城市軌道交通工程范文
時間:2024-05-22 17:27:54
導語:如(ru)何(he)才能寫好一篇城市(shi)軌道交通工(gong)程,這(zhe)就需要搜(sou)集整(zheng)理更多的資料(liao)和文(wen)獻,歡迎閱讀由公(gong)務(wu)員之家整(zheng)理的十篇范文(wen),供你借鑒。
篇1
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市快速軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系統(tong)(地下鐵道、輕軌(gui)等)是(shi)屬于集多(duo)(duo)工種(zhong)、多(duo)(duo)專業(ye)于一身的(de)(de)復雜系統(tong)。近百(bai)年來(lai)世界上許多(duo)(duo)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)經驗告(gao)訴我們,只有(you)采用(yong)快速軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系統(tong)作為(wei)公共交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)骨干網絡(luo),才能有(you)效(xiao)地解決(jue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)問題。在過(guo)去的(de)(de)100多(duo)(duo)年中,從單一的(de)(de)線路(lu)布置,發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到采用(yong)先進技術(shu)組成的(de)(de)復雜而通(tong)(tong)暢的(de)(de)軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)網絡(luo),為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)建設引入(ru)了立(li)體(ti)布局的(de)(de)概念,給城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)供了條件。
自改革開放以來,我國的經濟增長和城市化水平都有了迅速發展,很多大城市為了改善城市交通的困境,都紛紛在策劃并修建大、中運量的地鐵或輕軌交通項目。論文百事通我國大陸現有北京、上海、廣州、天津等城市的軌道交通系統投入運營,共計約250余km。正在建設城市軌道交通的(de)城市(shi)有(you)北京、上海、廣州、天津、南京、深圳(zhen)、大連、武漢(han)、重慶、長春(chun)等,共計約300余(yu)km。沈陽、成都、杭州、蘇州、西安、哈(ha)爾(er)濱等也在(zai)積極(ji)籌備建(jian)設(she)城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通。全國各城市(shi)的(de)軌道交(jiao)通線網規劃已達(da)數(shu)千(qian)km。
1.1城市軌道交通工程的特點
1.1.1城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通提供了(le)大容量運(yun)輸服務的方(fang)式
城市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)提供了資源集(ji)約利用、環保(bao)舒適、安全快捷的(de)大(da)容量運輸(shu)服務方式(shi),它與城市(shi)(shi)其他交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)具互不干擾,具有強大(da)的(de)運輸(shu)能(neng)力、較高的(de)服務水平、顯著的(de)資源環境(jing)效益,是解決(jue)特大(da)型城市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通(tong)問(wen)題和可持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展的(de)根本(ben)出路。
1.1.2城市軌道(dao)交通是巨(ju)大的綜合性復(fu)雜(za)系統
①建(jian)(jian)設規模大。一(yi)個城市的軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通線網(wang)一(yi)般有百(bai)余千(qian)米(mi)(mi)至數百(bai)千(qian)米(mi)(mi);②技術要求(qiu)高。幾乎(hu)涉及到現代土木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、機電(dian)設備工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的所用高新技術領域;③項目投資大。每千(qian)米(mi)(mi)造價達3-4億元人(ren)民幣;④建(jian)(jian)設周(zhou)期長。單線建(jian)(jian)設周(zhou)期要4-5年,線網(wang)建(jian)(jian)設一(yi)般要30-50年;參(can)與單位多(duo),有成百(bai)上千(qian)家;⑤信息(xi)海量。建(jian)(jian)設、運營(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)中所產生的信息(xi)量很大,處理工(gong)(gong)作非常繁(fan)重;⑥系統(tong)復雜。要考(kao)慮(lv)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通與其它交(jiao)(jiao)通方式、城市發(fa)展(zhan)的關系,考(kao)慮(lv)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通線網(wang)布局(ju)、建(jian)(jian)設次序、資源共(gong)享的關系,考(kao)慮(lv)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)策(ce)劃、建(jian)(jian)設、運營(ying)、資源利用的關系等。
1.1.3城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通工程管理難度大
對項(xiang)(xiang)目業主來說,城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目管理(li)(li)涉及(ji)到(dao)的(de)管理(li)(li)單(dan)元(要素)繁(fan)雜,包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)項(xiang)(xiang)目組成的(de)各(ge)種資源(yuan)(人、財、物、信息),包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)各(ge)種組織形(xing)態(單(dan)元、部門、單(dan)位),包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)各(ge)種技術(設計(ji)、施工(gong)、制造(zao)、運營)等。
1.2城市(shi)軌道交通(tong)工程管理(li)的特(te)點(dian)
上述(shu)特點決定(ding)了城市(shi)軌道(dao)交通(tong)工程(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)基(ji)于復(fu)雜系(xi)統的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。理(li)(li)論(lun)和(he)實(shi)踐(jian)證明,基(ji)于復(fu)雜系(xi)統的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)必(bi)須考(kao)慮集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。我們將集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)內涵描述(shu)為(wei):集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)將兩(liang)個或(huo)兩(liang)個以(yi)(yi)上的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)單(dan)元(要(yao)素)集(ji)(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)一個有機整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti))的(de)行為(wei)和(he)過(guo)程(cheng),所(suo)(suo)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)有機整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti))不是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)單(dan)元(要(yao)素)之間的(de)簡單(dan)疊加(jia),而是(shi)(shi)按(an)照一定(ding)的(de)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)模(mo)式進行的(de)再構造和(he)再組(zu)合,其目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)在于更大程(cheng)度(du)地提高集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti)的(de)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)功能(neng)。從本(ben)質上講,集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)強調集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)的(de)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)優化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、功能(neng)倍(bei)增性(xing)(xing)(xing)、共同(tong)進化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、相互協同(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、結構層次性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)。集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)效應最終體(ti)(ti)現在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)活動的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟效果上,主要(yao)包(bao)括聚(ju)集(ji)(ji)(ji)經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)、規(gui)模(mo)經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)、范圍經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)、速度(du)經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)、網絡經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)。同(tong)樣,基(ji)于復(fu)雜系(xi)統的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)必(bi)須面向全壽(shou)命周期。項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)全壽(shou)命周期是(shi)(shi)指項目(mu)(mu)(mu)從開(kai)始到(dao)結束所(suo)(suo)經(jing)(jing)歷的(de)各個階段(duan)全過(guo)程(cheng)。工程(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)整(zheng)個壽(shou)命周期作為(wei)一個完整(zheng)過(guo)程(cheng),相互之間的(de)影響、作用(yong)和(he)制約成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)一體(ti)(ti),必(bi)須加(jia)以(yi)(yi)全面考(kao)慮。
因此,城市軌道(dao)交通工程管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)特(te)點就是必須考慮全壽命(ming)周期(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理,應該面(mian)向項(xiang)目涉及到的(de)各種管(guan)(guan)(guan)理單元(yuan)(要素),包括項(xiang)目資(zi)源、組織(zhi)、技術等(deng),按照一定(ding)的(de)集(ji)成(cheng)模式進行整合,考慮項(xiang)目的(de)全過程、全方位、全系(xi)統(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理,提(ti)高項(xiang)目的(de)整體功能和管(guan)(guan)(guan)理效(xiao)應。
2城市軌道交通工程全壽命周期集成(cheng)化管理的必要(yao)性
2.1工程項(xiang)目的全壽命周(zhou)期管理
一個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)命周(zhou)期管(guan)理(li)(li)涉及到項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)方位(wei)(wei)(wei)、全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)系(xi)(xi)統,根(gen)據各參與(yu)方在整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中管(guan)理(li)(li)內容(rong)(rong)和重點的不(bu)同(tong),一般分為兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)理(li)(li)層次(ci)。第(di)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)層次(ci)是(shi)(shi)業(ye)主(zhu)方項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li),它(ta)是(shi)(shi)業(ye)主(zhu)對項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)設、運營(ying)(ying)進(jin)(jin)行的綜合性管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),貫穿項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)始終(zhong)(zhong),涵蓋項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)部,管(guan)理(li)(li)的內容(rong)(rong)從項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)立(li)項(xiang)(xiang)到項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)終(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)的全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng),包括項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)策劃,項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)設投資控(kong)制、進(jin)(jin)度控(kong)制、質量(liang)控(kong)制、合同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li),項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)投產運營(ying)(ying),在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)的整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)(ge)系(xi)(xi)統中,業(ye)主(zhu)方項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)始終(zhong)(zhong)處在核心位(wei)(wei)(wei)置。第(di)二層次(ci)是(shi)(shi)實施方項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li),它(ta)是(shi)(shi)受業(ye)主(zhu)委托的設計單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、供應單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、運營(ying)(ying)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)實施項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中標(biao)簽約的那(nei)一部分工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)內容(rong)(rong),所(suo)以,他們屬于對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的局部管(guan)理(li)(li)。本(ben)文所(suo)述(shu)的城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)命周(zhou)期集成化管(guan)理(li)(li)特指業(ye)主(zhu)方項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)。
2.2城市軌道交通(tong)工(gong)程的全壽命周(zhou)期及其集成化管理
城市(shi)軌道(dao)交通工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)壽命周(zhou)期是將一個(ge)城市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道(dao)交通工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)作為(wei)整體來(lai)考(kao)慮,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)從開始到結(jie)束所經(jing)歷(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng),它可定(ding)義為(wei)對整個(ge)線網(wang)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)慮,也可定(ding)義為(wei)對一條線路的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)慮。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)包括:項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)階(jie)段(duan)(可行性研(yan)究(jiu)、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)定(ding)義等),項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)實施(shi)階(jie)段(duan)(設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)和竣工(gong)(gong)驗收),運(yun)營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)理階(jie)段(duan)(運(yun)營(ying)(ying)準備(bei)、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)使用)。建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值是通過建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)實現的(de)(de)(de)(de),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)全(quan)(quan)壽命周(zhou)期集(ji)成(cheng)化管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想是要求(qiu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)面向運(yun)營(ying)(ying),要求(qiu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)和運(yun)營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源、組(zu)織、技術、過程(cheng)一體化,即在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)和建(jian)(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)中充分(fen)考(kao)慮運(yun)營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況,通過工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)等環節的(de)(de)(de)(de)充分(fen)結(jie)合,使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)面向運(yun)營(ying)(ying)最終(zhong)功(gong)能,創造最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益、社會效益和資源環境效益。
2.3我國城市(shi)軌道交通工(gong)程現行的(de)(de)管(guan)理模式(shi)及其存在的(de)(de)問題
我國城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理大(da)致有以(yi)(yi)下2種模式。一(yi)(yi)是投(tou)資(zi)(zi)、建(jian)(jian)設、運(yun)營(ying)、監(jian)管(guan)(guan)“四分開”管(guan)(guan)理模式,即投(tou)資(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)政府控(kong)股公(gong)司為(wei)主,建(jian)(jian)設、運(yun)營(ying)分別由幾(ji)家公(gong)司參與競爭(zheng),政府負責監(jian)管(guan)(guan);二是以(yi)(yi)政府投(tou)資(zi)(zi)為(wei)主,融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)、建(jian)(jian)設、運(yun)營(ying)、資(zi)(zi)源利(li)用(yong)“一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)”管(guan)(guan)理模式,即以(yi)(yi)政府為(wei)主負責資(zi)(zi)本(ben)金投(tou)入(ru),一(yi)(yi)家法人公(gong)司負責融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)、建(jian)(jian)設、運(yun)營(ying)、資(zi)(zi)源利(li)用(yong)全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理。其存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)是,“四分開”管(guan)(guan)理模式中業主沒有解決責任(ren)主體對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)從(cong)全(quan)(quan)壽(shou)命周期(qi)角(jiao)度進行定義(yi)、分析、集成和管(guan)(guan)理,沒有解決全(quan)(quan)系(xi)統管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)完整性和全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)致性,削(xue)弱了(le)建(jian)(jian)設、運(yun)營(ying)、資(zi)(zi)源利(li)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內在聯系(xi);“一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)”管(guan)(guan)理模式中業主沒有解決通(tong)過(guo)市場對建(jian)(jian)設管(guan)(guan)理、運(yun)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇性和競爭(zheng)性,沒有解決全(quan)(quan)壽(shou)命周期(qi)不同環(huan)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)制約和監(jian)管(guan)(guan),削(xue)弱了(le)對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)比較、分析、選(xuan)擇和控(kong)制。要加快發展我國城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)事業,必(bi)(bi)須提高城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理水平(ping),必(bi)(bi)須針對這(zhe)些存在問題(ti)認真研究(jiu),探討(tao)解決方法。
2.4城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)(gong)程全壽(shou)命周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)性(xing)城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)(gong)程現(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式,或者使(shi)建(jian)設項目(mu)策(ce)劃階段(duan)(duan)(duan)業主(zhu)方(fang)開(kai)發管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(DM)、實(shi)(shi)施階段(duan)(duan)(duan)業主(zhu)方(fang)項目(mu)建(jian)設管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(OPM)和(he)運營階段(duan)(duan)(duan)業主(zhu)方(fang)物業運營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(FM)相(xiang)互分(fen)離,或者使(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)者的(de)(de)(de)選擇缺少競(jing)爭性(xing),導致不(bu)(bu)(bu)少弊(bi)端(duan)。其主(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)在(zai)或者使(shi)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)、進(jin)度、質量目(mu)標(biao)與(yu)運營的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、接收、功能(neng)(neng)目(mu)標(biao)脫節(jie),最終(zhong)用(yong)戶(hu)需求自決策(ce)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)開(kai)始定義(yi)偏離,項目(mu)參與(yu)各方(fang)所(suo)擁有的(de)(de)(de)知識和(he)經驗不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)很好地為全壽(shou)命周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)服務,對(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)任務不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行(xing)很好的(de)(de)(de)銜接,對(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)任務之間界面很難(nan)進(jin)行(xing)有效的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li),全壽(shou)命周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)共享;或者使(shi)業主(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)利用(yong)競(jing)爭提高管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)效率,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)通(tong)過(guo)相(xiang)互制衡來規避風險。隨(sui)著管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)思(si)想(xiang)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)理(li)論、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)和(he)信(xin)息(xi)技術的(de)(de)(de)飛速發展,嘗試用(yong)信(xin)息(xi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)、過(guo)程集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)、技術集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)、供(gong)應鏈集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)、內部(bu)業務集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)、外部(bu)資(zi)源集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)和(he)工(gong)(gong)具集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)等系統集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)和(he)方(fang)法(fa),對(dui)城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)(gong)程現(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式進(jin)行(xing)變(bian)革(ge),提高城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)水平和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)效率,已經十分(fen)必(bi)要(yao)。
3、城市軌道交(jiao)通工程全壽命(ming)周期集成化(hua)管理的(de)思路和內容(rong)
3.1城市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)工程全(quan)壽命周期集成化管理的思(si)路
城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通工程(cheng)全壽(shou)命周期(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是將現(xian)行(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模式(shi)中相對分離的建(jian)設項目(mu)(mu)決策階(jie)段(duan)(duan)業主(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)(fang)開發管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(DM)、實施(shi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)業主(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)(fang)項目(mu)(mu)建(jian)設管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(OPM)和運(yun)(yun)(yun)營(ying)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)業主(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)(fang)物業運(yun)(yun)(yun)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(FM),運(yun)(yun)(yun)用管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)思(si)想,在管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)、管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)任務、管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)、管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)手段(duan)(duan)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)進行(xing)有機集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng),建(jian)立業主(zhu)(zhu)開發管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、建(jian)設管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、運(yun)(yun)(yun)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)系統,同時解(jie)決業主(zhu)(zhu)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)利(li)用市場進行(xing)充分選擇(ze)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)者的問題,實現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通工程(cheng)整體(ti)功能的優化(hua)和整體(ti)價值的提升(sheng)及城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通工程(cheng)全壽(shou)命周期(qi)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)。
3.2城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交通工程全壽命周期(qi)集成化管(guan)理的(de)內容
城市軌道交通(tong)工程全壽命周期集(ji)成化管理(li)的內容主要(yao)由(you)目標(biao)系統、任務系統、組織系統幾(ji)個方(fang)面組成。
3.2.1目(mu)標系(xi)統
城市軌道交通工(gong)程(cheng)全壽命(ming)周期管理(li)的目標(biao)系統必須符合如(ru)下要(yao)求:
①應(ying)從建設項目(mu)(mu)的(de)整體出(chu)發(fa),反映項目(mu)(mu)全壽命周(zhou)期的(de)要(yao)求,既包(bao)括建設期的(de)目(mu)(mu)標,更注(zhu)重(zhong)運營期的(de)目(mu)(mu)標;
②應有較大的包容(rong)性(xing),既(ji)注重業(ye)主和用(yong)戶的需(xu)求,也應包括其它相關方的需(xu)求;
③應體現對社(she)會的貢獻,反(fan)映社(she)會環(huan)境、可持續發展對項目的要求(qiu)。
目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)包括(kuo)建設(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、資源(yuan)利用(yong)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、全壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)總體(ti)(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。建設(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)著(zhu)重指向工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、投資控制目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。運(yun)營(ying)(ying)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)著(zhu)重指向服(fu)務質(zhi)(zhi)量目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)成本目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、經濟(ji)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。資源(yuan)利用(yong)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)強(qiang)調整(zheng)(zheng)合(he)延(yan)伸資源(yuan),創造延(yan)伸收(shou)益(yi)(yi)。全壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)總體(ti)(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)是指對(dui)上述(shu)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)合(he),著(zhu)重體(ti)(ti)現功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、費用(yong)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、時(shi)(shi)間目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、社會目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)統(tong)(tong)一。全壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)著(zhu)眼于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量、服(fu)務質(zhi)(zhi)量目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)統(tong)(tong)一性,涉及設(she)計(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)量、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)質(zhi)(zhi)量、使用(yong)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等,追求(qiu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、技術標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準、安(an)全保(bao)證(zheng)的(de)優化。全壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)費用(yong)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)整(zheng)(zheng)合(he)了建設(she)投資、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)成本、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)、延(yan)伸收(shou)益(yi)(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),追求(qiu)全壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)費用(yong)和收(shou)益(yi)(yi)的(de)統(tong)(tong)一及優化。全壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)間目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)包括(kuo)設(she)計(ji)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)期(qi)(qi)(qi)、建設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)、服(fu)務壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)期(qi)(qi)(qi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),涉及工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)物理(li)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)與經濟(ji)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)相互關(guan)系(xi),追求(qiu)合(he)理(li)延(yan)長物理(li)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)和正(zheng)確把握(wo)經濟(ji)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。全壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)社會目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)主要強(qiang)調項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)社會效應,追求(qiu)各方(fang)滿(man)意、環(huan)境協調、資源(yuan)集約(yue)、可持續發(fa)展的(de)實現。
3.2.2任務系統(tong)
城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通工(gong)程全壽(shou)命周期管(guan)(guan)理的任務(wu)系(xi)統主要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)過程管(guan)(guan)理任務(wu)、接(jie)口管(guan)(guan)理任務(wu)、信(xin)息管(guan)(guan)理任務(wu)。
1)過程管理任務
過程管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)任(ren)(ren)務是(shi)任(ren)(ren)務系(xi)(xi)統的主體,主要涉及(ji)(ji):①項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)策劃;②項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃,包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)總體計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(前期(qi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃,招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃,工(gong)(gong)期(qi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃,質量計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃,資金計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃,資源(yuan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃)、各(ge)任(ren)(ren)務分項(xiang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃、計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃管(guan)理(li)(li)(li);③任(ren)(ren)務結(jie)(jie)構(gou)分解(jie),包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)建設(she)(she)任(ren)(ren)務結(jie)(jie)構(gou)分解(jie)(線網規劃、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)立(li)項(xiang)、可(ke)行性研究(jiu)、勘測設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、土建施(shi)工(gong)(gong)、設(she)(she)備(bei)采(cai)購、安裝調(diao)(diao)試、工(gong)(gong)程驗收、資源(yuan)利用(yong)準備(bei)、運(yun)營(ying)籌(chou)備(bei))、運(yun)營(ying)任(ren)(ren)務結(jie)(jie)構(gou)分解(jie)(運(yun)營(ying)乘務、車輛保障、設(she)(she)施(shi)設(she)(she)備(bei))、資源(yuan)利用(yong)任(ren)(ren)務結(jie)(jie)構(gou)分解(jie)(房(fang)地產、廣告媒(mei)介、商貿(mao)、通信、咨詢(xun));④項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)籌(chou)資與(yu)財務管(guan)理(li)(li)(li),包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)籌(chou)資模(mo)(mo)式(shi)與(yu)方案、財務管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方法與(yu)方案;⑤項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標,包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標范(fan)圍、招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標方案;⑥合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li),包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分類、合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)內容、合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風險防(fang)范(fan)、合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方案;⑦項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)實施(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)總體控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)和(he)各(ge)任(ren)(ren)務分項(xiang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),涉及(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、質量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、投資控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、資源(yuan)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、安全控(kong)(kong)制(zhi);⑧調(diao)(diao)試與(yu)驗收,包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)單(dan)系(xi)(xi)統調(diao)(diao)試、系(xi)(xi)統總聯調(diao)(diao)、工(gong)(gong)程與(yu)設(she)(she)備(bei)驗收;⑨運(yun)營(ying)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li),包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)運(yun)營(ying)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、運(yun)營(ying)組織、運(yun)營(ying)方案、安全保障。
2)接口管理任務
接(jie)口(kou)管理是任(ren)務(wu)(wu)系(xi)(xi)統的界面(mian)聯系(xi)(xi),主要涉及接(jie)口(kou)特點、接(jie)口(kou)條件、各(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)間接(jie)口(kou)、各(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)內接(jie)口(kou)、接(jie)口(kou)整合、接(jie)口(kou)方案。
3)信息管理任務
信(xin)息(xi)管理是任務系統的(de)交互(hu)平(ping)臺,主要涉及信(xin)息(xi)標準化(任務結構分解與編碼規(gui)則)、信(xin)息(xi)溝(gou)通(不同組織(zhi)、不同過程(cheng)、不同方(fang)面的(de)溝(gou)通與信(xin)息(xi)共享)、信(xin)息(xi)集成(cheng)化(基于計算機數據(ju)庫技術、網絡技術、集成(cheng)平(ping)臺框架技術)。
3.2.3組(zu)織系統
城市軌道(dao)交通(tong)工程全(quan)壽命周期管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)(zhi)系統是(shi)指業主(zhu)組織(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模式(shi),包括建設管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)(zhi)模式(shi)、運營管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)(zhi)模式(shi)和資源利用管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)(zhi)模式(shi)。他(ta)既涉及不同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)的相互關(guan)系和業主(zhu)對(dui)全(quan)壽命周期管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)(zhi)系統的一體化考慮,又涉及同(tong)一組織(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的整合。
組(zu)織(zhi)系統的(de)一體化(hua)(hua)考慮主(zhu)(zhu)要包括(kuo):①不同階段(duan)目標(biao)、任務下的(de)項(xiang)目組(zu)織(zhi)選(xuan)擇(ze);②不同項(xiang)目組(zu)織(zhi)管(guan)理目標(biao)的(de)一致性(xing);③管(guan)理任務的(de)銜(xian)接性(xing);④管(guan)理界面的(de)協調性(xing)。在(zai)同一組(zu)織(zhi)中主(zhu)(zhu)要考慮:①崗(gang)位設(she)置(zhi),包括(kuo)崗(gang)位橫(heng)向(xiang)結(jie)構(任務部門、職能(neng)(neng)部門、崗(gang)位分解、崗(gang)位職責(ze)(ze))、崗(gang)位縱向(xiang)結(jie)構(扁(bian)平化(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)垂直(zhi)化(hua)(hua)、分權與(yu)(yu)集權)、崗(gang)位設(she)置(zhi)原則(因事設(she)崗(gang)、權責(ze)(ze)對應、指揮集中)、崗(gang)位設(she)置(zhi)方(fang)案(an);②人(ren)員配(pei)備、考核、培(pei)訓,包括(kuo)配(pei)備原則(因崗(gang)擇(ze)人(ren)、因物(wu)器使(shi)、擇(ze)優(you)選(xuan)用、能(neng)(neng)級(ji)對應)、考核原則(堅持標(biao)準(zhun)、規范程序、觀察(cha)過程、注重結(jie)果、考核與(yu)(yu)獎懲(cheng)升遷(qian)相結(jie)合(he))、培(pei)訓原則(更新知識、強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)(hua)觀念、加強(qiang)(qiang)溝通、發展潛能(neng)(neng))、實施方(fang)案(an);③組(zu)織(zhi)文化(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)制度建設(she),強(qiang)(qiang)調文化(hua)(hua)、制度建設(she)的(de)基(ji)礎與(yu)(yu)優(you)化(hua)(hua);④力量整合(he),突出(chu)整合(he)組(zu)織(zhi)力量,調動(dong)各方(fang)積極(ji)性(xing),實現組(zu)織(zhi)目標(biao)優(you)化(hua)(hua)。
4、城市軌道交通工程全壽(shou)命周(zhou)期集成(cheng)化管理的重點
城市軌道交(jiao)通工程全壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)集成化(hua)管理(li)的重(zhong)點主要(yao)有:全壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)目標整合、任務銜(xian)接、功(gong)能(neng)優化(hua)、費用控制、組織創新和集成化(hua)管理(li)信息系(xi)統的構建(jian)。
4.1全壽命周期(qi)目標整合(he)
城市軌道交(jiao)通工程(cheng)全壽(shou)命周期(qi)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)整(zheng)合(he)著(zhu)重(zhong)解決(jue)建(jian)設期(qi)投資(zi)(zi)、進度、質量目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)與運(yun)營服(fu)務目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)脫節,使建(jian)設目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)、運(yun)營目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)、資(zi)(zi)源利用目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)服(fu)從(cong)于全壽(shou)命周期(qi)總體(ti)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao),最終突出交(jiao)通功能目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao),優化費用效益(yi)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao),重(zhong)視服(fu)務壽(shou)命目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao),提升社(she)會發展目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)。
4.2全壽命周期(qi)任務(wu)銜接(jie)
城市(shi)軌道(dao)交通(tong)工程全壽(shou)命周期任務系(xi)統有著內(nei)在(zai)的(de)聯系(xi),必須十分重視(shi)各任務的(de)銜接,既要做好不同(tong)主體所(suo)承擔任務的(de)銜接,又要處(chu)理好同(tong)一主體所(suo)承擔任務的(de)各種接口(kou)關系(xi),特別應注意策(ce)劃、設計、施(shi)工、運營等任務的(de)銜接。
4.3全壽命周期功能優化(hua)
城市軌道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)化應(ying)著重功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)分析,力(li)求用(yong)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong),可靠(kao)(kao)地實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng),提升全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)。可以(yi)用(yong)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本表(biao)達(da)式V=F/C進行功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析,其(qi)中V代(dai)(dai)表(biao)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi),F代(dai)(dai)表(biao)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng),C代(dai)(dai)表(biao)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)。軌道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)取向應(ying)是(shi)(shi)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)、經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)下全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提升,思(si)路(lu)應(ying)放在(zai)確定(ding)全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)匹配,追求全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)降(jiang)低上。尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)定(ding)位(wei)要全(quan)(quan)(quan)面反映工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)滿(man)足城市軌道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)規定(ding)和潛在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要,這種需(xu)要應(ying)該包括實(shi)(shi)用(yong)性(xing)、可靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)、安全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)、環境要求、經濟(ji)性(xing)、美觀(guan)性(xing)等諸多方面,這種滿(man)足應(ying)貫(guan)穿工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)個壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要、適度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滿(man)足。要注(zhu)意功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匹配,保持功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)。要著重對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、輔助功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、外觀(guan)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等進行分類、整(zheng)理(li)(li)、評價(jia)、定(ding)位(wei),保證工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)前提是(shi)(shi)正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),確保基本功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng),重視輔助功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng),兼顧(gu)外觀(guan)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最好(hao)時機是(shi)(shi)在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策和實(shi)(shi)施階段,功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)優(you)(you)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果檢驗和提升是(shi)(shi)在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運營階段。
4.4全壽命周期費用控制(zhi)
城市(shi)軌道(dao)交通工程(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)壽(shou)命期(qi)(qi)費(fei)用(yong)控(kong)制(zhi),①是指項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)業主和(he)(he)管(guan)理者在投資(zi)決策、建設(she)管(guan)理、運營(ying)管(guan)理、資(zi)源利用(yong)中,在確(que)保功(gong)能(neng)實現(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)優化(hua)(hua)及收(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)較大化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,使全(quan)壽(shou)命周期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總費(fei)用(yong)合理并最小化(hua)(hua),從(cong)而實現(xian)(xian)全(quan)壽(shou)命周期(qi)(qi)費(fei)用(yong)和(he)(he)收(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一及優化(hua)(hua)。②是對(dui)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi),其控(kong)制(zhi)流程(cheng)(cheng)應貫(guan)穿項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策、建設(she)、運營(ying)、開發(fa)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng),通過(guo)對(dui)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計劃、貫(guan)徹、執行、反饋、糾偏(pian)、修正和(he)(he)再(zai)貫(guan)徹這樣一個循環管(guan)理程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu),盡量將項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)費(fei)用(yong)控(kong)制(zhi)在系統(tong)(tong)最小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內。③也(ye)是對(dui)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)全(quan)方位費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi),項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理者要有效地處理項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)與項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)其它目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系,如(ru)功(gong)能(neng)、時間、收(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)等目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系,以實現(xian)(xian)合理功(gong)能(neng)、時間、收(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)條(tiao)件(jian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)優化(hua)(hua),從(cong)而達到項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)總體目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)(xian)。
城市軌道(dao)交通全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)控(kong)制(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)(lv)以下方面。①分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)整(zheng)(zheng)個系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)結構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)重點(dian)(dian)(dian)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)從(cong)整(zheng)(zheng)個系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)中(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)其全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)成,了解系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao),確定(ding)整(zheng)(zheng)個系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)結構(gou)。根據費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)(bi)重分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)(也(ye)稱ABC分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理(li),結合(he)(he)城市軌道(dao)交通工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)(dian),整(zheng)(zheng)個系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)10%—20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)其費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)占(zhan)總費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)很(hen)(hen)高(gao),可(ke)定(ding)位為(wei)A類,作為(wei)重點(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)考慮(lv)(lv),其余可(ke)定(ding)位為(wei)B類和(he)(he)(he)C類,作為(wei)次要(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)(he)一(yi)般控(kong)制(zhi)考慮(lv)(lv)。各(ge)個部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)(she)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(一(yi)次性(xing)(xing)投資(zi))和(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)也(ye)有很(hen)(hen)大(da)差異(yi),可(ke)考慮(lv)(lv)將不同部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)(she)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)或使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作為(wei)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)(dian)(dian)。系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)策劃(hua)、建設(she)(she)(she)、運營等(deng)過程(cheng),根據經驗,越(yue)是(shi)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前期(qi),費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)節(jie)約的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性(xing)(xing)越(yue)大(da),越(yue)應(ying)該(gai)成為(wei)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)(dian)(dian)。②分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)結構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)組(zu)成。要(yao)(yao)(yao)從(cong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)中(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)建設(she)(she)(she)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)關系(xi)(xi)(xi),在(zai)功能分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)指導(dao)下尋找合(he)(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結合(he)(he)點(dian)(dian)(dian),確定(ding)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱向結構(gou)。③分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)建設(she)(she)(she)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)降(jiang)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容、方法(fa)、手段(duan)和(he)(he)(he)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)重視(shi)招標(biao)采(cai)購的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公開、公平、公正和(he)(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)競爭(zheng)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)充(chong)(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)強有力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)、技術措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)、經濟措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)、合(he)(he)同措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)來降(jiang)低(di)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。④分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)降(jiang)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容、方法(fa)、手段(duan)和(he)(he)(he)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)等(deng)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)研究不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運營維(wei)護和(he)(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)備維(wei)修(xiu)模式,考慮(lv)(lv)社(she)會化(hua)、專業化(hua)服務對降(jiang)低(di)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。⑤分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與(yu)全壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)收(shou)益之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi)(xi),尋找收(shou)益減費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)化(hua)。
4.5全壽命周期(qi)組織創新。
城市軌道交(jiao)通工程全(quan)壽命周期(qi)組(zu)織創新的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian),應(ying)解(jie)決業(ye)主(zhu)在全(quan)壽命周期(qi)總體目標優化下項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組(zu)織的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze);解(jie)決業(ye)主(zhu)在不同(tong)階段、不同(tong)項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組(zu)織中(zhong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)目標的(de)(de)一致性、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)任(ren)務的(de)(de)銜接性、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組(zu)織的(de)(de)互補(bu)性。無論選(xuan)擇(ze)何種組(zu)織管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模式,應(ying)是(shi)以業(ye)主(zhu)或業(ye)主(zhu)聯合體為(wei)主(zhu)體,選(xuan)擇(ze)一個(ge)相對穩定的(de)(de)全(quan)壽命周期(qi)集成管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang)或集成管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)班子,對項(xiang)目進(jin)行(xing)全(quan)壽命周期(qi)的(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)、建(jian)設(she)、運營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)一體化考(kao)慮。在一個(ge)城市軌道交(jiao)通建(jian)設(she)起步階段,業(ye)主(zhu)可(ke)通過市場選(xuan)擇(ze)或委托(tuo)的(de)(de)方(fang)式確定一個(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang)或自己作為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang),既作為(wei)全(quan)壽命周期(qi)的(de)(de)集成管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)者(zhe),又(you)承擔項(xiang)目開(kai)發(fa)、建(jian)設(she)、運營(ying)(ying)等(deng)具體的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)任(ren)務,進(jin)行(xing)一體化整(zheng)合,同(tong)時,業(ye)主(zhu)要加強對管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)質量、效益的(de)(de)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和考(kao)核,及時糾偏(pian),提高(gao)效率。
當一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通建設發展到一(yi)(yi)定規模(mo),市(shi)(shi)場(chang)又(you)具備了(le)多個(ge)(ge)(ge)投(tou)資主體和可供選擇(ze)的(de)多個(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)理(li)者時,業(ye)主或(huo)(huo)業(ye)主聯(lian)合體可通過市(shi)(shi)場(chang)選擇(ze)的(de)方(fang)式,確(que)定一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)獨立(li)的(de)全(quan)壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)集(ji)成管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang),全(quan)面考慮城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通全(quan)壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)中需要集(ji)成整合的(de)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)問題(ti),并委托或(huo)(huo)與(yu)其一(yi)(yi)起通過市(shi)(shi)場(chang)選擇(ze)不(bu)同的(de)建設管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)、運營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)或(huo)(huo)某條(tiao)線路項目建設、運營(ying)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang);業(ye)主或(huo)(huo)業(ye)主聯(lian)合體也可直接選擇(ze)不(bu)同的(de)建設管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)、運營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)并與(yu)其共同建立(li)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)全(quan)壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)集(ji)成管(guan)(guan)理(li)聯(lian)合班子(zi),全(quan)面考慮軌道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通全(quan)壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)集(ji)成化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。不(bu)管(guan)(guan)何種(zhong)組織(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式,都必須有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)穩定的(de)組織(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)班子(zi)全(quan)面考慮全(quan)壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)集(ji)成化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)問題(ti),這是全(quan)壽命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)組織(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)核心(xin)。這一(yi)(yi)組織(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)根本動(dong)力來自于業(ye)主。新(xin)晨
4.6全壽(shou)命周期集成化管理信息(xi)系(xi)統的構建(jian)
要實(shi)施(shi)城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通全壽(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),必須(xu)有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)穩定的(de)(de)組織(zhi)或整合建(jian)設管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方、運營(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方組成(cheng)聯(lian)合班(ban)子(zi),運用公共的(de)(de)、統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)、信息(xi)共享的(de)(de)平臺,始終全面地考慮全壽(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)的(de)(de)集(ji)成(cheng)問題,以實(shi)現全壽(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)總(zong)體(ti)目(mu)標(biao)。這一(yi)(yi)平臺就是城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通全壽(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)信息(xi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),它是以一(yi)(yi)個(ge)城市(shi)的(de)(de)所有城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通工程項(xiang)目(mu)參(can)與方為(wei)用戶對象,利用現代化(hua)的(de)(de)計算機和(he)信息(xi)處理(li)(li)技術(shu),在項(xiang)目(mu)全壽(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)過程中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)信息(xi)處理(li)(li),為(wei)所有參(can)與各(ge)方提供(gong)信息(xi)服務,輔助其進(jin)行(xing)決策(ce)、控制、實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)集(ji)成(cheng)化(hua)人機系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。這一(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)構建(jian)應由(you)業主推(tui)動,通過城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通全壽(shou)命(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)組織(zhi)或委托專門(men)班(ban)子(zi)進(jin)行(xing)實(shi)施(shi)。
參考文獻:
[1]成(cheng)虎.工(gong)程項目管(guan)理[M].北京:中國建筑工(gong)業(ye)出版社,2001.
[2]何清(qing)華,陳發標(biao),蘆勇.全壽命周期集成化管(guan)理(li)模式的(de)思想和組(zu)織[J].基建優化,2001,22(2):38-40.
[3]清華.建設項目全(quan)壽(shou)命周期集(ji)成化管理模式的研究[J].重慶建筑大學學報(bao),2001(4):75-80.
篇2
關鍵詞:安全工程 設(she)計(ji) 基本要求 設(she)計(ji)原則 防火
一、前言
2002年(nian)(nian)2月18日(ri)(ri),韓國(guo)大邱地(di)鐵發(fa)生(sheng)了震驚世界(jie)的(de)重(zhong)大火災(zai);2003年(nian)(nian)7月1日(ri)(ri),施工(gong)(gong)中的(de)上(shang)海(hai)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)4號線,發(fa)生(sheng)了重(zhong)大工(gong)(gong)程事(shi)故(gu)。在(zai)這兩(liang)次重(zhong)大地(di)鐵事(shi)故(gu)之后,我(wo)(wo)國(guo)城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)安全(quan)問題越來(lai)越受(shou)到重(zhong)視。建(jian)設部(bu)(bu)、公安部(bu)(bu)、安全(quan)監管局等9部(bu)(bu)委于2003年(nian)(nian)下半(ban)年(nian)(nian)聯合(he)下發(fa)了《關于進一步(bu)加(jia)強地(di)鐵安全(quan)管理工(gong)(gong)作的(de)意見》,對我(wo)(wo)國(guo)城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)的(de)建(jian)設與運(yun)營安全(quan)提(ti)出了新的(de)要求;各地(di)方(fang)政府(fu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)對此(ci)也(ye)高(gao)度重(zhong)視,如(ru):2004年(nian)(nian)3月27日(ri)(ri),北京(jing)(jing)市(shi)建(jian)委下發(fa)了《關于加(jia)強軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)建(jian)設安全(quan)管理的(de)規定(ding)》;2004年(nian)(nian)6月1日(ri)(ri),北京(jing)(jing)市(shi)正式實(shi)施《北京(jing)(jing)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)安全(quan)運(yun)營管理辦法》,把(ba)北京(jing)(jing)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)的(de)安全(quan)運(yun)營管理,納入(ru)了法制化軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)。
城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通安全(quan)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti),貫穿于設計(ji)(ji)、施工、運營(ying)等全(quan)過程。在城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通安全(quan)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)受(shou)到重視的今天,設計(ji)(ji)作(zuo)為城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通安全(quan)建(jian)造與安全(quan)運營(ying)的首要環節,設計(ji)(ji)單位(wei)及其廣大(da)設計(ji)(ji)人員,應如何面對軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通“安全(quan)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)”?設計(ji)(ji)方應該做什么?應該怎(zen)樣做?應承擔什么責任?這是設計(ji)(ji)人員所關心的。為此,本人結(jie)合(he)我國(guo)法(fa)律法(fa)規、標準規范、工程實(shi)踐(jian),從基本要求(qiu)、設計(ji)(ji)原(yuan)則、設計(ji)(ji)提示三個層次(ci),對上述問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)進行(xing)了回答。
二、城市軌道交通安全(quan)工程的概念
2.1 定義
城市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通安全(quan)工程,是影響城市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通安全(quan)建造與(yu)安全(quan)運營的全(quan)部(bu)工作的總稱。
2.2 安(an)全工程的(de)設計范圍
安全(quan)工程(cheng)貫穿于各設計(ji)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)階段(duan),這包括:預可行性研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)階段(duan);可行性研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)階段(duan);總體設計(ji)階段(duan);初步設計(ji)階段(duan);施工圖設計(ji)階段(duan);后續服務(wu)階段(duan)。
安全工(gong)程涉(she)及城市軌道(dao)交通的各個(ge)子(zi)系統、各個(ge)專業,這包括:綜合類(lei);土建類(lei);車輛(liang)與機(ji)電設備類(lei)。
2.3 安(an)全工程的設計內容
按照(zhao)“安(an)全(quan)(quan)第(di)一、預防(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)”的(de)方針,在設計中(zhong)采取(qu)有(you)效措(cuo)施,避免(mian)因設計不合(he)理導致城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)運(yun)營中(zhong)發生安(an)全(quan)(quan)事(shi)故,或(huo)(huo)在這些(xie)事(shi)故發生時有(you)相應(ying)措(cuo)施能將(jiang)人身(shen)傷亡和(he)財產損失(shi)降(jiang)低到最低限度。這就是城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交通安(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)設計內容。對于下(xia)述安(an)全(quan)(quan)事(shi)故,在設計時就應(ying)給(gei)予充分(fen)考慮(lv),以(yi)避免(mian)或(huo)(huo)減(jian)少(shao)事(shi)故損失(shi)。
2.1 運營期間
2.1.1 火災
在火災情況(kuang)下,人員的傷(shang)(shang)(shang)亡(wang),主要有以(yi)下幾方面:燒死(si)燒傷(shang)(shang)(shang);高溫(wen)灼傷(shang)(shang)(shang);缺氧(yang)窒息(xi);煙氣中毒(du);踩踏;不正確(que)逃生方式造成(cheng)的摔死(si)、摔傷(shang)(shang)(shang);引發其他并發癥等。
2.1.2 撞擊
撞擊(ji)事故,包括:車撞車;車撞物;車撞人。
車(che)(che)撞(zhuang)車(che)(che):追尾(wei)事故或乘客列車(che)(che)與其他車(che)(che)輛相撞(zhuang)(當線路(lu)不封閉時)。
車撞物:列(lie)車與(yu)(yu)永久(jiu)性物體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)碰(peng),如(ru)(ru):在(zai)永久(jiu)性建(jian)筑物及構筑物變形、斷裂、松動(dong)、脫落(luo)時,侵(qin)入(ru)限(xian)界(jie)(jie),未能及時處(chu)理,而導致與(yu)(yu)列(lie)車碰(peng)撞或剮蹭;列(lie)車與(yu)(yu)臨時性物體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)碰(peng),如(ru)(ru):線路在(zai)進行改造、維護等(deng)作業時,臨時性的(de)作業設施或工器具等(deng)侵(qin)入(ru)限(xian)界(jie)(jie),而導致與(yu)(yu)列(lie)車碰(peng)撞或剮蹭;列(lie)車與(yu)(yu)動(dong)物相(xiang)碰(peng),如(ru)(ru):列(lie)車與(yu)(yu)牛(niu)馬等(deng)牲畜相(xiang)碰(peng)(當線路不封閉時)。
車(che)(che)撞人(ren):列(lie)車(che)(che)與工作人(ren)員、乘客(被擠下或被推下站臺者(zhe)、自殺(sha)性跳(tiao)下站臺者(zhe))、闖入或穿越行車(che)(che)線(xian)路(lu)者(zhe)、平交道(dao)口搶行者(zhe)等相(xiang)碰。
2.1.3 電擊
產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊的因素很多(duo),主要有:觸及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備的帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)(裸露或絕緣(yuan)破(po)壞);觸及漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備的外殼(ke)(接觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差超(chao)標);電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜金屬(shu)屏(ping)蔽層感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)標;走行軌(gui)(車體(ti)、屏(ping)蔽門金屬(shu)框等)對地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)超(chao)標;跨步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差超(chao)標;雷擊等。
2.1.4 踩踏
在發(fa)生突發(fa)客流(liu)、突發(fa)事(shi)件、自動扶梯(ti)失控等(deng)(deng)情形下(xia),處理不當(dang),會造(zao)成不同(tong)程度的踩踏事(shi)故。產生突發(fa)客流(liu)的因(yin)素有:節假日(如北(bei)京清(qing)明節)、大型群眾活動、惡劣氣(qi)象等(deng)(deng)。
2.1.5 人為襲擊等(deng)
爆(bao)炸(如(ru):2004年(nian)莫斯科地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)爆(bao)炸事(shi)件(jian)(jian))、縱火(huo)(如(ru):2002年(nian)韓(han)國大邱地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)縱火(huo)事(shi)件(jian)(jian))、毒(du)氣(qi)(如(ru):1995年(nian)日本東京地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)奧姆(mu)真理教沙林(lin)毒(du)氣(qi)事(shi)件(jian)(jian))等。
2.1.6 建筑物垮塌
運營(ying)期間,車站、隧(sui)道(dao)、其他建筑(zhu)物或(huo)構筑(zhu)物發生(sheng)垮(kua)塌(法國戴(dai)高樂國際機(ji)場(chang)通(tong)道(dao)的(de)垮(kua)塌,是對(dui)城市軌道(dao)交通(tong)領域的(de)警(jing)示!)
2.1.7 其他災害(hai)
針對地震等(deng)地質(zhi)災(zai)害、透(tou)水(shui)、洪水(shui)、雨(yu)雪(xue)風霧(wu)、沙(sha)塵等(deng),設(she)計(ji)應(ying)考(kao)慮防(fang)(fang)震、防(fang)(fang)淹(yan)、防(fang)(fang)洪、防(fang)(fang)雷、防(fang)(fang)風等(deng)。另外(wai),設(she)計(ji)應(ying)考(kao)慮大型流行(xing)疾病防(fang)(fang)控(kong),比如(ru):在車輛(liang)段增加車輛(liang)消(xiao)毒設(she)施。
2.2 施工期間
城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通工程(cheng),在施工安(an)裝期間,也(ye)會發生各種各樣(yang)的安(an)全事故,如:結構開裂、坍(tan)塌(ta)以及建設項目周(zhou)邊環境出現沉降或(huo)坍(tan)塌(ta)等。施工不(bu)當(dang)或(huo)設計失誤會導(dao)致(zhi)這(zhe)些(xie)事故的發生。
2.3 設計期間
項目(mu)前期決策失(shi)誤,雖不會直(zhi)接威脅到人身(shen)安全(quan),但會給項目(mu)帶來財產損失(shi)或影響(xiang)項目(mu)經濟效益。
3、法律法規對安全工程設計(ji)的基本要(yao)求
3.1 相關法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規
《中(zhong)華人(ren)民共和國建筑法(fa)》
《中華(hua)人民共和國安全(quan)生產法》
《建設(she)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量管(guan)理條例》國務(wu)院第(di)279號令
《建設(she)工程勘察設(she)計管(guan)理條例》國(guo)務院第293號令
《建設工程安(an)全(quan)生產管理(li)條例》國務院第393號令
《實施工程建(jian)設(she)強制性標準(zhun)監督規(gui)定(ding)》建(jian)設(she)部(bu)第81號(hao)令(ling)
《關于進一步加(jia)強地鐵安(an)全(quan)管理工作的意見》建設部、公安(an)部、安(an)全(quan)監管局等9部委聯(lian)合下發(建質(zhi)[2003]177號)
《市政公(gong)用工程設計文件(jian)編制深(shen)度規定(ding)》建質(zhi)[2004]16號
《北京市軌道交通(tong)安(an)全運營管理辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》等(deng)地方法(fa)(fa)規
3.2對安(an)全(quan)工程(cheng)設計的基本要求
建筑工程(cheng)設計應當符合按照(zhao)國家規定制定的建筑安全規程(cheng)和技(ji)術規范(fan),保證(zheng)工程(cheng)的安全性(xing)能。
建筑工程設計的(de)質(zhi)量必須符合國家有關建筑工程安全標準的(de)要(yao)求。
建筑工(gong)程的設計單位必(bi)須對其設計的質量(liang)負責。
建設項(xiang)目(mu)安全(quan)設施(shi)的設計(ji)人(ren)、設計(ji)單位應當對安全(quan)設施(shi)設計(ji)負(fu)責。
注冊(ce)建筑師、注冊(ce)結構工程師等注冊(ce)執(zhi)業人員應(ying)當在(zai)設(she)計文件(jian)上簽(qian)字,對設(she)計文件(jian)負(fu)責。
設(she)計單位應當考慮施工(gong)安(an)全操作和(he)防(fang)護的(de)需要,對涉(she)及施工(gong)安(an)全的(de)重(zhong)點部位和(he)環節在設(she)計文(wen)件中注明,并對防(fang)范生(sheng)產安(an)全事(shi)故提(ti)出(chu)指導(dao)意見(jian)。采用新結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、新材料、新工(gong)藝的(de)建設(she)工(gong)程和(he)特殊結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)建設(she)工(gong)程,設(she)計單位應當在設(she)計中提(ti)出(chu)保(bao)障施工(gong)作業(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)安(an)全和(he)預防(fang)生(sheng)產安(an)全事(shi)故的(de)措(cuo)施建議。
設計單位(wei)及其他與(yu)建設工程安全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)有關的單位(wei),必須遵(zun)守安全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規的規定,保證建設工程安全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan),依(yi)法(fa)承擔建設工程安全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)責任。
設計(ji)單(dan)位應當就審查合格的施工圖設計(ji)文件向施工單(dan)位作出詳細說明。
建設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單位(wei)應(ying)當(dang)在建設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)前,向施工(gong)單位(wei)和監理單位(wei)說明建設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)意(yi)圖,解(jie)釋(shi)建設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)文件。建設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單位(wei)應(ying)當(dang)及時解(jie)決施工(gong)中出現的設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)問(wen)題。
設計單位應當參與(yu)建(jian)設工(gong)程質量事(shi)故分析,并對因設計造成的(de)質量事(shi)故,提出相(xiang)應的(de)技術處理(li)方(fang)案(an)。
設(she)計文件應(ying)當符(fu)合(he)有關法(fa)律、行政(zheng)法(fa)規(gui)的規(gui)定(ding)和建筑(zhu)工(gong)程質量(liang)、安全標(biao)準、建筑(zhu)工(gong)程設(she)計技術(shu)規(gui)范以及(ji)合(he)同的約(yue)定(ding)。
設(she)計(ji)單位在設(she)計(ji)文件中(zhong)選(xuan)用的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、建(jian)筑(zhu)構配件和設(she)備,應(ying)當注明規格、型號、性能等技術指標,其質量要求(qiu)必須符合國家規定的(de)(de)標準。除有特殊(shu)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、專用設(she)備、工藝(yi)生產(chan)線等外,設(she)計(ji)單位不(bu)得指定生產(chan)廠、供應(ying)商。
建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程設(she)(she)計文件中規定(ding)采用的(de)新技(ji)術(shu)、新材料,可(ke)能影響建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程質量和安全,又沒有國家技(ji)術(shu)標準的(de),應當由國家認可(ke)的(de)檢測(ce)(ce)機(ji)構進行試驗(yan)、 論證,出具檢測(ce)(ce)報告,并(bing)經國務院有關(guan)部(bu)門或者(zhe)省、自治(zhi)區(qu)、直轄市人民(min)政府有關(guan)部(bu)門組織的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程技(ji)術(shu)專家委員會(hui)審定(ding)后,方可(ke)使用。
設(she)計文件應當符合(he)國(guo)家規定的設(she)計深度(du)要求,注明工(gong)程合(he)理(li)使用年限。
新建、改建、擴建工(gong)程項(xiang)目的安(an)全(quan)設(she)施,必須與主體(ti)工(gong)程同(tong)(tong)時(shi)設(she)計、同(tong)(tong)時(shi)施工(gong)、同(tong)(tong)時(shi)投(tou)入(ru)生(sheng)產和使用。安(an)全(quan)設(she)施投(tou)資(zi)應當納(na)入(ru)建設(she)項(xiang)目概(gai)算。
國家對從(cong)事建設工程設計活動(dong)的單位,實行資質管理(li)制度。
從(cong)事建設(she)工程設(she)計的(de)(de)單(dan)位應(ying)當依(yi)法取得(de)相應(ying)等級的(de)(de)資質(zhi)證書,并(bing)在(zai)其(qi)資質(zhi)等級許可的(de)(de)范圍(wei)內承攬工程。禁(jin)止設(she)計單(dan)位超越其(qi)資質(zhi)等級許可的(de)(de)范圍(wei)或(huo)者以其(qi)他(ta)設(she)計單(dan)位的(de)(de)名義承攬工程。禁(jin)止設(she)計單(dan)位允許其(qi)他(ta)單(dan)位或(huo)者個(ge)人以本單(dan)位的(de)(de)名義承攬工程。設(she)計單(dan)位不得(de)轉(zhuan)包或(huo)者違法分包所承攬的(de)(de)工程。
設(she)計(ji)(ji)單位(wei)應當根據(ju)勘察成果文件進(jin)行(xing)建設(she)工程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)。
設計(ji)單位應(ying)當按照法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規(gui)和工程(cheng)建設強制性標準進行設計(ji),防止因(yin)設計(ji)不合理(li)導致生產(chan)安全事故的發生。
設計(ji)(ji)單位違(wei)反工程建設強制性標準進(jin)行設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de),責(ze)令(ling)改正,并處以10萬元以上30萬元以下的(de)(de)罰款(kuan)。有前款(kuan)行為,造成(cheng)工程質(zhi)量事故的(de)(de),責(ze)令(ling)停業整(zheng)頓,降(jiang)低資(zi)質(zhi)等級;情節嚴重的(de)(de),吊銷(xiao)資(zi)質(zhi)證書;造成(cheng)損失(shi)的(de)(de),依法承擔賠(pei)償責(ze)任(ren)。
四、安全工程的設計原(yuan)則
4.1 一般要求
城市(shi)軌道(dao)交通項目的規(gui)劃與設計必須按照(zhao)規(gui)定的審批(pi)程(cheng)序進行(xing)。
軌道交通工程(cheng)建設項目(mu)的設計,應當遵守國家和地方規定的技術標準。
可行性研究報告(gao)、初步(bu)設計文件(jian)、施(shi)工圖設計文件(jian),其編制深度應滿足(zu)建設部《市政公用工程設計文件(jian)編制深度規定》的要求。
“城市軌道交(jiao)通工程(cheng)可行性(xing)研究報告文件編制深度”要求(qiu):在“第(di)(di)五章運營方案”的(de)“第(di)(di)8節 運營要求(qiu)評價”中包(bao)(bao)(bao)括“8.5 安(an)全保障(zhang)評價”內容。另外,“第(di)(di)二十(shi)五章 安(an)全防(fang)(fang)(fang)護”包(bao)(bao)(bao)括“防(fang)(fang)(fang)災”及(ji)“人防(fang)(fang)(fang)”兩節,并要求(qiu)在“防(fang)(fang)(fang)災”節中包(bao)(bao)(bao)括:防(fang)(fang)(fang)雷擊(ji)、防(fang)(fang)(fang)風、防(fang)(fang)(fang)淹、防(fang)(fang)(fang)地震、防(fang)(fang)(fang)火災等措施(shi)。
“城市軌道交(jiao)通工程初步設計文件編制(zhi)深度(du)”要求:在“總說明書”的(de)“安全(quan)防護”中(zhong),分別(bie)論述(shu)各種災(zai)害情(qing)況(kuang)下的(de)應對措施。
城市軌道交通設計應體現(xian)安全第一、以人為本的總體要求。
城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通項目的初步設(she)計,應按照工程建(jian)設(she)強(qiang)制(zhi)性條文及(ji)相(xiang)關強(qiang)制(zhi)性標(biao)準(zhun)規范進行設(she)計。特別是涉及(ji)行車和乘客安全、防火防災(zai)、人員(yuan)疏散、事故救援、防災(zai)報警等設(she)計內容,必須(xu)嚴格按相(xiang)關標(biao)準(zhun)規范執(zhi)行。
城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通項目(mu)的施工(gong)圖(tu)設(she)計,應(ying)(ying)按照(zhao)初步設(she)計及其審(shen)查意見進行。施工(gong)圖(tu)設(she)計文件的審(shen)查應(ying)(ying)嚴(yan)格執行建設(she)部(bu)《市政公用工(gong)程施工(gong)圖(tu)設(she)計文件審(shen)查要點(試行)》的規定。
在設(she)計后續服(fu)務階段,設(she)計單位應根據合同(tong)要(yao)求,為安裝與(yu)施(shi)工、設(she)備及系統調試、試運行、試運營等(deng)提供設(she)計配合。
軌道交(jiao)通線路(lu)在地下(xia)敷設時,應當采取(qu)科學合理(li)的措(cuo)施,減少(shao)對上(shang)方(fang)建筑物、構筑物的影(ying)響,避免重大工程(cheng)事(shi)故(gu)。
4.2 主要原則
城市軌道交(jiao)通安全工程的設計,應以下述(shu)要求為(wei)目標(biao),在正常使用時:
必須(xu)防止因乘(cheng)客使用系統而造成對乘(cheng)客的傷害與(yu)危險(xian);
必(bi)須(xu)防止系(xi)統對運營人員及其他(ta)人員的傷害(hai)與危(wei)險(xian);
必須防止運營(ying)設施及車輛遭受損害與(yu)損失。
城市軌道交通車輛和運(yun)營設備的選擇(ze),必須(xu)技(ji)術成熟、安全(quan)可靠、滿足功能、維修方便、經濟合理。
乘客(ke)使用(yong)或操(cao)作(zuo)的設備(bei),必須(xu)易于識(shi)別(bie),設置在便于觸(chu)及(ji)的地(di)方,并保證(zheng)不當(dang)的操(cao)作(zuo)或使用(yong)也不會導致系統發生(sheng)危險。
在車輛與運營設備(bei)中(zhong)必須(xu)提供必要的(de)措施與手(shou)段,保(bao)證在發生誤操作時(shi),避免導致人身傷害(hai)或設備(bei)損壞。
必須提供可以及時(shi)采取妥善處理各(ge)種不當行為、故障(zhang)及防止事故發生的措施及手段。
車輛及運營設備發生的(de)任何(he)故障或(huo)問題,必須能及時指示給運營人員或(huo)控制中心。
必須為殘(can)疾人、老人、孕(yun)婦(fu)及帶領兒童的(de)人在使用該系統時提供安全舒適的(de)措(cuo)施。
應當在(zai)軌(gui)道(dao)線路、隧道(dao)及車站站臺、站廳(ting)、疏(shu)散通道(dao)、出入口、通風(feng)亭、列車車廂(xiang)內及其(qi)他運(yun)營(ying)場所的醒目位置設置保障城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交通安(an)全(quan)運(yun)營(ying)的各類發光導(dao)向(xiang)、疏(shu)散、提示、警告、限制、禁止等安(an)全(quan)標志。
城市(shi)軌道交通(tong)系統中,所(suo)使用材料和部件的(de)防火技術(shu)必須(xu)是采用當前先進的(de)工藝技術(shu),尤(you)其是:
材(cai)料和(he)部件必須具有良好的阻燃性能;
應加(jia)強安全(quan)控制(zhi),以防蓄意破壞的行為;
對于起火風(feng)險(xian)大的(de)(de)設施必須(xu)加以圍護(hu),減少可(ke)能的(de)(de)火情(qing)蔓延;
在對(dui)火情及有害燃燒氣體與熱量(liang)控制(zhi)的(de)基礎上(shang),應(ying)保障有效疏散措(cuo)施;
鋪設在地下車站、隧(sui)道及車輛(liang)上的電纜應不含鹵化物,并避免燃燒(shao)時產(chan)生有毒氣體(ti);
所有電(dian)氣回路(lu)必須(xu)有熔(rong)斷保險或其他保護,防止(zhi)由于(yu)過熱和(he)短路(lu)、接地等產生的危險;
在正常(chang)運(yun)行或(huo)(huo)故障情況下,容易(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)表面高溫的(de)設備或(huo)(huo)元件,或(huo)(huo)可能產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)嚴重故障的(de)設施(shi)應進行隔離,以(yi)減少發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)火災(zai)的(de)危險;
一旦發生火(huo)(huo)災,通風排煙系統應能進入火(huo)(huo)災運行模式,以保障人(ren)員疏(shu)散或滅火(huo)(huo)。
五、防火設計的重點提示
在城市軌(gui)道交通(tong)工程的(de)各(ge)種災(zai)(zai)害中,火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)是首位的(de)。所(suo)謂火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai),是指在時間和空(kong)間上失去控制(zhi)的(de)燃燒所(suo)造成(cheng)的(de)災(zai)(zai)害。根據國家標準, 火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)分可為(wei)A、B、C、D四類(GB4968-85)。城市軌(gui)道交通(tong)系(xi)統中常見的(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai),主要是 A類火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai),即固體物質(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)。
5.1 火源
在城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交通工程中,引(yin)起火災的火源是多方面(mian)的,歸結起來,主要(yao)有以下(xia)幾種(zhong)。了解這些火源,將有利于防火設(she)計(ji)。
電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)火災:絕緣(yuan)老化(hua)、違(wei)反用(yong)電(dian)(dian)規定(ding)、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)設計或安裝不當、過負荷、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)短路、接(jie)地故障、靜電(dian)(dian)放電(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(高(gao)壓(ya)效應、高(gao)熱效應、機械效應、靜電(dian)(dian)感應、電(dian)(dian)磁感應)等,都可(ke)能(neng)導(dao)致火災;
生活用火引燃(ran):如煙頭等引燃(ran)可燃(ran)物(wu);
生產用(yong)火引燃:如施工中由電焊(han)、氣割、打磨、切割等的火花或其他火種引燃可燃物;
人為破壞縱火。
5.2 火災應急處置預案的編制
在(zai)系統投入(ru)試運行(xing)前,設計單位(wei)應協(xie)助業主單位(wei)編制火災(zai)應急(ji)處置預案。
5.3 建筑防火的設計要素(su)
疏(shu)散通道(dao)、(付費區(qu)欄柵的(de))疏(shu)散門、安全出(chu)口(kou)、疏(shu)散用樓梯及(ji)自動扶梯、隧道(dao)聯絡(luo)通道(dao)的(de)設置
疏散能力
設備及管理用房的(de)門至安全出口(kou)的(de)距離
防火分隔
耐火極限
5.4 消防(fang)給水與滅(mie)火裝置的設計(ji)要(yao)素
消防給水系統
滅火器配置
自動噴水(或(huo)噴霧(wu))滅火系統
氣體滅火系統
消火栓系統
5.5 防煙(yan)、排煙(yan)與事故通風系統的(de)設計要素
機械防煙(yan)、排煙(yan)設施的(de)設置
防煙(yan)、排(pai)煙(yan)系統與(yu)事故通風的功能(neng)
防煙分區的劃分
設備的排煙能力
排煙設備的耐(nai)熱能力
送風量的要求
5.6 防災通信(xin)的(de)設(she)計要素
程(cheng)控電話自(zi)動轉換市話119功能
救(jiu)援(地上地下)無線(xian)通信
防災無線通信
防災廣播
防災調度電話
消防對講電話
5.7 防災(zai)用電、應(ying)急照(zhao)明與(yu)疏散指(zhi)示的(de)設計要素
消防用電的要求
應急照(zhao)明的連續供電時間(jian)
應急照明的設置
疏散指(zhi)示標志的設置(zhi)
5.8 材(cai)料選型的設計要(yao)求
車站(zhan)裝(zhuang)修(xiu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、廣告燈箱、座椅、電話(hua)亭(ting)、售檢票(piao)廳(ting)等所用材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),應采用不(bu)燃(ran)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。同時,裝(zhuang)修(xiu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)不(bu)得采用石棉、玻璃(li)纖(xian)維制品(pin)及塑料(liao)(liao)類制品(pin)。
電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜與控制電(dian)(dian)纜,在地(di)下敷(fu)設(she)時(shi)應采用低煙無(wu)鹵阻燃(ran)電(dian)(dian)纜。為應急照明(ming)、消(xiao)防設(she)施供電(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)纜,明(ming)敷(fu)時(shi)應采用低煙無(wu)鹵耐火(huo)銅(tong)芯電(dian)(dian)纜或礦物絕緣耐火(huo)電(dian)(dian)纜。
車(che)輛的(de)結構(gou)材料(liao)、電纜和部件的(de)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)性不得低于難燃(ran)(ran)級,低于難燃(ran)(ran)級的(de)材料(liao)、部件需進行阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)處(chu)理或用難燃(ran)(ran)、非燃(ran)(ran)材料(liao)加以封罩。
5.9 關于(yu)商業設置(zhi)的(de)提示(shi)
為了(le)減(jian)小火災規模及有利于安(an)全疏散(san),北(bei)京(jing)、上海(hai)等地(di)方法規或標(biao)準對城市軌道交通內商業如(ru)何設置問題,做出了(le)相關規定(ding)。
上(shang)海地方標準規定:地下車站(zhan)(zhan)站(zhan)(zhan)廳(ting)(ting)的乘客疏散區域、站(zhan)(zhan)臺及疏散通道(dao)內(nei)不應布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商業(ye)(ye)用(yong)房。設計理解:地面(mian)車站(zhan)(zhan)站(zhan)(zhan)廳(ting)(ting)是(shi)否可以(yi)布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商業(ye)(ye)用(yong)房的?雖然不應布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“商業(ye)(ye)用(yong)房”,但(dan)是(shi)否可以(yi)設置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“商業(ye)(ye)攤點”?
北京(jing)地(di)(di)方法規規定(ding):城(cheng)市軌道交通車站站臺、站廳(ting)、疏散通道內禁止設(she)置商(shang)業(ye)攤點。 這意(yi)味著:無(wu)論地(di)(di)上還是地(di)(di)下車站,均(jun)不(bu)能(neng)設(she)置商(shang)業(ye)攤點,包(bao)括(kuo)賣報攤點。
篇3
(西安中咨軌道交通工(gong)程有限公司,西安 710043 )
摘(zhai)要(yao): 隨著當(dang)前社(she)會(hui)經濟的(de)快速(su)發展(zhan),軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)發展(zhan)當(dang)中發揮著舉足輕重的(de)作用。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)因其(qi)容量大、速(su)度快、安(an)全、環保、準時、舒適等(deng)特點,成(cheng)為一(yi)種有(you)效解決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通(tong)問題必不(bu)可少的(de)交(jiao)通(tong)工具。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)設(she)速(su)度及規模不(bu)斷加大,截止2014年(nian)末,我國累計有(you)22個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)成(cheng)投(tou)運城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)軌線(xian)路101條,運營線(xian)路長度3155公(gong)里。但因為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)造價太大,一(yi)定(ding)程度上制約了其(qi)建(jian)設(she)與發展(zhan),因此分析(xi)研究城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)工程造價的(de)控制具有(you)重要(yao)的(de)現實性意(yi)義。
關鍵詞 : 城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通(tong);工程造價;控(kong)制
中圖(tu)分類(lei)號(hao):U239.5 文獻標識(shi)碼:A 文章編號(hao):1006-4311(2015)26-0018-02
作者(zhe)簡介:李定涓(1988-),女,山東濟南(nan)人,研究方向(xiang)為城市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)造價、咨詢。
0 引言
城市軌道(dao)交通(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)階(jie)段很(hen)多問題會(hui)逐漸暴露,如設(she)計(ji)不(bu)周全、資料(liao)不(bu)詳盡、材料(liao)規格(ge)不(bu)合標準等,出現(xian)設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更(geng)事(shi)項,引起工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的極大(da)變(bian)動(dong)。為了(le)強化設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更(geng)管理(li),應(ying)嚴(yan)控擴大(da)工(gong)程(cheng)規模、增(zeng)加建設(she)內(nei)容(rong)、提高設(she)計(ji)標準的設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更(geng);對(dui)此本(ben)文(wen)提出了(le)全過程(cheng)造價(jia)控制的概(gai)念,即從投資決策、設(she)計(ji)、招投標、施工(gong)、竣工(gong)決算等階(jie)段對(dui)項目的造價(jia)進行(xing)控制。
1 當前城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通工程(cheng)造價(jia)控制產生的問題
首先,對(dui)于工(gong)程(cheng)的前(qian)期工(gong)作沒有重視。在(zai)整個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)管理控制當中,雖(sui)然前(qian)期工(gong)作階段所消耗的投資只占整個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)總造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的1%左右,但對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的影響(xiang)能力卻達(da)到70%以上。
其次,各階段(duan)造(zao)價管理相互脫節。投(tou)資估(gu)算、設計概算、施工圖預(yu)算等,未做到統一協調。
再次,設(she)(she)計階(jie)(jie)段(duan)未(wei)實現優化設(she)(she)計。 設(she)(she)計單位往(wang)往(wang)存有(you)單純任(ren)務觀念而保守(shou)設(she)(she)計,常(chang)常(chang)行成浪費。同時,由(you)于管理體制(zhi)等方面的(de)原因(yin),設(she)(she)計工(gong)作主要是由(you)專業技術人員(yuan)來完成的(de),設(she)(she)計院設(she)(she)計人員(yuan)在進(jin)行設(she)(she)計時,較傾(qing)向于工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)使(shi)用功能(neng),而對(dui)經濟因(yin)素的(de)考慮相對(dui)較少(shao)。城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通工(gong)程(cheng)中,施工(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)造(zao)價管理對(dui)整個工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)影響度通常(chang)只占到10%左右,但(dan)設(she)(she)計階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)影響度卻遠高于這個比(bi)例,設(she)(she)計人員(yuan)重視(shi)功能(neng)輕視(shi)經濟性(xing)即是重要原因(yin)。
第四,造價管理制(zhi)度(du)欠缺。在當前的(de)城市(shi)軌道交通工程領域中,沒有(you)形成一(yi)個可以實現(xian)相關資料共享(xiang)的(de)制(zhi)度(du),無法(fa)實現(xian)造價管理相關經驗(yan)的(de)有(you)效交流和傳遞。
2 城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通工程(cheng)造價(jia)控制(zhi)分析(xi)
要(yao)想順利實施城市交通軌(gui)道建設工(gong)程,控制造(zao)價(jia)極為重要(yao),它貫穿(chuan)于決策、設計、施工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)等全過程,且每個過程都(dou)(dou)有不(bu)同的(de)(de)側重點,任(ren)何一階段的(de)(de)管理都(dou)(dou)不(bu)可忽視。建筑期(qi)不(bu)同階段對應的(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(如(ru)圖(tu)1所(suo)示)。
2.1 決(jue)策(ce)階段的(de)(de)造價控制 在軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通工(gong)程的(de)(de)決(jue)策(ce)階段上,應根據對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)功(gong)能結(jie)構(gou)、自然(ran)條件、經濟狀(zhuang)況、土地的(de)(de)利用開發、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)總體規劃(hua)(hua)和(he)交(jiao)通狀(zhuang)況等(deng)等(deng)因素(su)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)研究。要(yao)以(yi)(yi)保證安(an)全和(he)功(gong)能為前(qian)提條件,以(yi)(yi)交(jiao)通的(de)(de)需求為出發點,以(yi)(yi)客流為基礎(chu),進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多種方案的(de)(de)比較來(lai)選擇。通過(guo)結(jie)合城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)發展現(xian)狀(zhuang)來(lai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)決(jue)策(ce),可根據城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)發展來(lai)降(jiang)低造價成本(ben),確定(ding)與城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)總體規劃(hua)(hua)相適(shi)應的(de)(de)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通網絡。
2.2 設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 在整(zheng)(zheng)個造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過程當中,設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)一般(ban)占比為75%以上。因此對于(yu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一定要(yao)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)重視。①加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)的(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)識。利用價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值工(gong)(gong)程的(de)方式有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)降低工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)在設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上不但要(yao)追求科(ke)學(xue)合理的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方案,還需要(yao)在技術(shu)上確保經(jing)濟合理。②做好設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方案比選。工(gong)(gong)程可行(xing)性研究應(ying)(ying)考慮有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)動態因素(su),保證投資(zi)估算(suan)(suan)文件編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)質量。初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)應(ying)(ying)根(gen)(gen)據國家(jia)現有(you)(you)(you)的(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)理規(gui)定進行(xing)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),深(shen)度和(he)完整(zheng)(zheng)性需滿(man)足(zu)相關(guan)(guan)要(yao)求。③加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)限額(e)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)動態管(guan)理。概(gai)(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)文件編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)完畢并(bing)經(jing)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單位復查(cha)后(hou)送(song)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)理機構進行(xing)監督,監督意(yi)見同時提交由行(xing)業行(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部門組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)評審會,編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單位應(ying)(ying)按照評審意(yi)見修(xiu)正概(gai)(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan),修(xiu)正后(hou)的(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)經(jing)相關(guan)(guan)部門審查(cha)批準(zhun)后(hou)作為基本建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)項目投資(zi)的(de)最高(gao)限額(e)。總(zong)之,設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)費用要(yao)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),及時跟(gen)蹤,特別是(shi)對一些重大設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)更(geng),要(yao)先進行(xing)測算(suan)(suan),然(ran)后(hou)變(bian)更(geng),使得工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)得以有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。④施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)預算(suan)(suan)應(ying)(ying)根(gen)(gen)據國家(jia)現有(you)(you)(you)的(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)理規(gui)定、施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙、施工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等資(zi)料(liao)進行(xing)編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),深(shen)度和(he)完整(zheng)(zheng)性需滿(man)足(zu)相關(guan)(guan)要(yao)求。施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)預算(suan)(suan)應(ying)(ying)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在批準(zhun)的(de)初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概(gai)(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)范圍內。⑤對工(gong)(gong)程中的(de)土建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。土建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方案應(ying)(ying)盡量避免(mian)線(xian)路高(gao)低起伏太大,選擇合理線(xian)位。
2.3 招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi) ①招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)單,須(xu)按規定的(de)(de)格式(shi)(shi)編(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)。招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)有關工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)條(tiao)款應公平合理(li),招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)技術(shu)規范須(xu)與招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)清(qing)單列(lie)項(xiang)相(xiang)對(dui)應。建設(she)單位(wei)組織對(dui)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)中的(de)(de)合同(tong)(tong)文(wen)本內容進行(xing)評審(shen)時應邀請造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)機構參加(jia)。②招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)控制(zhi)(zhi)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作由建設(she)單位(wei)組織或(huo)委托有相(xiang)應資質的(de)(de)單位(wei)進行(xing)。建設(she)單位(wei)需(xu)對(dui)編(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)果進行(xing)審(shen)核把(ba)關,并對(dui)編(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)負責(ze)。招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)完(wan)成(cheng)并簽訂(ding)合同(tong)(tong)后,建設(she)單位(wei)應及(ji)時將招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)合同(tong)(tong)送造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)機構供(gong)日(ri)后造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)監管(guan)使用(yong)(yong)。③中標(biao)(biao)(biao)后原則上不得再進行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)單修編(bian)(bian)(bian)。④在(zai)當(dang)(dang)前的(de)(de)城市建設(she)當(dang)(dang)中城市軌道交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)重點(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng),工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)當(dang)(dang)中,基本上都是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)單報價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)(shi),在(zai)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan),需(xu)要(yao)實(shi)施(shi)公開招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),以此來選擇施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)承包商。相(xiang)關建設(she)單位(wei)需(xu)要(yao)按照定額(e)以及(ji)取費標(biao)(biao)(biao)準、現行(xing)規范、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖紙、工(gong)(gong)(gong)期等(deng)因素作出(chu)最高限價(jia)(jia),在(zai)評標(biao)(biao)(biao)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan),運用(yong)(yong)科學評標(biao)(biao)(biao)方法,保證使商務標(biao)(biao)(biao)與技術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)相(xiang)一(yi)致,減少(shao)對(dui)以后造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)不利影響;除此之(zhi)外,參加(jia)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)也(ye)應熟讀(du)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian),認真細致地研究(jiu)合同(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款,組織技術(shu)人員實(shi)施(shi)現場調查,制(zhi)(zhi)定規避措施(shi),最大(da)限度(du)地降低風險。
2.4 施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)造價控制(zhi) 城市(shi)(shi)軌道交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)特(te)點主要是工(gong)(gong)(gong)序多(duo)、專業性強等,且施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)投入資金高,因此(ci)在簽訂合(he)同(tong)之后,需要按照以(yi)往此(ci)類(lei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)消耗情況(kuang)進行分析,并結合(he)本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要求和(he)(he)市(shi)(shi)場信息(xi)變化情況(kuang)來(lai)有(you)效(xiao)制(zhi)定成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制(zhi)目標,確(que)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)盈虧的(de)(de)上下限。并且對(dui)于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制(zhi)中(zhong)重點項目應(ying)進行明確(que),對(dui)責(ze)任成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)目標進行層層分解,在對(dui)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)、材(cai)料(liao)設(she)備和(he)(he)價格(ge)信息(xi)充分掌握的(de)(de)基礎上,對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場的(de)(de)各(ge)項資源(yuan)優(you)化配置(zhi),以(yi)此(ci)對(dui)分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)責(ze)任成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)進行編(bian)制(zhi),充分發(fa)揮責(ze)任成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)造價管理的(de)(de)指導作用。城市(shi)(shi)軌道交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)很多(duo)問(wen)題會逐(zhu)漸暴露,如設(she)計(ji)不周全、資料(liao)不詳盡、材(cai)料(liao)規格(ge)不合(he)標準(zhun)等,出現設(she)計(ji)變更(geng)事項,引(yin)起工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)(de)極大變動。為了強化設(she)計(ji)變更(geng)管理,應(ying)嚴控擴大工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)規模、增加建設(she)內容、提高設(she)計(ji)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)變更(geng);特(te)別是費用增減問(wen)題的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)變更(geng),應(ying)制(zhi)定明確(que)的(de)(de)規章制(zhi)度,需通過總監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師、業主方、設(she)計(ji)方三方的(de)(de)共同(tong)認可和(he)(he)簽字(zi)后才能(neng)生效(xiao)。
2.5 竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造價控制(zhi) ①項(xiang)目(mu)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)編(bian)制(zhi)應在驗收后由(you)承包(bao)人自行(xing)編(bian)制(zhi)并上(shang)報(bao)建(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)審核(he)(he)。建(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)可自行(xing)或(huo)者委托有(you)(you)相應資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中介單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)進行(xing)審核(he)(he),建(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)對審核(he)(he)結(jie)(jie)果負責(ze)。結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)應按(an)(an)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)規定,按(an)(an)照統一(yi)格式填寫。變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新增(zeng)項(xiang)目(mu)應編(bian)制(zhi)單(dan)(dan)價分析文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),對于變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)程(cheng)序不(bu)完善、變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)手續不(bu)齊(qi)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)項(xiang)目(mu)一(yi)律不(bu)得計入結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)。②造價管理機(ji)構(gou)應對結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)進行(xing)監督(du)和指導。③結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)需(xu)報(bao)相關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)審核(he)(he)。結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)經發(fa)承包(bao)方確認即(ji)作為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據。④項(xiang)目(mu)決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)編(bian)制(zhi)應在建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)或(huo)單(dan)(dan)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后,由(you)建(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)以經財(cai)(cai)政部(bu)門(men)審核(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為基礎,編(bian)制(zhi)反映(ying)建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)(shi)際造價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。編(bian)制(zhi)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)時,需(xu)將決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)造價涉(she)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)支付憑證按(an)(an)照第(di)(di)一(yi)部(bu)分(工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)費(fei)用)、第(di)(di)二(er)部(bu)分(工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)其它費(fei)用)、第(di)(di)三部(bu)分(預(yu)備費(fei))及第(di)(di)四部(bu)分(專項(xiang)費(fei)用)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順序裝訂(ding)成冊(ce)。決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)所附資(zi)料必須詳實(shi)(shi)、全面。⑤造價管理機(ji)構(gou)應對決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)進行(xing)監督(du)和指導。決(jue)(jue)算(suan)(suan)(suan)需(xu)報(bao)財(cai)(cai)政部(bu)門(men)或(huo)經政府同(tong)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)審核(he)(he)。
3 案例分析
設(she)計階(jie)段,用價(jia)值(zhi)工程的(de)(de)(de)思路和方法比(bi)較設(she)計方案,改進不合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計,實現其控制造價(jia)目的(de)(de)(de)。例如(ru):一個(ge)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)地下(xia)二(er)層島式車(che)(che)站(zhan),設(she)計車(che)(che)站(zhan)長度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)194.5m,車(che)(che)站(zhan)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)段寬度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)19.9m,通(tong)過對客(ke)(ke)流量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi),在滿足車(che)(che)站(zhan)各系統設(she)備(bei)用房的(de)(de)(de)前提下(xia),合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)布置車(che)(che)站(zhan)站(zhan)廳層、站(zhan)臺層和設(she)備(bei)用房,根據合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)流導向,布置電梯(ti)、扶梯(ti),從而(er)達(da)到(dao)優化(hua)(hua)及(ji)合理(li)(li)地減少車(che)(che)站(zhan)建筑面積,達(da)到(dao)了(le)節約(yue)控制投資(zi)。通(tong)過優化(hua)(hua)后,車(che)(che)站(zhan)長度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)186m,車(che)(che)站(zhan)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)度(du)(du)(du)寬度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)20.7m,增(zeng)加8.5m長的(de)(de)(de)盾(dun)構(gou)區間,節省(sheng)投資(zi)511.25萬元。(見表1)
4 結語
大中型城市(shi),城市(shi)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)擁(yong)擠、堵車現(xian)象日趨(qu)嚴重,城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)因它的(de)容量大、速度快(kuai)、安全、環(huan)保、準時(shi)、舒適等特點,成為一種有(you)效(xiao)的(de)解(jie)決城市(shi)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)問題必不可少的(de)工具。為了(le)有(you)效(xiao)且充(chong)分控制工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價,對城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價控制管理的(de)研究(jiu)是(shi)十分必要(yao)的(de)。只有(you)把控每個環(huan)節,才能(neng)(neng)從(cong)根本上解(jie)決城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)造(zao)(zao)價控制中存在(zai)的(de)問題,才能(neng)(neng)更好地建設城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong),并(bing)促進其快(kuai)速穩定發(fa)展。
參考文獻:
[1]鄭瑞霞.城市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通工程造價風險評估研究(jiu)[D].西(xi)南(nan)交(jiao)(jiao)通大(da)學,2012.
篇4
關鍵詞:軌(gui)道交通;投(tou)資(zi)估算;投(tou)資(zi)分(fen)攤原(yuan)則(ze)
Abstract:The paper first briefly analysis the current situation of rail transit project investment estimation, and from the selection of route laying mode, pre exploration data collection, estimation of the professional engineering and formulation of the allocation principle and other aspects, puts
forward some measures to improve the quality of estimation files.
Key word:rail transit;investment estimation;investment allocation principle
1 引言
投資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)是指在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)投資(zi)(zi)決策(ce)過(guo)程中(zhong),依(yi)(yi)據現有的資(zi)(zi)料和特定的方法,對建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的投資(zi)(zi)數額(e)進行(xing)的估(gu)算(suan),它是項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)前期線網建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)規(gui)劃(hua)、可行(xing)性研究報(bao)告或總(zong)體設(she)(she)計文件的重要組成部分,是項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)決策(ce)的依(yi)(yi)據之一(yi),它對整個項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的造(zao)價起(qi)著總(zong)體控(kong)制作(zuo)用。
2 城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通工(gong)程投資估算的(de)編制現狀
根據《城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通工程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建設標準》(建標104-2008號)的(de)規定,為(wei)有效控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)投(tou)資(zi)(zi),細(xi)化(hua)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)(mu)標,對(dui)各設計階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)總(zong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)變化(hua)幅度也提(ti)出了(le)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求:可行性(xing)研(yan)(yan)究階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)總(zong)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)不宜(yi)超(chao)過預可行性(xing)研(yan)(yan)究(線網規劃)的(de)15%;初步(bu)設計概(gai)算均不得超(chao)過可行性(xing)研(yan)(yan)究估(gu)算的(de)10%;上一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)規模(mo)一(yi)經批復,均作為(wei)下一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)造價(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)重要(yao)依據。根據筆者參(can)與的(de)國(guo)內(nei)軌(gui)道交通項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi),目(mu)(mu)前存在如下問題:
第(di)一,超前規劃的(de)精(jing)度不足。根據國(guo)內城(cheng)市軌道交通工程的(de)建(jian)設規劃文(wen)件質(zhi)量來(lai)看,很多(duo)項目(mu)由于超前規劃,出現了線路方(fang)案發生重大變化(hua)、車(che)站(zhan)數(shu)量增加較多(duo)、單(dan)項技術(shu)經濟指標偏低等現象,引起投資超限。
第二,基礎資料調(diao)查、分析不(bu)到位。基礎資料的(de)收集和調(diao)查,對(dui)投資估(gu)算編制者來講是(shi)一項非(fei)常重要的(de)基礎工(gong)作(zuo)。特別(bie)(bie)是(shi)地(di)下工(gong)程,如果(guo)前期(qi)調(diao)查對(dui)現場情況不(bu)了解(jie),忽略了對(dui)地(di)下管線、周邊建筑物、道(dao)路疏解(jie)等原因對(dui)該項目估(gu)算費用(yong)的(de)影響,造成編制的(de)投資估(gu)算與工(gong)程實際差別(bie)(bie)較大,反映(ying)不(bu)出實際工(gong)程造價。
3提高估(gu)算文件質(zhi)量(liang)的具體措(cuo)施
在保(bao)證運(yun)營功能及(ji)技術標(biao)準(zhun)適度先進的(de)前提下,合(he)理確定工(gong)程投資的(de)規模,并(bing)對整個工(gong)程及(ji)各分項工(gong)程的(de)建設(she)成(cheng)本(ben)作出科學(xue)的(de)估計,是編(bian)制(zhi)投資估算文(wen)件的(de)基本(ben)要(yao)求。根據(ju)這一前提,并(bing)結合(he)目前估算編(bian)制(zhi)過(guo)程中存在的(de)問題,下文(wen)提出一系列(lie)具體措(cuo)施來(lai)提高估算文(wen)件質量(liang),有效控制(zhi)工(gong)程投資。
3.1 重視(shi)線路敷設方(fang)式的選(xuan)擇(ze)與比(bi)選(xuan)
地(di)鐵工(gong)程的線路(lu)敷(fu)設(she)方(fang)式有地(di)下線、高架線和地(di)面線三種類型,據測(ce)算(suan),三種敷(fu)設(she)方(fang)式所對應(ying)的每公里綜合造價(jia)比(bi)例約為6:3:1.5。
從節省投資的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度來看,線(xian)路敷設(she)(she)方(fang)式依次(ci)應(ying)首選地(di)面或(huo)高(gao)架線(xian),然而(er)敷設(she)(she)方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)定,需要綜合(he)考(kao)慮交(jiao)(jiao)通行為、換(huan)成條件、運營要求(qiu)、地(di)址條件等諸多(duo)因素,尤其是城市有限的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)資源以及(ji)規(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu),地(di)面線(xian)、高(gao)架線(xian)等方(fang)案難(nan)以實(shi)現。因此(ci),設(she)(she)計單位(wei)應(ying)根(gen)據線(xian)網規(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu),結合(he)沿線(xian)工程地(di)質(zhi)和(he)周(zhou)圍環(huan)境情況,特別是要充分考(kao)慮交(jiao)(jiao)通疏解(jie)、管線(xian)遷改和(he)房屋拆遷加固(gu)等重(zhong)要影響因素,科學、合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇線(xian)路敷設(she)(she)方(fang)式,優化投資。
3.2 加大(da)前期勘察力度(du),提高基礎(chu)資料的準確度(du)
通過(guo)對過(guo)往估(gu)算文(wen)件(jian)超限的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)分析,影響投資控制(zhi)的(de)一個不穩定(ding)因(yin)素就是沿(yan)線地質情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)復雜。很多項(xiang)目都發生(sheng)過(guo)由于前期勘察深度不夠,在施工中(zhong)遇到新的(de)溶洞、巖層、巨大(da)孤石、含水砂層、溶洞等情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),采用了改變設計(ji)的(de)補救措施,與此同時也造成了局部范(fan)圍突破投資。
因此,我們(men)必須一方面需要(yao)加強(qiang)前期(qi)勘察(cha)資料(liao)的收集,為(wei)線路、橋梁(liang)、地(di)下結構、路基等專(zhuan)業設(she)計提供(gong)盡可(ke)能(neng)準確和完善的基礎資料(liao);另一方面,由于(yu)國家及地(di)方對勘察(cha)費用的現行(xing)規(gui)定是工可(ke)階(jie)段比例少、初步設(she)計階(jie)段多,因此建議(yi)業主可(ke)考慮在(zai)不同設(she)計階(jie)段提前開(kai)放初勘或詳勘,加大(da)設(she)計深度(du),為(wei)穩定投(tou)資做好(hao)勘察(cha)準備。
3.3 主動控制專業性較強工程的估算
城市軌(gui)道交通建(jian)設中的(de)相對專(zhuan)業較強工(gong)程(cheng)是(shi)指(zhi):拆遷、交通設施、主(zhu)變電所、供電管線、給(gei)水管線、煤氣管線、通信光(guang)纜、鐵路(lu)設施、人防(fang)設施及公安設施等。涉(she)及到此類單(dan)位的(de)投資,素來有著“開(kai)價容易還價難”的(de)尷(gan)尬局面。建(jian)議在(zai)工(gong)可(ke)階(jie)段就(jiu)能委托(tuo)專(zhuan)業單(dan)位開(kai)始設計和(he)(he)報價,協商調整其沒有工(gong)可(ke)正(zheng)式批復不(bu)開(kai)工(gong)的(de)觀念和(he)(he)制(zhi)度,在(zai)工(gong)可(ke)階(jie)段就(jiu)確定規模范圍和(he)(he)主(zhu)要工(gong)作量,就(jiu)不(bu)容易在(zai)初步設計階(jie)段出現投資失控。
3.4 制定科學、合理(li)的投資分攤原則(ze),有效(xiao)降低軌道(dao)交通本體投資
我(wo)國已經進入軌道交通(tong)建設的(de)加速器,必然(ran)存(cun)在著換乘站多、物業開發(fa)概(gai)念融入地(di)鐵設計理念、各(ge)類市政接駁與(yu)配(pei)合(he)(he)設計等特點(dian),因此(ci)明確地(di)鐵本(ben)體(ti)工(gong)程(cheng)與(yu)同步實施工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)投(tou)資劃分(fen)界面具有重(zhong)要意(yi)義。此(ci)外,科學、合(he)(he)理的(de)投(tou)資分(fen)攤(tan)原(yuan)則不僅能降(jiang)低一條(tiao)軌道交通(tong)線路的(de)投(tou)資,也對(dui)平衡各(ge)投(tou)資方利益、反查投(tou)資合(he)(he)理性具有重(zhong)要意(yi)義。通(tong)過對(dui)筆者參與(yu)的(de)軌道交通(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)項目進行(xing)分(fen)析(xi),投(tou)資分(fen)攤(tan)應遵循“誰受益,誰分(fen)擔”的(de)原(yuan)則,大致情(qing)況如下(xia):
(1)換乘車站共用(yong)部(bu)分投資(zi),雙方各(ge)承(cheng)擔50%;獨立(li)部(bu)分,由各(ge)線分別(bie)承(cheng)擔;
(2)先建設方,實施換乘節點的設計(ji)、施工;后建設方,劃補(bu)費用;
(3)物業開發空間及相關配套設(she)施不屬(shu)于軌(gui)道交通本體投資;
(4)與市政(zheng)接駁(bo)的過(guo)街通道(dao)、人行(xing)天橋、公交雨(yu)棚,嚴格按(an)照(zhao)設計界面分攤投資;
(5)非地鐵(tie)功能的部分警用(yong)通信、安檢設施(shi)等屬于代建工(gong)程(cheng),應另項申報
4 結束語
城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通工(gong)程(cheng)復雜、投資大、工(gong)期長(chang),屬于重(zhong)大工(gong)程(cheng)項目,該(gai)項目的(de)立項,往往是所(suo)在城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建設中的(de)頭號工(gong)程(cheng)。在編(bian)制投資估算文件時,必須嚴格執行(xing)國(guo)家(jia)、行(xing)業和地(di)方(fang)有關造價的(de)規定和法令,進行(xing)方(fang)案的(de)技(ji)術(shu)經濟比較,控制工(gong)程(cheng)造價,以便下階段具體實(shi)施工(gong)作的(de)開展。
參考文獻:
[1] 建(jian)(jian)標[2008]104號 城市(shi)軌(gui)道交(jiao)通工程項目建(jian)(jian)設標準[S] .
[2] 陸峰, 粱青槐, 陳光. 城市軌道交通建設綜合造價控制[M] . 中國建筑工業出版社, 2010: 152~153 .
[3] 劉德起, 張(zhang)博(bo). 淺(qian)析地鐵工(gong)程(cheng)造價在設計階段的合理確定與有效控(kong)制(zhi)[J] . 中華(hua)民(min)居(ju), 2011(04):01~03
篇5
關鍵字:城市軌道交通;成本管理(li);目標(biao)成本
中圖分(fen)類號: C913.32 文(wen)獻標識(shi)碼(ma): A
1、城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)項目施工成本計劃(hua)的(de)編(bian)制
工(gong)(gong)程項目成(cheng)本計劃的編(bian)制過程,實際上也是工(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)本的事前預控過程,施工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位的企業(ye)管理層及(ji)現場項目管理層都必須認真對待,做好每個環(huan)節的工(gong)(gong)作。
1.1確(que)定(ding)責任(ren)目標成本
編制施工成本(ben)計劃的(de)關鍵是確定責任目(mu)(mu)標(biao)成本(ben),這是成本(ben)計劃的(de)核心,是成本(ben)管(guan)理所要達到的(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao),成本(ben)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)通常(chang)以項目(mu)(mu)成本(ben)總降低(di)(di)額和(he)降低(di)(di)率來定量地表(biao)示。
1.2施工成本計劃的(de)編制
工(gong)程項目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)成本(ben)計(ji)劃應在項目(mu)經理的(de)組織和主持下(xia),根(gen)據(ju)合同文(wen)件、企業下(xia)達的(de)責任(ren)目(mu)標成本(ben)、企業施(shi)工(gong)定(ding)額、經優化選(xuan)擇的(de)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案(an)以及生產要素成本(ben)預測信息(xi)等進(jin)行編制。
2、城(cheng)市軌道交通項目施(shi)工成(cheng)本(ben)目標的控制(zhi)
2.1城市軌道交通工(gong)程項目施工(gong)成本控制方法
城市軌(gui)道交通項目成(cheng)本控制的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)很多(duo),一般在工程實踐中只(zhi)要在滿足質量、工期(qi)、安全的(de)(de)(de)前提下,能夠(gou)實現成(cheng)本控制目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)都(dou)認為(wei)是可行的(de)(de)(de)。下面重點(dian)介紹四種成(cheng)本控制的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。
2.1.1.以目(mu)標成本控制成本支出
在城市軌道交(jiao)通工程施(shi)工項(xiang)目的成(cheng)本控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)中,可根據(ju)項(xiang)目經(jing)理部制(zhi)定(ding)的目標成(cheng)本控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)成(cheng)本支出,這(zhe)是最有效的方法之一,該方法主要(yao)從(cong)以(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)方面加(jia)以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi):
1)人工費的控制
項(xiang)目經理部(bu)要根據工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)特(te)點和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)范(fan)圍來(lai)選(xuan)擇施(shi)工(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu),簽訂(ding)勞(lao)務(wu)合(he)同(tong)。人工(gong)(gong)費單價(jia)采(cai)用中標(biao)后預算規(gui)定的人工(gong)(gong)費單價(jia),輔工(gong)(gong)還可再低一些。同(tong)時,在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,必須嚴格按合(he)同(tong)核定勞(lao)務(wu)分(fen)包費用控制支(zhi)出,并每月底結算一次,發(fa)現(xian)(xian)超支(zhi)現(xian)(xian)象應及時分(fen)析原(yuan)因,清(qing)退不(bu)合(he)格隊(dui)伍(wu)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,要注意加(jia)強預控管(guan)理,防治合(he)同(tong)外零星用工(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)象的發(fa)生。
2)材料費的控制
由(you)于材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本是整(zheng)個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的主要(yao)環節,因(yin)此,項(xiang)目(mu)經理(li)部應(ying)(ying)對材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本予以(yi)足夠的重視(shi)。對材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi),一(yi)(yi)是要(yao)以(yi)預(yu)(yu)算價(jia)格來控(kong)制(zhi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的采(cai)購(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本。由(you)于材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)市場(chang)(chang)價(jia)格變動(dong)頻繁,往往會發生預(yu)(yu)算價(jia)格與市場(chang)(chang)價(jia)格嚴重背(bei)離(li)而使采(cai)購(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本失(shi)控(kong)的情況。材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)管理(li)人員有必要(yao)經常關注材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)市場(chang)(chang)價(jia)格的變動(dong),利用(yong)現代化信息手段(duan),廣泛收集材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)價(jia)格信息,并(bing)積(ji)累系統翔實的市場(chang)(chang)信息、優化采(cai)購(gou),還應(ying)(ying)對材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)價(jia)格的上升和(he)下降有一(yi)(yi)定的預(yu)(yu)計(ji)和(he)準備,以(yi)平衡(heng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本支出(chu),降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本。二(er)是對材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的數量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi),在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中,每月應(ying)(ying)根(gen)據施工(gong)(gong)進度計(ji)劃,編織材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)需用(yong)量(liang)計(ji)劃,建立材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)消耗(hao)(hao)臺賬,如超出(chu)限額(e)領料(liao)(liao),要(yao)分析原因(yin),及時(shi)采(cai)取(qu)糾正(zheng)措施;同時(shi)通(tong)過實行“限額(e)領料(liao)(liao)”來控(kong)制(zhi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)領用(yong)數量(liang),并(bing)控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)序施工(gong)(gong)質量(liang),爭取(qu)一(yi)(yi)次合(he)格,避(bi)免因(yin)返工(gong)(gong)而增加材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)。
3)周(zhou)轉工具使用費的(de)控制
在項(xiang)目施(shi)工責任成本中(zhong)(zhong),周轉工具使(shi)用費(fei)是(shi)根(gen)據施(shi)工組織設計中(zhong)(zhong)的有關施(shi)工方案計算(suan)的;目標成本中(zhong)(zhong)該項(xiang)費(fei)用是(shi)經(jing)過對施(shi)工組織設計中(zhong)(zhong)有關施(shi)工方案進一步細化確定(ding)的。
4)施工(gong)機(ji)械使用(yong)費的控制
機(ji)(ji)械使用(yong)費的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)與周轉(zhuan)工具使用(yong)費的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)相似。在確定目標成本(ben)時盡量充分利用(yong)現有機(ji)(ji)械設備,內(nei)部合理調度(du),力(li)求(qiu)提(ti)高主要機(ji)(ji)械的(de)利用(yong)率(lv);對于租賃的(de)機(ji)(ji)械,應按(an)照使用(yong)數量、使用(yong)時間、使用(yong)單(dan)價(jia)逐(zhu)項進(jin)行控制(zhi)(zhi)。小型機(ji)(ji)械及電(dian)動工具購置及修理費可采取(qu)由勞務隊伍包(bao)干使用(yong)的(de)方法進(jin)行控制(zhi)(zhi)。
5)現場管理費(fei)的控制
現場管理(li)費(fei)包括(kuo)項(xiang)目經理(li)部(bu)管理(li)人(ren)員工(gong)資、獎(jiang)金、交通(tong)費(fei)、業務費(fei)等(deng)。現場管理(li)費(fei)內容多,人(ren)為因(yin)素多,宜采用(yong)全面預(yu)算(suan)管理(li)來控制,對業務費(fei)、差旅費(fei)等(deng)包干使用(yong),對一些(xie)不易(yi)包干的(de)費(fei)用(yong)項(xiang)目,可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)建(jian)立嚴格的(de)審批手續來控制。
2.2以施(shi)工(gong)方案控制資源(yuan)消(xiao)耗
施(shi)工項目中資(zi)源消耗是成本費用(yong)的重要組成因(yin)素(su)。因(yin)此,減少資(zi)源消耗,就等于減少成本費用(yong);控制了資(zi)源消耗,也等于控制了資(zi)源費用(yong)。
采用(yong)施工方(fang)案控制資源消耗的方(fang)法和步(bu)驟(zou)是:
2.2.1在工(gong)程(cheng)項目開工(gong)以前(qian),根據(ju)施(shi)工(gong)圖紙和工(gong)程(cheng)現場的實際情況,同時(shi)制定(ding)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案,包括人力(li)物資需用計劃、機具設備(bei)等(deng),以此作(zuo)為指導和管理施(shi)工(gong)的依(yi)據(ju)。
2.2.2組(zu)織實(shi)施(shi)(shi)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方案是進行工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的指導性文件,對生(sheng)產(chan)班組(zu)的任(ren)(ren)務(wu)(wu)安排,必須簽發(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)(wu)單(dan)和限(xian)(xian)額領料(liao)(liao)單(dan),并向生(sheng)產(chan)班組(zu)進行技(ji)術交底。在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)(wu)單(dan)和限(xian)(xian)額領料(liao)(liao)單(dan)的執行過程(cheng)中,要求生(sheng)產(chan)班組(zu)根據實(shi)際完成(cheng)的工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)和實(shi)際消耗(hao)人(ren)工(gong)、實(shi)際消耗(hao)材料(liao)(liao)做好原始記(ji)錄,作為施(shi)(shi)工(gong)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)(wu)單(dan)和限(xian)(xian)額領料(liao)(liao)單(dan)結算(suan)的依據。在任(ren)(ren)務(wu)(wu)完成(cheng)后,根據回收的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)(wu)單(dan)和限(xian)(xian)額領料(liao)(liao)單(dan)進行結算(suan),并按照結算(suan)內(nei)容支(zhi)付報(bao)酬。
2.2.3采(cai)用價值(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng),優化施工(gong)方案。同一工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)施工(gong),可以(yi)有不同的(de)方案,選擇最(zui)合理的(de)方案是降(jiang)低(di)工(gong)程(cheng)成本的(de)有效途徑(jing)。采(cai)用價值(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng),可以(yi)優化施工(gong)方案。應用價值(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng),既要研究技術,又要研究經濟,即研究在提(ti)高(gao)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)同時不增加成本,或在降(jiang)低(di)成本的(de)同時不影(ying)響(xiang)功(gong)能(neng),把(ba)提(ti)高(gao)功(gong)能(neng)和降(jiang)低(di)成本統一在施工(gong)方案中。
2.3運(yun)用目標管理控(kong)制工程成本
運用目(mu)標管(guan)理(li)(li)控制工(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)本,應從(cong)組織(zhi)、經(jing)濟、合同等多方面采取措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。要有(you)明(ming)確(que)的組織(zhi)機(ji)構,有(you)專人負責和明(ming)確(que)管(guan)理(li)(li)職能分工(gong)(gong);技術上要對多種施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案(an)進行選(xuan)擇;經(jing)濟上要對成(cheng)本進行動態管(guan)理(li)(li),嚴格(ge)審(shen)核各(ge)項費(fei)用支出,采取對節(jie)約成(cheng)本的獎(jiang)勵措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)等;合同措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)主要是(shi)收集、整(zheng)理(li)(li)設計變更(geng)、工(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)證(zheng)、費(fei)用索(suo)賠、決算書發文等。
在(zai)選用(yong)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)方法時,應該充分考慮與(yu)各(ge)項施(shi)工管理(li)工作(zuo)組(zu)結合(he)(he)。例如在(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)管理(li)、施(shi)工任(ren)務(wu)單管理(li)、限額領(ling)料單管理(li)、合(he)(he)同(tong)預算管理(li)等工作(zuo)中,跟蹤原有(you)的(de)業務(wu)管理(li)程序,利(li)用(yong)業務(wu)管理(li)所(suo)取得(de)的(de)資料進(jin)行成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi),不僅省時省力,還能幫(bang)助各(ge)業務(wu)管理(li)部門落實責(ze)任(ren)成(cheng)本(ben),從而得(de)到(dao)他們的(de)有(you)力配(pei)合(he)(he)和支持。
3、城市軌(gui)道交通項(xiang)目施工成本核算
3.1城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)工程(cheng)施(shi)工成本核算的(de)對象(xiang)
成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)是指在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)中(zhong),確(que)定歸(gui)集和分(fen)配(pei)生(sheng)產(chan)費用(yong)的(de)(de)具體對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang),即生(sheng)產(chan)費用(yong)承擔的(de)(de)客體。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)確(que)定是設(she)立(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)明(ming)細分(fen)類(lei)(lei)賬(zhang)戶(hu),歸(gui)集和分(fen)配(pei)生(sheng)產(chan)費用(yong)以及正確(que)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)前提。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)以具有獨立(li)設(she)計文件、造(zao)價文件以及能獨立(li)組織施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)為核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)。但施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong)包含兩項(xiang)以上單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)時,要(yao)分(fen)別(bie)進行不(bu)同(tong)(tong)單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan),以便掌握不(bu)同(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)類(lei)(lei)型產(chan)品的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)水(shui)平和相(xiang)關資料。對(dui)(dui)于達不(bu)到單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整(zheng)體范(fan)圍的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong),則按(an)合同(tong)(tong)造(zao)價界定范(fan)圍進行成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan);承包多(duo)個(ge)單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)同(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)性質專(zhuan)(zhuan)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong),仍應(ying)(ying)按(an)各單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進行專(zhuan)(zhuan)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)核(he)算(suan)(suan)(suan)。
在城市軌(gui)道交通(tong)工程施(shi)工中,工程成本(ben)核算對象的劃分(fen),一般是根據按照車站和(he)區間分(fen)別(bie)核算。
4、城市軌道交通工程項目成本分(fen)析
施(shi)工(gong)項目成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)分析(xi)包括對施(shi)工(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)偏差(cha)的(de)數量(liang)、來(lai)源和原(yuan)因所進行的(de)分析(xi),以及對施(shi)工(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)變化趨(qu)勢的(de)分析(xi)。成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)分析(xi)的(de)目的(de)在于揭示影響(xiang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)升降的(de)因素(su),尋求進一步(bu)降低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)途徑、手段和措(cuo)施(shi)。
從成(cheng)本(ben)分析應(ying)為施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)生產服務(wu)的角度出發,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)項目成(cheng)本(ben)分析的內容應(ying)與成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)算對(dui)象的劃分同步。
項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)會計每月(yue)(節(jie)點(dian))按成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)費用(yong)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)進行承包成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)分析(xi),提(ti)出(chu)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)截止至本(ben)(ben)月(yue)(節(jie)點(dian))累(lei)計成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)完成(cheng)水平(ping),并逐(zhu)項分析(xi)各(ge)項費用(yong)本(ben)(ben)月(yue)(節(jie)點(dian))盈(ying)虧(kui)情況,尋找節(jie)超原(yuan)因,提(ti)供給(gei)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經理(li)參(can)考(kao)。項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經理(li)根據成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)會計提(ti)出(chu)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)分析(xi)情況,定(ding)期(qi)(qi)或不定(ding)期(qi)(qi)的(de)召開項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經濟(ji)活動分析(xi)會,總結(jie)經驗(yan),汲取教訓(xun),為下月(yue)(節(jie)點(dian))成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控制制定(ding)對策。
5、城市軌道交(jiao)通工(gong)程成本分析考核
成本分(fen)析(xi)考核是在成本分(fen)析(xi)的基礎上進(jin)行(xing),將施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位管理人員及工(gong)(gong)人的工(gong)(gong)資與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)成本控制(zhi)的情況直(zhi)接掛(gua)鉤,讓每位職工(gong)(gong)都參(can)與(yu)成本控制(zhi)之中,對于(yu)分(fen)包隊伍,按照(zhao)限(xian)額領料控制(zhi)情況、工(gong)(gong)程進(jin)度進(jin)行(xing)綜合考核,獎(jiang)罰分(fen)明。
結束語
篇6
關鍵(jian)詞:城市軌道交通;施工技術;管理
前言
隨著人類社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛速發(fa)展,大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)和超(chao)大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)不斷增加,隨之(zhi)而來的(de)(de)(de)(de)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)人口密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷加大(da)(da),這(zhe)就使(shi)得有限的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)空(kong)間面臨著更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)考驗(yan)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)是一種(zhong)可(ke)以提(ti)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)土地資源(yuan)利用率和加速市(shi)(shi)民出行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)一代交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方(fang)式(shi),其一般被(bei)定義(yi)為以電(dian)能為動力,采取輪(lun)軌運轉方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)運量(liang)快(kuai)速公共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)稱,包括地鐵、輕軌、磁懸浮、有軌電(dian)車等形式(shi),目前已經(jing)成為世界范圍(wei)內各大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“標配”。因此對(dui)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工技術要點和施(shi)(shi)工管理措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)展開探討是極具(ju)現實意義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
1 城(cheng)市軌道交通工(gong)程施工(gong)技術(shu)要點
城市軌道交通(tong)工(gong)程較為(wei)復雜,是由多(duo)個(ge)(ge)系統和功能組合(he)(he)而成的,為(wei)保(bao)證整個(ge)(ge)城市軌道交通(tong)工(gong)程的施工(gong)質量,就應當以每個(ge)(ge)功能系統為(wei)單位,各自把(ba)握施工(gong)技術(shu)要點(dian),并從整體(ti)上將它們做到有機的結合(he)(he)。
1.1 軌(gui)道設計技術要點
在(zai)(zai)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)結構設計時,要(yao)(yao)充分考慮(lv)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)穩定性(xing)(xing)、安(an)全性(xing)(xing)和強度特點,除(chu)此之外,還要(yao)(yao)兼顧(gu)減震(zhen)(zhen)性(xing)(xing)能和使用(yong)壽命(ming)等。具體來說(shuo),首先,軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在(zai)(zai)曲線(xian)路(lu)段要(yao)(yao)承受(shou)車輛輪軌(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)橫(heng)向作用(yong)荷載,因此需要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)科學的(de)(de)扣件結構來保證(zheng)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)橫(heng)向穩定性(xing)(xing)。其次,為(wei)保證(zheng)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)結構的(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)(xing)和耐久(jiu)性(xing)(xing),在(zai)(zai)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)設計時既要(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)滿(man)足軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)自身的(de)(de)結構強度,又要(yao)(yao)預留出一定的(de)(de)余(yu)量作為(wei)安(an)全儲備(bei)空間。再次,為(wei)了達(da)到減震(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),可在(zai)(zai)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)板底部設置彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)層,并且相應的(de)(de)扣件系統也應當具備(bei)較好(hao)的(de)(de)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)。
1.2 軌道工程施工工藝
為(wei)(wei)提高(gao)列車運行的平穩性(xing)和(he)安全性(xing),并(bing)進一步(bu)提升軌道交通(tong)的運行速度,當前通(tong)過(guo)在整體道床上鋪(pu)設長(chang)距離鋼(gang)軌的工藝已經成為(wei)(wei)主流,因此施工要(yao)求精度更(geng)高(gao),難度更(geng)大。
1.2.1 施(shi)工測量(liang)
鋪軌(gui)(gui)之前的施工(gong)測(ce)量(liang)是基(ji)礎工(gong)作(zuo),首先(xian)要對(dui)測(ce)設基(ji)標進(jin)行查找(zhao)、保(bao)護并(bing)加密,然(ran)后(hou)布設鋼軌(gui)(gui)縱(zong)向的觀測(ce)樁,測(ce)量(liang)軌(gui)(gui)道的水平貫通和(he)中線,對(dui)于需(xu)(xu)要開(kai)鑿(zao)隧道的工(gong)程,還需(xu)(xu)要檢(jian)測(ce)隧道結構的凈(jing)空(kong)限界,并(bing)調整測(ce)量(liang)偏差。
1.2.2 軌(gui)排的組(zu)裝
軌(gui)道鋪設之(zhi)前,應先在(zai)施工(gong)現場(chang)設置(zhi)組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)臺位,然后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)卡具(ju)(ju)組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)軌(gui)排(pai)。具(ju)(ju)體步(bu)驟為(wei):首(shou)先,按組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)示(shi)意圖排(pai)放(fang)馬(ma)(ma)凳(deng),使(shi)所有馬(ma)(ma)凳(deng)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)處于同一水平面(mian)(mian),然后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卡具(ju)(ju)安放(fang)在(zai)馬(ma)(ma)凳(deng)上,再將(jiang)鋼(gang)軌(gui)放(fang)置(zhi)在(zai)卡具(ju)(ju)槽內,使(shi)鋼(gang)軌(gui)的(de)(de)距離(li)保持(chi)在(zai)1435mm,設定(ding)軌(gui)底的(de)(de)坡(po)度為(wei)30:1,最(zui)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)卡具(ju)(ju)鎖定(ding);以鋼(gang)軌(gui)的(de)(de)中心作為(wei)界(jie)限(xian),往(wang)兩端放(fang)出扣件(jian)從而(er)進行(xing)尺寸線安裝(zhuang)(zhuang),并用(yong)(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)扳手鎖定(ding)扣件(jian);最(zui)后(hou)(hou),組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)短枕,控(kong)制好扭矩。軌(gui)排(pai)組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)完成后(hou)(hou)要(yao)對整個組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)流程進行(xing)全面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)檢查,防(fang)止任何一環出現質量問題。
1.2.3 軌排鋪(pu)設
為(wei)保證軌(gui)(gui)(gui)排(pai)(pai)鋪(pu)(pu)設的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang),在(zai)鋪(pu)(pu)設前(qian)需(xu)要(yao)對框構底(di)進行拉毛處理,然(ran)后清理所要(yao)施工的(de)(de)(de)底(di)板。還(huan)要(yao)預先安(an)裝(zhuang)好(hao)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)排(pai)(pai)吊車的(de)(de)(de)支架和軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道,在(zai)鋪(pu)(pu)設軌(gui)(gui)(gui)排(pai)(pai)施工過程中,要(yao)首(shou)先將運送到施工現場的(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)排(pai)(pai)進行水平調整,然(ran)后再橫(heng)向調直、禿頂(ding)(ding)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)排(pai)(pai),為(wei)此,橫(heng)向調直時(shi)需(xu)要(yao)將軌(gui)(gui)(gui)排(pai)(pai)一(yi)端頂(ding)(ding)在(zai)卡(ka)具的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)(ding)端,另一(yi)端頂(ding)(ding)住固定的(de)(de)(de)墻壁。
1.2.4 混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的澆筑
根據施(shi)工工藝和(he)設(she)計要(yao)(yao)求選(xuan)擇適合本項目的(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)類型,并科學(xue)配比,一般來(lai)說(shuo)軌道交通工程所用的(de)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)強度(du)等級為C30,混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)進場(chang)前要(yao)(yao)進行檢驗,保證質量(liang)合格后(hou)再進場(chang),澆筑前先支模板,對于(yu)涉及(ji)隧道或(huo)地下(xia)工程,混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)經過施(shi)工豎(shu)井的(de)下(xia)料(liao)口被送到洞內(nei)的(de)料(liao)斗里(li),然后(hou)運送至(zhi)施(shi)工作業面,澆筑完畢(bi)后(hou)及(ji)時振搗,以(yi)免出現(xian)離(li)析現(xian)象,并保證混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)材(cai)料(liao)之間的(de)握裹力和(he)密實度(du),從而滿足(zu)設(she)計要(yao)(yao)求。
1.3 軌(gui)道交(jiao)通工(gong)程施工(gong)過程中需要(yao)注意(yi)的問題
軌(gui)道交通工程(cheng)較為(wei)復雜,工序繁多,為(wei)了在(zai)保(bao)證施(shi)工質量符(fu)合設(she)計(ji)要(yao)求的前提下,應(ying)當盡可(ke)能縮短工期,為(wei)此,應(ying)當做好施(shi)工現場的協調和安排,盡量縮短各個工序之間(jian)的間(jian)隔時間(jian),并同(tong)時保(bao)證各工序施(shi)工過程(cheng)之間(jian)互相不干(gan)擾(rao),實(shi)現流水作業。
道岔部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)由(you)于結構相對復雜(za),且所(suo)包含的(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)種類(lei)和數量(liang)較多,相互之間的(de)連接較為(wei)脆弱,因(yin)此(ci)施工中應先(xian)用鋼(gang)軌(gui)支(zhi)撐架和軌(gui)距拉桿將道岔的(de)各個部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)連接起(qi)來,調整(zheng)好各個部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)的(de)位置關系(xi)后再澆筑(zhu)混凝土(tu)。
2 城市(shi)軌(gui)道交(jiao)通工程施工安全管理
城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通工程施工涉及的工序復(fu)雜、工種多,作業(ye)環(huan)境復(fu)雜,具有安全隱(yin)患多、風(feng)險(xian)大的特(te)點,為(wei)確保施工過程的順利進行,應當從以下幾個方面著手進行安全管理。
第一(yi),施(shi)工前(qian)要(yao)制定施(shi)工安(an)全(quan)操作規程和(he)細則,明確安(an)全(quan)技術措(cuo)施(shi),對施(shi)工安(an)全(quan)進行(xing)層(ceng)層(ceng)交底,交由每個班(ban)組學習(xi)和(he)落實。工程施(shi)工應當秉承預防為主、及(ji)時處理的(de)原(yuan)則,樹立全(quan)體(ti)員(yuan)工防患于未然的(de)思想,一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)加強安(an)全(quan)教(jiao)育,提(ti)升(sheng)安(an)全(quan)意(yi)識,另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)要(yao)提(ti)高人員(yuan)的(de)事故報告、緊急(ji)避險、應急(ji)處置(zhi)等意(yi)識和(he)能(neng)力。以保證施(shi)工人員(yuan)都能(neng)重(zhong)視自己和(he)他人的(de)生(sheng)命財產,使之嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)施(shi)工標準進行(xing)施(shi)工。
第二,還要求以(yi)工(gong)序為單位,開工(gong)前要做出(chu)詳細的施(shi)工(gong)方案和相(xiang)關(guan)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),報(bao)監理(li)審批后方可施(shi)工(gong),在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)要檢查關(guan)鍵點的安(an)全(quan)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)落實情況,發現有安(an)全(quan)隱患要M快采取有效措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),確保(bao)安(an)全(quan)施(shi)工(gong)。
第三,作(zuo)為施(shi)工(gong)單位,不(bu)能一味追求利潤(run)的(de)(de)最大化,而應當(dang)樹立(li)正確的(de)(de)觀念(nian),在追求利潤(run)的(de)(de)同時,最大程度地(di)保(bao)證施(shi)工(gong)安(an)全(quan),這有利于(yu)實現企業經(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)和社會效益(yi)的(de)(de)最大化,因此做(zuo)好施(shi)工(gong)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)也是施(shi)工(gong)企業可持續發展的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部分(fen)。
3 結束語
綜上所述,城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)多,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)較(jiao)為(wei)復雜,且施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)境(jing)復雜多變(bian),因此對(dui)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術的(de)把握和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全管理的(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)極高。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)以(yi)上本文對(dui)城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術及安全管理做出的(de)交(jiao)代,希望能夠增加施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員對(dui)城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)認識,使其嚴格按(an)照施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、相關(guan)標準(zhun)的(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)進行(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye),并最(zui)大程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度地保障(zhang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全。隨著科(ke)技(ji)的(de)飛(fei)速(su)發(fa)展,我們相信(xin)一定會有更加先進的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi),滿足施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量和(he)安全生(sheng)產的(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。
參考文獻
[1]張文正(zheng).城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交通工程線路設計內容(rong)及(ji)方法[J].隧道(dao)建設,2016(4).
篇7
【關鍵(jian)詞】城(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong);造價;控制
0.前言
現今社會(hui)城(cheng)市(shi)化進程的日益加(jia)快(kuai)使得市(shi)民對于交(jiao)通的需求開始(shi)大量增加(jia)。在上下班時期經常會(hui)見到交(jiao)通擁堵的狀況(kuang)。為(wei)了更(geng)好更(geng)為(wei)全面的解決(jue)城(cheng)市(shi)交(jiao)通壓(ya)力(li)過(guo)大的問題,軌道交(jiao)通的發展極(ji)為(wei)必要。
1.軌道交(jiao)通工程造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)存(cun)在問題(ti)
在軌道交(jiao)通工(gong)程(cheng)建設中,其各階段的造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)作受到(dao)了大多(duo)數人的重(zhong)視,可見其重(zhong)要性。只有對整(zheng)個工(gong)程(cheng)項目做整(zheng)體化的造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi),才能夠確保軌道交(jiao)通工(gong)程(cheng)實現(xian)經濟(ji)與功(gong)能效益(yi)的雙重(zhong)獲取(qu)。各國、各地(di)區(qu)軌道交(jiao)通工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價如(ru)表(biao)1所示。
1.1 工(gong)程(cheng)立項決策存(cun)在問(wen)題(ti)
在工程(cheng)的決策立項(xiang)時期,相關主管部門在工程(cheng)申報工作中(zhong)(zhong)未(wei)對整個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)進行全面化(hua)的了解掌握,僅僅是對估算指標(biao)審批、造價控制有所了解而已。最終導致整個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的建設規(gui)模、技術標(biao)準有所降(jiang)低,交(jiao)通線路與客流量需(xu)求(qiu)之(zhi)間存在著較(jiao)大的空缺,不得(de)不再(zai)次進行擴能(neng)改(gai)造處理(li)。在軌(gui)道交(jiao)通工程(cheng)改(gai)造中(zhong)(zhong),不可(ke)避免(mian)的需(xu)增加一些資金投入,整個(ge)工程(cheng)的造價無法(fa)得(de)到良好的控制。
1.2 管理制度有待(dai)健全完善
從一個工程正式立項,直(zhi)到其試運行(xing)階段(duan),所經過的(de)工作環(huan)(huan)節較多,整(zheng)個周期時(shi)(shi)長約為幾年。雖然(ran)在整(zheng)個工程的(de)各環(huan)(huan)節階段(duan)均會進行(xing)基本的(de)造價控制,但是始終缺(que)乏(fa)了一個明(ming)確統一化(hua)的(de)造價控制制度(du)(du)。在工程設計至(zhi)竣(jun)工階段(duan),關于造價的(de)控制通常采用的(de)是在各環(huan)(huan)節中(zhong)暫(zan)時(shi)(shi)制定一些(xie)基本常規化(hua)的(de)制度(du)(du)及措施,無法實現管理控制經驗的(de)有效交流及整(zheng)理。
2.軌道交通工程造(zao)價控制科學策略
2.1 決策階段
在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)決策階段,應(ying)(ying)依(yi)據(ju)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)城(cheng)市的(de)(de)結構、資源、經(jing)濟、交通(tong)(tong)(tong)現(xian)狀、需求(qiu)等因(yin)素進(jin)行(xing)整(zheng)體化的(de)(de)研究,以(yi)此確保軌道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)功能發揮(hui)及(ji)安全性均能夠(gou)(gou)得到保障。將(jiang)(jiang)城(cheng)市交通(tong)(tong)(tong)需求(qiu)作(zuo)為(wei)切入點,將(jiang)(jiang)客流(liu)量作(zuo)為(wei)基礎(chu)前提,對(dui)多種(zhong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)方案進(jin)行(xing)綜(zong)合化的(de)(de)比較急論證,盡可(ke)能的(de)(de)選取(qu)一種(zhong)真正(zheng)安全、合理(li)、技術先進(jin)且(qie)能夠(gou)(gou)與城(cheng)市發展(zhan)相(xiang)(xiang)融合的(de)(de)軌道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)建設(she)模(mo)式。如(ru)將(jiang)(jiang)具體規(gui)劃要(yao)求(qiu)作(zuo)為(wei)依(yi)據(ju),對(dui)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)線形進(jin)行(xing)合理(li)選取(qu);對(dui)各線路(lu)方案進(jin)行(xing)科學(xue)比較處理(li),盡可(ke)能的(de)(de)控(kong)制降(jiang)低前期費(fei)用;做整(zheng)體化設(she)計(ji),分(fen)布實(shi)施。對(dui)于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決策階段的(de)(de)造(zao)價控(kong)制措施整(zheng)體而言,便是實(shi)行(xing)一個綜(zong)合化的(de)(de)決策系(xi)統,對(dui)于城(cheng)市規(gui)劃相(xiang)(xiang)適應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)線路(lu)網(wang)予以(yi)明確。
軌道交通(tong)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)決策(ce)系(xi)統(tong)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是指一(yi)個對社會(hui)、經濟、環(huan)境等存在(zai)關系(xi)進行(xing)(xing)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)化處理的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種系(xi)統(tong)工(gong)程。綜(zong)(zong)合(he)決策(ce)時站在(zai)一(yi)個全面整體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)角度上對各類信(xin)息資源(yuan)進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)分了(le)解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,將各決策(ce)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)自主(zhu)(zhu)能動性充(chong)分發揮出來(lai),推選(xuan)出一(yi)個真正(zheng)科學可行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程方案,對其予以(yi)明確(que)。
工程決(jue)策(ce)(ce)中(zhong)涉及到的(de)各政(zheng)府、單位均屬于決(jue)策(ce)(ce)主體,如設(she)計、施工、建設(she)等單位及決(jue)策(ce)(ce)政(zheng)府。這些注意在決(jue)策(ce)(ce)階段將會發揮出(chu)極(ji)為重要的(de)決(jue)策(ce)(ce)。一個科學合(he)(he)理的(de)決(jue)策(ce)(ce)過程對于綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)決(jue)策(ce)(ce)成功(gong)與否而(er)言(yan),將會起到關鍵性的(de)作用。而(er)為綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)決(jue)策(ce)(ce)提供(gong)全面強力保障的(de)則是(shi)各責任制度[2]。
2.2 設計階段
在(zai)工程設(she)計(ji)階段對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)工作將會(hui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成極大的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。在(zai)初步設(she)計(ji)期間,其對(dui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)率將會(hui)達(da)到75%~95%。而在(zai)技術設(she)計(ji)階段,其對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)概率將會(hui)達(da)到35%~75%。而在(zai)施工圖設(she)計(ji)階段,其對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)率則會(hui)達(da)到5%~35%。由此充分表明,設(she)計(ji)階段對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)工作而言,其重要(yao)性(xing)不(bu)容小覷。
2.2.1 積(ji)極(ji)倡(chang)導招投標制度
在工程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)前(qian)期(qi)的投入(ru)資金控制極為重(zhong)要。采用招投標的方式(shi)明確工程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)方,能夠有(you)效確保設(she)計(ji)方對(dui)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)的技術(shu)實施(shi)可行(xing)性(xing)予以(yi)負(fu)責。與此同時還需對(dui)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)工程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的功能、規模(mo)、技術(shu)以(yi)及經(jing)濟等進行(xing)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)對(dui)比分析(xi)探究(jiu)。另外,對(dui)于所負(fu)責工程(cheng)(cheng)的投資也需進行(xing)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)嚴格化的控制。
2.2.2 加強動態化管理
對(dui)于工(gong)程設(she)計(ji)方,應要求其(qi)對(dui)整個(ge)(ge)工(gong)程項目(mu)做(zuo)好限額(e)設(she)計(ji),并落實跟蹤分析工(gong)作,對(dui)整個(ge)(ge)項目(mu)投(tou)資(zi)實行(xing)一個(ge)(ge)科學的(de)動態化管(guan)理。將項目(mu)的(de)投(tou)資(zi)狀況及工(gong)程進展(zhan)及時輸(shu)入(ru)至相關數據(ju)庫之中,對(dui)目(mu)標(biao)值做(zuo)跟蹤對(dui)比處理。與此同時,還應注意是市場(chang)上存(cun)在著的(de)一些信(xin)息(xi)做(zuo)到全面(mian)實時掌控(kong),依照最終的(de)分析探(tan)究結果(guo)來采取合(he)理有(you)效的(de)措施,以(yi)此確保整個(ge)(ge)項目(mu)設(she)計(ji)階段的(de)造(zao)價成本能夠(gou)控(kong)制于預期目(mu)標(biao)范圍之內。
2.3 建設階段
2.3.1 重視施工合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)
對(dui)(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程建設招標文件(jian)中(zhong)所提(ti)(ti)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些(xie)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)(jia)造成影響的(de)(de)(de)原則及合(he)同(tong)條件(jian),應在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段對(dui)(dui)其進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)完善(shan)處理(li),以此為(wei)造價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)提(ti)(ti)供助(zhu)力。如(ru)采用一(yi)些(xie)綜合(he)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)包(bao)干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong),將(jiang)包(bao)干(gan)方(fang)式(shi)、計價(jia)(jia)條款作為(wei)重點做(zuo)完善(shan)化(hua)(hua)處理(li)。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)一(yi)些(xie)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)造價(jia)(jia)造成極(ji)大(da)影響且控制(zhi)難度較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)因素做(zuo)包(bao)干(gan)化(hua)(hua)處理(li),將(jiang)綜合(he)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)包(bao)干(gan)范圍進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步的(de)(de)(de)擴大(da)化(hua)(hua),便(bian)可(ke)實現對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)科學有效控制(zhi)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)一(yi)些(xie)無法準確計量的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)項目,將(jiang)項作為(wei)基本單(dan)位,對(dui)(dui)其實行(xing)綜合(he)合(he)價(jia)(jia)包(bao)干(gan)處理(li),便(bian)可(ke)促使工(gong)(gong)程承包(bao)方(fang)自(zi)主進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)優化(hua)(hua),盡(jin)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)降低施(shi)工(gong)(gong)成本。
2.3.2 加強施(shi)工現場管理
在(zai)施工現場管(guan)理(li)中,主要是(shi)指積(ji)(ji)極(ji)推行一(yi)種項目(mu)經濟(ji)責任制度(du),在(zai)對此(ci)制度(du)做健全完善化(hua)處理(li)的(de)同時,積(ji)(ji)極(ji)建立起一(yi)個關于項目(mu)成本的(de)科學(xue)管(guan)理(li)制度(du)。在(zai)此(ci)制度(du)中需涉及利、權(quan)、資(zi)等(deng)方面,將(jiang)三者(zhe)完美結合起來,實現工程造價的(de)科學(xue)控制降低。
2.4 竣工驗收階段
竣工(gong)(gong)驗收屬于造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制的(de)最(zui)后時期。雖然在(zai)(zai)(zai)此階段中實行(xing)(xing)的(de)控制措(cuo)施(shi)不會(hui)對整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)造(zao)成什么(me)影響。但(dan)是由于受到各種因(yin)素(su)的(de)綜合(he)化影響,最(zui)終的(de)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)可能會(hui)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)大的(de)差異。在(zai)(zai)(zai)竣工(gong)(gong)驗收階段應(ying)實行(xing)(xing)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制措(cuo)施(shi)應(ying)為這(zhe)么(me)這(zhe)么(me)幾點[3]。
第一,在施工現場(chang)的(de)相(xiang)關管理人員需(xu)直接參與至竣工驗收、決算工作中(zhong),以(yi)此能(neng)夠在幫(bang)助有效控(kong)制(zhi)工程造價(jia)的(de)同時(shi),盡可能(neng)的(de)縮減竣工決算工作的(de)所需(xu)時(shi)間。
第(di)二,充(chong)分發(fa)揮審計作(zuo)用(yong)。對(dui)于(yu)工程(cheng)實施中(zhong)的(de)(de)因各類簽(qian)證問(wen)題(ti)而導致出現(xian)的(de)(de)工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)進(jin)行嚴(yan)格(ge)全面化(hua)的(de)(de)審查,實現(xian)對(dui)整個軌道交通造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)嚴(yan)格(ge)全面化(hua)控制。在(zai)進(jin)行某項工程(cheng)結算中(zhong),施工單(dan)位所給出的(de)(de)審查總造(zao)價(jia)為108.06萬元(yuan)。但在(zai)后期的(de)(de)調查中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)存在(zai)重復計費問(wen)題(ti),其多出的(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)費用(yong)達(da)到了38.857萬元(yuan)。由此表明,在(zai)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)竣(jun)工驗收期,其審查工作(zuo)多么重要(yao)。
3.結語
在軌道交(jiao)通工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)之中,由于受到投資成本高、建設(she)(she)時間長、涉及單位多(duo)、地(di)域環境(jing)特殊(shu)等多(duo)方(fang)面因素(su)的(de)(de)影響,在工(gong)程(cheng)造價工(gong)作(zuo)中遭遇到的(de)(de)阻礙問題較多(duo)。針對(dui)整個工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)造價控(kong)制工(gong)作(zuo),應對(dui)決策、設(she)(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)、驗收等多(duo)個階段(duan)加(jia)強(qiang)重視,分布落實完成造價控(kong)制工(gong)作(zuo),以此幫助實現(xian)在工(gong)程(cheng)順利、按時完工(gong)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,對(dui)其(qi)整體造價進(jin)行科學全面的(de)(de)控(kong)制。
【參考文獻】
[1]王金(jin)麗(li).城市軌道交通工(gong)程造價控制的研(yan)究[J].財經界,2013,(36):119.
篇8
【關鍵詞】城市;軌道交通;巖土工程;勘(kan)察特點
引文:城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通的特點(dian)是快速、安(an)全(quan)、準時、舒適和(he)節約耕(geng)地(di)。我國發達省、直轄市(shi)(shi)已經具備了(le)大規模建設城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通的經濟條(tiao)件,加(jia)上我國耕(geng)地(di)資源寶貴,所以社會(hui)和(he)政(zheng)府(fu)將更(geng)加(jia)重視城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通的建設,在人均GDP未(wei)達到國際標準時,大規模建設城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通提早提上議事日程。所以城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通巖土(tu)工程勘察尤為(wei)重要。
一(yi)、城市軌道交通工程概述
(1)城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)工程(cheng)(cheng)按照線(xian)路(lu)(lu)敷設形式(shi)可分(fen)為地(di)(di)下線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、地(di)(di)面(mian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)和高(gao)架線(xian)路(lu)(lu);按照結(jie)構類型可分(fen)為車(che)(che)站主(zhu)體、出入(ru)口(kou)通(tong)道(dao)、風道(dao)、風井、人(ren)防工程(cheng)(cheng)、區間隧道(dao)、聯絡通(tong)道(dao)、渡(du)線(xian)、出入(ru)線(xian)、泵(beng)房、高(gao)架線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、橋梁、涵洞、路(lu)(lu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)、路(lu)(lu)堤、路(lu)(lu)塹、車(che)(che)輛段(停車(che)(che)場(chang))、變(bian)電(dian)站、水(shui)源井等(deng)。不(bu)同的(de)(de)結(jie)構類型側重的(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質問題(ti)不(bu)同,勘察(cha)的(de)(de)重點也不(bu)同,勘察(cha)應滿足不(bu)同結(jie)構類型的(de)(de)設計(ji)需(xu)(xu)求。比如,地(di)(di)下工程(cheng)(cheng)一般需(xu)(xu)要提(ti)供(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)下水(shui)位(wei)、圍巖分(fen)級等(deng);地(di)(di)面(mian)建筑需(xu)(xu)要提(ti)供(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)承載力及(ji)變(bian)形計(ji)算參數(shu)等(deng);高(gao)架結(jie)構需(xu)(xu)要提(ti)供(gong)(gong)樁基(ji)(ji)(ji)參數(shu)等(deng)。
(2)城市軌道交通工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)一(yi)般有(you)明(蓋(gai)(gai))挖(wa)(wa)法(fa)、礦山(shan)法(fa)、盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)法(fa)三大工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法(fa);明(蓋(gai)(gai))挖(wa)(wa)法(fa)又可(ke)細分(fen)(fen)為明挖(wa)(wa)、蓋(gai)(gai)挖(wa)(wa)和(he)鋪蓋(gai)(gai)法(fa),明挖(wa)(wa)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)護體系一(yi)般有(you)樁(zhuang)(墻(qiang)(qiang))加內支(zhi)(zhi)撐支(zhi)(zhi)護、樁(zhuang)(墻(qiang)(qiang))加錨桿(索)支(zhi)(zhi)護、土釘墻(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)護、自然放坡等,蓋(gai)(gai)挖(wa)(wa)又分(fen)(fen)為蓋(gai)(gai)挖(wa)(wa)逆做法(fa)和(he)蓋(gai)(gai)挖(wa)(wa)順做法(fa);礦山(shan)法(fa)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝一(yi)般包括(kuo)全斷(duan)面法(fa)、上半(ban)斷(duan)面臨(lin)時封閉(bi)正(zheng)(zheng)臺階(jie)法(fa)、正(zheng)(zheng)臺階(jie)環形開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)法(fa)、單側(ce)壁導(dao)坑正(zheng)(zheng)臺階(jie)法(fa)、雙(shuang)側(ce)壁導(dao)坑法(fa)(眼鏡工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法(fa))、中(zhong)隔(ge)墻(qiang)(qiang)法(fa)(CD法(fa)、CRD法(fa))、中(zhong)洞法(fa)、側(ce)洞法(fa)、柱洞法(fa)、洞樁(zhuang)法(fa)、鉆爆法(fa)等;盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)法(fa)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)類型一(yi)般包括(kuo)敞(chang)開(kai)(kai)式(shi)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)、半(ban)敞(chang)開(kai)(kai)式(shi)和(he)密閉(bi)式(shi)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),近年國內用的(de)(de)比較多的(de)(de)為密閉(bi)式(shi)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),密閉(bi)式(shi)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)根據其力學平衡(heng)原(yuan)理又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為土壓平衡(heng)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)和(he)泥水平衡(heng)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)。配合_三大工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法(fa)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)還有(you)一(yi)些輔(fu)助工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法(fa),包括(kuo)降(jiang)水施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、止水施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、注漿施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、凍結法(fa)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、小導(dao)管施(shi)作(zuo)、、大管棚(peng)施(shi)作(zuo)、盾(dun)(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)始(shi)發井和(he)接收
井加固施工等。
二、勘察實施(shi)風險控制要點
勘(kan)察實施(shi)過程中(zhong)風險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)應(ying)從(cong)組織機(ji)構(gou)、技術(shu)措施(shi)、過程控(kong)制(zhi)、應(ying)急(ji)預(yu)案等方面進行(xing)控(kong)制(zhi):(l)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)準備過程中(zhong),對勘(kan)察實施(shi)中(zhong)可能出現的(de)風險(xian)(xian)因素(su)進行(xing)識(shi)別(bie)。(2)在風險(xian)(xian)因素(su)識(shi)別(bie)的(de)基礎上,有(you)針對性(xing)地建立安全風險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)組織機(ji)構(gou),并制(zhi)定(ding)相應(ying)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)和(he)(he)應(ying)急(ji)預(yu)案。(3)建立嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)風險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)程序。(4)開工(gong)(gong)前項(xiang)目負責人(ren)應(ying)組織安全技術(shu)交底會,對現場(chang)所有(you)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)進行(xing)安全技術(shu)培(pei)訓和(he)(he)教育。(5)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)應(ying)配(pei)備專職安全員(yuan),及時(shi)發現安全隱患,機(ji)組人(ren)員(yuan)嚴(yan)(yan)格按照“操作(zuo)規(gui)程”進行(xing)作(zuo)業,嚴(yan)(yan)禁(jin)違章操作(zuo)。(6)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)開孔(kong)前,必(bi)須嚴(yan)(yan)格按照“調查、訪問、探測、挖探、保護”的(de)程序對地下管線進行(xing)避(bi)讓(rang)和(he)(he)保護。(7)占道施(shi)工(gong)(gong)時(shi),必(bi)須嚴(yan)(yan)格按照要求設置圍擋、指示燈(deng)等,并安排專門人(ren)員(yuan)疏導交通。
三、 城市軌(gui)道交通巖土工(gong)程勘察工(gong)作的現狀(zhuang)
(1)地質勘(kan)察工(gong)作和(he)環(huan)境調查(cha)工(gong)作對城市軌道交(jiao)通建(jian)設(she)設(she)計方(fang)案(an)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案(an)均具有影(ying)響,但(dan)無法根據其相互(hu)之間的具體情況來調整勘(kan)察內容和(he)勘(kan)察工(gong)作量。因此,易導致基坑設(she)計方(fang)案(an)或(huo)隧(sui)道附近(jin)的敏感建(jian)構筑物保護方(fang)案(an)不(bu)當,在工(gong)程實施(shi)(shi)過程中引發工(gong)程事故或(huo)民(min)事糾紛;地質勘(kan)察報告和(he)環(huan)境調查(cha)報告由不(bu)同單位分別(bie)提出,不(bu)便于設(she)計、監理和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)和(he)風險(xian)分析專家使用。
(2)我國(guo)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原來屬于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)體制,其任(ren)務(wu)(wu)是查明沿線工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)、水(shui)文地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)條件,為規(gui)(gui)劃、設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)提供地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)料,卻很少(shao)提出(chu)解決工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)問題(ti)的(de)具體建(jian)(jian)議和(he)方(fang)(fang)法。隨著(zhu)國(guo)家標準GB50021― 2001《巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》的(de)實(shi)施,城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通也(ye)推出(chu)了(le)GB 50307― 1999《地(di)下鐵道、輕(qing)軌(gui)(gui)交(jiao)通巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》。至此,從(cong)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)層(ceng)面講(jiang),勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)已(yi)從(cong)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)制進(jin)入到(dao)巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)制。其意(yi)義在于,在進(jin)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)、水(shui)文地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)的(de)同時,密切結(jie)合工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際,有針對性地(di)對各(ge)階段與巖(yan)土(tu)有關的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法提出(chu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)具體建(jian)(jian)議,并進(jin)行技(ji)術(shu)論證(zheng)和(he)評價(jia),以服務(wu)(wu)于城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)全過程(cheng)。目前,巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)與巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(基(ji)坑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng))結(jie)合得不夠緊(jin)密,勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員和(he)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員共(gong)同確(que)定勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)案和(he)編制成果報告的(de)機制還不成熟(shu),勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)成果報告中(zhong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)措施建(jian)(jian)議、環境與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)
的相(xiang)互影響、監測工作建議措施(shi)等(deng)內容的深度和針對性有待于進一步提高(gao)。
(3)國家(jia)標準GB 50307― 1999《地下鐵(tie)道、輕軌(gui)交通巖土工(gong)程勘(kan)察規范》規定了(le)各(ge)階段勘(kan)察工(gong)作量和(he)布孔原(yuan)則,各(ge)勘(kan)察單位基本都在依(yi)規范進行。但各(ge)城市和(he)城市內不(bu)同區域的(de)地質條件不(bu)同,完全照(zhao)搬規范規定易造成設計方案和(he)施工(gong)方案不(bu)當。
(4)對(dui)軌(gui)道交通沿線的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境勘(kan)察(cha)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)重視不(bu)足主要(yao)表現在幾個(ge)方面:環(huan)(huan)境勘(kan)察(cha)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)廣(guang)度和(he)深度不(bu)夠;沒有明(ming)(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境勘(kan)察(cha)技術(shu)要(yao)求和(he)規范性(xing)(xing)文件(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為依(yi)據;審查和(he)驗收機制不(bu)完善,環(huan)(huan)境勘(kan)察(cha)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)質量控制存(cun)在不(bu)足;沒有業主的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員或監理監督環(huan)(huan)境勘(kan)察(cha)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)。使得環(huan)(huan)境勘(kan)察(cha)成果的(de)(de)完備性(xing)(xing)和(he)準(zhun)確(que)性(xing)(xing)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)不(bu)足,從而導致工程(cheng)實施過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)工法改變(bian),甚至方案和(he)線路的(de)(de)調整。施工的(de)(de)工程(cheng)風險迭生,承建各方倉(cang)促(cu)應對(dui),既影(ying)響工期(qi),增加投資,牽涉繁雜的(de)(de)變(bian)更和(he)保險取證(zheng)、理賠手續,又造成消耗精力、關系(xi)復雜的(de)(de)社會問題,產生不(bu)良影(ying)響。
四(si)、改進城市軌(gui)道交通(tong)巖土工程勘察工作的建(jian)議(yi)
(1)由一家勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)單位承擔地質勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)環境(jing)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha);融合(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)環境(jing)保護需(xu)求(qiu)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通結構(gou)設(she)計(ji)需(xu)求(qiu),合(he)理(li)確(que)定勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)作量,編制統一的(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)大綱(gang)和(he)實施行(xing)方案(an)。編制城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通巖土工(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)報(bao)告時(shi),內容要完整(zheng),要融合(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)環境(jing)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)和(he)地質勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)結果。只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)在這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia),勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)成(cheng)果報(bao)告中的(de)“環境(jing)對(dui)(dui)修(xiu)建工(gong)(gong)程的(de)影響(xiang)分析(xi)(xi)”、“修(xiu)建工(gong)(gong)程對(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)環境(jing)的(de)影響(xiang)分析(xi)(xi)”、“監測(ce)方案(an)建議”、“工(gong)(gong)程措施建議”才(cai)能真正(zheng)做到(dao)分析(xi)(xi)基(ji)礎牢靠(kao),針對(dui)(dui)性強(qiang)、有(you)的(de)放矢(shi);只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)在這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia),設(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)和(he)風險分析(xi)(xi)人員(yuan)才(cai)能得到(dao)完整(zheng)、系統的(de)設(she)計(ji)邊界(jie)條(tiao)件;也只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)這(zhe)樣,勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)才(cai)能夠真正(zheng)走上(shang)巖土工(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)體制。
(2)設(she)計人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)應參加勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)大綱、勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)實施方案的(de)審查;理順勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)與設(she)計人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)之間的(de)信息交流通道,使得階段性勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)結果(guo)(guo)和各(ge)階段設(she)計方案的(de)調整(zheng)等信息能(neng)迅速快捷地在勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)和設(she)計人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)之間交流;勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)成果(guo)(guo)分析工作應由勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)和設(she)計人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)共(gong)同完成。
(3)在城(cheng)市建設勘(kan)察和(he)(he)城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通建設經驗的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang),因地(di)制宜地(di)調整勘(kan)察工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)精度和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量。初勘(kan)精度和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量、詳勘(kan)精度和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量都(dou)應(ying)加(jia)大,且應(ying)超過規(gui)范規(gui)定值;對發(fa)展快(kuai)的(de)城(cheng)區,應(ying)根據軌(gui)道交通線(xian)路附近城(cheng)市設施的(de)發(fa)展,及時補充(chong)增加(jia)建筑物基礎(chu)調查、物探等
工作(zuo)量(liang);根(gen)據線(xian)網規劃的穩定程度(du),適當增加可研階段、初(chu)步(bu)設計階段的勘察(cha)精度(du)和工作(zuo)量(liang)。
(4)在(zai)初步設計概算和(he)施(shi)工圖預(yu)算中,預(yu)留足夠的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)經費,使得這項工作的(de)(de)(de)開展(zhan)有足夠的(de)(de)(de)資金保(bao)障;城市(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工作的(de)(de)(de)工作量應結合本(ben)城市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)通建設的(de)(de)(de)經驗和(he)地(di)質條(tiao)件(jian)確定(ding),工作深度應等同于地(di)質勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha);建立環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)要求或技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規范性(xing)文件(jian),使環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)范圍、深度、分(fen)析方法(fa)、成果(guo)表達方式等技(ji)(ji)術(shu)細節有據可依;建設單(dan)位(wei)和(he)城市(shi)(shi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)單(dan)位(wei)應逐步建立環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)成果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)級審查、驗收和(he)工程款支付機制(zhi),控制(zhi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工作的(de)(de)(de)質量;建立環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工作的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程監督(du)監理機制(zhi)。
五、結束語:
城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)巖土工(gong)程勘察的配套規范(fan)應參照鐵路(lu)系(xi)統(tong)的有關規范(fan),勘察工(gong)作應汲取經驗并(bing)及時(shi)做(zuo)出調(diao)整。勘察方案需要因(yin)地制(zhi)宜調(diao)整,對(dui)勘察工(gong)作的監管亦(yi)應進一步加(jia)強。
參考文獻:
【1】王夢恕,張成(cheng)平.城市地下工程(cheng)建設的(de)事故(gu)分析及(ji)控制(zhi)對策[J].建筑(zhu)科學與工程(cheng)學報,2008,25(2):1-6.
【2】中華(hua)人民共和(he)國國家標準(zhun).地下鐵道、輕軌(gui)交通(tong)巖土(tu)工程勘察規范(GBSO3O7一(yi)1999).北京:中國計(ji)劃出版社,2000.
篇9
關鍵(jian)詞:異步傳(chuan)輸模(mo)式(shi);數字同步模(mo)式(shi);光傳(chuan)輸模(mo)式(shi);軌道(dao)交(jiao)通通信傳(chuan)輸系(xi)統
中圖分類號:C913.32 文獻標(biao)識碼:A 文章編號:
軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),通(tong)信(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是指揮車(che)輛運(yun)行(xing)與進(jin)行(xing)公務(wu)聯(lian)絡和(he)運(yun)營管理(li)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)傳遞(di)信(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具(ju),它是軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)總要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)組成部分之一。為(wei)了保證車(che)輛安(an)全、高(gao)速的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)營與可(ke)靠(kao)地傳輸圖像、數據、文(wen)字、語言以(yi)(yi)及(ji)網絡信(xin)息等各種資源,就必須(xu)要(yao)建立(li)一個組網靈活、易擴充以(yi)(yi)及(ji)高(gao)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)通(tong)信(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),并且在對(dui)(dui)該系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)進(jin)行(xing)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)該滿足各個方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)需求(qiu)。根據軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)對(dui)(dui)城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)、大容量以(yi)(yi)及(ji)多(duo)功能和(he)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)途等進(jin)行(xing)集中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)和(he)維護,確保系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)。
一、軌道交通通信傳輸系統(tong)
(一)傳輸信息內容
傳輸系(xi)統傳輸信(xin)息包含:
調(diao)度(du)各種電話(hua)(hua)的控制(zhi)信息(xi)和(he)話(hua)(hua)音, 就是防災調(diao)度(du)、列車調(diao)度(du)以及電力調(diao)度(du)等,由(you)總(zong)機電話(hua)(hua)系統至分機間控制(zhi)的信息(xi)和(he)話(hua)(hua)音。
(2)控(kong)制中心無(wu)限集換機至各(ge)基站的數(shu)字中繼及控(kong)制信息。
(3)各個車(che)站至控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)中的時鐘(zhong)信(xin)息(xi)系統:時鐘(zhong)信(xin)息(xi)系統采用(yong)的是車(che)站兩(liang)級到控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)的組網(wang)模(mo)式,就是指控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)中心(xin)內設置CCTV的接收單(dan)元,GPS的接收機(ji)以及一(yi)級母鐘(zhong)等,在車(che)輛段、停車(che)場(chang)、各個車(che)站設置二級母鐘(zhong),有(you)兩(liang)級母鐘(zhong)間的低俗數(shu)據(ju)信(xin)息(xi)傳輸(shu)通道(dao)傳輸(shu)時鐘(zhong)過(guo)濾的數(shu)據(ju)。
(4)低速的(de)信(xin)息數據:其包括了列車的(de)自動控(kong)制、自動化辦(ban)公、售檢票自動化、報警防災、監控(kong)設備以及(ji)電力等系(xi)統需要的(de)各(ge)種信(xin)息數據。
(5)各個車站(zhan)(zhan)至控(kong)(kong)制中心(xin)的控(kong)(kong)制信息、廣播語音:系統(tong)提供從各個車站(zhan)(zhan)至控(kong)(kong)制中心(xin)的高(gao)質量低速(su)數據信道(dao)控(kong)(kong)制傳送(song)(song)和話音信道(dao)控(kong)(kong)制傳送(song)(song)。
(6)各個(ge)車(che)站至公務(wu)通信的交換機(ji)用戶(hu)的數(shu)據信息:就(jiu)是指為了控制(zhi)中(zhong)心控制(zhi)各個(ge)車(che)站、車(che)輛段、停車(che)場至交換機(ji)間的魔衣話音(yin)和綜合數(shu)字數(shu)據信息。
(7)各個車站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)至控(kong)制中(zhong)心的(de)圖像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸信(xin)(xin)息(xi)和(he)控(kong)制信(xin)(xin)息(xi):就是指通(tong)過電視監視系統的(de)控(kong)制中(zhong)心到(dao)各個車站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)寬帶(dai)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)圖像(xiang)和(he)各個車站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)控(kong)制中(zhong)心的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)控(kong)制。
(8)網絡信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)管(guan)理:就(jiu)是指各個系統網絡維(wei)護的信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)管(guan)理。
(9)環境(jing)(jing)及電源(yuan)等(deng)的(de)(de)信(xin)息監(jian)控(kong)(kong):就(jiu)是指監(jian)控(kong)(kong)車(che)輛段通信(xin)工作(zuo)室的(de)(de)電源(yuan)設(she)備(bei)、停車(che)場(chang)以及各(ge)車(che)站的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)運行狀態以及具體的(de)(de)環境(jing)(jing)信(xin)息或(huo)者是其他監(jian)視信(xin)息。通過(guo)低(di)速的(de)(de)數據(ju)傳輸(shu)心(xin)道傳輸(shu)至(zhi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)中心(xin),并且使控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)中心(xin)對所(suo)有情況進(jin)行集中的(de)(de)監(jian)視控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。
(二)信息特點、類型以(yi)及通信傳(chuan)輸系統接口
從上(shang)面的信息能夠了解到:
信息類型主要有:
第一(yi),高質(zhi)量、多點的視(shi)頻監視(shi)
第二,實時話(hua)音的通信類
第三,實(shi)時語音的指揮調度類
第四(si),高可靠性指(zhi)揮(hui)運輸類
第五,監控業務類
第六(liu),監控(kong)及網管類
第七,高(gao)質量的音頻類
信息主要的(de)特點有:
第一,可靠性高
第二,實時性高
第三(san),相對獨(du)立的各(ge)個信(xin)息(xi)信(xin)息(xi)控制
第四,數據/業(ye)務流量主要集中在站間而不是站內(nei)
第五,通常情(qing)況下數據信息會(hui)向(xiang)控(kong)制中心的某一點匯集
第(di)六,通常情況下會(hui)有幾十公里的區域覆蓋,其(qi)業務的總流(liu)量照(zhao)比電信(xin)營運商要(yao)小
第七(qi),對外的業務(wu)量(liang)通常較小(xiao),整個(ge)系統(tong)處于相對封閉(bi)的狀態(tai)
第(di)八,對(dui)于高質量的廣播(bo)和快(kuai)帶視(shi)屏(ping)要求比較高
通信(xin)傳輸系統的建設方(fang)案
根據(ju)現今通(tong)信(xin)技術發展的(de)形式(shi),適合(he)軌(gui)道交通(tong)的(de)通(tong)信(xin)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)方案主要有ATM傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)網、SDH傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)網以(yi)及OTN傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)網等。下(xia)面就以(yi)上一(yi)個方案各自的(de)不足和(he)特點進行分析。
(一)OTN傳輸網
OTN傳輸網的特點(dian)主(zhu)要有以下幾(ji)個方面:
(1)其主要為專業(ye)網絡而開發的,適合輕軌(gui)相對(dui)封閉的網絡,比如像輕軌(gui)等。
(2)擁有多(duo)樣以及(ji)靈活的(de)接口卡業務,具備極強的(de)業務接入水平。
(3)接入(ru)和傳輸設備相(xiang)互融合,是網絡結構得到了最(zui)大程(cheng)度(du)的簡化(hua)。
(4)采(cai)用雙環保護(hu)設置,提(ti)高了系統運行的可靠性。
(5)系統網管功能較為靈活。
(6)在國(guo)內外的(de)輕軌和地鐵(tie)工程建設(she)過程中有(you)著比較(jiao)廣泛的(de)應用,能夠取(qu)得(de)的(de)應用經驗較(jiao)為豐富。
當然也應(ying)該看到OTN傳輸和幀結構的(de)(de)獨特運(yun)行方式,其都(dou)是為專(zhuan)用的(de)(de)網絡(luo)而設計開發的(de)(de),在(zai)獨立專(zhuan)用網絡(luo)中(zhong)非常適合,尤(you)其是其技術的(de)(de)唯一性標準,能夠使不(bu)同(tong)(tong)軌道的(de)(de)交通線不(bu)同(tong)(tong)傳輸網絡(luo)間難以互(hu)通和連接。除此之外,OTN系統的(de)(de)設備(bei)使用的(de)(de)都(dou)是進(jin)口設備(bei),國產化的(de)(de)水平相對(dui)較(jiao)低,對(dui)于網絡(luo)的(de)(de)改(gai)造(zao)和升(sheng)級以及售后(hou)服務等都(dou)比較(jiao)依(yi)賴外商,同(tong)(tong)時其性格比也并(bing)不(bu)十分合理(li),所以在(zai)應(ying)用過程(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)當將以上因(yin)素認(ren)真的(de)(de)考慮(lv)進(jin)去(qu)。
(二)SDH傳輸網(wang)
SDH傳輸網的特(te)點有以下幾個方面:
(1)國際標準(zhun)較為統一(yi),在統一(yi)的(de)國際標準(zhun)下不同(tong)廠家設備的(de)光(guang)電接(jie)口非常容易連接(jie)起(qi)來(lai),而且軌(gui)道的(de)不同(tong)交(jiao)通線中(zhong)的(de)不同(tong)傳輸網絡同(tong)樣十分(fen)容易連接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)。
(2)網(wang)絡設備和結構(gou)較為簡單。
(3)調度方便(bian)、配(pei)置靈活(huo),可以較為靈活(huo)的(de)對不同方向的(de)數據信息進(jin)行插(cha)入和分下。
(4)網絡功能強大、管(guan)理的靈活性極強。
(5)成熟的(de)自(zi)愈環(huan)技術(shu),擁有超(chao)強的(de)網絡保(bao)護能力。
但是(shi)由于SDH設(she)(she)備其主要(yao)針對的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)電信等公網,并且可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)根據其具體(ti)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求而(er)研(yan)發出來的(de)(de)(de),在專(zhuan)網的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用方面還(huan)有(you)(you)著(zhu)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)不足(zu)之處,比如像(xiang)數據接(jie)口(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)種類較少、寬帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)網絡(luo)接(jie)口(kou)(kou)較少等,如果需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)比較復雜的(de)(de)(de)數據接(jie)口(kou)(kou)還(huan)必須應(ying)(ying)增設(she)(she)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)設(she)(she)備。除此之外,在分配帶(dai)寬的(de)(de)(de)問題上(shang)也相(xiang)(xiang)對缺少靈活性(xing),不能夠(gou)適應(ying)(ying)大(da)容(rong)量業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)和突發性(xing)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求等。為了(le)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)將SDH的(de)(de)(de)以(yi)上(shang)缺點客服,某些廠家又研(yan)發出一(yi)體(ti)式的(de)(de)(de)SDH設(she)(she)備。盡管一(yi)體(ti)式SDH有(you)(you)了(le)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)進,但是(shi)其動態帶(dai)寬和寬帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)適應(ying)(ying)能力仍然不能滿足(zu)要(yao)求,所以(yi)某些業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)就會受到限(xian)制(zhi)。
ATM傳輸網
ATM傳(chuan)輸網的特(te)點有以(yi)下(xia)幾個方面:
(1)工作方(fang)式面向連(lian)接,使用(yong)(yong)的是統(tong)計(ji)復用(yong)(yong)方(fang)式,能夠靈(ling)活動(dong)態的將帶寬(kuan)進(jin)行分配以及(ji)實現連(lian)接網絡,使得系統(tong)傳輸的容量得到了滿足(zu)。
其(qi)集數(shu)據、視頻、語音交換(huan)技術于一(yi)體,寬帶(dai)與(yu)窄帶(dai)業務共(gong)同(tong)集成在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)網(wang)絡平臺中(zhong),具有的網(wang)絡接(jie)(jie)口相(xiang)對標準,比如寬帶(dai)視屏接(jie)(jie)口和(he)寬帶(dai)廣播接(jie)(jie)口等(deng),能夠提供(gong)多種(zhong)多樣的服務,尤(you)其(qi)是適合應用寬帶(dai)視屏,并使終端設備和(he)ATM交換(huan)的信息和(he)類型種(zhong)類無關等(deng)等(deng)。
對于正(zheng)在建(jian)設(she)(she)的工程,筆者推薦使用(yong)(yong)兩種方式(shi),ATM和SDH方式(shi),這兩種方式(shi)在我國軌道建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)已經較(jiao)為成熟,并且業務(wu)支持的能力較(jiao)為良(liang)好(hao)(hao),因此應(ying)當作(zuo)為建(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)位和設(she)(she)計單(dan)位重點考(kao)慮的對象。而ATM方式(shi)則較(jiao)為適(shi)合(he)(he)對業務(wu)質(zhi)量要求比較(jiao)高的綜合(he)(he)性業務(wu)網絡中(zhong)使用(yong)(yong),這在專網和公網的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)過程中(zhong)已經得(de)到很好(hao)(hao)的證明(ming),其有(you)著比較(jiao)好(hao)(hao)的發展勢頭。
總結
軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通的(de)(de)通信(xin)系統(tong)對軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通車輛運行(xing)和(he)管理等工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)開展都有(you)著極為重要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,因此,建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)人員和(he)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人員應(ying)該本(ben)著負責任的(de)(de)態度(du)將(jiang)其建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)好,同時,對于軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通通信(xin)系統(tong)的(de)(de)相關研究也不可以有(you)所怠慢,我(wo)國相關專業(ye)的(de)(de)專家學者應(ying)該多與(yu)學習國外先(xian)進的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)理念,并(bing)且將(jiang)國外先(xian)進的(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)理念進行(xing)總結,歸(gui)納(na)出(chu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)成(cheng)功(gong)點,并(bing)將(jiang)其運用到我(wo)國軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通通信(xin)系統(tong)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中來,為我(wo)國軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通事業(ye)做出(chu)自(zi)己應(ying)盡的(de)(de)貢獻。
參考文獻
[1] 金大成. OTN網絡(luo)在地鐵通信傳輸中的應用[J]. 電氣(qi)化鐵道, 2001,(02) .
[2] 許(xu)自強(qiang). 城市(shi)軌道(dao)交通中采用的綜合(he)傳輸網[J]. 地下工程與(yu)隧道(dao), 1999,(03) .
[3] 洪(hong)翔(xiang). 城市快速軌道(dao)交通中的通信傳輸技術[J]. 地下工程與隧道(dao), 2001,(01) .
篇10
關(guan)鍵詞:軌道(dao)交通;工程(cheng)(cheng)造價;全過程(cheng)(cheng);控制
Pick to: urban rail transit construction projects due to its huge investment, as well as improve surrounding the radiation effect of greatly affects the lifeblood of the district economy, but also related to people's life and plays an important role in the society. Construction engineering cost is an important part of rail transit construction investment cost, the effective management of the project cost is the important content of construction project investment management. Whole process in this paper, the rail transit construction cost management, this paper puts forward the concept of the whole process of cost control, and introduces how to control in stages.
Key words: rail transit; The project cost; The whole process. Control
中圖(tu)分(fen)類號(hao):TU723.3文獻標識碼:A文章編(bian)號(hao):2095-2104(2013)
一、全過程造價控制(zhi)的涵義(yi)
建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)貫穿于項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)個(ge)過(guo)程(cheng),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)全過(guo)程(cheng)包(bao)含建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投資(zi)(zi)決策(ce)(ce)、設(she)計、招(zhao)投標(biao)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收(shou)等各個(ge)階(jie)段(duan),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)控制(zhi)覆蓋建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)決策(ce)(ce)至竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)階(jie)段(duan),包(bao)括策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)決策(ce)(ce)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)策(ce)(ce)劃(hua)、投資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)經濟評(ping)價(jia)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)融資(zi)(zi)方案分析、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)不(bu)確定性(xing)分析;設(she)計階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)限額設(she)計、方案比選、概預算(suan)編(bian)制(zhi);招(zhao)投標(biao)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)段(duan)劃(hua)分、承(cheng)發包(bao)模式(shi)及(ji)合同形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)選擇、標(biao)底(di)編(bian)制(zhi);施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)計量與(yu)結算(suan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更控制(zhi)、索賠管(guan)理;竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收(shou)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結算(suan)與(yu)決算(suan)等。在不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)段(duan),造價(jia)控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)重點和效果是完全不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)。
全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制是對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進行全程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理(li),以(yi)達到(dao)控制工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投資(zi)的(de)目的(de)。同時(shi),工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理(li)是一項具有不確定性工(gong)作,在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設實施過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,會有許(xu)多不可預見(jian)的(de)事項發生,因此,需要對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理(li)的(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進行系統計劃(hua)與總體控制規劃(hua),從而取得(de)較好的(de)投資(zi)效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)和社會效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)。
二、全過程造價控(kong)制(zhi)的措(cuo)施論述
1)決策階段
投(tou)資(zi)決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)是影響工(gong)程造(zao)價最(zui)為(wei)關鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)一環。在決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)階段,應(ying)(ying)根據(ju)對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)、功能(neng)(neng)、資(zi)源(yuan)、自然條件(jian)、經濟(ji)狀況、土地開發(fa)利用(yong)、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)體(ti)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)現狀與(yu)需求等(deng)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu),以(yi)保障功能(neng)(neng)和安(an)全(quan)為(wei)前(qian)提(ti),以(yi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)需求為(wei)出發(fa)點,以(yi)客流量為(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu),進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)多種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合比(bi)選(xuan)(xuan)及(ji)技(ji)術(shu)經濟(ji)論證(zheng),選(xuan)(xuan)擇安(an)全(quan)適(shi)用(yong)、技(ji)術(shu)先進(jin)(jin)、經濟(ji)合理(li)、與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)相適(shi)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地鐵(tie)建(jian)(jian)設(she)規(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)標準及(ji)運(yun)營系統(tong)(tong)(tong)和模(mo)式。比(bi)如:根據(ju)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃要(yao)求,合理(li)選(xuan)(xuan)擇線(xian)形;比(bi)選(xuan)(xuan)線(xian)路方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an),降低前(qian)期(qi)費用(yong);整體(ti)設(she)計,分(fen)步實(shi)施(shi);加強(qiang)對工(gong)程地質條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勘測。此階段工(gong)程造(zao)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)控制措施(shi)就是實(shi)施(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)系統(tong)(tong)(tong),確(que)定與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)總(zong)體(ti)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃相適(shi)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)網。軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)是一個(ge)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合處理(li)社會、經濟(ji)、環境之間復雜關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)程,是一個(ge)貫穿調查研究(jiu)、分(fen)析思(si)考、設(she)計選(xuan)(xuan)擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)是在全(quan)面系統(tong)(tong)(tong)地了解各(ge)種(zhong)信息資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上(shang),充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)各(ge)個(ge)決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)觀能(neng)(neng)動性,利用(yong)科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)程序、決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)理(li)論和方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法對信息資(zi)源(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)析研究(jiu),提(ti)出問題,明(ming)確(que)任務,推(tui)選(xuan)(xuan)可行(xing)(xing)性方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an),最(zui)終選(xuan)(xuan)取最(zui)優方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)。參與(yu)決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政府、建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)、設(she)計單位(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)、公眾和咨詢機構(gou)是綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti),在決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)中發(fa)揮(hui)著重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong);科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)過程是綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)成敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵;各(ge)種(zhong)相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任制度是綜(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)合決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)強(qiang)有力的(de)(de)(de)(de)保證(zheng)。對于(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)成本(ben)來(lai)講,本(ben)階段價值管(guan)理(li)所(suo)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)只(zhi)占0.1%~0.5%,對工(gong)程造(zao)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響卻高達(da)75%以(yi)上(shang)。
2)設計階段
設(she)(she)計(ji)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價管理(li)(li)是建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)重要環(huan)節,在(zai)(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)投資決策立項(xiang)后(hou),控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)投資的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)設(she)(she)計(ji)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。設(she)(she)計(ji)質(zhi)量直接影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價、建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)使用(yong)安(an)全(quan)、環(huan)保水平等(deng),直接決定施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)投入。設(she)(she)計(ji)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)造(zao)(zao)價管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)主要任(ren)務包括采用(yong)方案競(jing)選(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)優選(xuan)設(she)(she)計(ji)方案、提(ti)高經濟(ji)意識(shi),運用(yong)價值工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)方法降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價、通(tong)過設(she)(she)計(ji)招標選(xuan)擇合(he)適的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)、推(tui)(tui)行限額(e)設(she)(she)計(ji)動態跟蹤控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)價、制(zhi)(zhi)定與強(qiang)力推(tui)(tui)行設(she)(she)計(ji)索賠及設(she)(she)計(ji)監理(li)(li)、改(gai)革設(she)(she)計(ji)費的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算和(he)審核辦法,建(jian)立激勵機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)。在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)過程(cheng)中(zhong),充分利用(yong)價值工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)原(yuan)理(li)(li),把(ba)技(ji)術(shu)與經濟(ji)有機(ji)結合(he),通(tong)過技(ji)術(shu)比較、經濟(ji)分析和(he)效果(guo)評價,正確處理(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)先進與經濟(ji)合(he)理(li)(li)兩者之間的(de)(de)(de)對立統一關系,力求在(zai)(zai)技(ji)術(shu)先進條件下的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)合(he)理(li)(li),在(zai)(zai)經濟(ji)合(he)理(li)(li)基礎上的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)先進,把(ba)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)(de)(de)觀念滲透到各項(xiang)設(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)中(zhong),把(ba)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作推(tui)(tui)向(xiang)另一個里程(cheng)碑。
3)招投標階段
招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)工作應遵循(xun)公(gong)開(kai)、公(gong)平(ping)、公(gong)正、誠信(xin)原則,嚴(yan)格(ge)審查投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)資質,必(bi)要時進(jin)行(xing)實(shi)地(di)考察。招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件各項條款準確(que)嚴(yan)密(mi),有效地(di)防止(zhi)過多索賠事件的(de)(de)發生。招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)必(bi)須(xu)對(dui)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)價(jia)進(jin)行(xing)嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)制,標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)價(jia)一般應依據現行(xing)規范(fan)、定(ding)額、取費標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準和施工圖紙進(jin)行(xing)編制,并綜合(he)(he)考慮現場情況、工期等因(yin)素。為了確(que)保工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量,必(bi)須(xu)首先(xian)保證標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)價(jia)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)性。采取切實(shi)有效的(de)(de)措施杜絕投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)企業(ye)(ye)串標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、哄抬標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)價(jia)。據現有資料(liao)統計,通過公(gong)開(kai)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),使建設項目(mu)合(he)(he)同總價(jia)相對(dui)于經審定(ding)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)或攔標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)價(jia)下浮一般在8%~15%之間,可見招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)對(dui)控(kong)制工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)重要程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度。在工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中,招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術管理(li)者和工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術人員必(bi)須(xu)密(mi)切配合(he)(he),盡量做到商務標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)和技(ji)術表相吻合(he)(he),減少招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)階段對(dui)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。
4)施工階段
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)(duan)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)實(shi)體形成(cheng)階段(duan)(duan),是資(zi)金投(tou)(tou)入最大(da)的(de)階段(duan)(duan),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量大(da),涉及面廣(guang),影響造價的(de)因素(su)多。要(yao)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價,最終實(shi)現項目(mu)的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)效益,此階段(duan)(duan)要(yao)加強(qiang)內部(bu)管(guan)(guan)理和(he)監督力度,具體可做好(hao)(hao)以(yi)下(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作:①用技術經濟比(bi)較方(fang)法認真審核(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計;②處(chu)理好(hao)(hao)靜態投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估(概(gai))算額與預算的(de)時間差價,是投(tou)(tou)資(zi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)重點,即材差計列;③嚴控(kong)(kong)交通(tong)疏解及管(guan)(guan)線(xian)搬(ban)遷(qian)的(de)規模(mo)變化;④前期設(she)計及施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時都需充分(fen)考慮交通(tong)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)、供(gong)電管(guan)(guan)線(xian)、給水管(guan)(guan)線(xian)、煤(mei)氣管(guan)(guan)線(xian)、通(tong)信光纜、鐵路設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)、部(bu)隊設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)及公(gong)安設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)等壟(long)斷項目(mu)給建(jian)設(she)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)帶來困難;⑤嚴格控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)變更簽證和(he)索賠的(de)審核(he);
5)竣工結算階段
建設項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)最后(hou)一個環節,通(tong)過對(dui)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)核(he)(he)與管理,使(shi)結(jie)算(suan)價(jia)(jia)款不(bu)僅能符合(he)合(he)同的(de)(de)(de)約定,而(er)且(qie)能夠使(shi)審(shen)核(he)(he)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)算(suan)真正(zheng)體現(xian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實際造(zao)價(jia)(jia)。該(gai)階(jie)段應對(dui)結(jie)算(suan)方式(shi)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量審(shen)核(he)(he)、單價(jia)(jia)審(shen)核(he)(he)、取費標準的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)核(he)(he)、重復計(ji)價(jia)(jia)問(wen)題等工(gong)(gong)作采取有效的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)。要充分發揮工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)審(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)作用,對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中由各(ge)種簽證而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)增加工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)進行嚴格審(shen)查,把(ba)好造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)最后(hou)一關。
三、結語
綜上所述,軌道(dao)交通工程(cheng)造價投資控(kong)制管理是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個有(you)著巨大社會(hui)效益與(yu)經濟(ji)效益的(de)項目,對國民經濟(ji)有(you)重大影響(xiang)(xiang),對城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交通建設工程(cheng)進行造價控(kong)制是(shi)非(fei)常有(you)必要(yao)的(de),忽視任何(he)一(yi)(yi)個階段的(de)管理都會(hui)對工程(cheng)的(de)最終造價產生(sheng)影響(xiang)(xiang)。
筆者建(jian)議為使軌道(dao)交通建(jian)設項目達到最大的經濟(ji)效益和社(she)會效益,在進行(xing)單(dan)獨項目的投(tou)資(zi)控(kong)制(zhi)過后,需認(ren)真總結本項目的經驗教訓、記錄本地甚至全國(guo)的投(tou)資(zi)控(kong)制(zhi)指標,便于(yu)將(jiang)來更精(jing)確的完成投(tou)資(zi)控(kong)制(zhi)管(guan)理任務的目的。
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