheng)(zheng)全(quan)額發放，工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)基數(shu)按(an)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)事業單(dan)位(wei)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)標準執(zhi)行。森林(lin)管護(hu)人(ren)員工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)按(an)照分級(ji)負擔，國(guo)家(jia)(jia)撥付管護(hu)費(fei)30.1萬元/年，區(qu)財政(zheng)(zheng)配套資(zi)(zi)金2.30萬元/年，平均工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)25000元/年。同時(shi)，繼續實施并(bing)完善社會保(bao)險補助政(zheng)(zheng)策，為職工(gong)(gong)辦理五(wu)項保(bao)險，其參保(bao)率(lv)達到了100%。

篇5

關鍵詞 總體城市設(she)計

1、總體城(cheng)市設計的(de)編制(zhi)階段

現階段總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)(she)(she)(she)計一(yi)般分為三類(lei)，一(yi)類(lei)是在總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)之前開(kai)展，這(zhe)一(yi)類(lei)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)(she)(she)(she)計項目較(jiao)少(shao)；第(di)二類(lei)是與(yu)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)編制同步(bu)開(kai)展，作為總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)成果(guo)的(de)一(yi)部分，如深圳(zhen)、重慶等(deng)地的(de)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)(she)(she)(she)計，這(zhe)類(lei)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)(she)(she)(she)計與(yu)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)能較(jiao)好(hao)地融(rong)合和呼應；第(di)三類(lei)則是在總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)編制完成后單獨開(kai)展總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)(she)(she)(she)計工作，這(zhe)類(lei)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)(she)(she)(she)計只能沿用(yong)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)的(de)部分成果(guo)作為設(she)(she)(she)(she)計基(ji)礎，且沒(mei)有法(fa)律法(fa)規保障總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)(she)(she)(she)計的(de)實施。

筆者認為(wei)，總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城市(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計作(zuo)為(wei)一種戰(zhan)略性(xing)城市(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計，在(zai)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)(hua)之前(qian)或與總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)(hua)同時開(kai)展(zhan)是較(jiao)好的編(bian)(bian)制方式，由此可以(yi)在(zai)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)(hua)編(bian)(bian)制或修(xiu)編(bian)(bian)階段將總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城市(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計內容納入，而總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)(hua)作(zuo)為(wei)法定規劃(hua)(hua)，可以(yi)保障總(zong)體(ti)(ti)城市(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計內容的實施。

2、總體城(cheng)市設計(ji)的(de)必(bi)要性

首先，我(wo)國城市(shi)特色(se)不夠鮮明(ming)，需要從整體的角度地研究如何結合自然資(zi)源(yuan)、城市(shi)歷史(shi)和環(huan)境特點發展自身的獨特風格。

其次，城市環(huan)(huan)境質量方面(mian)存(cun)在(zai)許多問題(ti)，如城市色彩單(dan)調(diao)、外(wai)部(bu)環(huan)(huan)境要素的設(she)計水平較低、城市環(huan)(huan)境藝術(shu)水平不(bu)夠(gou)等(deng)，有待于在(zai)總體(ti)城市設(she)計階段解(jie)決。

再次，雖然在總體規(gui)劃(hua)階段已(yi)經對城市總體空間布局有所考慮，但其(qi)內容和深度遠(yuan)(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)不夠。

此(ci)外，目前開展的局部城市規劃和設(she)計工作(zuo)缺(que)乏(fa)有效(xiao)的整體調控(kong)依據(ju)，缺(que)乏(fa)總體城市設(she)計框架的原(yuan)則指導，難以(yi)實現(xian)整體環境協調統(tong)一。

3、總體城市設計的主要(yao)內(nei)容

總體城市設(she)計是對整(zheng)個城市系統各(ge)類(lei)要素的(de)綜合考慮與設(she)計。研(yan)究范圍應(ying)與總體規劃相一(yi)致，重點研(yan)究范圍應(ying)是城市的(de)主(zhu)城區。

總體(ti)城市設計內容包括城市總體(ti)格局、具體(ti)形態設計和專項研究三個(ge)方面。

3.1城(cheng)市總體格局

總(zong)體(ti)城(cheng)市設計研(yan)究應(ying)該從整體(ti)入手，把握城(cheng)市總(zong)體(ti)格局(ju)。研(yan)究內容包括城(cheng)市風貌特色、城(cheng)市空間(jian)景觀結構(gou)和城(cheng)市行(xing)為空間(jian)結構(gou)。

1．城市風貌特色

挖掘和發(fa)展城市(shi)歷史和自然(ran)資源，塑造可識別性強、有歸屬感(gan)的城市(shi)空間(jian)。在(zai)總體城市(shi)設計中應(ying)分(fen)析城市(shi)的歷史文(wen)化(hua)環(huan)境(jing)并加以(yi)保留和發(fa)揚，加強城市(shi)自然(ran)環(huan)境(jing)的利(li)用，突出城市(shi)山水環(huan)境(jing)與城市(shi)風貌特色。

2．城市空間(jian)景觀結構

城市空間景觀(guan)結構主要分為四(si)個方面：

（1）基于城市(shi)(shi)(shi)整體空間形(xing)態(tai)控制目標的城市(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構形(xing)態(tai)、道路(lu)交通設計控制、城市(shi)(shi)(shi)肌理、城市(shi)(shi)(shi)重要(yao)界面設計、高度(du)分區(qu)、密度(du)分區(qu)、城市(shi)(shi)(shi)輪廓線等。

（2）基于城(cheng)市(shi)整體風貌(mao)(mao)控制目標的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)風貌(mao)(mao)分(fen)區，如景(jing)觀特色分(fen)區、城(cheng)市(shi)建筑特色分(fen)區、城(cheng)市(shi)色彩(cai)分(fen)區等。

（3）基于(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共資(zi)源分(fen)配和組織目標的城(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共空(kong)間網絡建構。如城(cheng)市(shi)開放空(kong)間系統設(she)計等。開放空(kong)間可以讓城(cheng)市(shi)肌(ji)理(li)產(chan)生變化(hua)，也為市(shi)民活動提供了場(chang)所(suo)，亦可構筑反映(ying)城(cheng)市(shi)自然環境及歷史文化(hua)特色(se)的城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間景觀。

（4）基(ji)于城市自然生態格(ge)局保護(hu)目標(biao)的(de)城市綠(lv)地系統、城市水系、空間(jian)景觀軸線、視覺景觀通廊等。

3．行為空間結構

總體城(cheng)市(shi)設計中(zhong)需要構(gou)筑城(cheng)市(shi)整體的社會文化(hua)氛圍，全面關注市(shi)民(min)活動(dong)，組(zu)織富有意義的行為(wei)場所(suo)，建立社會文化(hua)――市(shi)民(min)活動(dong)――行為(wei)場所(suo)間的有機聯系。

3.2形(xing)態設計內容

總體(ti)(ti)城(cheng)市設計(ji)中(zhong)還會涉及(ji)一些(xie)中(zhong)觀(guan)(guan)及(ji)微觀(guan)(guan)層(ceng)面的具體(ti)(ti)形(xing)態設計(ji)，如城(cheng)市重(zhong)要節點(dian)設計(ji)和重(zhong)點(dian)地段設計(ji)。

1．城市重(zhong)要(yao)節點設計

城市重要(yao)節點指能反(fan)映城市形(xing)象、地段特(te)色、重要(yao)空間特(te)征的小型空間，是城市精神的象征。

1）地(di)標(biao)節點(dian)，地(di)標(biao)節點(dian)是城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)整體(ti)景觀的核心(xin)。包括城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)中心(xin)、副中心(xin)，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)歷史地(di)段等。

2）門戶節點

門戶節點(dian)包括各方(fang)向(xiang)、各類(lei)型(xing)的主(zhu)要交通路徑和城(cheng)市道路、城(cheng)市空間的交界(jie)點(dian)等。在總體城(cheng)市設計中應(ying)重點(dian)、精煉地反(fan)映(ying)城(cheng)市的景觀、形象特征(zheng)、歷史(shi)文化特色或時(shi)代面貌(mao)等，把屬于城(cheng)市內涵的自(zi)然特征(zheng)的文化特質(zhi)反(fan)映(ying)出來(lai)。

2．城市(shi)重點地(di)段指(zhi)能反映和(he)代表城市(shi)歷史和(he)文化、城市(shi)特色景(jing)觀的物質(zhi)空間，是城市(shi)整(zheng)體空間環境(jing)中的重要組成部分(fen)。

3.3專題研究

根(gen)據需(xu)要，總體城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設(she)計成果(guo)內容中也常包括(kuo)一些專(zhuan)題性(xing)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，如城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)廣告與(yu)街(jie)道(dao)設(she)施、社(she)區發展(zhan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、街(jie)道(dao)尺度研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、公(gong)共交通服務模式(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)標志與(yu)雕塑體系研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)等。

4、總體城市設(she)計的成果

總體城市(shi)設計(ji)成果以(yi)管理政策、導(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)等文字內容為主，輔以(yi)必要的(de)圖紙。總體城市(shi)設計(ji)導(dao)(dao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)可以(yi)包括總圖法則(ze)(ze)(ze)、城市(shi)設計(ji)通則(ze)(ze)(ze)和城市(shi)設計(ji)細則(ze)(ze)(ze)。

總(zong)圖法則作(zuo)為(wei)總(zong)體(ti)規劃(hua)的前提資料或章(zhang)節內(nei)(nei)容跟隨總(zong)體(ti)規劃(hua)一起通(tong)過審(shen)批而具有法定(ding)效力(li)。具體(ti)內(nei)(nei)容包(bao)括：城市空間布(bu)局；土(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用強(qiang)度管制區劃(hua)和(he)(he)控(kong)制指標(biao)；確定(ding)綠地(di)(di)系統的發展目(mu)標(biao)及總(zong)體(ti)布(bu)局、給(gei)出各(ge)級(ji)綠地(di)(di)指標(biao)和(he)(he)分布(bu)形態；劃(hua)定(ding)綠線、藍線；劃(hua)分歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)保(bao)護(hu)及地(di)(di)方傳統特色區域，確定(ding)相應的控(kong)制指標(biao)。

對(dui)于城(cheng)(cheng)市一般(ban)地(di)區，總(zong)體城(cheng)(cheng)市設計(ji)可(ke)通過通則式的導(dao)則進行(xing)引導(dao)，具(ju)有普適性和間接性特征。對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)市重(zhong)要節(jie)點和重(zhong)點地(di)段，總(zong)體城(cheng)(cheng)市設計(ji)可(ke)以提出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)市設計(ji)細則，具(ju)有針對(dui)性和直接性。

5、小結

篇6

[關(guan)鍵詞]通風道；風環境；城市設計

一、研究背景

隨(sui)著(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加劇，自然風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善(shan)功能在逐漸減弱(ruo)。構建(jian)(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道作(zuo)(zuo)為緩解城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)熱島效應、改(gai)善(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)氣候的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效途徑(jing)，已(yi)經被越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)運用到具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃(hua)實踐中(zhong)。縱(zong)觀相關研(yan)究(jiu)理(li)論，在宏觀層面上，國內外學者們(men)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論依(yi)據(ju)進行(xing)探(tan)索，并(bing)將研(yan)究(jiu)成果運用于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)總體(ti)規劃(hua)中(zhong)，為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)提供理(li)論指導。在微觀層面上，也開始探(tan)索高層建(jian)(jian)筑群體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)對(dui)周(zhou)邊(bian)環境(jing)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。但關于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)還比較(jiao)薄弱(ruo)。現階段，人們(men)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)大多基于視覺及空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)驗出發，對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)形態和三維空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)進行(xing)設(she)計，鮮少將通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)作(zuo)(zuo)為考慮因(yin)素。隨(sui)著(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)與構建(jian)(jian)，基于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)效能的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計應發生(sheng)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變，本文(wen)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道周(zhou)邊(bian)地區城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)計進行(xing)了(le)初步探(tan)析。

二、城市(shi)通風(feng)道理論研究

1.城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)及(ji)分類(lei)“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”最(zui)早源自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)德(de)語的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“Ventila-tionsbahn”，由“Ventilations”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“Bahn”組成，分別(bie)是“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“廊(lang)(lang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思。與(yu)之(zhi)意思大(da)(da)(da)(da)致(zhi)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)英文(wen)關(guan)鍵詞“Urbanventilationchannel”與(yu)“Urbanventilationpath”中(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)翻(fan)譯為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)路徑(jing)”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)(lun)研究及(ji)實踐(jian)研究中(zhong)(zhong)，這(zhe)(zhe)個從(cong)(cong)宏觀層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)以(yi)(yi)生態(tai)(tai)角(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)優(you)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃(hua)概念，常常與(yu)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廊(lang)(lang)”“綠(lv)色風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)廊(lang)(lang)”“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)走道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”“綠(lv)色廊(lang)(lang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”等(deng)(deng)詞匯混(hun)淆。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)按尺度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)來分類(lei)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)兩類(lei)：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)級(ji)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宏觀層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，這(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)主要(yao)由城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河流(liu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)主城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)部(bu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)尺度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江河、大(da)(da)(da)(da)型公園綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)大(da)(da)(da)(da)面(mian)積水體構成，寬度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不小于200m，長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不小于30km，尺度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)密度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)低，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)對(dui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)影(ying)響(xiang)不大(da)(da)(da)(da)。二、三級(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)觀層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，主要(yao)由與(yu)主導風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向（夏(xia)季盛行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向）平(ping)行(xing)或有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)小夾角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、街(jie)頭綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開敞空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)構成。這(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主導風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)滲(shen)透到(dao)(dao)(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)部(bu)各個街(jie)區(qu)(qu)起到(dao)(dao)(dao)至關(guan)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。2.城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)從(cong)(cong)結(jie)構上來看：由市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)域(yu)(yu)內(nei)水域(yu)(yu)、主要(yao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路、較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綠(lv)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、廣場及(ji)低矮建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群連(lian)接(jie)，形成開闊連(lian)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)廊(lang)(lang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。從(cong)(cong)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)上看，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)促進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)部(bu)由風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)壓差和(he)(he)(he)(he)熱(re)(re)(re)壓差而形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局地(di)(di)(di)(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)，降低城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)島(dao)效(xiao)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稀(xi)釋(shi)排出，解(jie)(jie)決(jue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)問題(ti)，增(zeng)強城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)身調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。（1）降低城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，緩解(jie)(jie)熱(re)(re)(re)島(dao)效(xiao)應(ying)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)島(dao)效(xiao)應(ying)是一(yi)種(zhong)由于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑及(ji)人(ren)(ren)們活(huo)動(dong)(dong)導致(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)明顯(xian)高(gao)于郊區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。產生城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)島(dao)效(xiao)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)方面(mian)：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)面(mian)積增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)，由于混(hun)凝土地(di)(di)(di)(di)導熱(re)(re)(re)系數(shu)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，使得(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)日照下(xia)吸(xi)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)遠遠大(da)(da)(da)(da)于被土壤和(he)(he)(he)(he)植被覆蓋(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)郊區(qu)(qu)；空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)，粉塵、二氧化碳濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)加(jia)，這(zhe)(zhe)些污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溶膠形成大(da)(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逆溫(wen)層(ceng)(ceng)，浮(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上空(kong)(kong)(kong)，阻礙了(le)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)散(san)發；城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)密集(ji)、人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)帶來大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源。黃(huang)(huang)柏良以(yi)(yi)長(chang)沙市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2008年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)象和(he)(he)(he)(he)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)觀測數(shu)據(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依(yi)據(ju)，得(de)(de)(de)出結(jie)論(lun)(lun)：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)是影(ying)響(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)島(dao)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵因素，提(ti)高(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)速能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)改善(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，降低城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)島(dao)效(xiao)應(ying)。華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)科技大(da)(da)(da)(da)學陳(chen)(chen)宏教授(shou)等(deng)(deng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)貴陽市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)規劃(hua)研究中(zhong)(zhong)，結(jie)合(he)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特征、地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)特征與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形態(tai)(tai)進行(xing)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)規劃(hua)設(she)(she)計。得(de)(de)(de)出結(jie)論(lun)(lun)：設(she)(she)置通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)后(hou)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夏(xia)季氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)明顯(xian)降低，特別(bie)是作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，降溫(wen)幅度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)最(zui)高(gao)，熱(re)(re)(re)島(dao)效(xiao)應(ying)得(de)(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)改善(shan)。（2）降低空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發展中(zhong)(zhong)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工業用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工具產生大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)廢(fei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)排放，嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)，這(zhe)(zhe)些污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)很(hen)(hen)難分解(jie)(jie)凈化。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)靜風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)，當(dang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)定范圍后(hou)，還有(you)(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形成霧霾(mai)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)近地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)會更(geng)加(jia)嚴重，污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)繼續累積，形成惡(e)性循(xun)環(huan)(huan)。徐(xu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)春和(he)(he)(he)(he)周國鋒認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)廊(lang)(lang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，運(yun)用(yong)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)利(li)用(yong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)結(jie)構和(he)(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)相耦合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法是治理(li)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)霧霾(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)途(tu)徑(jing)。陳(chen)(chen)宏和(he)(he)(he)(he)周雪帆認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)主要(yao)依(yi)靠城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)來疏(shu)散(san)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)，將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)淤積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)疏(shu)散(san)到(dao)(dao)(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)部(bu)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)(xin)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)布(bu)局設(she)(she)計。黃(huang)(huang)柏良以(yi)(yi)長(chang)沙市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2008年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)象和(he)(he)(he)(he)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)觀測數(shu)據(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依(yi)據(ju)，對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)速與(yu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)（PM10）之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系進行(xing)了(le)研究，得(de)(de)(de)出結(jie)論(lun)(lun)：提(ti)高(gao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系數(shu)對(dui)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)固體顆粒物(wu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稀(xi)釋(shi)與(yu)擴散(san)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。（3）增(zeng)強城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)和(he)(he)(he)(he)生產活(huo)動(dong)(dong)給城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生態(tai)(tai)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡帶來很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)干(gan)擾，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生態(tai)(tai)平(ping)衡被破壞后(hou)，諸如風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、陽光、雨(yu)水等(deng)(deng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)因子(zi)將無法有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常根據(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向及(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌及(ji)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)區(qu)(qu)周邊自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山體、水體、開敞空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)等(deng)(deng)要(yao)素設(she)(she)計。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)置，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)促進生態(tai)(tai)系統平(ping)衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恢復，減(jian)少人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)干(gan)擾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不僅(jin)是流(liu)體運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，也(ye)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)、提(ti)高(gao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，到(dao)(dao)(dao)讓城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)呼吸(xi)”，進而增(zeng)強城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生態(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)免(mian)疫力。

三、城市通風道設計控制方法

1.通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)對(dui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)效能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)同區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)狀(zhuang)況受(shou)到(dao)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)粗糙度(du)(du)(du)、經(jing)緯度(du)(du)(du)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)植物分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)等因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)到(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內部(bu)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)(du)(du)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)斷(duan)增大，地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)粗糙度(du)(du)(du)增加(jia)(jia)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻礙增加(jia)(jia)，地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)降(jiang)低，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)處平(ping)均風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)相對(dui)郊(jiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)減(jian)小。而(er)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內部(bu)，空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)況與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物高(gao)度(du)(du)(du)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)變化有(you)直(zhi)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)。當(dang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經(jing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側邊(bian)(bian)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)角部(bu)時產生(sheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)加(jia)(jia)速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象，被稱為(wei)角部(bu)強(qiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，此(ci)(ci)處風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)場(chang)會受(shou)到(dao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)何形狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑側面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)力模(mo)式(shi)主要(yao)由建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑高(gao)度(du)(du)(du)與寬(kuan)度(du)(du)(du)而(er)定。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑形式(shi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)布(bu)(bu)局(ju)除了影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)地(di)(di)(di)塊內部(bu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)，對(dui)其(qi)相鄰(lin)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)也(ye)有(you)很大影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。當(dang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)寬(kuan)度(du)(du)(du)較大時，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑布(bu)(bu)局(ju)對(dui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)縱向(xiang)效能(neng)(neng)(neng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)較小，而(er)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內部(bu)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)下(xia)墊面(mian)(mian)以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路為(wei)主時，道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路兩側建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間距、平(ping)面(mian)(mian)布(bu)(bu)局(ju)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間關(guan)系(xi)(xi)，直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)。2.城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)在不(bu)同設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)素(su)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)域內空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)廊道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，對(dui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化有(you)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調節作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。對(dui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，在實際規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中可(ke)從總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)詳細(xi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個環(huan)(huan)(huan)節中落(luo)實。其(qi)中：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)詳細(xi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)都是一種二維(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，而(er)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)一種對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三維(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間秩序創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，對(dui)保(bao)障(zhang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)效能(neng)(neng)(neng)具(ju)(ju)有(you)很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)導作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，對(dui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，除了必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)詳細(xi)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)外，對(dui)于(yu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間界(jie)面(mian)(mian)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)塊建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑布(bu)(bu)局(ju)模(mo)式(shi)也(ye)應該形成一系(xi)(xi)列獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)。考(kao)慮到(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，在進行城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)布(bu)(bu)局(ju)時，應結合(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)形及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氣候對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)進行評價分(fen)(fen)析，在宏觀層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)上分(fen)(fen)析城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，并(bing)將通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護結合(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水系(xi)(xi)、綠地(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統廣場(chang)等開放(fang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間相結合(he)。在實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，一方面(mian)(mian)，對(dui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)很難根據(ju)現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)和容(rong)積率保(bao)障(zhang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)達流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)暢(chang)；另一方面(mian)(mian)，在新區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中由于(yu)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)缺少具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)詳盡(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)障(zhang)也(ye)難以(yi)實施。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)相較于(yu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)詳細(xi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)而(er)言，對(dui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)，及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)，對(dui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，除了必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)詳細(xi)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)外，對(dui)于(yu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間界(jie)面(mian)(mian)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)塊建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑布(bu)(bu)局(ju)模(mo)式(shi)業(ye)應該形成一系(xi)(xi)列獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)。

四、對城市(shi)通風道周(zhou)邊城市(shi)設(she)計的思(si)考

篇7

關鍵(jian)詞(ci)：城市公共空(kong)間；人(ren)的(de)行為；活動(dong)

目(mu)前，在大多數城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)，公(gong)共(gong)空間主要采用功能主義規劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)，但卻缺乏對人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理、交往等細(xi)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計。因此(ci)，市(shi)(shi)民對很(hen)多公(gong)共(gong)空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計不(bu)甚滿意。所以，很(hen)多城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)空間不(bu)能充分(fen)利用，從而導致了資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共(gong)空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計要和人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為活動(dong)緊(jin)密結合(he)，促進城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，并為人(ren)(ren)們提供良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)環境。

1.認識公共空間

具(ju)(ju)(ju)有公共性質(zhi)和社會(hui)(hui)(hui)性質(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)計稱(cheng)為公共設(she)(she)計。公共空間(jian)設(she)(she)計為人(ren)(ren)們提供社會(hui)(hui)(hui)活(huo)動的(de)場(chang)地、環境和舞臺，同時它(ta)們也(ye)是(shi)規劃設(she)(she)計、環境設(she)(she)計、會(hui)(hui)(hui)所(suo)設(she)(she)計等(deng)重點關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)的(de)對象。現(xian)(xian)代(dai)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)以(yi)工(gong)業化大生產為特征，強調(diao)的(de)是(shi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)工(gong)業制(zhi)度(du)下人(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，強調(diao)以(yi)大眾(zhong)消(xiao)費和生產為紐帶的(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。然而會(hui)(hui)(hui)所(suo)設(she)(she)計以(yi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)經(jing)濟制(zhi)度(du)決(jue)定(ding)了人(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間(jian)可以(yi)不必相(xiang)互熟悉，而更強調(diao)相(xiang)互間(jian)的(de)協(xie)作關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。特別是(shi)在現(xian)(xian)代(dai)城市當(dang)中，經(jing)濟制(zhi)度(du)和城市制(zhi)度(du)決(jue)定(ding)了人(ren)(ren)的(de)職(zhi)業構成(cheng)和分工(gong)，也(ye)導致了人(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)陌(mo)生化。陌(mo)生化一方(fang)面有力(li)地保證了私(si)人(ren)(ren)空間(jian)的(de)私(si)密性，但也(ye)強烈要求具(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)交流、參與(yu)功能的(de)公共空間(jian)出現(xian)(xian)。這(zhe)類公共空間(jian)應該具(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)游行、集會(hui)(hui)(hui)、演說、交易、觀賞(shang)等(deng)功能，而空間(jian)也(ye)由于這(zhe)些活(huo)動而具(ju)(ju)(ju)有了公共性特征。

公(gong)共(gong)空(kong)(kong)間室(shi)內設計是為了給(gei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們提供進行(xing)各種社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)動所需(xu)(xu)要的(de)、理(li)想的(de)活(huo)動空(kong)(kong)間。如娛樂(le)、辦公(gong)、購物、觀(guan)賞、旅游、餐飲等室(shi)內活(huo)動空(kong)(kong)間。它具有(you)滿(man)足相宜的(de)生活(huo)行(xing)為需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)和(he)精神需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)的(de)功能，與此同時，也能間接(jie)滿(man)足個人(ren)(ren)(ren)、家庭(ting)生活(huo)方面的(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)。公(gong)共(gong)室(shi)內空(kong)(kong)間與人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)動、社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)生活(huo)行(xing)為最為接(jie)近，要求(qiu)滿(man)足人(ren)(ren)(ren)們生理(li)和(he)心(xin)理(li)的(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，創(chuang)造符合人(ren)(ren)(ren)們進行(xing)各種社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)生活(huo)行(xing)為所需(xu)(xu)的(de)空(kong)(kong)間環(huan)境，并保障人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)安全、無(wu)障礙(ai)，有(you)利于人(ren)(ren)(ren)們身心(xin)健(jian)康(kang)。

2.公共空間的三要素(su)

2.1活動主體

人是活動的(de)主體，是空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)的(de)使(shi)用者，同時也是空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)景觀(guan)的(de)組成要素之一(yi)。這里的(de)活動主體即人類，包括(kuo)了不(bu)同的(de)年齡，不(bu)同階層、職業(ye)、愛好和文(wen)化背景的(de)人，在這里都(dou)有(you)自由平等的(de)機會交流(liu)。正是有(you)了人的(de)參與，才使(shi)城市公共空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)有(you)了公共性和開放(fang)性。

2.2活動事件

主要指(zhi)社(she)(she)會活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，由使(shi)用者(zhe)的(de)行為(wei)構成。人在戶(hu)外公共空(kong)(kong)間的(de)社(she)(she)會活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)可以歸納為(wei)3種類型：必(bi)要性活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)、選擇(ze)性活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)社(she)(she)交(jiao)性活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。必(bi)要性活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)指(zhi)人類因為(wei)生存(cun)而必(bi)須的(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，如原(yuan)始(shi)人狩獵生存(cun)，它基(ji)本不受環(huan)境(jing)品質(zhi)的(de)影響。選擇(ze)陛活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)就像(xiang)飯后散步、逛街購物或看電(dian)影等(deng)，需要根據(ju)心(xin)情(qing)、環(huan)境(jing)等(deng)做出決定的(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，與公共空(kong)(kong)間的(de)環(huan)境(jing)品質(zhi)有(you)很大關(guan)系(xi)。社(she)(she)交(jiao)性活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)如聚會、聊天等(deng)，都(dou)需要一定的(de)場所。在社(she)(she)會生活(huo)中，這些(xie)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)都(dou)是交(jiao)匯(hui)發生，不能夠單獨、獨立(li)的(de)存(cun)在，尤其后兩種活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)公共空(kong)(kong)間環(huan)境(jing)要求越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)高，也(ye)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)需要對(dui)人的(de)行為(wei)的(de)關(guan)注。

2.3活動場所

活(huo)(huo)(huo)動場所(suo)即活(huo)(huo)(huo)動事(shi)件的(de)(de)發生地(di)(di)，也就(jiu)是我們進行設計(ji)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市公共(gong)(gong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)動主體、活(huo)(huo)(huo)動事(shi)件和(he)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動場所(suo)三(san)者(zhe)的(de)(de)有機結(jie)合才能(neng)構成人性化的(de)(de)城(cheng)市公共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)。所(suo)以，人性化的(de)(de)城(cheng)市公共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)g設計(ji)要能(neng)夠(gou)創造條(tiao)件，讓人在(zai)(zai)其中有愉(yu)悅(yue)的(de)(de)心理(li)感受空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)，人可以在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里進行各種行為(wei)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動，獲得親切、舒適、自由(you)、歡愉(yu)、輕松(song)、安全、活(huo)(huo)(huo)力的(de)(de)心理(li)感受，這(zhe)是一個(ge)展示自身價值的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)，是一個(ge)供(gong)人分(fen)享(xiang)，共(gong)(gong)同(tong)歡樂，看與(yu)被看的(de)(de)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)，是可以寄托希(xi)望的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方。離開了人的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動和(he)人的(de)(de)精神，公共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)便失去了意(yi)義。

3.公共空間設計的(de)需求

城市公共空間的(de)(de)(de)要素很多，人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)活動、事件的(de)(de)(de)改變(bian)(bian)、季節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)和植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)都(dou)(dou)會(hui)參(can)與其(qi)中(zhong)，不(bu)過最重要的(de)(de)(de)是人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)活動對城市環(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)參(can)與。但(dan)并不(bu)是每一個(ge)經過精(jing)心設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)空間都(dou)(dou)能(neng)取得預(yu)期效果，人(ren)們會(hui)按(an)照自己的(de)(de)(de)心理需求(qiu)尋(xun)找適合(he)自己要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同空間環(huan)(huan)境，行(xing)為也會(hui)趨向于設置(zhi)能(neng)夠最滿足他(ta)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境中(zhong)。

人(ren)的(de)(de)心理(li)和活(huo)動(dong)對城市公共(gong)空間(jian)的(de)(de)相互依存構成(cheng)了城市設(she)計的(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)要(yao)素(su)。所以(yi)我們需(xu)要(yao)積極引導(dao)公眾參與活(huo)動(dong)，使人(ren)盡其興(xing)，物盡其用(yong)，發揮主(zhu)客觀(guan)的(de)(de)互動(dong)作用(yong)空間(jian)，才(cai)能充滿活(huo)力(li)。如在公園，人(ren)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)活(huo)動(dong)是欣賞美景、鍛煉身(shen)體(ti)，還有(you)老(lao)人(ren)下棋、打牌(pai)、遛鳥、打太極拳，有(you)小朋友需(xu)要(yao)游(you)樂，有(you)年(nian)輕人(ren)需(xu)要(yao)聊天，所以(yi)為(wei)了滿足(zu)人(ren)們的(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)，相應的(de)(de)設(she)施就需(xu)要(yao)跟上，如涼(liang)亭，桌椅和游(you)樂設(she)施等(deng)，還可以(yi)通過植(zhi)物的(de)(de)搭配和配置進行空間(jian)的(de)(de)分割，營造一(yi)(yi)個滿足(zu)各方面活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)公共(gong)空間(jian)。

篇8

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞：城市(shi)規劃 景觀(guan)環(huan)境 設計

前(qian)言：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)社會經(jing)濟發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中心，在人類生(sheng)(sheng)活中起到了(le)十分重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不僅應(ying)(ying)向人類提供物質資(zi)源，也應(ying)(ying)向人類提供優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活環(huan)(huan)境等更多層面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源。雖然由于經(jing)濟形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改變，決定了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擴張和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)設施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大規模(mo)建設已是必(bi)然趨勢，但隨著不合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)做法(fa)，對(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自然系統造(zao)成了(le)巨(ju)大破壞，直(zhi)接影響(xiang)了(le)我國(guo)新時期可(ke)持續發展戰略目(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現。因此，如何正(zheng)確解(jie)決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)中出現問(wen)題，營造(zao)人與自然相(xiang)互協調的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)境已經(jing)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)被(bei)社會廣(guang)泛關(guan)注和(he)重(zhong)(zhong)視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。而景觀環(huan)(huan)境設計作為(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要內容，還并未被(bei)準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把握和(he)認識，作者針對(dui)(dui)對(dui)(dui)我國(guo)目(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)中出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，對(dui)(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)措(cuo)施進行了(le)介(jie)紹。

1、現階段城(cheng)市規劃的現狀及出現的問題

目前(qian)，在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)尤其是(shi)環(huan)境規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中存在(zai)(zai)著許多問題，具體(ti)說(shuo)(shuo)來，就(jiu)是(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)對(dui)綠化環(huan)境的(de)功能(neng)性和藝(yi)術(shu)性不能(neng)充分發揮，總的(de)來說(shuo)(shuo)，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)環(huan)境中做出(chu)合(he)理的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，甚至破(po)壞(huai)了居民(min)居住(zhu)環(huan)境。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)設計(ji)究竟(jing)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)般意義上(shang)(shang)的(de)建筑(zhu)外部空間設計(ji)還是(shi)真(zhen)正意義上(shang)(shang)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設計(ji)，有無一(yi)(yi)個(ge)相對(dui)明確的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設計(ji)大(da)綱(gang)的(de)引導是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)關鍵環(huan)節，我國的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)仍未(wei)擺脫物(wu)質規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)束縛，在(zai)(zai)實踐中，規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)和設計(ji)往(wang)往(wang)融合(he)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，在(zai)(zai)大(da)多數(shu)的(de)詳細(xi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中，或(huo)多或(huo)少地(di)包(bao)含了城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設計(ji)的(de)某些內(nei)容(rong)(rong)，在(zai)(zai)大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模建設過程中，傳統規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)輕三(san)維(wei)形(xing)態的(de)工作(zuo)方法顯現出(chu)弊端(duan)，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設計(ji)因(yin)三(san)維(wei)整體(ti)形(xing)態的(de)模型或(huo)圖紙(zhi)展示易使(shi)人產生直觀感和新鮮感而(er)(er)受到推崇(chong)，規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)管理如何實施等核心問題沒有得到解決。而(er)(er)環(huan)境設計(ji)等問題主(zhu)要表現在(zai)(zai)以下(xia)幾方面(mian)：

1.1樹種引(yin)進單(dan)一，片面追(zhui)求藝(yi)術效果(guo)

目前，許多城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)規劃綠化(hua)建(jian)設主要采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)樹種(zhong)主要是法國梧桐以及香樟，還有部分城(cheng)市(shi)為達到(dao)加強本(ben)地(di)環境藝術效果，片面引進山區(qu)已經長(chang)(chang)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)樹和(he)老樹。由于植(zhi)物物種(zhong)群落的(de)(de)(de)競爭和(he)依存關(guan)系(xi)，植(zhi)物種(zhong)類單一畢會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)不良和(he)蟲害高發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)危害，同時，山區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)樹在運輸途中，由于水分散失氣候不適，將會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)活率低，死亡率高的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。也(ye)會(hui)出現(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)緩慢的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，綠化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態服(fu)務功能(neng)難以展(zhan)現(xian)，城(cheng)市(shi)綠化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)效果達不到(dao)預期目標。

1.2盲目引進外來(lai)物種(zhong)，片面夸大藝術(shu)效果

由于城市(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)傳統觀(guan)念(nian)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，片面追(zhui)求(qiu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)效(xiao)果(guo)成為城市(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)中(zhong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)弊病。很多(duo)的(de)(de)城市(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)景(jing)觀(guan)設(she)(she)計人員不熟(shu)悉(xi)植物特性，片面夸(kua)大(da)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)效(xiao)果(guo)，在城市(shi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)設(she)(she)計中(zhong)，很少采用本地植物，大(da)局采用外來花草，這樣，不僅加重(zhong)(zhong)了城市(shi)景(jing)觀(guan)后(hou)期管理中(zhong)防范外來物種(zhong)入侵的(de)(de)任務量，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)很難彰顯地方特色，破壞了城市(shi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)初衷，城市(shi)景(jing)觀(guan)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo)也(ye)十分遭到破壞。

1.3綠化部件的頻繁設置(zhi)和過度(du)使(shi)用

現階段，經常(chang)(chang)出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市規劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)觀(guan)設計出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題就(jiu)是花(hua)壇草坪(ping)等綠(lv)化部件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)繁設置和(he)過(guo)度(du)使用，要維護(hu)(hu)這些綠(lv)化功能部件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)運作，不(bu)僅要消耗(hao)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資源(yuan)，侵占(zhan)人居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，壓縮正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)休(xiu)閑生活空間，還要在養護(hu)(hu)期(qi)間噴撒(sa)化學藥劑，造成(cheng)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)產生污染。反觀(guan)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)效果(guo)，從環(huan)(huan)境(jing)藝術(shu)設計角度(du)來看，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)繁設計不(bu)符合環(huan)(huan)境(jing)美(mei)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則，對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)設計造成(cheng)了(le)很(hen)壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，具有華而不(bu)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。

2、城(cheng)市規劃的環(huan)境藝術設計的應(ying)對

環境(jing)藝(yi)術設計(ji)應作為城(cheng)市規劃(hua)中景(jing)(jing)觀設計(ji)最為重要的設計(ji)理念，切(qie)實的貫徹到城(cheng)市規劃(hua)的景(jing)(jing)觀設計(ji)中，不僅(jin)滿足城(cheng)市規劃(hua)的景(jing)(jing)觀的功能(neng)性，同(tong)時也應體現城(cheng)市環境(jing)景(jing)(jing)觀的環境(jing)藝(yi)術效果。

2.1環境藝術設(she)計的主要特(te)點

首(shou)先，從(cong)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為特(te)征來看(kan)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)藝術設(she)計(ji)強(qiang)調環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)效(xiao)果(guo)，在這(zhe)種設(she)計(ji)中，對各(ge)種實體(ti)(ti)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)創造是(shi)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但不是(shi)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因為最重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)把(ba)握對整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創造。居住區(qu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)是(shi)由各(ge)種室外建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件、材料及周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠化，景觀(guan)小品等各(ge)種要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)素整(zheng)合構(gou)(gou)(gou)成。一(yi)個(ge)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)設(she)計(ji)，不僅(jin)可以充分體(ti)(ti)現構(gou)(gou)(gou)成環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質，還可以在這(zhe)個(ge)基礎上形(xing)成統一(yi)而完美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)效(xiao)果(guo)。沒有對整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)效(xiao)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制與把(ba)握，再美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)體(ti)(ti)或形(xing)式都只能是(shi)一(yi)些支離破碎(sui)或自相矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部。

其次，環(huan)境(jing)(jing)設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)人文(wen)性特征(zheng)表現在室(shi)外空(kong)(kong)間的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)應(ying)與(yu)使用者的(de)(de)文(wen)化層次、地區(qu)文(wen)化的(de)(de)特征(zheng)相適應(ying)，并(bing)滿足人們物質的(de)(de)、精神的(de)(de)各種(zhong)需求。只有如(ru)此(ci)，才能形(xing)成一個充(chong)滿文(wen)化氛(fen)圍和人性情(qing)趣的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)空(kong)(kong)間。中(zhong)國從南到北自然氣候迥異，各民族(zu)生活方(fang)式各具特色，居住(zhu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)千差萬別，因此(ci)，居住(zhu)區(qu)空(kong)(kong)間環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)人文(wen)性特性非常明顯，它(ta)是(shi)極(ji)其豐富(fu)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)設計(ji)(ji)資源。

最后(hou)，藝術(shu)性(xing)是環境(jing)(jing)設計(ji)的(de)(de)主要(yao)之一，居住區環境(jing)(jing)設計(ji)中的(de)(de)所有(you)內容，都以滿足功能為(wei)基本要(yao)求(qiu)。這里(li)的(de)(de)“功能”包(bao)括“使用功能”和(he)“觀賞(shang)功能”，二者缺(que)一不可。室外(wai)空(kong)間(jian)包(bao)含(han)有(you)形空(kong)間(jian)與無形空(kong)間(jian)兩部分內容。有(you)形空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)藝術(shu)特征(zheng)包(bao)含(han)形體、材(cai)質、色彩、景(jing)觀等(deng)，它的(de)(de)藝術(shu)特征(zheng)一般表現為(wei)建筑環境(jing)(jing)中的(de)(de)對稱(cheng)與均衡、對比與統一、比例與尺度、節奏與韻(yun)律等(deng)。而無形空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)藝術(shu)特征(zheng)是指室外(wai)空(kong)間(jian)給人帶來的(de)(de)流暢、自(zi)然、舒適、協(xie)調(diao)的(de)(de)感受與各種精神(shen)需求(qiu)的(de)(de)滿足。二者的(de)(de)全面(mian)體現才是環境(jing)(jing)設計(ji)中的(de)(de)完(wan)美境(jing)(jing)界。

2.2城(cheng)市(shi)規劃的常用(yong)方法

首先，應充分體現(xian)地(di)域(yu)特(te)(te)點(dian)，此類設計方法主要(yao)特(te)(te)點(dian)，就是要(yao)保(bao)留當地(di)的(de)環(huan)境(jing)特(te)(te)點(dian)和(he)文化特(te)(te)點(dian)，盡可能采用相(xiang)關當地(di)資(zi)源(yuan)進行設計，對場(chang)地(di)中(zhong)需要(yao)的(de)材料(liao)進行循環(huan)利用，減少生產加(jia)工，運(yun)輸施工中(zhong)的(de)材料(liao)消(xiao)耗和(he)廢棄物的(de)產生，達(da)到節省環(huan)境(jing)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。

其次，要進行合(he)理配置，作為反映(ying)環(huan)境中藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)效果的(de)穩(wen)(wen)定性(xing)(xing)、豐富度(du)(du)和均(jun)勻度(du)(du)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要表現(xian)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)設(she)計(ji)的(de)必(bi)要性(xing)(xing)也體現(xian)出(chu)來。由此(ci)，在城(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)的(de)設(she)計(ji)中，合(he)理的(de)增(zeng)加多(duo)物種組成的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)環(huan)境藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)設(she)計(ji)，可(ke)以使建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)具有更大的(de)穩(wen)(wen)定性(xing)(xing)，可(ke)以更有效的(de)利用(yong)經濟文(wen)(wen)化資源，對保(bao)持景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)的(de)地域特(te)性(xing)(xing)，文(wen)(wen)化特(te)質多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)和環(huan)境藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)具有極(ji)為重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)環(huan)境意義。

篇9

關(guan)鍵詞:山地城鎮;步(bu)行交(jiao)通;車行交(jiao)通

前言

汽車時代帶來的(de)(de)點到點的(de)(de)便(bian)捷(jie)體(ti)驗使得人們越(yue)來越(yue)熱衷于車行交通(tong)(tong)建設(she)，大(da)馬路(lu)、高架橋成為了城(cheng)市的(de)(de)象(xiang)征，以(yi)步行交通(tong)(tong)為主的(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)城(cheng)鎮也難逃(tao)汽車大(da)浪(lang)的(de)(de)侵(qin)蝕。然而(er)由于山(shan)地(di)(di)城(cheng)鎮受地(di)(di)形影響較大(da)，居民出行并沒有因為車行交通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)增加而(er)變得方便(bian)快(kuai)捷(jie)。因此需(xu)要對山(shan)地(di)(di)城(cheng)鎮的(de)(de)步行交通(tong)(tong)和(he)車行交通(tong)(tong)進行博弈分析，提高整體(ti)的(de)(de)運(yun)行效率，促進山(shan)地(di)(di)城(cheng)鎮步行交通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)可(ke)持續(xu)發展。

1．山地城鎮步行交(jiao)通建設的(de)必要性

山地城鎮地形(xing)復雜(za)，坡(po)度大，非(fei)機動車(che)(che)出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)很少，出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)以步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通和汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)交(jiao)通為(wei)主。由于(yu)山地城鎮車(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通路網(wang)結構(gou)先天不足，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)系統作(zuo)結構(gou)性的(de)補(bu)充，跨城區遠距離(li)的(de)出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)多采用車(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，而(er)城區內步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)所(suo)占比例(li)較大。對出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)式的(de)調查顯(xian)示，居民出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)式結構(gou)為(wei):公共交(jiao)通27.1%，輔助(zhu)交(jiao)通0.53%，出(chu)租汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)4.38%，小汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)4.73%，其它0.59%，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)62.67%。與(yu)國內其它平(ping)原城市比較，明顯(xian)看出(chu)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通是山地城鎮最主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)出(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)式。因此，對于(yu)山地城鎮交(jiao)通發展而(er)言步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通意義重(zhong)(zhong)大。然而(er)在城市交(jiao)通建設中盲目的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)車(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)輕步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，不僅減少了步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者的(de)活動空間，還使步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)環境日益惡化(hua)。因此，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通與(yu)車(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通孰重(zhong)(zhong)孰輕還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)從山地生(sheng)態發展的(de)大背景(jing)中來考量。

2．山(shan)地城(cheng)鎮步行交通存在的問(wen)題

2．1缺乏對步行(xing)交(jiao)通的管理(li)保(bao)護，車行(xing)擠壓步行(xing)空間

步行(xing)交通(tong)管理(li)滯后，缺(que)乏(fa)行(xing)人(ren)優先的(de)(de)思想，利(li)用(yong)人(ren)行(xing)道(dao)(dao)占道(dao)(dao)經營、違章設(she)置廣告牌或停放交通(tong)工具等(deng)現象頻出(chu)。由于山(shan)地(di)城(cheng)鎮道(dao)(dao)路受(shou)(shou)到地(di)形(xing)限制，其建(jian)設(she)難度大(da)、路幅也較一般(ban)平原城(cheng)市窄(zhai)。隨著機(ji)動車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)日益增(zeng)長，加之(zhi)以上的(de)(de)各種(zhong)管理(li)缺(que)陷，在用(yong)地(di)緊張地(di)段，人(ren)行(xing)空間(jian)被車(che)(che)(che)道(dao)(dao)、停車(che)(che)(che)位擠(ji)壓或侵占，步行(xing)者(zhe)被迫進(jin)入車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)道(dao)(dao)，不僅加重(zhong)了坡道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)路況復雜(za)度，也使行(xing)人(ren)的(de)(de)安(an)全受(shou)(shou)到威脅。

2．2步行設施(shi)系統性差(cha)

當下(xia)修(xiu)建(jian)天(tian)橋或者地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)通道僅(jin)僅(jin)為了解決(jue)人流擁擠問題，減少(shao)人流與車流的相互干擾。也僅(jin)存于交通復雜的局部地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，并沒有考慮和步(bu)行設施(shi)、城市建(jian)筑、人車轉(zhuan)換地(di)(di)(di)等(deng)形成有效地(di)(di)(di)聯系、構成系統的山地(di)(di)(di)步(bu)行體系，影響了其在山地(di)(di)(di)城市中效應的發(fa)揮。

2．3步行空間缺乏活(huo)力

一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)為了適應汽車(che)速度帶(dai)來的(de)視覺沖擊力(li)，道(dao)(dao)路周邊環境、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)體量(liang)、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)細節等都(dou)被迫(po)放大，使人們在(zai)步(bu)行中失(shi)去了感知的(de)媒介、減少了步(bu)行的(de)樂趣。另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)由(you)于車(che)行交通(tong)受坡(po)度等因素的(de)限制在(zai)道(dao)(dao)路建(jian)(jian)設中拉長了點(dian)與點(dian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)距離，提高(gao)了步(bu)行出(chu)行的(de)難度，街道(dao)(dao)中的(de)行人大大減少，功能單(dan)一(yi)(yi)的(de)步(bu)行空間(jian)(jian)失(shi)去了傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)步(bu)行小路中豐富(fu)的(de)交往活動與活力(li)。

3．正確認識步(bu)行交通與車行交通

3．1人(ren)車關系的(de)歷史演變(bian)

在(zai)汽車(che)成為主流交通工具之前(qian)，大多(duo)數(shu)城市(shi)采(cai)用人(ren)車(che)混行(xing)(xing)(xing)組織方式(shi)，當時機動車(che)在(zai)速度(du)與數(shu)量上十分有(you)限，街(jie)道空(kong)間由多(duo)種交通工具與行(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)共享。然而隨(sui)著機動化(hua)飛(fei)速發展(zhan)，街(jie)道空(kong)間開始冷漠和衰退，城市(shi)也喪(sang)失了原有(you)的人(ren)文(wen)風貌(mao)。在(zai)經歷(li)人(ren)車(che)時期后(hou)，人(ren)們逐漸(jian)意識到現(xian)代城市(shi)既(ji)需要走(zou)人(ren)車(che)和諧之路，步行(xing)(xing)(xing)和車(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)需要平等共存，減少(shao)沖突(tu)。這種回歸不是(shi)簡單意義上的逆轉，它是(shi)現(xian)代物質文(wen)明和人(ren)本思想(xiang)在(zai)城市(shi)交通建設中碰(peng)撞的結果，是(shi)融合了機動化(hua)的步行(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)。

3．2山地步行交(jiao)通(tong)與車行交(jiao)通(tong)的關系

山地(di)環境下(xia)步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾集中(zhong)體現在(zai)(zai)兩個(ge)方面:空(kong)(kong)間(jian)爭(zheng)奪(duo)(duo)和速(su)(su)度差(cha)異(yi)。空(kong)(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭(zheng)奪(duo)(duo)實(shi)質(zhi)是爭(zheng)奪(duo)(duo)可利用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)資源，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)不(bu)可能(neng)無限擴(kuo)張，尤其(qi)是山地(di)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)，可建(jian)(jian)設用地(di)有(you)限。傳統被(bei)動疏解(jie)車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式必(bi)然會造成車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)路擠占(zhan)步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)。速(su)(su)度差(cha)異(yi)表現為沿街(jie)景觀(guan)為適(shi)應車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)速(su)(su)度而在(zai)(zai)細節尺度等方面被(bei)放大。強視(shi)覺沖擊力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大廣告、簡潔(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)界面、高大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)體量成為城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要特(te)點(dian)，造成宜人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)不(bu)斷受到(dao)侵(qin)害(hai)，街(jie)道(dao)生(sheng)活逐(zhu)漸喪(sang)失活力(li)。此外，為了更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發揮汽車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效率，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)功能(neng)區(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)由高效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路系統聯系，人(ren)們(men)無法步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)到(dao)達。總之(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)人(ren)車(che)(che)(che)速(su)(su)度差(cha)異(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)，山地(di)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)和規模相差(cha)甚遠，步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)逐(zhu)漸被(bei)忽(hu)視(shi)。雖(sui)然車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對(dui)步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)一(yi)定影響，但完全脫離(li)機動車(che)(che)(che)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)化必(bi)然走向失敗(bai)。因此，步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)設不(bu)能(neng)脫離(li)車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐(cheng)，步行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終極目標(biao)不(bu)是取代車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，而是改變生(sheng)活環境，恢復人(ren)車(che)(che)(che)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種嘗試(shi)。

4．山地城鎮步行交通與車行交通和諧發(fa)展(zhan)措施

4．1運用城(cheng)市設計理(li)論強化立體步行交通體系(xi)

城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)計主要(yao)與(yu)人實際感知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間形(xing)(xing)(xing)態和活動相(xiang)關，注重(zhong)結合城(cheng)(cheng)市環境營造(zao)個性化(hua)(hua)特色化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間形(xing)(xing)(xing)態。立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)間彰顯(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)。結合山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景環境，運用(yong)城(cheng)(cheng)市設(she)計理論(lun)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控制(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)空(kong)間，把握立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系統整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)構架，創造(zao)人們接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)功(gong)能立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)空(kong)間，提(ti)高(gao)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)利(li)用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)。(1)結合地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)設(she)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)雖然給步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局和設(she)計帶來(lai)了困難(nan)，但(dan)賦予(yu)了山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)以(yi)獨特性，為步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)道創造(zao)豐(feng)富(fu)多(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)空(kong)間提(ti)供了有利(li)條件。同時，步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)由(you)于適(shi)應性較高(gao)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)適(shi)應不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)條件，且對地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)改造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求較小，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)依照(zhao)(zhao)原有地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)條件，按照(zhao)(zhao)依山(shan)(shan)(shan)就(jiu)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)設(she)，通(tong)(tong)過地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)差創造(zao)出獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系，在垂直空(kong)間上實現(xian)人車共存。(2)系統化(hua)(hua)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系與(yu)平原城(cheng)(cheng)市相(xiang)比，山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)適(shi)宜建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)少(shao)，通(tong)(tong)過開發(fa)和利(li)用(yong)豎向空(kong)間，建(jian)設(she)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系統，來(lai)解(jie)決(jue)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面空(kong)間資源(yuan)短(duan)缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，適(shi)應城(cheng)(cheng)市發(fa)展需求。山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)較多(duo)數呈多(duo)中心結構布局，同時中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚集(ji)度較高(gao)，在中心區或者人流(liu)聚集(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)用(yong)架空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)道直接(jie)連通(tong)(tong)商業、辦公(gong)、餐飲、醫院、娛樂和學校等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)出入口，通(tong)(tong)過架空(kong)人行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)道將散布于各處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單一(yi)功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過街天(tian)橋串聯成一(yi)個有機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成系統化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系。這樣(yang)，不(bu)僅(jin)有效(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)疏導(dao)了人流(liu)，又(you)使(shi)人群不(bu)必(bi)跨越繁(fan)忙(mang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市街道就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)直接(jie)進入樓層，同時也能使(shi)人們從心理上接(jie)受人行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)天(tian)橋。完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)步(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系既能方(fang)(fang)便(bian)市民出行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，保證城(cheng)(cheng)市交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全順暢(chang)，有效(xiao)減少(shao)人車沖突，又(you)能降(jiang)低對車行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴，提(ti)高(gao)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)利(li)用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)。

4．2運用視覺原理融合界面

步(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)和(he)車中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)由(you)于(yu)速度(du)和(he)距離(li)差異，所觀察(cha)到(dao)兩側的(de)(de)(de)(de)層(ceng)面不(bu)同(tong)，步(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)注意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)度(du)界(jie)面，車行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)觀察(cha)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)度(du)甚(shen)至是(shi)(shi)大尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)度(du)界(jie)面。距離(li)步(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)最近的(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)面需要細(xi)(xi)膩的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)度(du)，可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過墻面材質、細(xi)(xi)節造(zao)型設計、豐富(fu)協(xie)調的(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩等要素處理(li)，結合人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)道空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠化小(xiao)品和(he)精(jing)美鋪地(di)(di)等構造(zao)細(xi)(xi)膩親切的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)度(du)空(kong)間。距離(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)較(jiao)遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)面可(ke)采用相對(dui)(dui)簡(jian)潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)度(du)或非常(chang)簡(jian)潔的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)度(du)，細(xi)(xi)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材質很難辨認。通(tong)過沿(yan)街界(jie)面分級處理(li)，滿足(zu)不(bu)同(tong)距離(li)和(he)不(bu)同(tong)速度(du)觀賞者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視(shi)覺感知，創造(zao)富(fu)有活(huo)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)步(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)間，吸引步(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇。山地(di)(di)城鎮(zhen)范(fan)圍內地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)高低錯落(luo)、轉折(zhe)有序(xu)，利(li)用視(shi)覺原理(li)與(yu)地(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)相結合在坡道、邊(bian)坡、峰坎等處通(tong)過對(dui)(dui)建筑及周邊(bian)地(di)(di)物地(di)(di)貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)節處理(li)，打造(zao)宜(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)間，轉移行(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疲勞注意(yi)(yi)力，增加步(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)樂趣(qu)。

4．3強(qiang)化規劃師的責(ze)任，加強(qiang)交(jiao)通管理與監督(du)

對于山地城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市建設，規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)師要(yao)首先確立人(ren)車和(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)設計理念，要(yao)充分意(yi)識到(dao)步行交(jiao)通對山地城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮在綠色(se)出行、安(an)全出行、提(ti)高土地利用(yong)效率(lv)、增加室外(wai)交(jiao)往空間等(deng)方面上的(de)(de)(de)積極意(yi)義，以(yi)此為(wei)(wei)核(he)心探求人(ren)車和(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)山地城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮交(jiao)通設計方法(fa)。當前社會下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)多表現為(wei)(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)政府行為(wei)(wei)，領導的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)很(hen)大(da)(da)。鼓勵(li)公眾參與(yu)到(dao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)交(jiao)通管理工作中來(lai)，深層次參與(yu)政府交(jiao)通管理決策，加大(da)(da)對交(jiao)通違法(fa)懲治力度，確保人(ren)車有序互動(dong)，這一(yi)點(dian)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市功能集聚(ju)度較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)山地城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮中將會發(fa)揮更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。

5小結

步(bu)行交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與車(che)行交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)之(zhi)間(jian)一種相互依(yi)存、相互促進的(de)(de)互動關系(xi)(xi)，二者(zhe)通(tong)(tong)過一系(xi)(xi)列的(de)(de)循環反(fan)饋過程，將有(you)可(ke)能達到一種“互補共生”的(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)平衡狀態。當(dang)代城市(shi)生活(huo)不(bu)可(ke)能倒退(tui)回(hui)傳統的(de)(de)步(bu)行時代，雖(sui)然山(shan)地(di)地(di)形地(di)貌(mao)對便(bian)捷的(de)(de)車(che)行交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)帶來一定(ding)的(de)(de)建(jian)設復(fu)雜度，但獨特的(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)地(di)形地(di)貌(mao)卻為步(bu)行交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)發展創造(zao)了得(de)天(tian)獨厚(hou)的(de)(de)自然優勢，在土(tu)地(di)資源有(you)限的(de)(de)條件(jian)下，如何對步(bu)行交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)和車(che)行交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)進行整合，不(bu)僅能夠解決人車(che)沖突(tu)的(de)(de)問題，提高街道(dao)的(de)(de)活(huo)力(li)，還能提高山(shan)地(di)城鎮土(tu)地(di)利(li)用效率，對山(shan)地(di)城鎮可(ke)持續(xu)發展具有(you)很強的(de)(de)理(li)論和現實意義。

參考文獻:

［1］閆雪．人車和諧的(de)街道空(kong)間(jian)設(she)計［D］．湖南大學(xue)碩士學(xue)位論文，2010

［2］雷誠，范凌云．生態和諧(xie)視(shi)角下的山(shan)地步行交通(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)及指(zhi)引雷誠．2008城市發展與規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)國際論壇論文集:73－80

［3］王(wang)紀武．山地城市步(bu)行系統建設的集約觀［J］．2003年第(di)8期第(di)19卷(juan):79－82

［4］孫靚．城(cheng)市步行化———城(cheng)市設計(ji)策略(lve)研究(jiu)［M］．南(nan)京:東(dong)南(nan)大學出版(ban)社，2012

篇10

【關鍵(jian)詞】城市規劃；建筑設計(ji)；高層(ceng)建筑；個性

Abstract In recent years, high-rise buildings in the economic development of the wave is quietly changing our lives and the surrounding cities. The structure of high-rise buildings are emerging not only enrich the content of urban development, is to become the representative of the development of urban modernization. The structure of high-rise buildings are emerging not only for people living with more work and rest space, bring more green space for urban construction, rich urban modernization planning. However, in the current social development, we continue to pursue beautiful, personalized on the basis of urban development, there are also many discordant issues. The role of urban planning and architectural design analysis, and the harmonious integration of design and planning measures for staff.

Key words urban planning; architectural design; rise buildings; personality

中圖分類(lei)號(hao)：F123.6 文獻(xian)標識碼：A文章(zhang)編號(hao)：2095-2104（2013）

高層建筑(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)(ji)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)和諧發(fa)展已成為社(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)展中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)話題(ti)，也(ye)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化建設中(zhong)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個嚴峻(jun)考驗。在(zai)當(dang)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)展中(zhong)，我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施效果與(yu)預計(ji)(ji)目標之間還存(cun)(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異，這種(zhong)差(cha)(cha)異主要(yao)表現在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化發(fa)展與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃之間存(cun)(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)脫節現象。這種(zhong)現象的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現與(yu)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)建筑(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量問(wen)題(ti)，作(zuo)為相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化管理基礎，其在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)也(ye)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷與(yu)質(zhi)量問(wen)題(ti)。因此(ci)就(jiu)需要(yao)我們(men)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)進行深入系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)結與(yu)完善(shan)，確保工(gong)(gong)程工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)各(ge)種(zhong)質(zhi)量問(wen)題(ti)都能夠得到有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)預防與(yu)控制。

一、城市(shi)規(gui)劃與建筑設計概述(shu)

1、城市規劃概念

在(zai)目(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)保障城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)健康持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵。目(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)，規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)主要(yao)是通(tong)過(guo)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)國家規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范等(deng)硬性指標(biao)來(lai)確(que)定(ding)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)現(xian)代化建(jian)設(she)與(yu)社會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)能夠協調、配合(he)進(jin)行。這樣的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)要(yao)求(qiu)對于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方向(xiang)和實現(xian)預計城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)有著良好的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用與(yu)意義(yi)。在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)在(zai)于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、概括和管理城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)所產(chan)生(sheng)和相(xiang)對應的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，從工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)實施(shi)結果來(lai)完善和管理城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)現(xian)代化質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)。而(er)在(zai)目(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，其規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)前(qian)(qian)景緊密相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)，對于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)也有著密切的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)，一旦城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)不科學、不合(he)理，那么其極容易造成(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)偏(pian)低，使得(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)管理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)和城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)受阻。

2、建筑設計

隨著生產力的(de)(de)不斷(duan)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)(ji)活動(dong)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)澎湃(pai)，城(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)事業逐步朝著高(gao)(gao)層化發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。這種發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)趨(qu)勢(shi)和(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)方向對于緩解城(cheng)市(shi)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)面(mian)(mian)臨的(de)(de)緊張局面(mian)(mian)十分有效。當(dang)然，在這種建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)趨(qu)勢(shi)下(xia)，就需要(yao)我們在工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)全面(mian)(mian)系統的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)結(jie)與(yu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，從而確保工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)順(shun)利(li)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。就當(dang)前(qian)(qian)社會(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而言(yan)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)可(ke)以說(shuo)(shuo)是地產開發這會(hui)兒追(zhui)求(qiu)更(geng)(geng)大經濟(ji)(ji)利(li)益和(he)(he)更(geng)(geng)高(gao)(gao)利(li)潤空間的(de)(de)主要(yao)手段。也(ye)可(ke)以說(shuo)(shuo)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)是經濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)必然產物，是社會(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)必然結(jie)果。總(zong)(zong)體而言(yan)，在目前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，我們首先要(yao)根據施工(gong)(gong)成本、施工(gong)(gong)條件以及實際情況來進(jin)行(xing)總(zong)(zong)結(jie)與(yu)統計(ji)(ji)，根據施工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)存在的(de)(de)各種問題進(jin)行(xing)深入全面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)處理，確保工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)(he)施工(gong)(gong)效益的(de)(de)順(shun)利(li)進(jin)行(xing)；其次，我們還需要(yao)對于當(dang)前(qian)(qian)城(cheng)市(shi)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)水平分析，使得建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構從功能(neng)上能(neng)夠滿(man)足人們的(de)(de)個性(xing)化追(zhui)求(qiu)和(he)(he)生活要(yao)求(qiu)。

二、城市規劃設計的必要性

我國擁有(you)著(zhu)長達五千年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)，因此在城(cheng)(cheng)市規(gui)劃(hua)與建(jian)筑設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中具(ju)備著(zhu)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史積淀。在近年來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市規(gui)劃(hua)中，伴(ban)隨著(zhu)西方(fang)先進(jin)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷引(yin)進(jin)，我國人們不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)法與傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑結(jie)構模(mo)(mo)式合為一體，形(xing)成了一種(zhong)具(ju)備著(zhu)傳(chuan)統文(wen)化(hua)底蘊且能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)滿(man)足現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)人們生活需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)綜合性設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)模(mo)(mo)式。但(dan)是(shi)在新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會經濟條件下，由于城(cheng)(cheng)市功(gong)能(neng)(neng)、城(cheng)(cheng)市能(neng)(neng)源以及相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資源都發生了一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)，這就需要我們在規(gui)劃(hua)與設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)工作中從時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)特征(zheng)著(zhu)手分析，確保建(jian)筑結(jie)構與城(cheng)(cheng)市化(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)體現出時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)特征(zheng)和(he)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)思想。

在(zai)現代(dai)化(hua)社會(hui)發(fa)展中(zhong)(zhong)，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于引導和管理城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)建設(she)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，使得城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)建設(she)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)滿足(zu)節約型(xing)社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，并且能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)將工程施工中(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節地(di)、節水要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)進行嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)，從而將其合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)置放(fang)在(zai)各(ge)(ge)個(ge)管理環(huan)節當中(zhong)(zhong)，進而做到落實土地(di)管理制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式。在(zai)現代(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃與設(she)計(ji)(ji)工作中(zhong)(zhong)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)特點主要(yao)(yao)在(zai)于綜合(he)(he)性要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。可(ke)以說城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建設(she)與科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃是不可(ke)分割的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)整體。在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)，我們(men)要(yao)(yao)將社會(hui)、經濟、文化(hua)、環(huan)境、藝(yi)術等多個(ge)要(yao)(yao)素綜合(he)(he)起來，融合(he)(he)形成一(yi)個(ge)相互依賴。相互依存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。只有我們(men)在(zai)工作中(zhong)(zhong)將各(ge)(ge)個(ge)因素做到合(he)(he)理有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)保證在(zai)工程建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)形成全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。

三、城市規劃與(yu)設計的關系

1、規劃與設(she)計相互制約(yue)

1．1多(duo)選擇(ze)性的(de)強制(zhi)性指標組(zu)合

在(zai)目(mu)前我(wo)國社會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)中，多數發(fa)達地(di)(di)區都(dou)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)取得了(le)較為輝煌(huang)的(de)(de)設計經(jing)驗。一般(ban)來說，在(zai)這些城(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設中，城(cheng)市(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)形成了(le)一套或者幾(ji)套不同的(de)(de)控制(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)和控制(zhi)組合，使得工程管(guan)理工作中形成了(le)一種可以制(zhi)定和預防的(de)(de)建(jian)設用地(di)(di)，這種用地(di)(di)的(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)與(yu)統計對于(yu)建(jian)筑事(shi)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)有著良好的(de)(de)促進(jin)作用。

1．2可(ke)行性建筑方案論證規劃指(zhi)標

同時，在(zai)(zai)目(mu)(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)，我們可以通過對(dui)各種可行(xing)性建筑方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)來改進(jin)方(fang)(fang)案(an)論證工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)合理性要(yao)求，這對(dui)于促進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設計(ji)十(shi)分有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。不過在(zai)(zai)目(mu)(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)，該手(shou)段(duan)和方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)對(dui)于相(xiang)關計(ji)劃和規(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)完善十(shi)分有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。且(qie)在(zai)(zai)應用中(zhong)還(huan)需(xu)要(yao)我們進(jin)一步的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)申，編(bian)制(zhi)出科學、全面的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)重點和設計(ji)要(yao)點，這種設計(ji)要(yao)點的(de)(de)(de)采取對(dui)于可行(xing)性建筑方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)十(shi)分有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。

1．3加強(qiang)規(gui)劃各階段的城市設計工作

就那目前我們在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)常見的(de)(de)(de)城市規(gui)劃(hua)與設計工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)而(er)言，每(mei)個(ge)(ge)城市在(zai)設計中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)存在(zai)著自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)獨特(te)(te)性和(he)特(te)(te)殊性，因此(ci)在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)我們可以將其深(shen)化(hua)到城市規(gui)劃(hua)與設計的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)角落，使得(de)(de)各(ge)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)力(li)度和(he)要(yao)求都(dou)(dou)能夠提(ti)供了全面系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)要(yao)求。城市設計運用綜合的(de)(de)(de)設計手(shou)段和(he)方(fang)法，可更(geng)(geng)為(wei)具體，形象(xiang)地處理城市空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)物質形態關(guan)系(xi)，使城市各(ge)組成(cheng)要(yao)素，各(ge)地區之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相互宅間(jian)關(guan)系(xi)更(geng)(geng)加完善，使得(de)(de)抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)城市規(gui)劃(hua)指標變具體，并(bing)具有操作(zuo)(zuo)性。借助城市設計這(zhe)一“橋(qiao)梁”，城市中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)建筑在(zai)空間(jian)和(he)功能上更(geng)(geng)好(hao)地反應城市規(gui)劃(hua)意(yi)圖。

2、完善建筑設計方案評審制度

建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計是(shi)科學(xue)與藝術，邏(luo)輯(ji)思維(wei)與形象(xiang)思維(wei)相結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造性勞(lao)動，由于其(qi)決(jue)策(ce)及評價標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合性，必須(xu)采取綜合管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式才能協調(diao)好(hao)(hao)各方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，更加(jia)充分地體現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)意識。建(jian)筑(zhu)除了(le)(le)本(ben)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功用外，也(ye)被譽為凝固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術。重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)是(shi)一(yi)一(yi)個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征．它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)(hao)壞對(dui)一(yi)個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)影響也(ye)是(shi)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。建(jian)立建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計方(fang)(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)家評審制度(du)，即(ji)組織一(yi)些專(zhuan)家對(dui)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計方(fang)(fang)案進行評審是(shi)十分必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)是(shi)對(dui)建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計方(fang)(fang)案奉身(shen)進行評審；二是(shi)看建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)(she)計方(fang)(fang)案是(shi)否符合城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，看它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計思想是(shi)否體現了(le)(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意識。從專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)集思廣(guang)益(yi)，只有這樣才能選出(chu)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作品，提高管理者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)策(ce)水(shui)平，把握正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值取向(xiang)。然而，目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)評審的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果并不佳。