導語：如何(he)才能寫好一篇建設工(gong)程全(quan)過程項目管理，這就需要(yao)搜(sou)集整理更多的資(zi)料和(he)文獻，歡迎(ying)閱讀由公務員之家整理的十篇范(fan)文，供你(ni)借鑒。

篇1

工程監理制從試點到今天已經18年了，監理制的推行對保證建設工程質(zhi)量，提高建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)水(shui)平起(qi)到(dao)了(le)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)作用。但由于監理(li)(li)行(xing)業發展時間較(jiao)短(duan)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)不夠成熟，監理(li)(li)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)實際(ji)(ji)發揮的(de)(de)(de)作用與(yu)社會期(qi)望的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標相(xiang)比還(huan)有一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)距，在發展過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也暴露出一些弊端和(he)(he)不適應。如何盡快解決這些問題(ti)(ti)，進一步提高監理(li)(li)制(zhi)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)作用，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監理(li)(li)制(zhi)盡快與(yu)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)慣例接軌(gui)，增強我國(guo)建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)企業在國(guo)際(ji)(ji)建筑(zhu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)競爭能(neng)力是(shi)國(guo)家政策制(zhi)定(ding)者和(he)(he)監理(li)(li)公司決策者面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)共同問題(ti)(ti)。2004年11月建設(she)(she)部了(le)建市(shi)(shi)[2004]200號文(wen)《建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)試行(xing)辦(ban)法(fa)》。本文(wen)擬通過(guo)對(dui)它的(de)(de)(de)解讀，結合國(guo)際(ji)(ji)通行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)FIDIC合同條件下咨詢工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師制(zhi)度，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)監理(li)(li)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)發展方向做一探討。

一、現階段建設工程監理的特點

我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制度(du)是在對我(wo)(wo)國幾十年建(jian)(jian)設工程管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)實踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)思和(he)總(zong)結，參(can)考國外工程管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)經驗的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)制定的(de)(de)(de)。無論在理(li)(li)(li)(li)論和(he)方(fang)法上(shang)，還是在業務(wu)內容和(he)工作(zuo)程序上(shang)，與(yu)國外的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設項目管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)都是相同的(de)(de)(de)。然(ran)而(er)，由(you)于我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)特殊國情，我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制度(du)在監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)服務(wu)對象(xiang)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)階段和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)內容、監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工程師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)責任和(he)權(quan)利等(deng)許多方(fang)面都與(yu)FIDIC合同體(ti)制下的(de)(de)(de)咨詢工程師(shi)制度(du)有著區別。

1、在國際上，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)按(an)服務對象主要可(ke)分為(wei)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設單(dan)位服務的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和為(wei)承建(jian)(jian)(jian)單(dan)位服務的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)；而我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)制規定(ding)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)只能(neng)接受(shou)業(ye)主的(de)(de)委(wei)托(tuo)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設單(dan)位服務。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設部在2003年2月13日所發建(jian)(jian)(jian)市(shi)[2003]30號文《關于(yu)培(pei)育發展工(gong)(gong)(gong)程總(zong)承包和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)指(zhi)導意見》中已明(ming)確指(zhi)出：“依法必須(xu)實(shi)行(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)，具有相應(ying)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)資質(zhi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)受(shou)業(ye)主委(wei)托(tuo)進行(xing)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)時可(ke)不再(zai)另行(xing)委(wei)托(tuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)”，從此我(wo)(wo)們能(neng)看出具有相應(ying)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)資質(zhi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)由于(yu)與(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)功能(neng)重(zhong)疊就(jiu)產生了合作的(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)。

2、FIDIC合同中的咨詢工程師講求的是全過程的(de)參(can)(can)與(yu)，這種參(can)(can)與(yu)在業(ye)主立項(xiang)之前就已經開始咨詢服(fu)務，立項(xiang)后的(de)投資、設(she)計、招投標、采購、施工(gong)、安裝、調試、驗收(shou)各個階(jie)段都(dou)(dou)有監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)程師(shi)的(de)參(can)(can)與(yu)；而(er)在我國，雖(sui)然監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)制度出臺的(de)初衷是(shi)做到“三(san)(san)控(kong)、二管、一(yi)協調”，但是(shi)由于體制原(yuan)因(yin)，機制上不配(pei)套，監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)“三(san)(san)控(kong)”，即(ji)投資、進度、質量管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)職(zhi)能被異化，實(shi)際操作中絕(jue)大多數(shu)監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)單位僅是(shi)以“質量監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)為(wei)主”，投資控(kong)制基本上由建(jian)設(she)單位實(shi)施，很少(shao)項(xiang)目給予監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)實(shi)行(xing)“三(san)(san)控(kong)制”，因(yin)此長期(qi)以來，監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)“三(san)(san)控(kong)、二管、一(yi)協調”未能得到有效貫徹。目前，我國絕(jue)大部分工(gong)程監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)單位從事的(de)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)施工(gong)階(jie)段的(de)監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)。

3、FIDIC合同(tong)條件中的(de)(de)(de)咨詢工程師(shi)是執業(ye)(ye)資格，英美國家在建筑(zhu)市場(chang)上實行個人(ren)(ren)市場(chang)準入(ru)管理(li)(li)；我國的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)工程師(shi)必須依(yi)附企業(ye)(ye)才能執業(ye)(ye)，更易被(bei)理(li)(li)解為(wei)傳統意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)工程師(shi)職(zhi)稱。前(qian)者的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)處在于責(ze)任(ren)到人(ren)(ren)，易于管理(li)(li)，且責(ze)任(ren)明確。而(er)后(hou)者則是企業(ye)(ye)責(ze)任(ren)仍(reng)然是基礎(chu)，由企業(ye)(ye)承擔包(bao)括賠償等最基本的(de)(de)(de)民(min)事責(ze)任(ren)，這(zhe)使得(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)工程師(shi)關(guan)心企業(ye)(ye)得(de)(de)失勝于關(guan)心自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)執業(ye)(ye)資格。同(tong)時，在監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)公司的(de)(de)(de)大招(zhao)牌下可能有素質低(di)下，服務(wu)意(yi)識差的(de)(de)(de)從業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)員存在，也嚴重(zhong)影(ying)響了監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)聲譽。再者，由于目前(qian)我國大多數(shu)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)單位仍(reng)然是國有經濟(ji)，達不到分散風(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。

4、當年國家引進監理的初衷就是業主的項目管理，只(zhi)不(bu)過由于(yu)各種原(yuan)因，監(jian)(jian)理只(zhi)是在施工(gong)階段得到(dao)了(le)(le)推廣，且(qie)主要負責(ze)質量方面。執(zhi)業范圍(wei)的(de)(de)變小帶來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)就業門檻的(de)(de)降低(di)，從而使(shi)近來(lai)(lai)監(jian)(jian)理市(shi)場越來(lai)(lai)越混(hun)亂(luan)，各企業間(jian)惡(e)性競爭(zheng)，競相壓價，監(jian)(jian)理從業，服務不(bu)到(dao)位。這(zhe)也違背了(le)(le)國(guo)家引進工(gong)程監(jian)(jian)理制度的(de)(de)初(chu)衷，不(bu)利于(yu)我國(guo)項目管理水平的(de)(de)提高(gao)。

二、推行工程項目(mu)全過程管理的現(xian)實需(xu)求(qiu)

1、建市[2003]30號文《關于培育發展工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總承包和工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)指導意見》，“為了深化我國工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)項(xiang)目組織(zhi)實(shi)施方式(shi)改革，培育發展專業(ye)(ye)化的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總承包和工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)(li)企業(ye)(ye)”。與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總承包的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計、采購、施工(gong)一(yi)(yi)體化一(yi)(yi)致，監(jian)理(li)(li)也(ye)應(ying)做到(dao)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)，這一(yi)(yi)點也(ye)是同(tong)(tong)FIDIC合(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)咨詢工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)全程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)參與(yu)相吻合(he)的(de)(de)(de)。監(jian)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)范圍(wei)應(ying)逐步擴展到(dao)為業(ye)(ye)主提供(gong)投(tou)資規(gui)劃、投(tou)資估算、價值分(fen)析，向設(she)計單位(wei)，施工(gong)單位(wei)提供(gong)費用控制，項(xiang)目實(shi)施中(zhong)進行合(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)、進度(du)、質量、成本控制、付款審定、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)索賠(pei)、信息管(guan)理(li)(li)、組織(zhi)協調(diao)、決算審核(he)等項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。

2、開工前階(jie)段(duan)的項目管(guan)理工作，以往(wang)一般均由(you)業(ye)主自(zi)設(she)(she)機構完(wan)成，但因(yin)業(ye)主自(zi)設(she)(she)機構由(you)于專業(ye)水平和(he)經驗(yan)的限制(zhi)，難(nan)以將(jiang)手續、設(she)(she)計、招標(biao)等工作結(jie)合(he)(he)成一個整體(ti)，往(wang)往(wang)只有(you)大的目標(biao)、原則要求(qiu)，卻不(bu)能(neng)落實(shi)到每(mei)一個可控(kong)的子(zi)項。待工程開工時，工程手續不(bu)全(quan)，設(she)(she)計不(bu)到位(wei)，合(he)(he)同規定(ding)不(bu)清(qing)等問題就可能(neng)不(bu)斷暴(bao)露出來。這時監理就算有(you)三頭六臂，也無法很好地實(shi)施(shi)“三控(kong)”職能(neng)。而(er)專業(ye)管(guan)理公司(si)受委托進(jin)行(xing)項目全(quan)過程管(guan)理，不(bu)僅有(you)合(he)(he)同目標(biao)、責任，更有(you)能(neng)力利用以往(wang)項目管(guan)理積累的數據(ju)和(he)經驗(yan)，細化分解落實(shi)目標(biao)，使項目管(guan)理目標(biao)真(zhen)正清(qing)晰、可控(kong)。

3、在業(ye)務(wu)(wu)范圍方面(mian)，國(guo)(guo)外工(gong)程監(jian)理(li)公(gong)(gong)司提(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)技術設計、施工(gong)監(jian)控、管理(li)和(he)咨詢的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)過程一體化服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，其重心在市場需求(qiu)和(he)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)上(shang)，基本能(neng)做到讓承包商無可挑剔。而我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)公(gong)(gong)司目前(qian)主(zhu)(zhu)要提(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)施工(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量控制(zhi)，導致(zhi)滿足市場業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)綜合能(neng)力不強(qiang)。這(zhe)就(jiu)需要我國(guo)(guo)監(jian)理(li)公(gong)(gong)司加(jia)強(qiang)培(pei)訓(xun)工(gong)作，不斷提(ti)高(gao)從業(ye)人員素質(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)樣才能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)建設單位提(ti)供(gong)(gong)優質(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。只有培(pei)養和(he)造(zao)就(jiu)出大批高(gao)素質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)人員，才可能(neng)形成相當數量的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)素質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程監(jian)理(li)企(qi)業(ye)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了應(ying)對加(jia)入(ru)WTO以后競(jing)標(biao)國(guo)(guo)際工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)需要，我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程監(jian)理(li)企(qi)業(ye)要全(quan)面(mian)與國(guo)(guo)際慣例接(jie)軌。由單一的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)階段質(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)向建設工(gong)程項目全(quan)過程管理(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)轉變。

三、適(shi)應建設工(gong)程項目全過程管理(li)需求(qiu)，推進(jin)監理(li)制度(du)發展(zhan)

1、《建設工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)試行辦法》規定，“項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)應當(dang)具有工(gong)程(cheng)勘察(cha)、設計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)、監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、造(zao)價(jia)咨詢、招標等(deng)一項(xiang)或多項(xiang)資質。工(gong)程(cheng)勘察(cha)、設計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)、監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)、造(zao)價(jia)咨詢、招標等(deng)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)可(ke)以在本企(qi)(qi)業(ye)資質以外(wai)申請其他資質。”這項(xiang)規定相對監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)制來講，進(jin)一步擴展(zhan)了監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)業(ye)務范圍。它也要求監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)完善工(gong)程(cheng)咨詢服務體系。促進(jin)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)和監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)合一，逐步向整合的項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)過(guo)渡，通過(guo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)和監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的整合，減少管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)重疊，提高(gao)效(xiao)率。增強自(zi)己在項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方面(mian)的競爭能力。

2、建設項(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)過程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)使實現(xian)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)目(mu)標的(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任由項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)公司及其派出(chu)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)人員承擔(dan)，其工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)廣度(du)、深度(du)和壓力(li)都是(shi)傳統監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作所無法(fa)比(bi)擬的(de)(de)，項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)主要(yao)人員不僅要(yao)有工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)立項(xiang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、合同管(guan)(guan)理(li)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)監(jian)理(li)知(zhi)識，還要(yao)有較強的(de)(de)綜合協調能力(li)、決(jue)策能力(li)和勇(yong)于承擔(dan)責(ze)(ze)任的(de)(de)心(xin)理(li)素質(zhi)。建設項(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)過程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，并(bing)不是(shi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作與監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)簡單相加(jia)，而必(bi)須要(yao)有一套(tao)完整的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體系，這就要(yao)求監(jian)理(li)企業加(jia)強監(jian)理(li)人員的(de)(de)學(xue)習和培訓，提高(gao)員工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)綜合管(guan)(guan)理(li)能力(li)。

3、建設(she)項目全(quan)過(guo)程管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，由專業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)公司承擔日常(chang)繁雜的(de)(de)事(shi)務(wu)性工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，業主(zhu)(zhu)仍保留對項目管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)全(quan)過(guo)程的(de)(de)知情權(quan)、參(can)與權(quan)和(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)事(shi)項（如：合(he)同、價格、支付等(deng)）的(de)(de)決策權(quan)，如何使(shi)(shi)操作(zuo)(zuo)層與決策層有機結合(he)是影(ying)響建設(she)項目全(quan)過(guo)程管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)因素(su)。只有使(shi)(shi)業主(zhu)(zhu)認同項目部(bu)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)思路(lu)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方法(fa)，才能取(qu)得業主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)信任和(he)(he)充分授權(quan)，使(shi)(shi)項目部(bu)能放開手腳全(quan)身心投入(ru)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，使(shi)(shi)項目管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)能高效(xiao)率(lv)、高水平的(de)(de)運轉。所以，與業主(zhu)(zhu)最大(da)程度(du)的(de)(de)融為一體是建設(she)項目全(quan)過(guo)程管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)課題。

4、查閱(yue)國際通用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)FIDIC合同范本（第三、四(si)版）后會發現：70個條(tiao)款中有45個條(tiao)款，都涉(she)及到業(ye)(ye)主賦(fu)予（監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)）工程師的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)責、權力或作(zuo)用(yong)，而且(qie)其(qi)規(gui)定(ding)非常具體、可操作(zuo)。目前，在我國還(huan)存在著一種(zhong)較為普遍(bian)的(de)(de)(de)看法：“監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)管承包(bao)商(shang)；而業(ye)(ye)主的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)就是(shi)(shi)管監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)。”這種(zhong)觀(guan)念充分反映了某些業(ye)(ye)主對監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)不信任，在這種(zhong)條(tiao)件下的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)是(shi)(shi)不可能(neng)發揮真(zhen)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)及主觀(guan)能(neng)動(dong)性的(de)(de)(de)。最終導致業(ye)(ye)主取代監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)，直接去指揮承包(bao)商(shang)，此(ci)類現象屢見不鮮。

5、制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)離不開健全的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律、法(fa)規(gui)。目前(qian)，我國(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)場比(bi)較混亂，“無法(fa)可依，有法(fa)不依，執法(fa)不嚴”的(de)(de)(de)現象極(ji)為普遍。為此我們必須(xu)貫徹國(guo)家有關的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針政策，建(jian)立和(he)健全各類建(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)場管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律、法(fa)規(gui)和(he)制(zhi)度。做到門(men)(men)類齊(qi)全，互(hu)相配套，避(bi)免交叉(cha)重(zhong)疊，遺漏(lou)空缺和(he)互(hu)相抵(di)觸。同時政府部(bu)門(men)(men)也(ye)要充分發(fa)(fa)揮和(he)運用法(fa)律、法(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)，培養和(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)場體系，確保(bao)建(jian)設項(xiang)目從前(qian)期策劃(hua)、勘察設計、工(gong)程承發(fa)(fa)包、施(shi)工(gong)到竣(jun)工(gong)等全部(bu)活動都納入(ru)法(fa)制(zhi)軌道。讓技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范、技(ji)術(shu)法(fa)規(gui)、保(bao)險、擔保(bao)、質量(liang)審查等管(guan)理規(gui)定(ding)和(he)措施(shi)逐步完(wan)善，形成企業重(zhong)視信譽和(he)競(jing)爭力(li)的(de)(de)(de)培養的(de)(de)(de)良(liang)性機制(zhi)。

篇2

關鍵詞：建設工程(cheng)；全過程(cheng)；招投(tou)標(biao)；施工；竣工結(jie)算；造價控(kong)制與管理

中圖分類(lei)號(hao)(hao)：TU723.2文獻標識碼(ma)： A 文章(zhang)編號(hao)(hao)：

近年(nian)來，隨著經(jing)濟(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)也不(bu)斷增(zeng)多。建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成部分，但這(zhe)項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)作一直做(zuo)不(bu)好，影響(xiang)了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益和社(she)會(hui)效(xiao)益，很大原因是(shi)：造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)(li)只是(shi)局(ju)限于(yu)某個階(jie)段，并(bing)沒有從各(ge)個環節、各(ge)個過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、各(ge)個要(yao)素中進(jin)行(xing)考慮。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作應該(gai)貫穿于(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)實施的(de)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，具體包括(kuo)了招投標階(jie)段、施工(gong)階(jie)段、竣工(gong)結算階(jie)段的(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)(li)。只有做(zuo)好建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)管理(li)(li)(li)，合理(li)(li)(li)確定和有效(xiao)控制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia),，才能取得最大的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)和社(she)會(hui)效(xiao)益。

1 施工承發包行為導向(xiang)控制

要(yao)想真正做(zuo)好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，引入施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)行為(wei)(wei)導向控制(zhi)就十分有必要(yao)。它是通過(guo)對特定的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)行為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)達(da)到預控工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)結果(guo)目標的(de)(de)有效方法。這種控制(zhi)是通過(guo)建設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招投(tou)標形成的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)等合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)及相(xiang)關(guan)文件來奠定基礎(chu)的(de)(de)。因為(wei)(wei)一份較為(wei)(wei)嚴密(mi)的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)可以最有效地調整、調節(jie)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)當事人(ren)之間的(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)，改變施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)求效益重經營(ying)、輕管理(li)的(de)(de)不良狀況(kuang)，使得(de)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段的(de)(de)動態造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)有效地得(de)以控制(zhi)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)做(zuo)到業主方合(he)理(li)降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)，提高(gao)投(tou)資效益；承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)方管理(li)目標明(ming)確，做(zuo)到精心組織、精心施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，減少(shao)不必要(yao)的(de)(de)環節(jie)和重復耗費，合(he)理(li)降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)、提高(gao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)利潤(run)率。

就合同控(kong)制(zhi)及合同的(de)管(guan)理來說，除對(dui)合同價款與(yu)工程建(jian)安造(zao)價的(de)認識之外，存在(zai)缺陷(xian)較多的(de)是：

①對招(zhao)標(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)、投(tou)標(biao)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)的(de)理解；

②對工(gong)程(cheng)簽證及相(xiang)關問題的(de)認識比(bi)較(jiao)模糊、處理茫然；

③對可轉(zhuan)化為價(jia)款(kuan)責(ze)任(ren)的合同約定條款(kuan)比較隨(sui)意，沒有(you)形成完整無缺的嚴密體系；

④履約保證條款雖然大多(duo)上了合同，但往往缺乏可操作性，誠信度(du)較差(cha)；

⑤引入工(gong)程保險機制(zhi)，降(jiang)低(di)風險。為了克服和彌補這些缺陷，業主(zhu)必須在(zai)施工(gong)實施階(jie)段一開始就牢牢圍繞控制(zhi)工(gong)程造價目(mu)標展(zhan)開管理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)。

2 招投標階段造價控制與管理

2.1 發包階段

在做過詳細調查研究和認真編制(zhi)招標文件基(ji)礎(chu)上，堅持(chi)誠信和擇優的原則，做好發包階(jie)段(duan)(duan)工作。建設工程(cheng)(cheng)招投(tou)(tou)標制(zhi)度是業(ye)主(zhu)控制(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價的一個重要(yao)手段(duan)(duan)，通過招投(tou)(tou)標不僅可選擇實(shi)力(li)雄(xiong)厚、信譽良好的施(shi)工企(qi)業(ye)，以保(bao)證項目按(an)質(zhi)按(an)量完成(cheng)，而(er)且也是為了確定一個各方都能(neng)接(jie)受且較為合理的工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價，并迫使施(shi)工企(qi)業(ye)在保(bao)本(ben)或薄利的基(ji)礎(chu)上，為了競爭而(er)作出一定程(cheng)(cheng)度的讓(rang)利。

1）招標原則

招標工(gong)程應遵循(xun)公(gong)平(ping)、公(gong)正、公(gong)開(kai)、誠信(xin)的(de)原則(ze)。招標前應嚴(yan)格審查施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)資質(zhi)(zhi)，必(bi)要時進(jin)行實地(di)考(kao)察。防止施(shi)(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)差、財務狀況差、信(xin)譽差的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)進(jin)入投標單(dan)位(wei)之列。

2）做(zuo)好招標(biao)文件的編(bian)制(zhi)工(gong)作

編(bian)(bian)標(biao)人員(yuan)要(yao)持證上崗，并(bing)專(zhuan)門從事相(xiang)關(guan)專(zhuan)業，分工(gong)明確、責任到(dao)人，文件(jian)(jian)與(yu)工(gong)程量(liang)清單（土建、裝(zhuang)飾、安裝(zhuang)）的(de)編(bian)(bian)標(biao)人員(yuan)積極配(pei)合、相(xiang)互溝通，避免各環節的(de)脫節。業主也可委托(tuo)具(ju)有(you)資質的(de)招(zhao)標(biao)單位編(bian)(bian)制招(zhao)標(biao)文件(jian)(jian)。

招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)控制價編制人(ren)員(yuan)與招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文(wen)件編制人(ren)員(yuan)要全過(guo)程參與圖(tu)紙會審，提前熟(shu)悉(xi)圖(tu)紙，同各(ge)專業人(ren)員(yuan)一(yi)道(dao)審定答疑會議紀要并下(xia)發各(ge)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)單位，使之對圖(tu)紙形成(cheng)共識，更加公正、公平地(di)參與工(gong)程編標(biao)(biao)、投(tou)標(biao)(biao)，防止在施(shi)工(gong)和結算過(guo)程中(zhong)，發生雙方相互(hu)扯皮(pi)現象。

2.2 清標階段

清(qing)(qing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)階段要(yao)注意投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文件的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝科(ke)學性(xing)(xing)和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)精確(que)合(he)理性(xing)(xing)。清(qing)(qing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)為了充(chong)分了解投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文件的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，對照(zhao)招標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文件對標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)書的(de)(de)(de)響應(ying)(ying)性(xing)(xing)和符(fu)合(he)性(xing)(xing)進(jin)(jin)行檢查。清(qing)(qing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)工(gong)(gong)作應(ying)(ying)有足夠的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間，從造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)，重點應(ying)(ying)審(shen)查施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案，由于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)不同、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織方案和措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)不同，會引起清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)項(xiang)目單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)顯著(zhu)差別；對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)報價(jia)(jia)(jia)，主要(yao)看是(shi)否有多算、少算、漏報、缺(que)項(xiang)以及價(jia)(jia)(jia)格組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理性(xing)(xing)情況等(deng)。發現問題(ti)應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)讓(rang)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人進(jin)(jin)行澄清(qing)(qing)，通過澄清(qing)(qing)使得各投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)報價(jia)(jia)(jia)進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)明確(que)，以免中標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)后對報價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)容產生歧義。

2.3 評標階段

評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)是要(yao)在綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)評(ping)審基礎上(shang)選擇報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)相對(dui)合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單位。從造價(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)來說，業主(zhu)當(dang)然(ran)希望合(he)(he)理最低價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人中標(biao)(biao)(biao)，但(dan)由于評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)過(guo)程(cheng)中，投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本較難確定，有些(xie)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人往往會采用(yong)惡性競爭策略，如采用(yong)低于成(cheng)本價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)中標(biao)(biao)(biao)，而(er)施(shi)(shi)工過(guo)程(cheng)中再想方(fang)設(she)法(fa)采取偷(tou)工減料，或者通過(guo)變更、簽證等(deng)(deng)辦法(fa)補(bu)回損失，給(gei)工程(cheng)質量和(he)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)都帶來很大難度(du)。為減少(shao)上(shang)述行為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生，在評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)時，對(dui)一些(xie)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)可采用(yong)最低價(jia)(jia)(jia)中標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單因(yin)素(su)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)；而(er)對(dui)一些(xie)較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)應盡可能采用(yong)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)因(yin)素(su)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)法(fa)，即除了(le)評(ping)審投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)外，還要(yao)對(dui)其質量、工期、文明施(shi)(shi)工、安全施(shi)(shi)工、施(shi)(shi)工方(fang)案(an)、擬投(tou)(tou)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)和(he)機械設(she)備等(deng)(deng)進行綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)評(ping)審。

2.4 簽約階段

工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)簽約階(jie)段也(ye)是十分(fen)關鍵(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)該(gai)要充分(fen)了解(jie)和預測工(gong)程(cheng)可能發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)數，盡量統一雙方(fang)(fang)對(dui)造價控制目(mu)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識。確定中標(biao)(biao)人(ren)之(zhi)后，業主應(ying)再一次詳細審閱(yue)中標(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投標(biao)(biao)文件，將評標(biao)(biao)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澄清內容在合(he)同(tong)中進一步進行(xing)明確，同(tong)時(shi)在總價不(bu)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，對(dui)一些明顯不(bu)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單價與中標(biao)(biao)人(ren)進行(xing)協(xie)商(shang)、調整，特別是對(dui)施工(gong)階(jie)段很有(you)(you)可能發生大量變(bian)更的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)，更應(ying)如(ru)此。實踐表明，合(he)同(tong)簽訂前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協(xie)商(shang)對(dui)后期造價控制有(you)(you)著非(fei)常重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，而且(qie)協(xie)商(shang)結果也(ye)較能讓(rang)雙方(fang)(fang)滿意。

如某公司計劃在(zai)(zai)承建(jian)某項目(mu)，前(qian)期(qi)工(gong)(gong)作（建(jian)設資(zi)金已(yi)(yi)落實、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)已(yi)(yi)完(wan)成(cheng)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)場(chang)地具備開工(gong)(gong)條(tiao)件(jian)）已(yi)(yi)完(wan)成(cheng)。考慮(lv)到(dao)該項目(mu)技術難度(du)大，對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設備和(he)同類工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)經驗要求高，業主在(zai)(zai)對(dui)有(you)(you)關單(dan)位和(he)其在(zai)(zai)建(jian)工(gong)(gong)程考察的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，邀請了(le)5家有(you)(you)類似工(gong)(gong)程經驗、信譽度(du)可(ke)靠、財務(wu)狀況良好并有(you)(you)資(zi)質的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位參加(jia)投(tou)標。此間，業主編制(zhi)完(wan)成(cheng)招(zhao)標文件(jian)，在(zai)(zai)招(zhao)標文件(jian)中明(ming)確了(le)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)總包的(de)(de)范圍、內(nei)容等各方責任(ren)。在(zai)(zai)招(zhao)標的(de)(de)過程中，先期(qi)進行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)預交底(di)工(gong)(gong)作，將圖(tu)(tu)紙的(de)(de)問題（如建(jian)筑圖(tu)(tu)中尺寸(cun)與(yu)結構圖(tu)(tu)不匹配(pei)、各專業工(gong)(gong)程管線交叉打架(jia)現(xian)象等）在(zai)(zai)此階(jie)段得以初步解決。

2.5 回標階段

在回標(biao)階段，針對(dui)工程的特點對(dui)標(biao)書的技術和經(jing)濟方面進行評審：①投標(biao)文(wen)件是否具(ju)有響(xiang)應性；②施工方案是否安(an)全(quan)、可靠、經(jing)濟；③與其(qi)對(dui)應的清(qing)單項目(mu)是否完整；④是否存在不平衡報價等(deng)等(deng)。若(ruo)發現問題，應及時在回標(biao)階段予以澄清(qing)，這樣更有利于評標(biao)的公正性和授予合同的可靠性。

3 工(gong)程施工(gong)階段造價(jia)控制與管理

3.1 加強施工(gong)(gong)管理，重(zhong)視施工(gong)(gong)合同

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)合同(tong)是施(shi)(shi)工(gong)階段造價(jia)控(kong)(kong)制的主(zhu)要依(yi)據。簽訂嚴謹的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)承包合同(tong)，同(tong)時在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)中加強合同(tong)管理(li)，使其切(qie)實得以履行，才能保證(zheng)合同(tong)造價(jia)合理(li)性、合法性的體現，減(jian)少(shao)合同(tong)雙方(fang)的糾紛，維護(hu)雙方(fang)利益，有效(xiao)地控(kong)(kong)制工(gong)程造價(jia)。

合(he)同管理(li)對造價控(kong)制(zhi)起(qi)著很重(zhong)要的(de)作用(yong)，業主方管理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)必(bi)須充(chong)分理(li)解(jie)和熟(shu)悉合(he)同條(tiao)款。一方面(mian)(mian)要利(li)用(yong)合(he)同條(tiao)款隨時解(jie)決工程造價方面(mian)(mian)的(de)糾紛，另一方面(mian)(mian)要全面(mian)(mian)履(lv)約(yue)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)避免不實索賠的(de)發(fa)生。另外，對施工單(dan)位不履(lv)行或不完全履(lv)行合(he)同約(yue)定義務的(de)情況，業主也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)向(xiang)施工單(dan)位提出合(he)理(li)的(de)反(fan)索賠，以(yi)(yi)(yi)減(jian)少業主的(de)損失。

篇3

Abstract： In this paper， in view of the present situation of project management mode at present and the existence of defects， construction project on the integrated management system is able to make up for the disadvantages of present stage， and， on the construction project cost management analysis， carry out effective cost management under the new model to reduce the construction investment costs and increase later benefits in the future， and project construction under the new direction for the development of this model are described.

關(guan)鍵詞(ci)： 工(gong)程建設項目；集成(cheng)化管(guan)理(li)系統；信息管(guan)理(li)；成(cheng)本(ben)戰略管(guan)理(li)

Key words： construction project；integrated management system；information management；strategic cost management

中圖分類(lei)號(hao)(hao)：TU71 文(wen)獻(xian)標識碼(ma)：A 文(wen)章(zhang)編號(hao)(hao)：1006-4311（2013）07-0090-02

1 工程項目集成化管理系統(tong)概述(shu)

工程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)模式必須根據業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)的項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)實(shi)施策略和其特(te)殊性(xing)(xing)，常(chang)與項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的承發包模式連帶(dai)考(kao)慮，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)直接參與管(guan)理(li)、按照職(zhi)能委(wei)托給專門單(dan)位、以(yi)合同(tong)形式委(wei)托項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)公司、混合式、型(xing)CM（CM/Agency）、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)指揮部形式等管(guan)理(li)模式，如今大型(xing)工程具(ju)有投資數額大、建(jian)設周(zhou)期長、一次性(xing)(xing)、單(dan)件性(xing)(xing)、復雜性(xing)(xing)及整(zheng)體(ti)性(xing)(xing)等特(te)征(zheng)，其效(xiao)益的實(shi)現需要(yao)對所有的參建(jian)單(dan)位進行(xing)全方位目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標管(guan)理(li)。然而(er)傳統的項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)模式將項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)獨(du)(du)立地分割為(wei)幾(ji)個階(jie)段，進行(xing)獨(du)(du)立管(guan)理(li)，使得(de)管(guan)理(li)弊(bi)端逐(zhu)日顯現：一是(shi)(shi)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)溝通障(zhang)礙(ai)，信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)傳遞時間延(yan)誤(wu)，存在(zai)不同(tong)程度的信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)缺失、失真等問題(ti)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)設單(dan)位過(guo)分看(kan)重自身(shen)利(li)益而(er)忽視了整(zheng)體(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標的實(shi)現；三是(shi)(shi)決(jue)策延(yan)遲，使得(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)過(guo)程中出(chu)現“信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)孤島”的問題(ti)；四是(shi)(shi)數據管(guan)理(li)制度或決(jue)定(ding)不能同(tong)步落實(shi)，風險評價(jia)存在(zai)盲點(dian)，且不論資源(yuan)浪費(fei)，單(dan)說信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)的完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)(xing)也無法得(de)到(dao)保證。

工程建(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)集成(cheng)化管(guan)理(li)(li)系統（EPCIMS-Engineering Projects Contemporary Integrated Management Systems）屬于(yu)新型(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式。該系統注(zhu)重整體思路(lu)的(de)(de)延伸，基于(yu)工程項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設全局(ju)和(he)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設周期，借(jie)助科(ke)(ke)技手段，圍(wei)繞信息集成(cheng)的(de)(de)核心管(guan)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念，將項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設的(de)(de)三要(yao)素（即人、技術、管(guan)理(li)(li)）與(yu)其工作流(liu)、信息流(liu)和(he)物流(liu)有機整合(he)(he)，由DM、OPM、FM三要(yao)素交集組合(he)(he)，以對(dui)工程建(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)施科(ke)(ke)學(xue)、系統、高(gao)效的(de)(de)集成(cheng)化管(guan)理(li)(li)，從而改進項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)，提高(gao)建(jian)筑企業的(de)(de)綜合(he)(he)實(shi)力，進而贏取更大的(de)(de)經濟效益。

EPCIMS具有統(tong)(tong)一的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念(nian)和思想、管(guan)理(li)(li)目標、管(guan)理(li)(li)組織、管(guan)理(li)(li)語言(yan)、管(guan)理(li)(li)規則、集成化的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)信息系統(tong)(tong)等特征。其構成要素理(li)(li)論分析，如下(xia)：

1.1 全生(sheng)命周(zhou)期(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng) 全生(sheng)命周(zhou)期(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)即工程(cheng)項目(mu)生(sheng)命周(zhou)期(qi)的(de)各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)，它指的(de)是工程(cheng)項目(mu)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)管理(li)從提出投資意向到項目(mu)決策、前期(qi)設計、施(shi)工組織(zhi)與(yu)設計階(jie)段(duan)，再到施(shi)工階(jie)段(duan)，直至后(hou)期(qi)運營階(jie)段(duan)的(de)整(zheng)個(ge)生(sheng)命周(zhou)期(qi)，利用信息交流將項目(mu)建設各(ge)階(jie)段(duan)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)為一個(ge)整(zheng)體(ti)，工程(cheng)信息的(de)上(shang)傳下(xia)達力求準確、客觀，從而(er)確保參與(yu)工程(cheng)建設的(de)所有(you)人員實(shi)現有(you)效(xiao)的(de)溝(gou)通與(yu)合作。

1.2 目標(biao)要素集(ji)成 工程項目具有進度、質量(liang)、成本、范圍(wei)、人力(li)資源、風險(xian)、溝通等多個(ge)相互影響和制約的管理(li)目標(biao)進行綜合規劃和管理(li)。

1.3 基于(yu)工程項(xiang)目(mu)協同商務(wu)的(de)(de)工程項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)的(de)(de)外部(bu)集(ji)成 現(xian)有的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)系統各參與(yu)者包括(kuo)業(ye)主方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、設計方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、承包方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、材(cai)料設備方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、運營方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、監理(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)等，以合同的(de)(de)形式構成獨(du)立的(de)(de)合作關(guan)系，項(xiang)目(mu)各參與(yu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之間缺(que)乏(fa)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)溝通(tong)和交流，容易造成集(ji)中于(yu)局(ju)部(bu)利(li)益的(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)，成為了一個不可避免的(de)(de)盲點。

2 工程項目(mu)信(xin)息管理(li)系統概述

有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)管(guan)理(li)系統、參與各方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)作理(li)念是(shi)實(shi)現工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目全過(guo)程集成化信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)管(guan)理(li)不可(ke)缺少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素和(he)(he)平臺(tai)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)面對現代化科技信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)手段(duan)和(he)(he)愈加(jia)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資方(fang)向和(he)(he)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)研(yan)究方(fang)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延伸。信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)管(guan)理(li)是(shi)指在項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個階(jie)段(duan)，對所產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、面向管(guan)理(li)業務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)進行收(shou)集、傳(chuan)遞、加(jia)工(gong)、存(cun)儲、維護(hu)和(he)(he)使(shi)用等信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)組織(zhi)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總稱，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)組織(zhi)，使(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)人員能及(ji)時、準(zhun)確(que)地(di)獲得進行項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目控制和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)決策所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)。

工(gong)(gong)程管理信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)包括工(gong)(gong)程組織協(xie)調(diao)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)、工(gong)(gong)程進(jin)(jin)度及資源信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)、成本信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)、商務(wu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)、安全文明施工(gong)(gong)及現場管理信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)、竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)等，信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)管理系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研制一般都要經過系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)、系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)分析、系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)設計(ji)、系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)實施與評價四個階(jie)段(duan)，尤其是后期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)實施階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)、硬件系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立，信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)測試、實現、運行(xing)、維護和(he)評價等，根(gen)據項目信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)對其性能和(he)效果、對組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻等狀(zhuang)況進(jin)(jin)行(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)評價工(gong)(gong)作，并根(gen)據檢查和(he)評價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，找出(chu)(chu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不足及薄(bo)弱環(huan)節，為今后進(jin)(jin)一步改進(jin)(jin)和(he)完善提(ti)出(chu)(chu)建議。

目(mu)前施工項目(mu)管理軟件(jian)已覆蓋了(le)(le)項目(mu)管理的各(ge)個(ge)層面，主要包括(kuo)進度、費用、資源、風(feng)險、交流、圖(tu)檔、合同、采購、質量、索(suo)賠、組(zu)織和過程管理等，尤其是成本管理奠(dian)定了(le)(le)更加有效的基(ji)礎。

3 工程(cheng)建設項目集成化管理系統中(zhong)的成本管理思(si)想

與(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)項(xiang)(xiang)目管理模式相比，EPCIMS中(zhong)的(de)(de)成本管理在(zai)橫(heng)向(xiang)和(he)縱(zong)向(xiang)兩(liang)個方(fang)向(xiang)突破傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)界(jie)限發展(zhan)，在(zai)橫(heng)向(xiang)上，綜合考(kao)慮到各參與(yu)方(fang)的(de)(de)利(li)益均衡(heng)實現，在(zai)縱(zong)向(xiang)上，從工程項(xiang)(xiang)目全生命周期的(de)(de)角度進行全方(fang)位(wei)設(she)置，從開始到最(zui)后的(de)(de)運行都細致規(gui)劃，充(chong)分(fen)利(li)用戰(zhan)略(lve)成本管理思想在(zai)建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目投資中(zhong)控制成本。

戰(zhan)略(lve)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管理(li)（Strategic Cost Management，SCM）是管理(li)人員運用專門的(de)(de)方法(fa)提供企業(ye)本(ben)身及競爭(zheng)對手的(de)(de)分析資料，幫助(zhu)企業(ye)管理(li)者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)評價(jia)企業(ye)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)，從而創造競爭(zheng)優(you)(you)勢，以達到企業(ye)有效地適(shi)應外部持續變化的(de)(de)環境的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。其目的(de)(de)除了節省成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)投(tou)入以外，更注重(zhong)企業(ye)的(de)(de)長遠發展，使企業(ye)保持長久的(de)(de)競爭(zheng)優(you)(you)勢，進(jin)行全(quan)方位、全(quan)過(guo)程、多角度(du)和(he)突破單(dan)純的(de)(de)企業(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，重(zhong)在(zai)預防、規避(bi)風(feng)險(xian)，從源頭上控(kong)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。

EPCIMS環境下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管理要(yao)實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)是全(quan)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管理，在初步設(she)(she)(she)計階段(duan)與(yu)技(ji)術(shu)設(she)(she)(she)計階段(duan)，影響項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)概率分別為(wei)75%～95%以及5%～35%。全(quan)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管理，重(zhong)點(dian)在于前(qian)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)決(jue)策和前(qian)期(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)計，一(yi)旦實現成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)決(jue)策，項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵就轉移(yi)到前(qian)期(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)計階段(duan)。增(zeng)加可(ke)行性(xing)研究與(yu)前(qian)期(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)計階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)比例(li)，使成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)估算(suan)和概算(suan)更為(wei)客觀、精(jing)確，從而最(zui)大限度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)避(bi)施工(gong)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程變更。在EPCIMS環境下(xia)(xia)，利用各參與(yu)方(fang)之間信(xin)息傳遞的(de)(de)(de)(de)及時性(xing)、可(ke)靠性(xing)、合作性(xing)、交(jiao)互性(xing)，往(wang)往(wang)能有效控制全(quan)生命(ming)(ming)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)投入。

4 結束語

傳統管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式與全過(guo)程集成(cheng)(cheng)化管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式之間具有(you)很強的(de)互(hu)補(bu)性，這(zhe)對于其戰略成(cheng)(cheng)本思想的(de)建設和成(cheng)(cheng)本管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)進(jin)一(yi)步發展，并(bing)且在未來的(de)項目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中尋求動(dong)態合作伙伴，實現(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)本最小(xiao)化具有(you)非常(chang)重要的(de)意義(yi)。

參考文獻：

[1]何清(qing)華，盧勇，陳發標.全(quan)壽命周期(qi)集(ji)成化管理信息系統（LMIS）開(kai)發總(zong)體方案.基建(jian)優化，2001，22（1）.

篇4

關(guan)鍵詞：工(gong)程(cheng)項目 全過程(cheng) 造價 管(guan)理

中圖分類號：TU723.3 文(wen)獻標識碼：A 文(wen)章編號：1672-3791（2017）02（c）-0087-02

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)在項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中占據十分重(zhong)要的(de)位置。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預算金額(e)數(shu)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)投資數(shu)目(mu)(mu)(mu)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后期(qi)盈利(li)情況評(ping)估等都需要從宏觀(guan)角度出發，結合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)實際情況，采取全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)與控(kong)制模式。具體來說，建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)主(zhu)要分為項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)投資立(li)項(xiang)及(ji)(ji)可行(xing)性研究(jiu)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)、設(she)計階(jie)(jie)段(duan)、招投標階(jie)(jie)段(duan)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)5個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。在實際操(cao)作過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，不(bu)同階(jie)(jie)段(duan)可以(yi)采取不(bu)同的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)措施(shi)，有(you)效提升建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)水平和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量。

1 工程項(xiang)目(mu)造(zao)價控制現(xian)狀及實施全過程造(zao)價管理模式的重要意義

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)土地市場、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術、勞務工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人市場以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)所需(xu)(xu)(xu)設(she)(she)備采集(ji)市場等各(ge)類交易活(huo)動都需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)大量(liang)資金的(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)。此(ci)外，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)氣(qi)安裝環境中也涉及(ji)(ji)(ji)到大量(liang)的(de)(de)安裝費(fei)用等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格問題(ti)(ti)。因(yin)此(ci)，加強建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理與(yu)(yu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)綜合考慮(lv)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實際使用情(qing)況、所需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)原材料情(qing)況、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術勞動力(li)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)備以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)設(she)(she)貸款(kuan)涉及(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)利息(xi)等問題(ti)(ti)。目(mu)前而言，國內針對(dui)建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理與(yu)(yu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)焦點(dian)仍舊集(ji)中在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)實際施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段，此(ci)時需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)對(dui)建(jian)設(she)(she)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)各(ge)項(xiang)預算(suan)(suan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)結算(suan)(suan)問題(ti)(ti)予以(yi)重點(dian)關注。具(ju)體(ti)來說，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段的(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理問題(ti)(ti)主要(yao)表現為(wei)以(yi)下幾個(ge)方(fang)面：第一，重施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，輕設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，部分建(jian)設(she)(she)單位(wei)因(yin)盲目(mu)地追求(qiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)總體(ti)費(fei)用，不計(ji)(ji)后果(guo)的(de)(de)壓(ya)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和砍(kan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，無法(fa)建(jian)立起科學、合理的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格定位(wei)方(fang)案(an)；第二，沒有(you)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)階段的(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)予以(yi)高度(du)重視，降低了造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)整體(ti)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)。為(wei)此(ci)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)相關工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理人員實施(shi)全過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理與(yu)(yu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)案(an)，并從工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)立項(xiang)入(ru)(ru)手，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)可(ke)行性、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)(ji)(ji)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段予以(yi)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)管理和監督(du)，有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提升建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。

除此之(zhi)后，建設(she)工程(cheng)造價管理的(de)(de)作用具(ju)有一定的(de)(de)多面性，其不僅能夠有效(xiao)地實現(xian)對(dui)工程(cheng)資金投(tou)入(ru)的(de)(de)控制，還能夠促進工程(cheng)施工的(de)(de)順利(li)進行(xing)，同時(shi)明顯(xian)提升了施工單(dan)位對(dui)人力、物(wu)力、財力等資源的(de)(de)有效(xiao)利(li)用率(lv)，實現(xian)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益與社會效(xiao)益的(de)(de)有機結合(he)。

2 我國當前建設項目(mu)工程造價管理與控(kong)制過程中存在的(de)問題(ti)

2.1 缺乏先(xian)進的工程造價控制與管理(li)理(li)念

目前而言，隨著我國經濟與(yu)社會的(de)不斷發展，國內建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)體系與(yu)建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)發展速度之間(jian)的(de)矛盾(dun)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)突出(chu)，管(guan)理(li)理(li)念(nian)存在(zai)嚴(yan)重的(de)滯后性(xing)。在(zai)實(shi)際應用過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，多數企業很難在(zai)較短的(de)時(shi)間(jian)內妥善解(jie)決使用定額(e)模(mo)式(shi)帶來(lai)的(de)一(yi)系列問題，加(jia)上傳統計(ji)價(jia)模(mo)式(shi)在(zai)我國建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中仍舊占據(ju)主導地(di)位，給工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量計(ji)價(jia)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)推(tui)廣(guang)造成嚴(yan)重阻礙。因此，改(gai)革傳統落后的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)理(li)念(nian)成為提升建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)與(yu)控制水平的(de)首要(yao)任務。

2.2 計價體(ti)系和管(guan)理制(zhi)度存(cun)在一定問題

部分企(qi)業(ye)(ye)為盲目地追求經濟利益，私(si)自更(geng)改建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)收費標準，也(ye)就是不依據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)等級(ji)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)來對相關(guan)的(de)收費標準加以確定，而是選擇(ze)自認為更(geng)有(you)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。這樣一來，極(ji)易造成(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)中標之后為降低(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)本，沒有(you)嚴格履行(xing)合同義務(wu)的(de)情況出現，對項目工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理產生嚴重影響，大大降低(di)了我國建設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目造價管(guan)理水平和(he)管(guan)理效率。

2.3 工程項(xiang)目前期造(zao)價規劃(hua)管理十分薄弱

很多施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)上出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，沒有對(dui)(dui)建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程前期(qi)規(gui)劃(hua)進(jin)行深入分析(xi)(xi)，忽略(lve)了(le)對(dui)(dui)技術施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)，對(dui)(dui)固定造價(jia)指標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)與控制(zhi)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)嚴重(zhong)不足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。在(zai)實際操作(zuo)(zuo)過程中，建設項目工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前期(qi)應加強對(dui)(dui)項目的(de)(de)(de)設計和分析(xi)(xi)，并對(dui)(dui)各個階段(duan)、各個環節的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)進(jin)行合理(li)規(gui)劃(hua)。然而就(jiu)目前而言(yan)，很多施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)在(zai)這方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)存在(zai)嚴重(zhong)不足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，導(dao)致(zhi)在(zai)建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程起(qi)始階段(duan)就(jiu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，使得工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程整體(ti)建設都(dou)缺乏系統的(de)(de)(de)綜合控制(zhi)指標(biao)(biao)。加上，建設項目施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術及施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝不嚴謹等問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，徒增(zeng)了(le)很多問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，給工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)增(zeng)加了(le)一定的(de)(de)(de)難度，導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程資金出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)嚴重(zhong)浪費。

3 建設項(xiang)目工程的全過程造(zao)價(jia)控制與(yu)管理措施

3.1 項目(mu)投(tou)資立項及(ji)可行性研究階段(duan)的造價控制

眾所(suo)周知(zhi)，建(jian)筑(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)目工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價的投(tou)資階段在整個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價控制與(yu)管理(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)中占據十分重要(yao)的地位。在這一環節中，建(jian)設(she)單位應(ying)加強對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目投(tou)資及可(ke)行(xing)性的調查、分析，并(bing)在此基礎上對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目進行(xing)編(bian)制。同時依據項(xiang)(xiang)目方(fang)(fang)案對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目投(tou)資評估書(shu)加以(yi)擬定(ding)。具體來說，主要(yao)表現(xian)為以(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面：第一，堅持經濟(ji)適用性原(yuan)則，注重規模效(xiao)益；第二(er)，Υ俳(pai)市(shi)場發(fa)展的各個(ge)因素予以(yi)充(chong)分了解(jie)，并(bing)結合技術(shu)及施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)環境(jing)等因素，對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)位置(zhi)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)及施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)設(she)備(bei)及原(yuan)材料加以(yi)選擇，并(bing)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)之(zhi)相適應(ying)的配套管理(li)。

3.2 建(jian)設項(xiang)目設計階段的造價控制與管理

具(ju)體(ti)來說，主要表現(xian)為以下幾個方面(mian)(mian)：第一(yi)，在(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)設計階(jie)段，可以選(xuan)用限額設計和標(biao)準設計兩種模式，同時加(jia)大對(dui)(dui)相關設計部門的內部管(guan)理(li)(li)力(li)度，對(dui)(dui)各個項(xiang)目(mu)資源進(jin)行合理(li)(li)配置和有效(xiao)(xiao)利用；第二，項(xiang)目(mu)負(fu)責人應始(shi)終堅持經濟(ji)適用性原則，加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)經濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益及(ji)項(xiang)目(mu)規模的有效(xiao)(xiao)管(guan)控；第三(san)，對(dui)(dui)外(wai)部技術因素及(ji)市場環(huan)境進(jin)行綜(zong)合考慮(lv)，全面(mian)(mian)貫徹落(luo)實(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)負(fu)責人的負(fu)責制度，加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)的合理(li)(li)規劃和統籌安排，有效(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)升(sheng)建設項(xiang)目(mu)設計階(jie)段的工(gong)程造(zao)價管(guan)理(li)(li)水平。

3.3 招(zhao)投標階段的造(zao)價控制

在建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)招(zhao)投標階段，應加(jia)強對(dui)工程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工隊(dui)伍的(de)合(he)理(li)選擇，有效實現工程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工費用的(de)科學(xue)管控(kong)。此外，在整個招(zhao)投標階段，多(duo)家企業(ye)的(de)參與競爭有利于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工單位選擇及價格的(de)合(he)理(li)性。

3.4 施工(gong)階段的造價(jia)控制

具(ju)體(ti)來說，主要表現(xian)為以(yi)下幾個方面(mian)：第一(yi)(yi)，加大監管力(li)度，在項目(mu)進行(xing)局部(bu)更(geng)改的過程(cheng)(cheng)中應把握整(zheng)體(ti)性原則，盡可能減少(shao)其(qi)對(dui)整(zheng)體(ti)規劃帶(dai)來的影響(xiang)；第二(er)，在物資采(cai)購方面(mian)，可以(yi)通過整(zheng)體(ti)采(cai)購方式(shi)來降低工程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工成本(ben)，并(bing)堅(jian)持(chi)“安全第一(yi)(yi)”的原則，提升設備采(cai)購質量，為工程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工的順利(li)進行(xing)打(da)下堅(jian)實基礎；第三(san)，為了能夠(gou)對(dui)工程(cheng)(cheng)造價情(qing)況(kuang)予以(yi)合充(chong)分掌握，需要對(dui)價格的動態變化情(qing)況(kuang)予以(yi)嚴密監控，有(you)效提升工程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工過程(cheng)(cheng)中計價的科學(xue)性與(yu)(yu)精準性，使(shi)得工程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)估價與(yu)(yu)實施(shi)造價偏差處于合理的范圍內。

3.5 竣工階段的造價控制(zhi)

具體來說，主(zhu)要分為兩個(ge)方面：第一，對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)資(zi)料(liao)進行收集和整(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)資(zi)源予(yu)以高(gao)度重視，并建立健全(quan)(quan)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)制度，為確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)資(zi)料(liao)收集整(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)標準化(hua)、規范化(hua)、系統化(hua)打下堅(jian)實(shi)基礎(chu)。第二(er)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算實(shi)行嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)。竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算作為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)控制與管理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)最后階段，其(qi)不但對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)與建設單位(wei)之間(jian)的(de)(de)利益關(guan)系有(you)著決(jue)定性影(ying)響，對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)整(zheng)體控制效(xiao)果(guo)也(ye)有(you)著直接影(ying)響。所以，相(xiang)關(guan)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算審(shen)查(cha)人(ren)(ren)員應(ying)加強(qiang)與各個(ge)部門工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)溝通與交流，對(dui)(dui)(dui)各個(ge)細節予(yu)以嚴(yan)格審(shen)查(cha)。只(zhi)有(you)將工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)貫穿于建設項目的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)過程，才能(neng)全(quan)(quan)面提升我國工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)水平。

4 結語

總之，建設(she)項目造(zao)(zao)價控(kong)制與管理是一項技(ji)術(shu)性(xing)、專業(ye)性(xing)、政策性(xing)很(hen)強的(de)工作。為此(ci)，在實(shi)際(ji)管理過程(cheng)中，應(ying)結合工程(cheng)項目造(zao)(zao)價管理存在的(de)實(shi)際(ji)問題，不(bu)斷總結經驗，建立健全相關的(de)激勵機制，有效提升建設(she)項目工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)管控(kong)水平和管控(kong)效率。

參考文獻

[1] 姚(yao)智(zhi)慧.建筑工程(cheng)(cheng)中全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)控制(zhi)的實際(ji)應用[J].科(ke)技創新與應用，2012（13）：187.

篇5

在(zai)(zai)經濟(ji)全(quan)球化的背景下，隨著(zhu)《建設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)價規范》（GB 50500－2008）作為國家標準的頒布實(shi)施(shi)，標志著(zhu)我國工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價管理(li)體制的改(gai)革進(jin)入一個新的階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)，本文以學習工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)價規范及全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價管理(li)的理(li)論為基(ji)礎，提出了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)價在(zai)(zai)招投標階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)簽訂合同階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)結算階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)對建設項目全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價管理(li)的指(zhi)導(dao)意義。

關鍵詞(ci)：工程量清單，建設(she)項目，全過(guo)程造價管(guan)理(li)

一、我國建設項目造價管理(li)的現(xian)狀(zhuang)

隨著經(jing)濟體制(zhi)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)深化(hua)(hua)(hua)，投(tou)資主(zhu)(zhu)體向多元化(hua)(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項目(mu)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理關(guan)系到投(tou)資主(zhu)(zhu)體和承(cheng)包商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟利(li)益，關(guan)系到整(zheng)個(ge)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)規(gui)范(fan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)勞動生產(chan)率的(de)(de)(de)逐步提高(gao)等一系列問題。而我國長(chang)期以(yi)(yi)來工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理按(an)照傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)額(e)模式進(jin)行(xing)計價(jia)(jia)，定(ding)額(e)計價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)特點具有較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)計劃(hua)性，定(ding)額(e)計價(jia)(jia)模式在我過經(jing)濟建(jian)(jian)(jian)設過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)發揮了重要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)，但與(yu)(yu)(yu)我國快速發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場經(jing)及(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)國際(ji)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)逐步接(jie)軌(gui)不(bu)相(xiang)適(shi)應。2003年國家頒布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價(jia)(jia)規(gui)范(fan)》，推行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價(jia)(jia)模式，正是適(shi)應市(shi)(shi)場經(jing)濟發展(zhan)(zhan)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)國際(ji)慣例接(jie)軌(gui)，體現“控(kong)制(zhi)量、指導價(jia)(jia)、企業(ye)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)報價(jia)(jia)、公平競(jing)爭(zheng)”計價(jia)(jia)改革(ge)思路的(de)(de)(de)一項重要(yao)(yao)舉(ju)措。特別是2008年國家頒布(bu)了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價(jia)(jia)規(gui)范(fan)》（GB 50500－2008），對(dui)進(jin)一步改進(jin)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價(jia)(jia)行(xing)為(wei)，擴寬清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價(jia)(jia)在建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項目(mu)實施過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)覆蓋面(mian)，做出(chu)了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，有利(li)于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一步規(gui)范(fan)，對(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理及(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)具有深遠意義。

二(er)、工程量清(qing)單計價及全過程造價管理(li)的理(li)論概述

1、工程(cheng)量清單計(ji)價的理(li)論概述

1.1工程量清(qing)單計價的基本概念

工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單計(ji)價(jia)是(shi)指發包人按照《建設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單計(ji)價(jia)規(gui)范(fan)》和設計(ji)文件(jian)等(deng)資料，編制(zhi)擬建工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)實(shi)物量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單，投標(biao)(biao)人根(gen)據該實(shi)物量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單和施工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)實(shi)際情況，按企業或建設行政主管(guan)部門的(de)消耗(hao)量(liang)定額(e)，以(yi)及各生產要素的(de)市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)格(ge)，在充分考(kao)慮投標(biao)(biao)風險、市(shi)場(chang)競爭狀況的(de)基礎上(shang)，自(zi)主形成(cheng)投標(biao)(biao)價(jia)格(ge)，經評審合理低價(jia)中標(biao)(biao)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計(ji)價(jia)方式。中標(biao)(biao)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單報價(jia)，將作為合同文件(jian)的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部分，以(yi)及其后支(zhi)付(fu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度款和辦理竣工(gong)(gong)結算的(de)依(yi)據。

采用工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單計(ji)價，建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價由分(fen)部分(fen)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、措施項(xiang)目(mu)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、其它項(xiang)目(mu)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、規(gui)(gui)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和稅金五部分(fen)組成(cheng)。分(fen)部分(fen)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)體項(xiang)目(mu)，措施項(xiang)目(mu)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)指為完(wan)成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)施工(gong)(gong)，發(fa)生于工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)前和施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中技術、生活、安全措施等(deng)方面(mian)的非(fei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)體項(xiang)目(mu)等(deng)；其他(ta)項(xiang)目(mu)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)包括暫(zan)(zan)列(lie)金額、暫(zan)(zan)估(gu)價、計(ji)日工(gong)(gong)、總承包服務費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)等(deng)；規(gui)(gui)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)包括工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)排污費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)定額測定費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)及(ji)社會保障費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)；稅金包括營業稅、城市維(wei)護建(jian)設稅及(ji)教育費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)附(fu)加。

1.2工程量清單計價的特點

（1）強制性(xing)。主(zhu)要表現在工程量清單(dan)計價的規(gui)范由建設部門按照國(guo)家標(biao)準批(pi)準頒布，規(gui)定全部使用國(guo)有(you)資源或國(guo)有(you)資金投(tou)資為主(zhu)的大中型(xing)建設工程均應執(zhi)行。

（2）可操(cao)作(zuo)性(xing)。工程量(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)計價均(jun)以表(biao)格作(zuo)為主要(yao)表(biao)現形(xing)式(shi)，采用(yong)通(tong)用(yong)格式(shi)，便(bian)于招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)雙方(fang)填寫，而(er)且工程量(liang)計算規則簡潔明了，不僅項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)編碼、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)名(ming)稱清(qing)(qing)晰，而(er)且需(xu)列清(qing)(qing)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)特征描(miao)述，以便(bian)工程量(liang)計算及投(tou)標(biao)(biao)報價。

（3）標準(zhun)型。采(cai)(cai)用工(gong)程量(liang)清(qing)單計(ji)價(jia)是通過(guo)統一采(cai)(cai)用標準(zhun)化(hua)的工(gong)程量(liang)清(qing)單計(ji)價(jia)表格(ge)進行投標報價(jia)，便于各專(zhuan)業工(gong)程造價(jia)計(ji)價(jia)的標準(zhun)化(hua)操(cao)作，符合國際慣例(li)。

（4）可競(jing)爭性。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)單(dan)計價(jia)(jia)規范(fan)只規定了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量計算(suan)規則(ze)，沒有規定各分部分項的(de)(de)(de)(de)人工(gong)(gong)、材料、機械的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)消耗量和單(dan)價(jia)(jia)，便于(yu)投(tou)標單(dan)位結合市場(chang)情(qing)況、企業定額進行投(tou)標報價(jia)(jia)，參與競(jing)爭。并且工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)單(dan)計價(jia)(jia)中列有措施項目清(qing)(qing)單(dan)與計價(jia)(jia)表，施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中由(you)于(yu)采取相應施工(gong)(gong)措施而發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)，如模板及支架(jia)、腳手架(jia)費等(deng)均由(you)投(tou)標人根據具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)方案進行報價(jia)(jia)，有利(li)于(yu)投(tou)標單(dan)位提(ti)高管(guan)理(li)水平和競(jing)爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)能動性。

2、全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論概(gai)述到(dao)(dao)20世(shi)紀80年代末和(he)90年代初，以中國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)協(xie)會(hui)為主提(ti)出(chu)了全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)（Whole Process Cost Management，WPCM）。所(suo)謂建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，就是(shi)在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目投資決(jue)策(ce)、設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、招投標(biao)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段，將建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)在(zai)預算限額內(nei)，并(bing)隨時(shi)進行(xing)糾偏(pian)，以實現建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)，因(yin)此(ci)應結(jie)合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)清單計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，將建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)及控制(zhi)貫穿(chuan)于項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)就是(shi)要求(qiu)我們從(cong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前期(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作開始，對其全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)進行(xing)全(quan)(quan)(quan)方位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)有效(xiao)控制(zhi)，提(ti)高投資的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)效(xiao)益(yi)和(he)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。首先，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)是(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即是(shi)指建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目從(cong)可(ke)行(xing)性研究階段工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預測開始，到(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)經濟后評價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)為止(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)期(qi)(qi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)；其次(ci)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)是(shi)動態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，任何一個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)從(cong)決(jue)策(ce)到(dao)(dao)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交付使(shi)用，都有一個較長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)，在(zai)預計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)內(nei)，許多影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動態因(yin)素會(hui)發生變(bian)化，這種變(bian)化使(shi)得工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)在(zai)整個建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)期(qi)(qi)中處于不確(que)定狀態，直至竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)算后才能最終確(que)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。

三、工程(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單計(ji)價對建設(she)項(xiang)目全過程(cheng)(cheng)造價管理的指(zhi)導意義

在(zai)建設項目管理(li)(li)中，如何在(zai)確(que)保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、質量的前提下，有效地進行(xing)造(zao)價管理(li)(li)及控制(zhi)(zhi)，是各(ge)級造(zao)價部(bu)門、投資者比較關注的問題。《建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量清(qing)單計(ji)價規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》（GB 50500－2008）明(ming)確(que)提出招標(biao)(biao)(biao)控制(zhi)(zhi)價、投標(biao)(biao)(biao)價、合同(tong)價，竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)結算價“四價”概念(nian)。涵蓋從招標(biao)(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)開始至竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)結算為止的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段全過(guo)程工(gong)(gong)(gong)程計(ji)價技術與管理(li)(li)，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程的每個計(ji)價環節有“規(gui)(gui)”可依(yi)、有“章”可循，并按施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)順序承前啟后，相互貫通，構(gou)筑起規(gui)(gui)范(fan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價計(ji)價行(xing)為的長(chang)效機制(zhi)(zhi)，是一本融全過(guo)程工(gong)(gong)(gong)程計(ji)價技術與管理(li)(li)于一體的規(gui)(gui)范(fan)。

招投標階段

1.1合理確(que)定招標控制(zhi)價，真實反映建(jian)設項目(mu)的可能成本。

《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單(dan)計(ji)價規范》（GB 50500－2008）規定(ding)了(le)編制招(zhao)(zhao)標控(kong)制價時，其他項目(mu)費(fei)中(zhong)的(de)(de)暫(zan)列(lie)(lie)金額(e)是保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)順利實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能(neng)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)各種不確定(ding)因素(su)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)(de)影響，在(zai)招(zhao)(zhao)標控(kong)制價中(zhong)需估算一筆暫(zan)列(lie)(lie)金額(e)。暫(zan)列(lie)(lie)金額(e)可根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)復雜程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)、設(she)計(ji)深(shen)度(du)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)環境條件進行估算，一般可按分部分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)的(de)(de)10%-15%作為參考(kao)，用于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)簽(qian)訂時尚(shang)未(wei)確定(ding)或者不可預(yu)見(jian)的(de)(de)所需材料、設(she)備(bei)、服務的(de)(de)采購(gou)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)可能(neng)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變更、合同(tong)約定(ding)調整因素(su)出(chu)現(xian)時的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價款調整以及(ji)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)索賠(pei)、現(xian)場簽(qian)證確認等的(de)(de)費(fei)用。目(mu)的(de)(de)是真(zhen)實(shi)全(quan)面地反(fan)映建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)未(wei)來的(de)(de)可能(neng)成本。

1.2充分引人市場競爭機制(zhi)，規范招標(biao)投標(biao)行為(wei)。

實(shi)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單計(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)是建立公開(kai)、公正(zheng)、公平的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)計(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)和競(jing)價(jia)(jia)的(de)市(shi)(shi)場環境(jing)，逐步(bu)解決定額計(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)中(zhong)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設市(shi)(shi)場不相適(shi)應的(de)因(yin)素，深(shen)化(hua)建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招標(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)改(gai)革措施(shi)。實(shi)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單招投標(biao)(biao)就是把(ba)定價(jia)(jia)權交還給企業(ye)和市(shi)(shi)場，在競(jing)爭對手多、競(jing)爭條件(jian)相同的(de)前提下，投標(biao)(biao)方(fang)盡可能在確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量及落實(shi)安全措施(shi)后精選施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案，降(jiang)低報(bao)價(jia)(jia)，使建設項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)更符合市(shi)(shi)場，趨于(yu)合理(li)。

1.3實現量價為分(fen)離、強調風(feng)(feng)險分(fen)擔，促(cu)進各方(fang)(fang)面管(guan)理(li)水平提(ti)(ti)高(gao)。實行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量清單招標(biao)，招標(biao)人(ren)(ren)按照國(guo)家統一的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量計(ji)算規則提(ti)(ti)供(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量清單，并(bing)承(cheng)擔相應的風(feng)(feng)險，投(tou)標(biao)人(ren)(ren)則必(bi)須(xu)對單位工(gong)(gong)(gong)程成本、利潤(run)進行分(fen)析，并(bing)根據企(qi)業的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)定(ding)額合理(li)確定(ding)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、材(cai)料、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機械等要素的投(tou)入與配置，合理(li)控制現場(chang)費用和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術措施(shi)(shi)費用，確定(ding)投(tou)標(biao)報價，因此，投(tou)標(biao)人(ren)(ren)必(bi)須(xu)承(cheng)擔價的風(feng)(feng)險。通過風(feng)(feng)險的合理(li)分(fen)擔促(cu)進招投(tou)標(biao)雙方(fang)(fang)管(guan)理(li)水平的提(ti)(ti)高(gao)。1.4縮(suo)短(duan)招標(biao)周期、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)社會效益。

采用工(gong)程量(liang)清單方(fang)式招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，工(gong)程量(liang)清單必須(xu)作為(wei)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件的(de)組成部(bu)分，其(qi)準確性(xing)（即數量(liang)不得有誤(wu)）、完整性(xing)（即不缺項漏(lou)項）由(you)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)負責，充分發揮了(le)(le)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)所(suo)編(bian)制的(de)工(gong)程量(liang)清單的(de)作用，避免了(le)(le)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)、審核方(fang)、投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)重復計算工(gong)程量(liang)，縮短(duan)了(le)(le)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)時間(jian)和投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)報價編(bian)制時間(jian)，克服由(you)于(yu)工(gong)程量(liang)計算誤(wu)差所(suo)帶(dai)來的(de)負面影響，便于(yu)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)及評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)實(shi)際(ji)操作。

合同簽訂階段

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)計價(jia)模(mo)(mo)式下，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)可采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)價(jia)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)和總價(jia)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)兩種(zhong)主要合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)形(xing)式，單(dan)價(jia)固定合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)是國際上應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)為普(pu)遍的(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)形(xing)式，即綜合(he)(he)單(dan)價(jia)綜合(he)(he)了人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)費、材(cai)料(liao)費、機械費、管(guan)理費、利潤并考慮(lv)風險因(yin)(yin)素，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中約定單(dan)價(jia)不變(bian)(bian)，結算(suan)時工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量據實(shi)，也可參照FIDIC條(tiao)款，約定因(yin)(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量變(bian)(bian)更(geng)如何調(diao)整(zheng)綜合(he)(he)單(dan)價(jia)，如結算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量超(chao)過(guo)15%-25%時，約定調(diao)整(zheng)綜合(he)(he)單(dan)價(jia)上下浮動10%左右。合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一旦簽訂，承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中，為獲取更(geng)大的(de)(de)利潤，會利用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)和索賠手段追求(qiu)額外的(de)(de)費用(yong)(yong)，建設方(fang)也會更(geng)加(jia)關注由(you)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)反索賠等(deng)情況。因(yin)(yin)此，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)計價(jia)模(mo)(mo)式下，建設方(fang)與承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理的(de)(de)意識會大大加(jia)強，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款的(de)(de)約定會更(geng)加(jia)詳實(shi)，更(geng)加(jia)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)管(guan)理及控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)。

工程施工階段

建設方(fang)代表或監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)依據圖(tu)紙、招標(biao)文件(jian)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同等(deng)資料對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)單(dan)的(de)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)進行重新(xin)核定，并按照中標(biao)單(dan)價(jia)計算出工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總造價(jia)作為造價(jia)控(kong)制的(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)，并擬(ni)訂相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)控(kong)制計劃，特(te)別應對(dui)承包(bao)方(fang)的(de)合(he)(he)同造價(jia)進行深入的(de)分析和(he)評估，確定該(gai)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)成本以及承包(bao)商可能獲得(de)的(de)預期利潤，并且加(jia)強(qiang)單(dan)價(jia)分析，對(dui)因不平衡報價(jia)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)單(dan)價(jia)偏高或偏低的(de)分部分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及相(xiang)(xiang)關的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更，加(jia)強(qiang)跟(gen)蹤和(he)控(kong)制，如：（1）工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規模(mo)擴大的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更；（2）綜合(he)(he)單(dan)價(jia)偏高的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子目(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)會增大的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更；（3）綜合(he)(he)單(dan)價(jia)偏低的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子目(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)會減小的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)更。

工程竣工結算階段

竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)結算(suan)是造價(jia)(jia)控制(zhi)的(de)最后一(yi)(yi)關，采(cai)用工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單計價(jia)(jia)模(mo)式進行竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)結算(suan)，程(cheng)序相對簡單，可以根據已竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)驗收的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實物量，在確保施(shi)工(gong)(gong)做法或項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)特征沒有改(gai)變的(de)前提下，核(he)實各分項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)綜合(he)單價(jia)(jia)是否與投標(biao)時或合(he)同簽訂時的(de)綜合(he)單價(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)致，直(zhi)接(jie)核(he)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)。并(bing)對已完工(gong)(gong)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)進行評估(gu)分析，總結經驗，為以后的(de)建設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)提供更加有效的(de)指導意見，實現最優的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量，最短的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)期，最合(he)理(li)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)的(de)目(mu)標(biao)。

針對清單中(zhong)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)，其(qi)對整體項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響不可忽(hu)視(shi)，因(yin)此合(he)理確定洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)尤為重(zhong)要。根據自己多(duo)年(nian)項目管(guan)理及(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理工(gong)作經驗，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)漏(lou)洞很多(duo)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大于(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)，卻沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)辦理洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)手續，常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是只有(you)(you)(you)增項或增加工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)手續。因(yin)此，洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)結算時要檢查隱蔽驗收記錄，按竣(jun)工(gong)圖紙、洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)等竣(jun)工(gong)資料重(zhong)新核對實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)完成工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量，避免重(zhong)復計量，并(bing)參(can)考投標文(wen)件中(zhong)人工(gong)、材(cai)料、機械費用(yong)水(shui)平，為合(he)理確定洽(qia)(qia)商(shang)(shang)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)提供有(you)(you)(you)效依據。

結語

工(gong)程量清單計(ji)價是(shi)建筑(zhu)市場(chang)發(fa)展的(de)必然趨勢，是(shi)市場(chang)經(jing)濟發(fa)展的(de)必然結(jie)果，也是(shi)適應國際國內建筑(zhu)市場(chang)競爭(zheng)的(de)必然選擇，它對(dui)建設項目全過程管(guan)理的(de)完(wan)善和發(fa)展，提升建筑(zhu)工(gong)程領域的(de)技術(shu)管(guan)理水(shui)平、建立有序的(de)建設市場(chang)公平競爭(zheng)秩序都具有非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)指導(dao)意義。

參考文獻

[1] 《建(jian)設工程(cheng)工程(cheng)量清單計價規范》（GB 50500－2008），中國計劃出版(ban)社。

篇6

一、重視決策(ce)階(jie)段(duan)的造價管理(li)

1.基礎資料(liao)(liao)的(de)收集，要保證詳實、準確。如工(gong)程所在地(di)的(de)水電路狀況、地(di)質情況、主要材料(liao)(liao)設備的(de)價格(ge)資料(liao)(liao)、大宗材料(liao)(liao)的(de)采購地(di)以及現有(you)已建(jian)類似工(gong)程資料(liao)(liao)等。

2.市場(chang)調(diao)查研究(jiu)要充(chong)分。要認真做(zuo)好市場(chang)調(diao)查研究(jiu)，技術、經濟人員要掌握大量的統計(ji)數據和信息資料，并進行綜合分析和處理(li)。

3.方案(an)(an)(an)優化(hua)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)關(guan)鍵。為真正有效(xiao)地控(kong)(kong)制工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)，應該把工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)重(zhong)(zhong)點放在前期工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)上，在完成市(shi)場研究以(yi)后，結合項目的(de)實際情況，在滿足(zu)生產(chan)的(de)前提下，遵循“效(xiao)益至(zhi)上”的(de)原則，進(jin)行(xing)多方案(an)(an)(an)比(bi)選。這就(jiu)要求設(she)計(ji)人員必須牢固樹立(li)經濟(ji)(ji)意(yi)識，克服重(zhong)(zhong)技術(shu)，輕經濟(ji)(ji)，設(she)計(ji)保守(shou)浪費的(de)傾向，明確今(jin)天的(de)投資就(jiu)是(shi)企(qi)業明天的(de)成本，技術(shu)、經濟(ji)(ji)人員應有專(zhuan)業知識，了解設(she)計(ji)意(yi)圖，熟悉工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)技術(shu)方案(an)(an)(an)，和設(she)計(ji)人員密(mi)切配合，用動(dong)態(tai)分析方法進(jin)行(xing)多方案(an)(an)(an)技術(shu)經濟(ji)(ji)比(bi)較，要在降低(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)上下功夫。通過方案(an)(an)(an)優化(hua)，使工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)盡(jin)量簡單，設(she)備選型更加合理，從而(er)節(jie)約控(kong)(kong)制工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投資。

4.合理確(que)定評(ping)價價格和(he)基準參數是做好經濟效益(yi)的(de)(de)基礎。在(zai)經濟評(ping)價報告中(zhong)，要求評(ping)價人員針對不同項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)特點，結合市(shi)場分(fen)析(xi)、競(jing)爭力分(fen)析(xi)、不確(que)定性分(fen)析(xi)等因素選取多種(zhong)價格方(fang)案(an)并(bing)加以(yi)分(fen)析(xi)，以(yi)使(shi)投(tou)資(zi)者(zhe)對項(xiang)(xiang)目未來的(de)(de)效益(yi)有充分(fen)的(de)(de)了解，減少項(xiang)(xiang)目投(tou)資(zi)風(feng)險(xian)。

5.編制(zhi)高質量的投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資估(gu)算(suan)。高質量的投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資估(gu)算(suan)是投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資決策階(jie)段投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資控(kong)制(zhi)的關鍵(jian)。

二(er)、把握(wo)設計階(jie)段的造價(jia)管(guan)理

1.加強(qiang)技(ji)(ji)術和經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)緊密結合(he)。設(she)(she)(she)計人員在(zai)設(she)(she)(she)計中(zhong)，一般都(dou)比較注重設(she)(she)(she)計產品安全實用，技(ji)(ji)術先進，強(qiang)調設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)產值(zhi)，而對(dui)(dui)設(she)(she)(she)計產品的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟性不夠重視(shi)，不抓設(she)(she)(she)計中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟指(zhi)標和成(cheng)本控制工作。在(zai)工作中(zhong)我們既(ji)要(yao)克(ke)服片面強(qiang)調節(jie)約(yue)、忽(hu)視(shi)技(ji)(ji)術，又要(yao)反(fan)對(dui)(dui)重技(ji)(ji)術、輕經(jing)濟、設(she)(she)(she)計保守浪費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)現象。所以(yi)造價人員應該及(ji)時對(dui)(dui)項目(mu)投資進行(xing)分析比較，反(fan)饋(kui)造價信息，主(zhu)動的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)導設(she)(she)(she)計，使設(she)(she)(she)計方案在(zai)滿(man)足(zu)生產要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)前提下，節(jie)約(yue)投資。

2.制定方(fang)案(an)(an)優(you)選制度。通(tong)過設(she)計(ji)招標或設(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)競選方(fang)式優(you)擇設(she)計(ji)單(dan)位，優(you)化設(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)，使工程(cheng)項目的功能(neng)更可靠，工程(cheng)造價更合理。

3.推行(xing)(xing)(xing)限(xian)額設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)。大力推行(xing)(xing)(xing)限(xian)額設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，按照設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度分(fen)(fen)(fen)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)層層控制(zhi)(zhi)總投(tou)資，使其(qi)貫穿(chuan)于(yu)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性研究、初步(bu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)各(ge)個階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，形成(cheng)縱向控制(zhi)(zhi);各(ge)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，按各(ge)專業進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)投(tou)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)解，分(fen)(fen)(fen)塊限(xian)額，具體分(fen)(fen)(fen)配到單元和專業，形成(cheng)橫(heng)向控制(zhi)(zhi)和縱向控制(zhi)(zhi)相結合(he)。從而(er)杜絕在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中任意提高(gao)安全系數和設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)標(biao)準、只(zhi)考(kao)慮技術方(fang)案的(de)(de)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性，不重(zhong)視經濟合(he)理性的(de)(de)現象，保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)得(de)到有效的(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)。

三、規范招標投標階段的造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)

1.充(chong)分發揮建設單位造價管理的積極性和主(zhu)動性，使其(qi)責(ze)權利相統一(yi)。

2.不斷提高(gao)標底的編制質量。加強工程造價管理工作，在標底確定和投(tou)標報價中(zhong)引入市場(chang)機制和競爭機制，降(jiang)低工程造價。

3.不斷提(ti)高(gao)評標人員(yuan)綜合素質(zhi)，評標人員(yuan)要站在(zai)客觀(guan)、公正的(de)立場(chang)上，充(chong)分考(kao)慮(lv)投標單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)社會(hui)信譽、資(zi)質(zhi)情況(kuang)、施工(gong)能力、設(she)備狀(zhuang)況(kuang)、業績等進(jin)行綜合評定，以便選擇一個既能降低工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)成本，又能保證工(gong)程(cheng)按質(zhi)按時(shi)完成的(de)中標單(dan)(dan)位(wei)。替業主（建設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)）選擇優(you)質(zhi)、優(you)價(jia)的(de)施工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)。

4.堅持公開、公平、公正、誠實信用原則(ze)，加強對投(tou)(tou)標的監督，從制(zhi)度上杜絕招標投(tou)(tou)標中的不正當行為

5.實行(xing)工程造(zao)價(jia)招標，杜絕(jue)費率招標。工程造(zao)價(jia)招標避(bi)免(mian)了(le)費率招標合同造(zao)價(jia)的開口(kou)，可(ke)有效的進行(xing)招標階段的造(zao)價(jia)控制。

6.逐步(bu)推廣(guang)和實施工程量清(qing)單計價招標。

四、注重施工階段的造價(jia)管理

工(gong)程(cheng)簽(qian)證是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)階段影(ying)響工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的主要因素。建設項目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)受場(chang)地(di)、工(gong)期、質量、環(huan)境、氣候等影(ying)響，不可避免(mian)的存在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)簽(qian)證。如：地(di)下障礙物的拆除或恢復、不可抗拒災害(hai)造成的損失、措施(shi)性工(gong)程(cheng)、地(di)質條件(jian)(jian)發生變化、施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)受各種條件(jian)(jian)的限制而導致施(shi)工(gong)條件(jian)(jian)的改變等，這些影(ying)響會引起(qi)造價(jia)的增加。

設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)是實施(shi)階段(duan)影(ying)響工程造價的(de)又一個重(zhong)要因素。嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)，盡(jin)可能把變(bian)(bian)更(geng)控(kong)制(zhi)在設計階段(duan)的(de)初期，特(te)別是對(dui)工程造價影(ying)響較大的(de)設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)，要先算賬并按程序報(bao)批后才能變(bian)(bian)更(geng)。即使設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng)可能在技術(shu)上是合理的(de)，也應全面考慮，將變(bian)(bian)更(geng)后所產生的(de)效益與(yu)現場變(bian)(bian)更(geng)增加的(de)費用和可能引(yin)起的(de)索賠等所產生的(de)損失(shi)，加以比較，權衡輕重(zhong)后再做(zuo)決定。

現(xian)(xian)場(chang)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)和設計變更作(zuo)為造價(jia)的(de)組成部分，應(ying)(ying)認(ren)真(zhen)、嚴(yan)格(ge)地審簽(qian)(qian)，對(dui)實(shi)行造價(jia)招(zhao)標的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)，原則(ze)上工(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)和變更不(bu)(bu)(bu)追加(jia)(jia)投(tou)資(zi)，但(dan)對(dui)重大變更，報經投(tou)資(zi)主管部門(men)按規定程序批準后，才能追加(jia)(jia)投(tou)資(zi)。作(zuo)為進駐施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)的(de)監理人員(yuan)、甲方(fang)代表和審核(he)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)有關部門(men)，在熟(shu)練掌握現(xian)(xian)場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)和管理的(de)同時，應(ying)(ying)熟(shu)悉(xi)工(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)知(zhi)識，對(dui)由施工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)提出的(de)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)和變更，一(yi)定要認(ren)真(zhen)核(he)實(shi)后按程序簽(qian)(qian)認(ren)，對(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)該簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)盲(mang)目(mu)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)，對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)在簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)上巧立名目(mu)，弄虛作(zuo)假，以(yi)少(shao)報多，蒙哄欺騙，遇到(dao)問題不(bu)(bu)(bu)及時辦理簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)，結算時搞突擊(ji)等，應(ying)(ying)嚴(yan)格(ge)管理、嚴(yan)格(ge)審查(cha)、堵塞(sai)漏洞，盡可能地減少(shao)因現(xian)(xian)場(chang)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)和設計變更而追加(jia)(jia)投(tou)資(zi)。因此，在施工(gong)(gong)階段造價(jia)控制應(ying)(ying)注重做(zuo)好(hao)以(yi)下工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)：

1.加強(qiang)合(he)同(tong)管理。熟練運用合(he)同(tong)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)權力、履行(xing)義務(wu)和乙(yi)方承(cheng)諾的(de)優惠條件，《合(he)同(tong)》對工程中的(de)各項業務(wu)和意外情況(kuang)處理時限都(dou)(dou)作了具體規(gui)定(ding)。承(cheng)發包雙方都(dou)(dou)應(ying)在(zai)合(he)同(tong)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)時限內履行(xing)各自(zi)的(de)義務(wu)，避免引起糾(jiu)紛。

2.嚴格現(xian)場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)度。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)經常出現(xian)各(ge)種(zhong)與合同約定不(bu)符的情況必須(xu)及(ji)時辦理現(xian)場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)。由于(yu)簽證(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)可以直接(jie)作為追加工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合同價款的計算依(yi)據，因此(ci)要(yao)嚴格簽證(zheng)(zheng)權限制(zhi)和簽證(zheng)(zheng)手續程(cheng)(cheng)序。還要(yao)把握(wo)住哪些屬于(yu)現(xian)場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)的范圍(wei)，哪些已經包含在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)圖預算或設計變更預算中，不(bu)屬于(yu)現(xian)場(chang)簽證(zheng)(zheng)范圍(wei)。

3.減少施工(gong)(gong)階段的(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)。嚴格控制設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)，盡可能(neng)把(ba)變更(geng)(geng)控制在設(she)計(ji)(ji)階段的(de)初(chu)期，特別是對工(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)影(ying)響(xiang)較大的(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)，要先(xian)算賬后變更(geng)(geng)。杜絕內容不明，沒有(you)詳圖或具體使用部位，而只(zhi)是增(zeng)加材料用量(liang)的(de)變更(geng)(geng)。

五、嚴(yan)格(ge)竣工結算階段(duan)的造價管理

目(mu)前工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)大多仍采(cai)用(yong)定(ding)額計價(jia)方式，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位編制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)書(shu)普遍存在高(gao)估(gu)冒(mao)算(suan)(suan)、高(gao)套定(ding)額單價(jia)、高(gao)套取費標準等提高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)現象。因此在結(jie)算(suan)(suan)時應重點做(zuo)好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量和(he)定(ding)額套用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查。結(jie)算(suan)(suan)應以招(zhao)標文件(jian)和(he)承包合(he)同中的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)規(gui)定(ding)為依據，特(te)別是(shi)要對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)簽證(zheng)單的(de)(de)(de)符(fu)合(he)性(xing)和(he)合(he)理性(xing)進行詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查。審(shen)查時要熟(shu)悉圖(tu)紙(zhi)、掌握(wo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量計算(suan)(suan)規(gui)則，并(bing)對整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)設計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有系統的(de)(de)(de)認識。把好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)關(guan)是(shi)最終(zhong)確定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵：

1.程(cheng)量審核，拒絕不合(he)理的現(xian)場(chang)簽證進(jin)入結算。

2.熟(shu)練掌握(wo)定(ding)(ding)額套用(yong)(yong)。工程造價(jia)定(ding)(ding)額具有科學性(xing)、權(quan)威性(xing)、法令性(xing)，必須嚴格執行。認(ren)真(zhen)進(jin)行套用(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)額單價(jia)的審(shen)核(he)，特別是(shi)換算的定(ding)(ding)額單價(jia)的審(shen)核(he)和補充定(ding)(ding)額的審(shen)核(he)。

3.認真審核費(fei)用的計(ji)(ji)取(qu)(qu)。取(qu)(qu)費(fei)應根(gen)據當地工程(cheng)造價管理部門(men)頒發的文(wen)(wen)(wen)件及(ji)規定，結合相關文(wen)(wen)(wen)件如(ru)合同、招投標書等來(lai)確(que)定費(fei)率(lv)。審核時(shi)(shi)應注(zhu)意取(qu)(qu)費(fei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件的時(shi)(shi)效(xiao)性(xing);執行(xing)的取(qu)(qu)費(fei)表是否與工程(cheng)性(xing)質相符;費(fei)率(lv)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)是否正確(que);價差調(diao)整的材料是否符合文(wen)(wen)(wen)件規定。

六、建立(li)建設項目后評(ping)估(gu)機制

項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)后(hou)評估是指在項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建成投(tou)產(chan)或投(tou)入使用(yong)后(hou)的一定時刻，對項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的運行(xing)進行(xing)系統地、客觀地評價，確定目(mu)(mu)標(biao)是否達到(dao)，檢驗(yan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)是否合理(li)和(he)有(you)效率(lv)，并將評價結(jie)果反饋相關(guan)決策和(he)管(guan)理(li)部門(men)。通過項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)后(hou)評估，為未來的項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)決策提供經(jing)驗(yan)和(he)教(jiao)訓(xun)，有(you)利于(yu)實現投(tou)資項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的最(zui)優(you)控制(zhi)。

后評估(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)將項(xiang)(xiang)目決策(ce)(ce)目標與(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)目后評估(gu)(gu)(gu)時點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際結果進行全面、科(ke)(ke)學(xue)、綜(zong)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)比考察(cha)，對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目投資(zi)(zi)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)財務、經濟、社會和(he)環(huan)境(jing)等方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)益與(yu)影響進行客觀、科(ke)(ke)學(xue)、公(gong)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)評估(gu)(gu)(gu)。后評估(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要作(zuo)用(yong)在于，為今后提升類似項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)決策(ce)(ce)和(he)項(xiang)(xiang)目管理提供科(ke)(ke)學(xue)、可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)依據。

篇7

【關鍵詞】建設工(gong)程;工(gong)程造價(jia);管理控制;措施

工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)管理控(kong)制在建設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)成本控(kong)制中起(qi)著非常重要的(de)(de)(de)作用，是提高建筑企業(ye)經濟效益的(de)(de)(de)重要途徑。以下就建設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)管理控(kong)制進行探(tan)討分析(xi)，旨在控(kong)制建設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)成本，保障建筑企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)經濟效益。

一(yi).建設工程不(bu)同階段的造(zao)價管(guan)理與控制

1.1工程招投標(biao)階段(duan)

重點是為設計提(ti)供合(he)理、準確(que)的(de)項目工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)預算(suan)(suan)，以便確(que)定(ding)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)規(gui)模，合(he)理安(an)排資(zi)金，并確(que)保預算(suan)(suan)不(bu)超概算(suan)(suan)。其次，造價部門應盡(jin)量配(pei)合(he)建設方(fang)選擇技術過硬，報價合(he)理的(de)施工(gong)單位和材(cai)料(liao)供應商。具體工(gong)作內容(rong)如下：（1）主動(dong)擬訂(ding)發包(bao)方(fang)案、編寫招標(biao)(biao)文(wen)件(jian)、招標(biao)(biao)公告，制(zhi)定(ding)資(zi)格預審條件(jian)和文(wen)件(jian)、組(zu)織接收投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)申請(qing)人(ren)報名、審查(cha)潛在的(de)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)人(ren)資(zi)格，確(que)定(ding)潛在投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)人(ren);（2）編制(zhi)盡(jin)量準確(que)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清單、編制(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)(biao)底、組(zu)織現(xian)場勘察(cha)和答(da)疑;組(zu)織開標(biao)(biao)、評(ping)標(biao)(biao);對施工(gong)單位商務投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)進行(xing)清標(biao)(biao);（3）草擬工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同;編制(zhi)招標(biao)(biao)情況書面報告;造價機構在編制(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清單和編制(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)(biao)底時(shi)，將對所有(you)價格上有(you)浮(fu)動(dong)區間材(cai)料(liao)附(fu)明細表(biao)，確(que)定(ding)哪些材(cai)料(liao)應由今后甲乙(yi)雙方(fang)共同采購或甲方(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)單價，避免(mian)今后引起造價爭(zheng)議。

1.2設計階段

設(she)(she)計(ji)階段是控制工程造價(jia)的(de)最(zui)關鍵環(huan)節。一項設(she)(she)計(ji)可(ke)以有多(duo)種技術上的(de)可(ke)行方(fang)案，應該(gai)主動及(ji)時的(de)對不同設(she)(she)計(ji)方(fang)案進(jin)行經濟分析和(he)比(bi)較，主動影響(xiang)設(she)(she)計(ji)，以達到在(zai)保證設(she)(she)計(ji)風(feng)格和(he)質量的(de)前提(ti)下，達到最(zui)大限度縮減工程造價(jia)的(de)目(mu)的(de)，并按要求，合理編制項目(mu)概(gai)算。

1.3施工階段

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段是建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)投入最(zui)(zui)(zui)多、最(zui)(zui)(zui)容易造(zao)成資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)流失的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)(jie)段，該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管理(li)(li)控制重(zhong)點(dian)是使(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)及(ji)時、動(dong)(dong)態地掌握(wo)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)情況(kuang)(kuang)、合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)支付(fu)(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)款(kuan)、選擇價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑材料(liao)(liao)，保(bao)證最(zui)(zui)(zui)終工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結算(suan)(suan)(suan)不(bu)超過工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)，該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段是跟蹤(zong)審計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)。在(zai)該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)跟蹤(zong)審計(ji)主要(yao)體現在(zai)以下幾個方(fang)面(mian)：（1）施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)中(zhong)標(biao)后，應及(ji)時與(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)核對預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)擬訂的(de)(de)(de)特殊的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)、品(pin)牌明細(xi)算(suan)(suan)(suan)等具體數(shu)據。確定(ding)圖紙(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)內(nei)容和(he)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，修整工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，并(bing)附該(gai)中(zhong)標(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)具體數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)具體材料(liao)(liao)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)明細(xi)，使(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)方(fang)可根(gen)據該(gai)明細(xi)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)訂購(gou)(gou)材料(liao)(liao)。（2）根(gen)據圖紙(zhi)(zhi)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日期安(an)排(pai)(pai)(pai)情況(kuang)(kuang)，理(li)(li)論(lun)上確定(ding)各時間階(jie)(jie)段內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)情況(kuang)(kuang)，編制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)應付(fu)(fu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)安(an)排(pai)(pai)(pai)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)表(biao)，使(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)可以合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)排(pai)(pai)(pai)和(he)調(diao)度(du)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)。（3）每個月(yue)根(gen)據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)簽(qian)證資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)，由(you)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)編制當月(yue)結算(suan)(suan)(suan)，經(jing)核定(ding)后，作(zuo)為建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)依據。并(bing)根(gen)據市場價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)波動(dong)(dong)和(he)特殊材料(liao)(liao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)確定(ding)修正(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)，使(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)隨時掌握(wo)最(zui)(zui)(zui)新的(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)，并(bing)附該(gai)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)標(biao)底(di)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)(suan)(suan)之間的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)差距情況(kuang)(kuang)，并(bing)分析其原因。（4）針對有浮(fu)動(dong)(dong)區間的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)，向甲(jia)方(fang)提供不(bu)同施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)或廠家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)和(he)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題，為建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)訂購(gou)(gou)材料(liao)(liao)和(he)控制單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)提供決策(ce)依據。

一(yi).建設工(gong)程中施(shi)工(gong)階段造價管理(li)控制(zhi)的措施(shi)

2.1材料(liao)價格(ge)的確定與控制

對(dui)(dui)于一般的(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)格(ge)應(ying)(ying)根據施工單(dan)位(wei)(wei)實際使用材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)供應(ying)(ying)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、規格(ge)通過(guo)市場詢(xun)價(jia)來(lai)確(que)定，并隨材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)價(jia)格(ge)的(de)波動對(dui)(dui)工程預算(suan)進(jin)行調整，對(dui)(dui)于一些(xie)特殊材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)等可由造價(jia)機構組織甲乙雙方共同(tong)(tong)向不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)供應(ying)(ying)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)詢(xun)價(jia)，或(huo)通過(guo)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)單(dan)獨議(yi)價(jia)的(de)辦法(fa)來(lai)確(que)定價(jia)格(ge)低(di)、質量符合(he)要求(qiu)的(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)供應(ying)(ying)，并對(dui)(dui)預算(suan)進(jin)行調整，以便(bian)院方可以隨時掌(zhang)握最新的(de)投資額度。

2.2工(gong)程變更時工(gong)程造價的確定與控制

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)在實際施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中是(shi)難免的(de)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)主(zhu)要包括設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)、進(jin)度計(ji)劃變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條件(jian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)以及招標(biao)文(wen)件(jian)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單中未包括的(de)“新增工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)會(hui)帶來(lai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化，為(wei)了有效地控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)，無論任何一(yi)方(fang)提(ti)(ti)出工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)，均需(xu)由監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)確(que)認并(bing)簽發工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)指(zhi)令，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)確(que)定后(hou)，提(ti)(ti)出變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)報告，提(ti)(ti)供變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單，報業(ye)主(zhu)確(que)認后(hou)，造價(jia)(jia)機構根據變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)計(ji)算(suan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)，作為(wei)追加合(he)同款(kuan)同期(qi)支付。

2.3工程(cheng)竣工結算時(shi)工程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)確定與控制(zhi)

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位在每個月(yue)(yue)初提供一份詳細計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)完(wan)成的工(gong)(gong)程量清(qing)單(dan)，報業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)審核，造價(jia)機構根(gen)據審核后的計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)完(wan)成的工(gong)(gong)程量清(qing)單(dan)及(ji)(ji)當(dang)時(shi)的市場(chang)材價(jia)格(ge)，編(bian)(bian)制當(dang)月(yue)(yue)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)額(e)。月(yue)(yue)末由施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位提供本月(yue)(yue)實際完(wan)成的工(gong)(gong)程量清(qing)單(dan)，經現場(chang)業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)委托(tuo)人員(yuan)確認，并(bing)報業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)批準(zhun)后，造價(jia)機構應根(gen)據批準(zhun)后實際完(wan)成的工(gong)(gong)程量及(ji)(ji)當(dang)月(yue)(yue)市場(chang)材料價(jia)格(ge)編(bian)(bian)制當(dang)月(yue)(yue)實際完(wan)成的工(gong)(gong)程投(tou)資(zi)(zi)額(e)，并(bing)報業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位，以(yi)便業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)撥付工(gong)(gong)程款。并(bing)與(yu)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)額(e)比較(jiao)，分析(xi)差異原因，以(yi)便及(ji)(ji)時(shi)采取組織、經濟、技術等防(fang)止類(lei)似的原因再次發生，平時(shi)應由業主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)定時(shi)召(zhao)開例(li)會，匯報完(wan)成投(tou)資(zi)(zi)與(yu)進(jin)度情況，布置下一步投(tou)資(zi)(zi)與(yu)進(jin)度計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)，直至整個工(gong)(gong)程全部竣工(gong)(gong)，以(yi)確保工(gong)(gong)程不突(tu)破預計(ji)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)額(e)與(yu)進(jin)度計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)。

二(er).建(jian)設(she)工程(cheng)項目中(zhong)具(ju)體工程(cheng)的分部造價管(guan)理(li)控制

3.1土方工程

由(you)于土方(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程具有(you)隱蔽(bi)性、事后無法測量性等特點，因此在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程開工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)（尤其(qi)是附(fu)屬工(gong)(gong)(gong)程），造價(jia)機構(gou)應(ying)到現(xian)場進行施工(gong)(gong)(gong)勘察，確定(ding)土質(zhi)類別(bie)、熟悉工(gong)(gong)(gong)程開工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)的現(xian)場情況，并由(you)業主現(xian)場委(wei)派人員提供實(shi)際標(biao)高(gao)，并實(shi)地(di)測量計算，確定(ding)不同的土質(zhi)、挖土深度、機械(xie)進場數量、土方(fang)外運距離、回填材料，配合比等，如在技術(shu)上(shang)可行，且有(you)多種施工(gong)(gong)(gong)措施的，造價(jia)機構(gou)應(ying)提供各種技術(shu)措施下的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)提交建(jian)設方(fang)確定(ding)。

3.2樁基工程

如該工(gong)程有樁基工(gong)程，造價機構應向(xiang)建(jian)設方提供各種頂(ding)制樁的市(shi)場價格和質量數據(ju)。并(bing)針(zhen)對打樁工(gong)期(qi)合理確定打樁機械。

3.3墻(qiang)體工程和(he)柱(zhu)梁工程

根據圖紙計算，并每個月進行實地(di)測(ce)量(liang)，并由監理部門(men)共同簽字認可后，套用(yong)定額結(jie)算。結(jie)算時注意墻面、柱梁的粉刷材料類型。

3.4樓地面工程

該部分(fen)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量以實測為主，注意(yi)實際施工(gong)(gong)是否(fou)做分(fen)割縫、嵌縫等，地面(mian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)采用的圖(tu)集做法的，應(ying)跟圖(tu)集做法對照，按照實際做法套用不(bu)同定(ding)額，使造價更趨合理，為甲(jia)方(fang)控制造價。

3.5屋面工程

現場(chang)測(ce)算屋面(mian)的(de)找平層材料厚度，最主要是屋面(mian)防水材料的(de)做法，協助建設方(fang)對防水材料的(de)單價(jia)(jia)進行(xing)控(kong)價(jia)(jia)。現場(chang)實測(ce)工程量(liang)。

3.6鋼筋工程

在(zai)各分部鋼筋綁扎好(hao)、澆注(zhu)砼前(qian)，造價機構應(ying)派人(ren)進(jin)行實地測算(suan)，計算(suan)出各分部鋼筋用量明細(xi)。每(mei)個月根據工(gong)程進(jin)度確定鋼筋用量，作(zuo)為甲(jia)方(fang)采(cai)購鋼筋的依據.

3.7地下(xia)室及基坑圍護部分

基坑(keng)圍護有多(duo)種方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，造價機構將根據(ju)不同(tong)的施工(gong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)編制預(yu)算(suan)，使建設方(fang)(fang)選擇(ze)合理(li)價優的施工(gong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。該部分工(gong)程(cheng)量采用(yong)圖紙計(ji)算(suan)和(he)及時(shi)實(shi)地測量方(fang)(fang)式確定。

3.8水電、通風和消防(fang)工程

向甲(jia)方(fang)提供所需(xu)設備(bei)和器材明細數(shu)量(liang)，并向甲(jia)方(fang)提供各廠家的實(shi)際報(bao)價供甲(jia)方(fang)參考確定，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)以實(shi)地測量(liang)與圖(tu)紙計算相結合，并在隱蔽工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結束前與施工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位確認(ren)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)，使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)更趨合理。

四、結束語

隨著(zhu)城鎮化建(jian)設(she)的(de)快速推(tui)進，建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)數量日(ri)益增多，而加強建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)管(guan)理控(kong)制是(shi)提高建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業競爭力的(de)重要途(tu)徑。建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)造價應做到(dao)投資(zi)決策、設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)直(zhi)到(dao)竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)的(de)一體化全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理控(kong)制，在施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)對(dui)投資(zi)進行監控(kong)，以保證(zheng)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)產生最大化的(de)經濟(ji)效益.

參考文獻：

篇8

關鍵詞: 電(dian)力建(jian)設項目; 工(gong)程造(zao)價; 管(guan)理控制(zhi)

中圖分類號：F407文(wen)獻(xian)標識碼： A

我國電力(li)建設(she)項(xiang)目的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價控制工(gong)(gong)作取得了一定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)成績。但就(jiu)目前的(de)體制和現實而言, 對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)管理和控制, 預(yu)算(suan)人員(yuan)(yuan)根(gen)據(ju)已(yi)經確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)圖(tu)紙計(ji)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量、套(tao)用定(ding)(ding)(ding)額、計(ji)取費(fei)用, 或(huo)(huo)(huo)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)結(jie)束后根(gen)據(ju)圖(tu)紙和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計(ji)以及現場施(shi)工(gong)(gong)簽(qian)證記錄(lu)等資料(liao)編制竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)決(jue)算(suan)。當概預(yu)算(suan)人員(yuan)(yuan)編制概預(yu)算(suan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)決(jue)算(suan)時, 建設(she)方(fang)案(an)和設(she)計(ji)圖(tu)紙都已(yi)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding), 而施(shi)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)以按圖(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)為(wei)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze), 因此預(yu)決(jue)算(suan)人員(yuan)(yuan)所做的(de)工(gong)(gong)作只是(shi)計(ji)算(suan)變更所產生的(de)費(fei)用變化以及防止高估(gu)冒算(suan)。假(jia)如(ru): 項(xiang)目在經濟(ji)上不(bu)合理、決(jue)策(ce)存在失誤; 設(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)在技術上不(bu)可行或(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)是(shi)最優; 施(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計(ji)或(huo)(huo)(huo)通過招投標確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)承包(bao)合同(tong)價不(bu)合理或(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)經濟(ji)等, 則(ze)(ze)預(yu)決(jue)算(suan)人員(yuan)(yuan)無能為(wei)力(li)。

1 影(ying)響工程造(zao)價的主(zhu)要因素

1. 1 項目(mu)的建設(she)規模

任(ren)何一個建(jian)設項(xiang)目都(dou)應選擇合(he)(he)理的建(jian)設和(he)生產(chan)(chan)規模(mo)。規模(mo)過小, 資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)得不(bu)到有效配置(zhi), 建(jian)設和(he)生產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本高, 經濟效益低(di)(di); 規模(mo)過大(da), 超(chao)過產(chan)(chan)品市場需求, 導致(zhi)銷售不(bu)暢, 經濟效益降(jiang)低(di)(di)。如(ru)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)設項(xiang)目, 不(bu)同(tong)類(lei)型、不(bu)同(tong)建(jian)設地(di)區的電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)對(dui)容(rong)量的要(yao)(yao)求不(bu)同(tong)。近幾年來(lai), 電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)項(xiang)目大(da)多采用大(da)容(rong)量、高參數、超(chao)臨界(jie)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組, 以滿足地(di)區經濟發(fa)展和(he)用電(dian)(dian)負荷日(ri)益增長的需要(yao)(yao)。大(da)容(rong)量機(ji)組雖(sui)然建(jian)設投(tou)資(zi)(zi)高, 但發(fa)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)耗(hao)低(di)(di)、效率(lv)高, 運(yun)行(xing)經濟性好。而(er)小容(rong)量機(ji)組只(zhi)適用于熱電(dian)(dian)聯產(chan)(chan)、能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綜合(he)(he)利用或燃(ran)油(you)調(diao)峰項(xiang)目, 優點是(shi)一次性投(tou)資(zi)(zi)低(di)(di), 環保和(he)社會效益好, 運(yun)行(xing)經濟且能(neng)滿足電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)峰需要(yao)(yao)。確定電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)項(xiang)目建(jian)設規模(mo)時, 不(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮建(jian)設成(cheng)本, 而(er)且要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮運(yun)行(xing)成(cheng)本,既要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮社會效益, 又要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮企業(ye)長遠效益。

1. 2 項目的建(jian)設(she)水(shui)平和技術裝備

項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)水平(ping)主要(yao)指建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)規(gui)模(mo)、建(jian)(jian)筑標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、技(ji)(ji)術裝(zhuang)備、配套工程等方面的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)(shi)編制、評估(gu)項(xiang)(xiang)目可行性研究和投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)依據。建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)(shi)否合(he)理(li), 對控制工程造價(jia)有很大(da)影響。建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)應根據技(ji)(ji)術進步和投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)制訂(ding)(ding), 標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)訂(ding)(ding)得(de)過(guo)高, 只能無(wu)謂地增加(jia)造價(jia), 浪費投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)訂(ding)(ding)得(de)過(guo)低, 達不到先進適用、高效(xiao)運(yun)行、安全(quan)可靠的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun), 不利于技(ji)(ji)術進步。因(yin)此, 現階(jie)段大(da)多數建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目應采用中等適用、適當超(chao)前、安全(quan)可靠、運(yun)行經濟的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun), 既要(yao)考慮現時投(tou)(tou)(tou)入, 又要(yao)考慮長(chang)遠(yuan)效(xiao)益。如: 目前燃煤發電廠(chang), 均要(yao)配套建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)環保設(she)(she)施, 考慮排放物的(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)利用, 這(zhe)勢必加(jia)大(da)工程投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi), 但(dan)卻(que)能收到社(she)會(hui)效(xiao)益和長(chang)遠(yuan)效(xiao)益。

技術裝備的選擇和(he)工藝設(she)計(ji)應(ying)充(chong)分應(ying)用技術經(jing)濟(ji)原(yuan)理和(he)價(jia)值工程理論(lun), 分析其投入(ru)產出, 以取(qu)得(de)最大經(jing)濟(ji)效益。

1. 3 項目建(jian)設地點

合理(li)選(xuan)擇項(xiang)目建(jian)(jian)設地(di)點, 將在(zai)很(hen)大程(cheng)(cheng)度上(shang)決(jue)定著項(xiang)目的命運、影響工程(cheng)(cheng)造價的高低和今后的經營狀況。建(jian)(jian)設地(di)點的選(xuan)擇要(yao)考慮以(yi)下幾方面因素(su):

( 1) 根據國民經(jing)濟發展規劃和地(di)區經(jing)濟發展。

( 2) 根據項(xiang)目的(de)特點和(he)需(xu)要, 靠近原(yuan)材料、能(neng)源、水源提供地及產品銷售地, 以降低原(yuan)材料、能(neng)源采購供應和(he)運輸費用。

( 3) 考慮氣象、地質、水文(wen)等建廠自然條件, 遵(zun)從工業項(xiang)目和其(qi)他相關(guan)項(xiang)目比較(jiao)集(ji)中的原則。

1. 4 可(ke)行性(xing)研究(jiu)及投資估算

項目的(de)(de)決策(ce)依據(ju)是可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)究, 投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估算(suan)是確定(ding)(ding)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)究階段工程總投(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)限(xian)額。可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)究不(bu)僅要(yao)分析評價項目是否可(ke)行(xing)(xing), 更重要(yao)的(de)(de)是對方案進(jin)行(xing)(xing)優化論證(zheng), 并要(yao)有一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)深度(du)和細度(du), 投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估算(suan)必須準確且能滿足限(xian)額設計(ji)和控(kong)制概(gai)算(suan)的(de)(de)要(yao)求。初步(bu)設計(ji)概(gai)算(suan)是項目投(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)最高限(xian)額, 必須控(kong)制在(zai)批準的(de)(de)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)究投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估算(suan)范圍(wei)內, 項目收(shou)口總概(gai)算(suan)突破可(ke)研(yan)估算(suan),可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)究必須重新修改報批。因此, 決策(ce)階段應保證(zheng)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估算(suan)的(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)規定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)范圍(wei)內。

2 合理的設計是控制工程(cheng)造價的關鍵(jian)

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)具體實現(xian)技(ji)(ji)術與經(jing)濟對立統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。項(xiang)目(mu)一(yi)(yi)經(jing)決策, 設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)就成(cheng)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)和控制造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。初步(bu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)決定工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模(mo)、產(chan)(chan)品方案、結構形式和建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)標(biao)準及使用(yong)(yong)功能(neng), 形成(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)概算, 確(que)定了投(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高限額, 施工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)完成(cheng)后, 就能(neng)準確(que)地計(ji)(ji)(ji)算出工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)。設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)質量(liang)(liang)和功能(neng)是(shi)(shi)否能(neng)滿足(zu)使用(yong)(yong)要求,不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)關(guan)系到建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)一(yi)(yi)次性(xing)投(tou)資(zi)多(duo)少, 而且影響到建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)效益(yi)。先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術、合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)能(neng)使項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、節省現(xian)時投(tou)資(zi), 而且能(neng)降低今后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本、經(jing)營費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong), 提(ti)高長遠效益(yi)。據有(you)關(guan)資(zi)料分析, 設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)費(fei)(fei)一(yi)(yi)般只(zhi)占建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)部(bu)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1%, 但影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)卻高達75% 以上。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)或(huo)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)單項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng), 可有(you)多(duo)種不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方案, 因此在滿足(zu)使用(yong)(yong)功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)下(xia), 可進行優(you)化(hua)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、方案比較、技(ji)(ji)術經(jing)濟分析, 選用(yong)(yong)先進適用(yong)(yong)、經(jing)濟合理(li)、安全(quan)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)思想(xiang)。設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方案優(you)化(hua)可采用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分析法, 在滿足(zu)功能(neng)或(huo)盡量(liang)(liang)提(ti)高功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)下(xia), 盡量(liang)(liang)降低成(cheng)本。

3 施工階(jie)段是工程造價控(kong)制的重要(yao)環(huan)節

3. 1 加(jia)強(qiang)合同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li), 規范(fan)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)活(huo)動, 實行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)完成后就能準確地計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)出工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia), 而施工(gong)(gong)(gong)費用占整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)60% 左右(you), 因(yin)此(ci)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)十分(fen)重(zhong)大(da)。實施階段對項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)控(kong)制重(zhong)點應放在(zai)(zai)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)活(huo)動、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)條款(kuan)制定和承(cheng)包合同(tong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)確定上(shang)。投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位應嚴(yan)格(ge)按招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件要求和規定計(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)方式(shi)進行投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)報價(jia)(jia)(jia), 招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)評標(biao)(biao)實行合理(li)(li)低價(jia)(jia)(jia)中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)。隨著工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)體制和管(guan)理(li)(li)模式(shi)改(gai)革(ge), 大(da)型(xing)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)在(zai)(zai)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)中(zhong)應積極(ji)推行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia), 特別(bie)是近期5建設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)規范(fan)6已在(zai)(zai)全(quan)國(guo)范(fan)圍內實施, 國(guo)有資(zi)金(jin)(jin)和國(guo)有資(zi)金(jin)(jin)為(wei)主的(de)(de)大(da)、中(zhong)型(xing)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)都必須實行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia), 即由(you)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)人按統一的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)規則, 計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)并提供工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清(qing)單(dan)(dan), 投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)人視自(zi)(zi)身的(de)(de)技術(shu)、管(guan)理(li)(li)水平(ping)和勞動生產率以(yi)(yi)及市(shi)場價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)進行自(zi)(zi)主報價(jia)(jia)(jia)。為(wei)了(le)中(zhong)標(biao)(biao), 承(cheng)包商會自(zi)(zi)覺提高技術(shu)和管(guan)理(li)(li)水平(ping), 降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia), 從客觀上(shang)保證(zheng)了(le)以(yi)(yi)最少的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)收到最大(da)的(de)(de)效益。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)對透(tou)明招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)活(huo)動、減少施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同(tong)糾紛(fen)、推行競(jing)爭和以(yi)(yi)市(shi)場定價(jia)(jia)(jia)、控(kong)制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)有著非常積極(ji)的(de)(de)作用。因(yin)此(ci), 實施階段對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)控(kong)制, 應重(zhong)點加(jia)強(qiang)項(xiang)目(mu)合同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)、規范(fan)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)活(huo)動。

3. 2 加強設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)審(shen)查施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)另一(yi)方面是在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)上。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)包括設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、進度計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條(tiao)件變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)及(ji)招標(biao)文件中未包含的(de)新增(zeng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等, 而設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)是最主要(yao)且影響最大的(de)一(yi)類變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng), 因此加強設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)管理是控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)的(de)有效(xiao)手(shou)段。嚴禁通過(guo)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)擴大建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)規模、增(zeng)加建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)內容、提(ti)高(gao)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)標(biao)準。由(you)(you)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)產生的(de)新增(zeng)投資(zi)額不(bu)得超過(guo)基(ji)本預(yu)備費的(de)1/ 3。設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)發生后, 審(shen)查尤為重要(yao)。無(wu)論由(you)(you)哪方提(ti)出變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng), 均應由(you)(you)監理部門會(hui)同建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單位(wei)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單位(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)協商, 確認后由(you)(you)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)部門發出通知, 并由(you)(you)監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師辦理簽發后實施(shi)。

3. 3 嚴格現場簽證的審(shen)查

( 1) 監理(li)人員應熟悉和(he)掌(zhang)握造價管理(li)、預結算知(zhi)識, 對不應該(gai)簽(qian)(qian)證的項目不應盲目簽(qian)(qian)證。對由施工單位填寫的簽(qian)(qian)證, 一定要認真核實后(hou)方能簽(qian)(qian)字蓋章。

( 2) 對施工單位在(zai)簽證(zheng)上巧立名目, 弄虛作假, 以(yi)少(shao)報多(duo), 蒙哄欺騙, 遇到問題不及時辦理(li)簽證(zheng), 結(jie)算時搞(gao)突(tu)擊(ji), 互(hu)相扯皮的現象應嚴(yan)格審查。

(3) 某些施工單位為了中標, 自(zi)動壓價。為了保住(zhu)自(zi)己(ji)的利潤對包干(gan)工程(cheng)偷工減料, 對非包干(gan)工程(cheng)進(jin)行大量(liang)的施工現(xian)場簽(qian)證, 這類簽(qian)證應嚴格審查。

4 把好結(jie)算(suan)審查(cha)關

4. 1 工程量(liang)的(de)審查

采用(yong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng), 結(jie)算時(shi)應重點審查工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量。結(jie)算的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量應以合同文件(jian)中(zhong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)為(wei)依據, 考(kao)慮(lv)變更(geng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量。審查時(shi)要熟悉圖紙、掌握工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量計算規則, 并對整個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計和施工(gong)(gong)有系(xi)統的(de)認識。

4. 2 對仍用定(ding)額計(ji)價的工程還必須對定(ding)額的套(tao)用和取費規(gui)定(ding)進(jin)行審查(cha)

( 1) 定(ding)額的審查(cha)

定(ding)(ding)額(e)單價(jia)是定(ding)(ding)額(e)子目所耗用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)人工(gong)、材(cai)料(liao)和機(ji)械費用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)指令性指標。一(yi)般的(de)(de)項目可直接套(tao)用(yong)(yong), 少(shao)數項目需要(yao)換(huan)(huan)算(suan)。對直接套(tao)用(yong)(yong)單價(jia)的(de)(de)主要(yao)審查其有無錯套(tao)、高套(tao)。對于定(ding)(ding)額(e)換(huan)(huan)算(suan)的(de)(de)單價(jia)要(yao)審查其換(huan)(huan)算(suan)是否為定(ding)(ding)額(e)允許(xu)及換(huan)(huan)算(suan)方法是否正確。

( 2) 取費的審查(cha)

主要審查有無抬(tai)高取費基(ji)數, 取費類(lei)別是否與招標文件和承(cheng)包合(he)同的要求一致(zhi)。

篇9

關(guan)鍵詞：電網(wang)工程;全過程;信息技術;智能(neng)電網(wang)

0 引言

針(zhen)對我國(guo)的(de)(de)基本國(guo)情(qing)和發展現狀，當前的(de)(de)首(shou)要任務就是打造現代化智能電網，電網工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)建設和運行直(zhi)接關系(xi)著各個(ge)行業的(de)(de)生(sheng)產效益。電網工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設項(xiang)目全過程(cheng)管理系(xi)統研究與應用(yong)具(ju)有(you)非(fei)常(chang)重要的(de)(de)意義，可以使(shi)我國(guo)電力工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)發展邁入一個(ge)新的(de)(de)階段，實現電力工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)同科學(xue)技(ji)術的(de)(de)有(you)機整(zheng)合，并為相關研究提(ti)供參考意見。

1 電網工程(cheng)建(jian)設項目全過程(cheng)管(guan)理系統的設計(ji)

1.1 全(quan)過程管理的特(te)點(dian)

在對電網(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)進(jin)行設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，必須要秉承(cheng)現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念，更新傳統(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模式，使其更具現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)特征，順應(ying)時代的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展趨(qu)勢，這樣才能保(bao)證全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)具有可(ke)行性和實(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性。除(chu)此之(zhi)外，全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)在電網(wang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，提高了管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)效率，大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低了成本投入，與此同時也對企(qi)業內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)相關技(ji)術和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)員提出了更高的(de)(de)(de)要求，必須要構(gou)建全(quan)(quan)新的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模式，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)優化配置，選用(yong)(yong)(yong)更加先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)手段，提高工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業技(ji)能，高效維(wei)護管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)[1]。因(yin)此，開發(fa)電網(wang)時，應(ying)將工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)需求擺在重要的(de)(de)(de)位置，以(yi)此為基礎進(jin)行研(yan)究和分析(xi)，按(an)照設計(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)各項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。

1.2 全(quan)過程管理系統的設計(ji)原(yuan)則

電(dian)網工程建設(she)項目全過(guo)(guo)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)設(she)計原則體現(xian)在(zai)(zai)以下(xia)幾個方面(mian)：（1）先(xian)進性(xing)(xing)。為(wei)了滿(man)足日益增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)的(de)(de)電(dian)力業(ye)務(wu)需求(qiu)，電(dian)網工程建設(she)項目全過(guo)(guo)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)必須要應(ying)用(yong)(yong)多(duo)種先(xian)進的(de)(de)信息技術，使用(yong)(yong)現(xian)代管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)方法，面(mian)向服務(wu)的(de)(de)同時(shi)使系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)建設(she)更加規范(fan);（2）實用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)。系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)是設(she)計全過(guo)(guo)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，設(she)計過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)應(ying)根據(ju)實際狀況，正確(que)的(de)(de)把(ba)握(wo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)需要和(he)業(ye)務(wu)要求(qiu)，站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)(de)角度(du)進行分析，簡化操作(zuo)和(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)步(bu)驟，提高系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)利(li)用(yong)(yong)率;（3）可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)。由于電(dian)網工程中(zhong)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)具有數(shu)(shu)量(liang)龐大(da)(da)、種類(lei)繁多(duo)的(de)(de)特點，應(ying)提高對(dui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視。如果(guo)不能(neng)對(dui)這些數(shu)(shu)據(ju)進行高效的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，就會導(dao)致電(dian)網管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水平低下(xia)，影響電(dian)網的(de)(de)正常運(yun)行[2];（4）可(ke)(ke)擴展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)網工程項目全過(guo)(guo)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，要面(mian)對(dui)需求(qiu)的(de)(de)不斷增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)，要求(qiu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)具備(bei)良好的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)擴展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)，可(ke)(ke)以通過(guo)(guo)程序模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)方式，不斷在(zai)(zai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)增(zeng)(zeng)添功能(neng)，增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)(ke)移植能(neng)力;（5）可(ke)(ke)維護性(xing)(xing)。作(zuo)為(wei)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要環節，維護工作(zuo)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)延(yan)長系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)使用(yong)(yong)時(shi)間，提高各個項目數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)安全程度(du)。

2 電網工程建設項目全過(guo)程管理系統的(de)總體(ti)架構及功能概述

2.1 全過程管理系(xi)統總體架構

遵循現代化管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念(nian)，以工程(cheng)項目(mu)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)要求為(wei)(wei)(wei)出(chu)發點(dian)，利用數據集中(zhong)的(de)方(fang)式，借助多種先進(jin)的(de)信息(xi)技(ji)術，最終全(quan)(quan)(quan)面整合項目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)應用信息(xi)和不同業務信息(xi)，實現企業管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)目(mu)標，這種圍繞(rao)工程(cheng)項目(mu)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)開展一系列的(de)實時性管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)活(huo)動即為(wei)(wei)(wei)電網工程(cheng)建設項目(mu)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。

在(zai)工程(cheng)(cheng)項目管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，涉及到多(duo)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層(ceng)次(ci)，如：多(duo)項目、決策、單項目等(deng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層(ceng)，但這些(xie)不同的管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層(ceng)次(ci)都擁有一致的發(fa)展目標(biao)，共同服務(wu)于企業(ye)(ye)級項目管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)應(ying)用，是管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)應(ying)用在(zai)集團性方面(mian)的基本(ben)體現[3]。全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)必(bi)須要迎合多(duo)個管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層(ceng)的需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，做到全(quan)(quan)面(mian)綜合性的統(tong)籌分(fen)析，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)靈活的調節和管(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)。該系(xi)統(tong)在(zai)電(dian)網工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)方面(mian)占(zhan)據著極高的地位，是規范(fan)電(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的根本(ben)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)。建(jian)立在(zai)合同控(kong)制、數據集中(zhong)式管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)基礎之(zhi)上的電(dian)網工程(cheng)(cheng)項目全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，從安全(quan)(quan)、質(zhi)量、進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)和成(cheng)本(ben)效益等(deng)多(duo)個角(jiao)度(du)(du)入手，對管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)應(ying)用進(jin)(jin)行(xing)進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)的完善，將全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)滲(shen)透(tou)到每(mei)一個工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)環(huan)節中(zhong)，是提升電(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)能力的根本(ben)所在(zai)。

2.2 全過程管理系統功能概述

項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)監控(kong)、專家管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、資(zi)源(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)及綜合(he)(he)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模塊(kuai)共同構成了集團項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，發揮著集約(yue)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)多(duo)個項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的作用，是實(shi)現(xian)設計(ji)目(mu)標(biao)的決定(ding)性環節(jie)。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)組合(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)不僅可以對多(duo)種項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)組合(he)(he)進行整合(he)(he)和優化(hua)，還(huan)能評(ping)估項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)成本投入、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)建設方案，落實(shi)執行工作。而項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全過(guo)程追求(qiu)的是成本投入的最(zui)小化(hua)，做到系統、科學的管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，多(duo)方位協(xie)調管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作，提高電力企業經濟效益，滿足多(duo)種業務的需求(qiu)[4]。

3 電網工(gong)程建設(she)項目全過程管理系統(tong)的效(xiao)益分析

基于(yu)以上(shang)電(dian)網工程(cheng)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)系(xi)統的設(she)計和架構、功能分析，總結了(le)該(gai)系(xi)統的效(xiao)益(yi)分析情(qing)況。電(dian)力企業在應用項(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)系(xi)統的條件下，實(shi)現了(le)多(duo)項(xiang)目(mu)的集中化管(guan)理(li)(li)，使項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)更(geng)加全(quan)面和具體(ti)，提(ti)升了(le)管(guan)理(li)(li)效(xiao)率。此外(wai)，系(xi)統通過(guo)較強的可操性，站在整體(ti)的角度，合理(li)(li)調節和布局(ju)不同(tong)業務、項(xiang)目(mu)之間的關系(xi)，分析、評價項(xiang)目(mu)的實(shi)施情(qing)況，改善了(le)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)效(xiao)率。

另一方面(mian)，電網工程建設(she)項(xiang)目全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程管理(li)(li)(li)(li)系統還可以將有關項(xiang)目的(de)成(cheng)本、設(she)計、合同、分析評(ping)價(jia)(jia)等多種報表提供給決(jue)策部門，豐富了管理(li)(li)(li)(li)數據依據，幫助相(xiang)關工作(zuo)人(ren)員全(quan)(quan)面(mian)的(de)了解項(xiang)目管理(li)(li)(li)(li)情況，從而針對其(qi)中的(de)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)問(wen)題進(jin)行及時(shi)、有效的(de)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)，使得(de)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)數據更加真(zhen)是、可靠，為(wei)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)項(xiang)目的(de)價(jia)(jia)值奠定了基(ji)礎(chu)，保證了項(xiang)目決(jue)策的(de)正確性[5]。以電網工程建設(she)項(xiang)目全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程管理(li)(li)(li)(li)系統為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)的(de)項(xiang)目決(jue)策功能，為(wei)電力企(qi)業(ye)的(de)運營創(chuang)造了一個(ge)良好的(de)環境，推動著電力企(qi)業(ye)的(de)可持續發展。

4 結語

根(gen)據我國電力工(gong)程(cheng)的發展趨勢，在電網工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設過程(cheng)中(zhong)強(qiang)化對(dui)過程(cheng)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)是重中(zhong)之重，極大科學(xue)技(ji)術與(yu)電網建(jian)設的整合力度實在必行，充分發揮高(gao)科技(ji)信息技(ji)術的優(you)勢，不僅能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠順應(ying)社會發展的潮流，迎合人(ren)們對(dui)電力供(gong)應(ying)的需(xu)求，還能(neng)(neng)(neng)有效改善(shan)電力企業的運(yun)營水(shui)平，提(ti)升(sheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，為實現智能(neng)(neng)(neng)化電網建(jian)設提(ti)供(gong)堅實的保障，并為我國社會經(jing)濟的繁榮(rong)做貢(gong)獻。

參考文獻：

[1]豐希奎.基于電網工程項目的信息管理系統設計與應用研究(jiu)[D]. 華(hua)北電力大(da)學（河北），2008.

[2]黃漫宇(yu).城鄉(xiang)電網建設項目進度管(guan)理研究[D].云南(nan)大學，2011.

[3]楊(yang)秀(xiu)峰(feng).全壽命周(zhou)期管理在電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)中的應用研究[D].華北(bei)(bei)電(dian)力(li)大學（北(bei)(bei)京），2010.

篇10

關鍵詞(ci)：建設(she)項(xiang)目；全過程；限額設(she)計；工程造(zao)價

1投資決策階段的造價控制

1.1 投資決策(ce)階段(duan)對全(quan)過程工(gong)程造價控制的影(ying)響性

建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)決(jue)策(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)選擇和(he)決(jue)定投資行(xing)動方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)(shi)對擬建(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要性(xing)和(he)可行(xing)性(xing)進行(xing)技術(shu)經濟論(lun)證、對不同建(jian)設(she)(she)方案進行(xing)技術(shu)經濟比較選擇及做(zuo)出判斷和(he)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)。決(jue)策(ce)(ce)階段(duan)各(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)技術(shu)經濟決(jue)策(ce)(ce),對該項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)有巨(ju)大影響,特(te)別是(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)準水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)確定、建(jian)設(she)(she)地(di)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟規模、工藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評選、設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)選用等,直(zhi)接(jie)關系到工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高低。據資料統計,在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設(she)(she)各(ge)大階段(duan)中,投資決(jue)策(ce)(ce)階段(duan)影響工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)度最高,即達到80%～90%。因此,項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)決(jue)策(ce)(ce)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)是(shi)(shi)決(jue)定工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎,直(zhi)接(jie)影響著決(jue)策(ce)(ce)階段(duan)之后的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個建(jian)設(she)(she)階段(duan)工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)確定。

例如：某整體搬遷(qian)工(gong)程在決策(ce)階段將總(zong)平面布置由臨海(hai)建(jian)設(she)調整為(wei)臨港建(jian)設(she),整個項目的物(wu)流由原料運(yun)輸至(zhi)鐵、鋼、軋(ya)各個系統,最后到成(cheng)品運(yun)輸,都大(da)大(da)的縮短,不僅節省了建(jian)設(she)投資(zi),而且減少(shao)了日(ri)常(chang)運(yun)行費用。

1.2編制(zhi)投資估算的必要性

建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)(mu)決策(ce)(ce)階段編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)投資估(gu)算(suan)是(shi)(shi)基本建(jian)設(she)前期工(gong)作中的(de)(de)(de)重要環(huan)節之一(yi),是(shi)(shi)決策(ce)(ce)性的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)件,是(shi)(shi)研究、分析建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)重要依據(ju)。在可行性研究報(bao)告批準后,投資估(gu)算(suan)就作為設(she)計(ji)任務下達的(de)(de)(de)投資限額(e),對初(chu)步設(she)計(ji)概算(suan)起控制(zhi)作用。所以工(gong)程造價(jia)人員(yuan)從建(jian)設(she)方案的(de)(de)(de)優選(xuan)開始,就應(ying)該滲(shen)透到(dao)初(chu)步設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)全過程中去,按照工(gong)程造價(jia)管理的(de)(de)(de)原則,合理預(yu)測投資估(gu)算(suan)中各種動態因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)變化,盡可能打足投資不留(liu)缺口,這是(shi)(shi)編(bian)制(zhi)投資估(gu)算(suan)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)關鍵,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)下階段的(de)(de)(de)重要依據(ju)。

投(tou)(tou)資估(gu)(gu)算(suan)(suan)是在可行(xing)性(xing)(xing)研究(jiu)階段(duan)依據(ju)(ju)現有的(de)資料(liao),對(dui)建設(she)項目的(de)投(tou)(tou)資數額進行(xing)的(de)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)投(tou)(tou)資額,它是可行(xing)性(xing)(xing)研究(jiu)報告重要(yao)組成部(bu)(bu)分,是項目主管部(bu)(bu)門審批可行(xing)性(xing)(xing)研究(jiu)報告的(de)依據(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)一,是確(que)定(ding)項目融資方式、進行(xing)經濟評價和方案優選(xuan)的(de)依據(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)一,是設(she)計(ji)階段(duan)編制(zhi)設(she)計(ji)概算(suan)(suan)、確(que)定(ding)限額設(she)計(ji)投(tou)(tou)資目標的(de)依據(ju)(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)一。

投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)對(dui)于(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)決策(ce)及(ji)成敗又(you)起著十分重要的(de)作(zuo)用。工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)人員要積極參與(yu)編(bian)制(zhi)或審(shen)查(cha)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan),同(tong)時做(zuo)好投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)指(zhi)標的(de)積累,建立工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)信息網絡。多方(fang)位，多角度與(yu)同(tong)類型項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)造(zao)價(jia)經濟指(zhi)標比(bi)較(jiao)，專業子(zi)目盡量列項(xiang)(xiang)齊全，不斷對(dui)分解的(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)造(zao)價(jia)進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)正,確保投(tou)資(zi)(zi)估(gu)算(suan)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)準確性(xing)及(ji)完整(zheng)性(xing)，為下一(yi)階(jie)段的(de)造(zao)價(jia)控制(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)打好堅(jian)實(shi)基礎。

2 設計階段的造價(jia)控制

在工(gong)(gong)程設計(ji)(ji)階段正確處理(li)(li)技術(shu)與造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)對(dui)(dui)立統一,這是控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)關鍵所在,設計(ji)(ji)單位不但要對(dui)(dui)所設計(ji)(ji)項目的(de)技術(shu)負責(ze),同時也(ye)要對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)負責(ze)。因此,必(bi)須(xu)采取措施,切實加強對(dui)(dui)設計(ji)(ji)階段工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)管理(li)(li)。

2.1 推行限額設計(ji)

限(xian)額設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)是(shi)按照(zhao)批(pi)準的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)任(ren)務(wu)書(shu)及投資估(gu)(gu)算(suan)控(kong)制初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)及概(gai)算(suan)，按照(zhao)批(pi)準的(de)(de)初(chu)步設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)求，按各專業分(fen)配的(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)限(xian)額進行設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，保證估(gu)(gu)算(suan)、概(gai)算(suan)起到(dao)層(ceng)層(ceng)控(kong)制的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，不突破(po)造(zao)價(jia)限(xian)額，是(shi)工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)領域(yu)控(kong)制投資支(zhi)出，有效(xiao)使用(yong)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)資金的(de)(de)有力措施(shi)，也是(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)階段工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制的(de)(de)重要(yao)手段。

限額設(she)計(ji)因為有了(le)投(tou)資(zi)額上限，技術與經濟的對立統一(yi)更為突出，要求設(she)計(ji)人(ren)員具(ju)有更強的經濟意識，由“畫(hua)了(le)算(suan)(suan)”變(bian)為“算(suan)(suan)了(le)畫(hua)”。在編制可(ke)行性研究報告(gao)階段，根據總體造(zao)價(jia)控制目標，設(she)計(ji)要盡可(ke)能地考慮周全(quan)，投(tou)資(zi)估算(suan)(suan)要科學、合理、并(bing)充分考慮各種影響投(tou)資(zi)的因素。

經批準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)可行性研究報(bao)告和投資估算就是(shi)(shi)限額(e)設(she)(she)計(ji)最(zui)根本的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎，它是(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)方案選擇和進行初步設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)控(kong)制目標; 經批準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)初步設(she)(she)計(ji)總概算應是(shi)(shi)技術設(she)(she)計(ji)和施工圖設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)控(kong)制目標，初步設(she)(she)計(ji)總概算要(yao)求實事求是(shi)(shi)，要(yao)按(an)照控(kong)制目標客觀地反映設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)思想和意圖，既要(yao)防(fang)止(zhi)超出(chu)控(kong)制目標，又要(yao)防(fang)止(zhi)人為壓(ya)價(jia)，出(chu)現“釣魚工程”，在此(ci)基(ji)礎上進一步完(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)概算就成(cheng)了施工階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)控(kong)制目標。

2.2 嚴(yan)格控制設計變(bian)更

工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)建(jian)設過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是一個周期長、數量大的(de)(de)生產消費過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在施工(gong)中難免會(hui)發(fa)生許多變(bian)(bian)更,因此(ci)設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)更由甲方(fang)現(xian)場代表起草,交施工(gong)負責(ze)人(ren)及(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)指揮部(bu)領導審批,大項的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)更,應(ying)有設計(ji)人(ren)員和(he)監理工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師共同簽字方(fang)可(ke)有效,工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經濟(ji)人(ren)員應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)核對投資變(bian)(bian)化幅(fu)度,以(yi)便及(ji)時(shi)調整(zheng)設計(ji)和(he)概算。同時(shi)要注重變(bian)(bian)更的(de)(de)合理性,對于不(bu)必要的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)更堅決(jue)不(bu)予通(tong)(tong)過(guo),在滿足使用要求的(de)(de)前提下,通(tong)(tong)過(guo)優(you)化設計(ji),降低工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)。

3 招(zhao)投標階段造(zao)價控制

3.1編制標底的必要(yao)性

項目招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)階段也是(shi)造價控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作的(de)(de)重(zhong)要部分，標(biao)(biao)底(di)(di)的(de)(de)編審工(gong)作是(shi)招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)階段造價管(guan)理的(de)(de)核(he)心工(gong)作，同時也會(hui)直接影響(xiang)著后期的(de)(de)結(jie)算工(gong)作，因為標(biao)(biao)底(di)(di)是(shi)確(que)定工(gong)程(cheng)承包合(he)(he)同價的(de)(de)基礎，有了(le)準(zhun)確(que)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)底(di)(di)，才能在開標(biao)(biao)時做出(chu)正確(que)的(de)(de)評價決策。編制(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)底(di)(di)時要與市場的(de)(de)實際變化相吻合(he)(he)，要實事求是(shi)、切合(he)(he)實際，保證標(biao)(biao)底(di)(di)編制(zhi)(zhi)質量，把工(gong)程(cheng)標(biao)(biao)底(di)(di)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在合(he)(he)理造價的(de)(de)下限。

3.2 施工合同選擇必要性(xing)

在選擇合(he)同(tong)類(lei)型時，雖然發(fa)包人占有(you)主動(dong)權，但發(fa)包人不能(neng)單純考(kao)慮自己的(de)利益，應(ying)當綜合(he)考(kao)慮項目(mu)的(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)因素、考(kao)慮承包人的(de)承受(shou)能(neng)力，確定雙方(fang)(fang)都能(neng)認可的(de)合(he)同(tong)類(lei)型。當然，不管采(cai)用哪種(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)包方(fang)(fang)式都應(ying)該通(tong)過招標確定，以便(bian)引進競爭機制(zhi)，使各投標方(fang)(fang)報出(chu)優(you)惠的(de)價格(ge)，盡量(liang)杜(du)絕議(yi)標或變相議(yi)標。

4 施工階段造價(jia)控制

4.1及時(shi)調(diao)整(zheng)預(yu)控目標(biao)值

施工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段首先應該對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)初步(bu)設(she)計概算即工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)控制總(zong)目(mu)標，包(bao)括組成總(zong)財務的(de)(de)建(jian)安(an)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)費(fei)(fei)、其(qi)他費(fei)(fei)用、預備費(fei)(fei)等(deng)進行詳細分(fen)析，重點(dian)掌握從初步(bu)設(she)計到施工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖設(she)計的(de)(de)變化內容(rong)，確(que)定概算是否存(cun)在(zai)漏項、少算的(de)(de)情(qing)況，及時發現(xian)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)問題，對(dui)財務規模、用料檔次等(deng)提出(chu)建(jian)設(she)性意(yi)見，以便(bian)對(dui)設(she)計概算作實事求(qiu)是地調(diao)整，使之(zhi)成為(wei)符合(he)實際的(de)(de)、切實可行的(de)(de)預控總(zong)目(mu)標。

4.2 控(kong)制施工中(zhong)設計(ji)變更

開工前(qian)，建設(she)(she)(she)單位(wei)、設(she)(she)(she)計單位(wei)和(he)施工單位(wei)三方嚴(yan)格遵守設(she)(she)(she)計規(gui)范(fan)，認真復(fu)審設(she)(she)(she)計圖紙，在圖紙會審階(jie)段解決(jue)可能在施工中出現的問(wen)題，避免影(ying)響施工進(jin)度(du)和(he)質量，造成人力、物力和(he)財(cai)力的不必要浪費。

4.3 嚴格控制簽證(zheng)的質(zhi)量

為了控制工(gong)程(cheng)簽證的客(ke)觀、準確，首(shou)先強調辦理(li)工(gong)程(cheng)簽證的及(ji)時性,其次要準確客(ke)觀的描述簽證，以圖紙為依據嚴(yan)格管理(li)隱(yin)蔽(bi)(bi)簽證,項目和工(gong)藝、隱(yin)蔽(bi)(bi)部位(wei)、質量(liang)完成情(qing)況嚴(yan)格標明，如果在圖紙上不確定隱(yin)蔽(bi)(bi)部位(wei)的工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)，還(huan)要認(ren)真(zhen)勘察(cha)。

對于施工圖以(yi)外的現場簽證(zheng)，必(bi)須寫明時(shi)間、地點、原因和原始(shi)數據。 根(gen)據合同規(gui)定及時(shi)處理簽證(zheng)，處理審核時(shi)要嚴格執行(xing)國(guo)家政策法規(gui)，經辦人員不得隨意變通。

4.4 嚴格控制(zhi)支(zhi)付(fu)工程進度(du)款

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)造價控(kong)制的(de)(de)一個(ge)重要內容是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)度(du)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)，通常支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)包(bao)括按(an)月支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)、分段(duan)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)、竣工(gong)(gong)后一次支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)三種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)，無論建(jian)筑過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)行(xing)何(he)種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，其支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)前提必須(xu)(xu)質量合格、符合合同規定(ding)和變更單簽證齊全，對于(yu)質量不(bu)合格的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決不(bu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)。必須(xu)(xu)避免(mian)因為進(jin)度(du)款(kuan)(kuan)超額支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)(fu)造成竣工(gong)(gong)結算的(de)(de)無法進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)局面。具體操作(zuo)時根據工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監理確認的(de)(de)形(xing)象進(jin)度(du)和現場實(shi)際情況，對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位上報的(de)(de)已完工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量進(jin)度(du)款(kuan)(kuan)、材(cai)料預(yu)付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)（及抵扣預(yu)付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)）等(deng)(deng)進(jin)行(xing)審核(he)，嚴格按(an)合同控(kong)制付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)；審核(he)各類材(cai)料設(she)備的(de)(de)付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)、相關單位的(de)(de)付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)申(shen)請等(deng)(deng)，保(bao)證造價控(kong)制在原定(ding)目標范(fan)圍內。

4.5 掌握市場價格(ge)動態、控制造(zao)價目標

及時掌握建(jian)筑材料、人工費用(yong)等的市(shi)場價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格動(dong)態以及影響總造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的外部(bu)因素變動(dong)趨勢，對(dui)可能出現預(yu)算、概(gai)算超支的情況做(zuo)到事前控(kong)制(zhi)，采取補(bu)救(jiu)辦法，使(shi)其符合原定(ding)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)目標，如超過一定(ding)范圍及時提出預(yu)警反饋信息，適當(dang)調整造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)目標。

4.6 嚴格(ge)控制材(cai)料、設備價(jia)格(ge)的審核

對主要(yao)材(cai)料設(she)(she)備(bei)（包括(kuo)甲供材(cai)料）、專業分包的采購，根據施(shi)工計劃和廠(chang)家的生產周期(qi)提(ti)前進行比較(jiao)規范(fan)、充分競(jing)爭的內部招、投標工作，使(shi)造(zao)價在競(jing)爭中低(di)于平均市(shi)場價；對少(shao)量的材(cai)料、設(she)(she)備(bei)價格，按規范(fan)的程(cheng)序(xu)進行詢價、談(tan)判，最終確定合理造(zao)價。

5 工程竣工決算階(jie)段的造價(jia)控制

5.1 審查人員要深入施工現(xian)場核準實(shi)際工程量

為順利進行預算審(shen)查積累第一(yi)手資料,預算人(ren)員要(yao)(yao)經常(chang)到工(gong)地現(xian)(xian)場了解、落實(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang),并要(yao)(yao)參加工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)間檢查和竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收；施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)有重大設計變(bian)更且為隱(yin)蔽工(gong)程(cheng)時,在隱(yin)蔽之前到施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場詳(xiang)細(xi)核(he)實(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)；對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)偷工(gong)減料或不按圖紙施(shi)工(gong)的行為詳(xiang)細(xi)記(ji)錄,辦理竣(jun)工(gong)結算時予以(yi)處理。

對于一(yi)些大、中(zhong)型(xing)基建工程,審(shen)查人員應(ying)早著手準(zhun)備,提前根據施(shi)工圖紙進行工程量計算(suan)(suan),以(yi)便(bian)結算(suan)(suan)審(shen)核時對照檢查。審(shen)核計算(suan)(suan)工程量時,應(ying)著重審(shen)核計算(suan)(suan)規則(ze)的正確性和(he)計算(suan)(suan)數值的準(zhun)確性以(yi)及有(you)無重復計算(suan)(suan)等。

5.2 審查(cha)設計(ji)變(bian)更內容是否符合規(gui)定

審查設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)內容與(yu)原工(gong)程標底預算(suan)是(shi)否重(zhong)復列(lie)項(xiang),即設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)增加的經費(fei)是(shi)否包含在合同中,如有上述(shu)情況,應與(yu)簽字(zi)人員聯(lian)系(xi)補充修改,使(shi)其符合規定后,再進行(xing)調整(zheng)修改。凡是(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)都應有建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位(wei)和施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)的蓋章及現場人員的簽字(zi),比較(jiao)重(zhong)要的設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)還應有設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)有關(guan)人員簽字(zi)方能生(sheng)效,手續不全者不予計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)。

5.3 工程竣工結算的審(shen)查(cha)

在對工(gong)程(cheng)結算(suan)審查時,發現無(wu)審批的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)或審批手續(xu)不完備、沒有嚴格按照規(gui)定(ding)程(cheng)序辦理(li)立項報批手續(xu)的(de),以及(ji)資料(liao)不齊的(de)工(gong)程(cheng),預(yu)算(suan)人員應(ying)不予(yu)辦理(li)結算(suan)手續(xu)。

在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)結算時,建(jian)(jian)設單位的(de)(de)審(shen)核人員應堅持(chi)按(an)合同(tong)辦事,對工(gong)程(cheng)預算外費用嚴格(ge)控(kong)制,對于未(wei)按(an)圖紙(zhi)要求完成的(de)(de)工(gong)作量、未(wei)按(an)規定(ding)執行的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)簽證一律核減費用。在(zai)要求施(shi)工(gong)單位報送相(xiang)應的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)計算式和(he)材料用量明細的(de)(de)同(tong)時,建(jian)(jian)設單位也要編制一份完整的(de)(de)結算書和(he)材料用量明細,這樣比照審(shen)核,才能做(zuo)到客觀、公(gong)正、合理(li)、準確進行計算審(shen)核。

6 結語

建設工程(cheng)造(zao)價全過程(cheng)控制與(yu)管(guan)理包括(kuo)多個(ge)階段，相(xiang)應形成(cheng)多種造(zao)價形式(shi)，這(zhe)些(xie)環(huan)節(jie)之間存在著前者控制后者，后者補(bu)充前者這(zhe)樣的(de)環(huan)環(huan)相(xiang)扣(kou)關系，同(tong)時工程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)控制是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)動態的(de)發展變(bian)化過程(cheng),市(shi)場(chang)因素、經濟(ji)政(zheng)策因素、社會(hui)環(huan)境因素都(dou)會(hui)對其(qi)最終結果產生影響,因此只(zhi)有依靠科(ke)學(xue)的(de)計價方法和(he)合(he)理的(de)管(guan)控措施，保(bao)證每一(yi)階段的(de)造(zao)價都(dou)被(bei)控制在合(he)理范(fan)圍內(nei)，才能使投(tou)資控制目標得以實(shi)現(xian)。