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篇1

論文摘要:結合當前實際情況，筆者首先分析我國建設工程質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)現(xian)狀以(yi)及存在問題，根據多(duo)年經驗提出(chu)了建設工程質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)機制(zhi)的有效措(cuo)施。供相關人員借鑒。

后，隨著國民(min)經(jing)濟的(de)發展(zhan)，建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程質量監管應運而生，而隨著計劃經(jing)濟向(xiang)市(shi)場經(jing)濟的(de)逐步(bu)轉變，我國建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程質量監管的(de)機制也(ye)逐步(bu)演(yan)變發展(zhan)。

1我(wo)國建(jian)設工程質量監(jian)管(guan)現(xian)狀

當前，我國建設工程質量監管體系包括代表政府和公眾利益的政府質量監管，建設單位及其代表建設單位利益的監理單位等中介組織對參建主體質量行為和活動的督促監管，以及直接參建主體的質量審核監管三個層次。在建設工程質量監管管理體系中，三個層次之間有著相對獨立、相互聯系、相互影響的關系。建設工程質量政府監管是建設工程質量監管管理體系的核心，它分別對工程建設責任主體一建設單位、監理單位，勘察設計單位和施工單位、分包單位和材料、構配件、設備供應單位等實施全面質量監管。監理單位是關鍵，它根據委托內容代表建設單位監管施工、設計的質量，通過道道工序檢查、層層把關簽字，使建設工程投資、建設、質量監管進人良性循環。勘察設計單位、施工單位、分包單位和材料、構配件、設備供應單位等進行建設工程質量監管，則是自身對建設工程質量進行控制的重要方式，有利于按照法律法規及技術規范進行工程建設，有利于(yu)實現工程質量要(yao)求。

2我國建設工程質量監(jian)管存在的問題

現行的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程質(zhi)量監管還處于(yu)破舊立新的(de)(de)發展過程中，仍然存在(zai)不盡如人意的(de)(de)狀況。具(ju)體來說(shuo)，我國建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程質(zhi)量監管存在(zai)的(de)(de)問題主(zhu)要有:

2.1建設工(gong)程質量監管立法(fa)不完善

我國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)方面存在的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)很多，主(zhu)要(yao)表現是(shi):立法(fa)(fa)(fa)層(ceng)次過(guo)低(di)。應該說《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》是(shi)我國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)最高層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律，但它(ta)只(zhi)規(gui)定(ding)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，沒(mei)(mei)有規(gui)定(ding)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)，為此，關于(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)只(zhi)能在第二層(ceng)次即行(xing)政(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)中有所(suo)規(gui)定(ding)，甚至只(zhi)能在更(geng)低(di)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)部門(men)規(gui)章(zhang)和一些地方法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)或文件(jian)才有所(suo)涉及;立法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)健全。《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》頒布(bu)于(yu)1997年，現在很多條款(kuan)已不(bu)適應市場(chang)(chang)經濟條件(jian)下市場(chang)(chang)規(gui)則(ze)和行(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，存在許多與(yu)國際慣例不(bu)相符的(de)(de)(de)條款(kuan)，更(geng)沒(mei)(mei)有規(gui)定(ding)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)問題(ti);缺乏(fa)與(yu)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》、《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)條例》相配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)及實(shi)施細則(ze)，導(dao)致有關質量(liang)責(ze)任(ren)主(zhu)體進行(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)操作性不(bu)強。

2.2建設工程質量監管存在(zai)隨意性

目前我(wo)國正處在市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟初期，建筑市(shi)(shi)場(chang)機制發育不完善(shan)，建筑市(shi)(shi)場(chang)混亂，各質量責任(ren)主體行為不規(gui)范(fan)，對(dui)違反法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規(gui)的情況，質量監管(guan)者見多(duo)不驚，往往風聲大雨點小(xiao)。此外人(ren)情、人(ren)際關(guan)系的復(fu)雜性(xing)或(huo)者有關(guan)部(bu)門及(ji)其它職(zhi)能(neng)部(bu)門的不正常(chang)干(gan)涉，也導致監管(guan)的隨(sui)意性(xing)。

2.3建設工程質量監管信息渠(qu)道不暢通(tong)

在建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管(guan)中(zhong)，建(jian)立建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管(guan)信息系統具(ju)有重要作(zuo)用。但是遺憾的(de)是，我國(guo)很多建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管(guan)機構尚未建(jian)立建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管(guan)信息系統。由于(yu)各質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)責(ze)任主體的(de)組織形式(shi)、工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)程(cheng)序不(bu)一(yi)致，因此沒有形成統一(yi)的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管(guan)管(guan)理(li)信息系統，這(zhe)種情況不(bu)利于(yu)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管(guan)的(de)順(shun)利進行(xing)。

3完善我國建設工(gong)程(cheng)質量監管(guan)機(ji)制的措施

針對我(wo)國建設(she)工程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)存在的問題(ti)，筆者認為(wei)，可以采取以下措(cuo)施來進(jin)一步完善我(wo)國建設(she)工程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)。

3.1完善(shan)建設工程(cheng)質(zhi)量監(jian)管法律法規

為(wei)了有(you)效進行(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，必須建(jian)(jian)(jian)立和(he)完善一(yi)整套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)和(he)技術標準(zhun)，它們(men)是進行(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)準(zhun)繩和(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范依據。現(xian)行(xing)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)》與全面提高(gao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際要求之間存在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)距。鑒于建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)性，有(you)必要從(cong)長遠(yuan)出發，借鑒發達國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)成熟做法(fa)，醞釀制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)一(yi)部(bu)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)法(fa)》，并在此基礎上，頒布實施(shi)一(yi)系列與之相配套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)，從(cong)根(gen)本大法(fa)上為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理奠(dian)定(ding)(ding)一(yi)個更加堅實的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)基礎，合理確立建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)地位，明確規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市場各方責任(ren)主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)責任(ren)，嚴格界(jie)定(ding)(ding)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)事故責任(ren)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)責任(ren)及其相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)懲處(chu)標準(zhun)。

3.2改革現行建設工程技術(shu)標(biao)準

改革現行(xing)(xing)建(jian)設工程技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，實行(xing)(xing)“技(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規與技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)相結合(he)”的體制。所謂技(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規是(shi)由國(guo)家建(jian)設主(zhu)管部門(men)組織制定(ding)，通過立法機(ji)構審議(yi)、，強制執行(xing)(xing)的。在技(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規中可引用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中有關強制性(xing)條款;技(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)是(shi)自愿采用(yong)的，由專(zhuan)門(men)的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化機(ji)構或社(she)會組織來制定(ding)。

3.3完備(bei)建(jian)設工程市場準人制度

在(zai)市(shi)場經濟(ji)模式下，政府(fu)應該(gai)按照市(shi)場運(yun)作(zuo)規律進行(xing)宏觀調控，國際上建設(she)管(guan)理(li)(li)比較成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)，無一(yi)不(bu)在(zai)建設(she)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)人(ren)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)上大(da)做(zuo)文章。嚴格的(de)(de)(de)注冊專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)許可制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等級管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，在(zai)有效(xiao)約束從業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織和(he)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)個人(ren)正當從事專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)活動方面(mian)發揮著極(ji)其(qi)重要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。然而，在(zai)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織和(he)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)個人(ren)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)理(li)(li)方面(mian)，我(wo)國仍然存在(zai)不(bu)少薄弱環(huan)節。因此，我(wo)國應當改革(ge)現(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)理(li)(li)辦法，制(zhi)(zhi)定合(he)適的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)認證標(biao)準(zhun)和(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)辦法，統一(yi)協調管(guan)理(li)(li)勘察(cha)、設(she)計、施(shi)工、監理(li)(li)以及(ji)其(qi)他工程(cheng)咨詢單位的(de)(de)(de)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，充分發揮專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)作(zuo)用(yong)，高度(du)強化(hua)個人(ren)執業(ye)(ye)(ye)責(ze)任，形成(cheng)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與個人(ren)執業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)格相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)建筑市(shi)場準(zhun)人(ren)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，推動建筑市(shi)場逐(zhu)步走向成(cheng)熟。

3.4由無區別(bie)監(jian)督向差別(bie)化(hua)監(jian)督轉(zhuan)變

原有的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)不(bu)同企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、不(bu)同工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)均(jun)實施(shi)(shi)單一(yi)的(de)(de)、無區(qu)別的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)模(mo)式，不(bu)能(neng)起到揚(yang)優治劣的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，因為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)規模(mo)和(he)有限的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)力(li)量(liang)之間存(cun)在(zai)矛盾，決定了建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)全(quan)面(mian)覆蓋，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)面(mian)越大(da)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)深度越不(bu)夠。因此，必須有所側重(zhong)(zhong)，改變以往對(dui)(dui)(dui)每個(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、每個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)都(dou)實施(shi)(shi)平均(jun)資源監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)的(de)(de)思路，應該(gai)集中(zhong)資源解決影響最突出(chu)的(de)(de)問題，抓住重(zhong)(zhong)點環(huan)(huan)節和(he)薄弱(ruo)環(huan)(huan)節，實行差(cha)別化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。差(cha)別化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)在(zai)當前可(ke)體(ti)(ti)現在(zai)以下幾個(ge)方面(mian)，一(yi)是(shi)根據不(bu)同企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)和(he)項(xiang)目(mu)經理(li)的(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)績、信譽、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)保證能(neng)力(li)以及其他綜合情況，在(zai)不(bu)同時期、不(bu)同地(di)區(qu)，動態確定和(he)區(qu)分(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)點和(he)一(yi)般監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)其實施(shi)(shi)不(bu)同強度的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。二(er)是(shi)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)類型上，要重(zhong)(zhong)點加強對(dui)(dui)(dui)大(da)型公共建(jian)筑、市(shi)政橋梁(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)中(zhong)小學(xue)校舍工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)安(an)全(quan)等(deng)直接涉及到城(cheng)市(shi)公共安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。三是(shi)在(zai)實體(ti)(ti)質(zhi)量(liang)上，要突出(chu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)技術風險較大(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)。注意(yi)抓好對(dui)(dui)(dui)技術風險較高(gao)的(de)(de)高(gao)切(qie)坡、深基礎、抗震(zhen)結構、異型結構、大(da)跨度結構、大(da)型幕墻(qiang)等(deng)部位的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計(ji)或技術方案現場的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)檢查。

3.5加強建設工程質量監(jian)管信息化建設

加(jia)強建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，運用(yong)現代(dai)(dai)科學(xue)手段，提(ti)高建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)水(shui)平。為此(ci)要重(zhong)視運用(yong)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)網(wang)絡(luo)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)技術(shu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)、檢(jian)測工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，充分(fen)發(fa)揮信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)在監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)、檢(jian)測工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。要重(zhong)視將(jiang)(jiang)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)檢(jian)查(cha)記錄(lu)錄(lu)入(ru)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)系統中(zhong)，及(ji)時(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)地(di)基基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程、主(zhu)體結構工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程備(bei)案，竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收條件審查(cha)，監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)報告審查(cha)簽發(fa)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)在網(wang)上，使有(you)關人員能及(ji)時(shi)(shi)查(cha)詢所監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)材檢(jian)測結果，對不(bu)合(he)格(ge)報告及(ji)時(shi)(shi)跟(gen)蹤處理(li)等等。在信(xin)息(xi)(xi)化(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)，為了(le)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)向社會宣傳貫徹有(you)關工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的法律、法規(gui)、規(gui)章，公(gong)(gong)布(bu)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)、地(di)區質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)狀況，積極引導促進各責(ze)任(ren)主(zhu)體單位(wei)對建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)水(shui)平的提(ti)高，應建(jian)立建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)示制度。

篇2

論文關(guan)鍵詞：工程(cheng)建(jian)設，施工安(an)全，存在(zai)問題，改善措施

 

隨著我(wo)國城鎮化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設進程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)加快，安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)時(shi)有發生(sheng)，安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)形(xing)勢(shi)十分(fen)嚴(yan)峻。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設領域出現了一些新特點：基本建(jian)設規模逐年增大，科技(ji)含量高、施工(gong)難度大、工(gong)期安(an)(an)(an)排緊的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)日益(yi)增多，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術風(feng)險日益(yi)突出，建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)資主體日趨多元化，建(jian)筑施工(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式也發生(sheng)了很大變化。建(jian)筑施工(gong)領域的(de)(de)這些新變化，使安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)監(jian)管面臨著許多新情況(kuang)、新問題(ti)。所(suo)以(yi)更應該引起(qi)我(wo)們的(de)(de)高度重視，從人力(li)、物(wu)力(li)、安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)督檢查(cha)等方(fang)面加大安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)預防措施的(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru)，減少事(shi)故(gu)(gu)發生(sheng)，把因安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)造成的(de)(de)人員(yuan)傷亡和(he)財產(chan)損失降到最低。

1．工(gong)程(cheng)建設施工(gong)安全問題存(cun)在主要原(yuan)因：

1．1工程(cheng)建(jian)設安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)(ti)制不完(wan)善(shan)。我國原有的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)生產安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理己經(jing)(jing)不適(shi)應(ying)現在的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)生產方式改(gai)善(shan)措施(shi)，再加上(shang)(shang)有關(guan)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)安全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)法律法規(gui)不健全(quan)(quan)，政(zheng)府監管(guan)(guan)效率低，社會監督體(ti)(ti)系不完(wan)善(shan)，致使安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理不到(dao)位，適(shi)合市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)規(gui)律的(de)(de)、法律手(shou)(shou)段與經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)手(shou)(shou)段并行的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)(ti)制尚未(wei)形(xing)成(cheng)。隨著我國政(zheng)治體(ti)(ti)制改(gai)革的(de)(de)深化，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)逐漸脫離了行業(ye)行政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)束縛，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)了市場(chang)中獨立(li)的(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)主體(ti)(ti)。但(dan)目(mu)前(qian)我國建(jian)設工程(cheng)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理工作實(shi)際上(shang)(shang)處于(yu)分散管(guan)(guan)理狀態，并未(wei)真(zhen)正(zheng)做到(dao)行業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理。這就形(xing)成(cheng)了建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理標準、管(guan)(guan)理模(mo)式不一(yi)致，傷亡事故(gu)統計數(shu)據失(shi)真(zhen)，管(guan)(guan)理工作職責交叉不清。

1．2“安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)第一(yi)(yi)，預(yu)防(fang)(fang)為(wei)主”的(de)觀(guan)念還比較淡(dan)(dan)薄(bo)(bo)。當前(qian),在建(jian)筑(zhu)時常存在著這樣一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)現(xian)(xian)象:重質(zhi)量、輕安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、最低(di)價中(zhong)標(biao)和(he)包死價工(gong)(gong)(gong)程,因此一(yi)(yi)些公司在中(zhong)標(biao)后,將工(gong)(gong)(gong)程分(fen)包給有(you)關的(de)專業(ye)隊伍,甚至有(you)一(yi)(yi)些建(jian)筑(zhu)商為(wei)了拿到工(gong)(gong)(gong)程不(bu)惜惡意(yi)壓低(di)價格(ge),用于安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)生產的(de)經費被忽略。因而施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)文明施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)意(yi)識淡(dan)(dan)薄(bo)(bo)和(he)水平低(di)，沒有(you)實施(shi)有(you)效的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)教育(yu)，致此安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理人員責任心不(bu)強，安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)素質(zhi)差，對(dui)國家安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規范、標(biao)準不(bu)熟悉(xi)(xi)，對(dui)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)操作規程掌握少，造(zao)成(cheng)對(dui)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患(huan)不(bu)能(neng)及(ji)時發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。如：施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)還存在用電(dian)(dian)不(bu)規范，在高空線路或設(she)備邊(bian)不(bu)設(she)圍欄(lan)或防(fang)(fang)護網(wang)，電(dian)(dian)線、電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)破皮、老化、亂拉亂扯，管理混(hun)亂造(zao)成(cheng)漏電(dian)(dian)等。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)沒有(you)足夠的(de)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)設(she)備，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員對(dui)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)設(she)備不(bu)熟悉(xi)(xi)，發(fa)生火災，就手足無措。部(bu)分(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)標(biao)牌仍(reng)未很好的(de)落實設(she)置改善措施(shi)，且大部(bu)分(fen)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)標(biao)志懸掛位置不(bu)合理和(he)無針對(dui)性，流于形式。

1．3施(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)合理或缺(que)(que)乏針(zhen)對(dui)性(xing)。有些設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)迫于建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)壓(ya)力，沒有按照(zhao)法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規(gui)和工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)強制性(xing)標準規(gui)定進行設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)論文格式(shi)。有些設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)服務不(bu)到(dao)位(wei)(wei)，技術交底不(bu)明確(que)，對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)操作(zuo)和防護設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)考慮不(bu)周，對(dui)涉(she)及(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)的(de)重點(dian)部位(wei)(wei)和環節沒有特別注(zhu)解說明。也(ye)有少數(shu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)未(wei)能對(dui)復(fu)雜地質構(gou)(gou)造(zao)、不(bu)利的(de)自然環境和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中采用的(de)新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、新(xin)材料(liao)可能危及(ji)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)安(an)全(quan)，提出專項安(an)全(quan)措(cuo)施(shi)。在設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)中還存在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)合理,專業施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案無(wu)(wu)針(zhen)對(dui)性(xing),缺(que)(que)乏必要的(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)書(shu)或藍圖(tu),施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)或管理結構(gou)(gou)混亂,技術性(xing)操作(zuo)缺(que)(que)乏應有的(de)安(an)全(quan)保障。典型的(de)弊病(bing)如(ru)腳手架搭設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)方案無(wu)(wu)針(zhen)對(dui)性(xing),高層架體無(wu)(wu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)書(shu),結點(dian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)置無(wu)(wu)詳細(xi)圖(tu)紙(zhi), 懸挑架未(wei)按設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)要求(qiu)搭設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)等。

1．4監(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)對安(an)全(quan)(quan)生產的監(jian)督普遍不到位(wei)。部分監(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)對建設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)只(zhi)抓進度不管安(an)全(quan)(quan)的現象持遷就(jiu)態度，怕處理(li)不好(hao)關系(xi)影響今后工程監(jian)理(li)任務承(cheng)包和其(qi)它工作的展開；有的監(jian)理(li)人員對安(an)全(quan)(quan)生產知識掌握不夠全(quan)(quan)面，未能及時發現安(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患，提(ti)出的整改意見針對性不強(qiang)。未能有效指導施(shi)工單(dan)(dan)位(wei)做好(hao)各(ge)項安(an)全(quan)(quan)防護工作。甚至于有些(xie)監(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)沒有按照要求審查(cha)施(shi)工組(zu)織設(she)(she)計中的安(an)全(quan)(quan)技術設(she)(she)施(shi)或者專項施(shi)工方案是否符合工程建設(she)(she)強(qiang)制性標準。

1．5從業人(ren)對設(she)備(bei)的(de)不(bu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)性認識不(bu)足。對機械設(she)備(bei)維修保(bao)養(yang)、定期(qi)安(an)檢(jian)跟不(bu)上(shang)，重(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，輕(qing)管(guan)理(li)，抱著對防護裝置，或棄而不(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，或不(bu)經(jing)(jing)修復就使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，機械設(she)備(bei)老化，該報(bao)廢的(de)不(bu)報(bao)廢，能用(yong)(yong)(yong)就用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)心態。腳(jiao)手架(jia)搭設(she)不(bu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)，特別(bie)是(shi)剪刀撐，掃地(di)桿不(bu)按照規(gui)范(fan)(fan)搭設(she)，沒有(you)檢(jian)查(cha)腳(jiao)手板是(shi)否腐爛。鋼管(guan)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)多年使用(yong)(yong)(yong)后，處于金(jin)屬疲勞(lao)的(de)鋼管(guan)易產生變形和彎曲，扣件合格率低(di)。安(an)全(quan)(quan)網破損沒有(you)及時修復。另外(wai)還有(you)施工機具(ju)防護不(bu)夠規(gui)范(fan)(fan)、井字架(jia)搭設(she)不(bu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)塔(ta)吊和外(wai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電梯使用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)夠規(gui)范(fan)(fan)等現(xian)象；違章操作改(gai)善措施，違章指揮，現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)(quan)技術交底不(bu)夠，缺失監理(li)；非(fei)法使用(yong)(yong)(yong)特種(zhong)設(she)備(bei)，未經(jing)(jing)檢(jian)測檢(jian)驗，設(she)備(bei)存(cun)在缺陷和隱患(huan)。

安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)的(de)(de)中心問題是保(bao)護生產活動(dong)中人的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)與(yu)健康，保(bao)證生產的(de)(de)順(shun)利進行。施工(gong)現場是施工(gong)生產因素的(de)(de)集(ji)中點，其特(te)點是多工(gong)種立體作(zuo)業，生產設施的(de)(de)臨時性，作(zuo)業環境的(de)(de)多變性和人機的(de)(de)流動(dong)性。人的(de)(de)不安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)行為和物的(de)(de)不安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，都是釀成事故的(de)(de)直(zhi)接原因。

2．工程建(jian)設施工安(an)全問題進行(xing)改善主要措施

2．1建(jian)(jian)立(li)健全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)保障體(ti)系和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)監(jian)督體(ti)系。轉變政(zheng)府(fu)職(zhi)能建(jian)(jian)立(li)長(chang)效機制(zhi)(zhi)，徹(che)底改變重(zhong)審批(pi)輕管理的(de)模式。在建(jian)(jian)筑企(qi)(qi)業(ye)資(zi)質的(de)審查環節和(he)招投標監(jian)管環節，切實行使安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)一(yi)票(piao)否決(jue)權，嚴把(ba)建(jian)(jian)筑企(qi)(qi)業(ye)市(shi)場準入關。采取動態跟(gen)蹤檢查和(he)專人(ren)定點負責的(de)管理方式，時(shi)刻關注建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)情(qing)況。并(bing)通過企(qi)(qi)業(ye)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)資(zi)格(ge)管理,明確其在安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工作中的(de)法(fa)(fa)定職(zhi)責。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)重(zhong)視了安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),就勢必在企(qi)(qi)業(ye)中建(jian)(jian)立(li)與健全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)整套的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管理制(zhi)(zhi)度并(bing)以經濟扛桿的(de)手段將相關措施、制(zhi)(zhi)度落(luo)到實處(chu)。

2．2加大項目管理中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)宣(xuan)傳、監管、檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)力度并實行違(wei)章(zhang)行為(wei)(wei)責任(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)究(jiu)制(zhi)(zhi)度。通過安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣(xuan)傳與普(pu)及,營造企(qi)業安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍(wei),讓(rang)人人懂得安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性和(he)(he)(he)違(wei)反安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)規(gui)章(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)度將要(yao)付(fu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代價,使(shi)得遵守安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)、制(zhi)(zhi)度成為(wei)(wei)企(qi)業和(he)(he)(he)每個(ge)員(yuan)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自覺行動。開(kai)展企(qi)業各(ge)項經常性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)工(gong)作, 深(shen)入施(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)進(jin)行安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)是(shi)發現和(he)(he)(he)消除事(shi)故隱患(huan)、促進(jin)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效措(cuo)施(shi)。對檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)中發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)章(zhang)指揮、違(wei)章(zhang)作業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象應(ying)當(dang)立即制(zhi)(zhi)止，檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)中發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患(huan)應(ying)當(dang)采取有效措(cuo)施(shi)防(fang)止事(shi)故隱患(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)大，能當(dang)場(chang)(chang)(chang)解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)當(dang)場(chang)(chang)(chang)解決(jue)，不能當(dang)場(chang)(chang)(chang)解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)“定(ding)(ding)人、定(ding)(ding)時(shi)、定(ding)(ding)措(cuo)施(shi)、定(ding)(ding)驗收人員(yuan)”予以整改，整改完畢要(yao)及時(shi)組織人員(yuan)復檢(jian)(jian)。并建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)完善安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)責任(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)究(jiu)機制(zhi)(zhi)。凡是(shi)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)各(ge)類(lei)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)事(shi)故,不論大小,都(dou)要(yao)認(ren)真(zhen)進(jin)行分析,追(zhui)(zhui)查(cha)和(he)(he)(he)處理。在分析、追(zhui)(zhui)查(cha)原因中, 首先要(yao)從各(ge)級(ji)(ji)領(ling)導責任(ren)查(cha)起,在查(cha)清各(ge)級(ji)(ji)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)第一責任(ren)人責任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),還要(yao)追(zhui)(zhui)查(cha)分析各(ge)類(lei)管理層相關責任(ren)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)。其次,是(shi)建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)完善安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)責任(ren)獎罰機制(zhi)(zhi)。安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)作需要(yao)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杠桿(gan)進(jin)行調節。為(wei)(wei)此,建(jian)筑企(qi)業要(yao)建(jian)立安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)金,制(zhi)(zhi)訂出安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)監督(du)獎罰辦法(fa)(fa), 并堅持重罰與重獎原則(ze)。

2．3 科學設計施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案(an),嚴把安全(quan)專項施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案(an)設計關(guan)(guan)論文格式。重(zhong)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做好四(si)個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)檢(jian)查(cha)。一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)方(fang)案(an)中危險源的(de)分(fen)析和辯(bian)識(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)齊全(quan)和準確,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)充分(fen)識(shi)別各個(ge)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)階段、部位和場(chang)所需控制的(de)危險源與不利環境因(yin)素。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合(he)國家和地方(fang)法規,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合(he)工(gong)程(cheng)建設強制性(xing)標準, 是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)符合(he)各專業工(gong)種、各施(shi)(shi)工(gong)部位的(de)要(yao)求(qiu), 尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)重(zhong)點檢(jian)查(cha)新技(ji)術(shu)、新設備、新工(gong)藝、新材(cai)(cai)料的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)安全(quan)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)切實可(ke)行(xing)。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)安全(quan)保(bao)證(zheng)體(ti)系(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)健全(quan)完善, 從項目經理、技(ji)術(shu)人員、班組長等(deng)生(sheng)產(chan)指揮系(xi)統到生(sheng)產(chan)、技(ji)術(shu)、機械、器材(cai)(cai)、后勤(qin)等(deng)有(you)關(guan)(guan)部門,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)都按其職責分(fen)工(gong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)能確保(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)安全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)保(bao)證(zheng)體(ti)系(xi)各項要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)正確實施(shi)(shi)。四(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查(cha)危險性(xing)大的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案(an)中是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)考慮了切實可(ke)行(xing)的(de)事故應急搶險方(fang)案(an)。

2．4做好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)檢查工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。建(jian)設(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)加大抽查力度，督(du)(du)促參建(jian)單(dan)位及(ji)時整(zheng)改存在(zai)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)隱患，消除危險源。針對監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)中(zhong)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量大、范圍(wei)廣(guang)，只能(neng)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)實施(shi)宏觀(guan)監(jian)(jian)控的(de)(de)特點(dian)。監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)人員(yuan)(yuan)應認(ren)真總結各類工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)經(jing)驗，按不(bu)同(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)特點(dian)分(fen)析危險源，根據(ju)現行(xing)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理法規、技術(shu)標(biao)準、規范及(ji)各地區有關建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)管(guan)理規定改善措施(shi)，制訂(ding)有針對性的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)預案(an)。以確保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)各項安(an)(an)全(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)順利展開。

2．5做好(hao)機械設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全管(guan)(guan)理工(gong)作(zuo)。設(she)(she)備(bei)管(guan)(guan)理說到底是(shi)由人(ren)來體(ti)現的(de)(de)，因此抓好(hao)、抓住人(ren)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理和使(shi)(shi)(shi)用是(shi)兌現管(guan)(guan)理制度最根本的(de)(de)方法。企業應堅持(chi)以(yi)人(ren)為(wei)本，通過(guo)教育、培訓等手段，不斷提高人(ren)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全意(yi)識、操作(zuo)水平，使(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)備(bei)管(guan)(guan)理有(you)(you)了實實在在的(de)(de)著落點(dian)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)(an)全生產也有(you)(you)了質的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)。在此基礎上以(yi)機為(wei)對象加強設(she)(she)備(bei)維修(xiu)(xiu)保(bao)(bao)養。加強對建筑起重(zhong)機械設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)維修(xiu)(xiu)保(bao)(bao)養工(gong)作(zuo)，不僅保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)了設(she)(she)備(bei)在施工(gong)生產流程中(zhong)發(fa)揮應有(you)(you)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，也有(you)(you)效地減(jian)少了設(she)(she)備(bei)故障，同時也延長(chang)了設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用壽命。企業要根據每臺(tai)機械的(de)(de)情況，規定(ding)設(she)(she)備(bei)不同等級的(de)(de)維修(xiu)(xiu)保(bao)(bao)養制度，使(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)備(bei)在進場前都(dou)具有(you)(you)可靠的(de)(de)性能，這是(shi)確保(bao)(bao)設(she)(she)備(bei)安(an)(an)全運轉的(de)(de)物質保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)。

建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)安(an)全(quan)生產(chan)管(guan)理(li)是一(yi)個(ge)系統(tong)的(de)社(she)會工(gong)程(cheng)，需要(yao)各個(ge)參加(jia)建(jian)設單位(wei)的(de)通力(li)合作(zuo)和各級管(guan)理(li)部門(men)的(de)嚴格(ge)管(guan)理(li)。要(yao)做好這項工(gong)作(zuo), 必須事(shi)無巨(ju)測(ce)，提高施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)素質(zhi),進一(yi)步(bu)細化(hua)管(guan)理(li)中的(de)各項工(gong)作(zuo)，堅持“安(an)全(quan)第一(yi)、預防為(wei)主、綜合治(zhi)理(li)”的(de)原(yuan)則，建(jian)立一(yi)個(ge)完整可(ke)靠的(de)安(an)全(quan)生產(chan)管(guan)理(li)體系與工(gong)作(zuo)機制,形成一(yi)套規范化(hua)、科(ke)學化(hua)的(de)內部安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)方法與模式,培養(yang)一(yi)支能管(guan)、會管(guan)并高度負責的(de)專業(ye)管(guan)理(li)隊(dui)伍, 才能按時保質(zhi)地完成施(shi)工(gong)任(ren)務。

參考文獻

[1]郭(guo)秋(qiu)生等(deng).建筑工程安全管(guan)理[M].北京(jing)：中國建筑工業出版社，2006，9.

[2]陳衛星.淺談(tan)建筑施工現場安全[J].黑龍江科技信息，2007，6.

[3]任宏(hong).建(jian)設(she)工程施工安全管(guan)理(li)[M].北京:中國建(jian)筑工業出版(ban)社，2005.

篇3

【論文(wen)摘要】本文(wen)初(chu)步(bu)分析了民用(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)設投(tou)(tou)資(zi)中普遍存在的(de)(de)問題及監(jian)(jian)管現狀(zhuang)，并構建(jian)了一套完整的(de)(de)全過(guo)程監(jian)(jian)管體系。隨著我國市(shi)場(chang)經濟體制(zhi)的(de)(de)日益(yi)完善和投(tou)(tou)資(zi)體制(zhi)改革的(de)(de)逐步(bu)推(tui)進，民用(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)設投(tou)(tou)資(zi)監(jian)(jian)管應如(ru)何與之相適應，已(yi)成為一個迫切需要研究(jiu)的(de)(de)重大現實問題。

【論文關鍵(jian)詞】民用(yong)機(ji)場；建設投資(zi)；監管

一、投資監管概述

（一）投資監管的內容

投資(zi)監督管理是指有關(guan)(guan)監督機關(guan)(guan)和(he)職(zhi)能部門依據法(fa)律、法(fa)規(gui)和(he)有關(guan)(guan)規(gui)定，對政府的(de)投資(zi)活動和(he)政府管理投資(zi)的(de)工作(zuo)進行的(de)監督管理，其實質是對政府及其工作(zuo)人員(yuan)權力的(de)約(yue)束和(he)規(gui)范(fan)，使政府的(de)投資(zi)行為和(he)管理投資(zi)的(de)行為在法(fa)律、法(fa)規(gui)和(he)制(zhi)度的(de)范(fan)圍內進行。

（二）投資監管(guan)的必要性(xing)

改革開放(fang)以來(lai)，國家對原有(you)的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)進(jin)行了一系列改革，打破了傳統計劃經(jing)濟體(ti)制(zhi)下(xia)高度集(ji)中(zhong)的(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)模式，初步形成了投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)主體(ti)多元化、資(zi)(zi)(zi)金來(lai)源多渠(qu)道(dao)、投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)方式多樣化、項目建設市場(chang)化的(de)新格局。但(dan)同時，投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)中(zhong)還存在企業投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)決策(ce)權沒有(you)完全(quan)落實(shi)、政府投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)決策(ce)和投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)管理不夠(gou)規范、投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)宏(hong)觀調控(kong)能力(li)有(you)待加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)等問題。要解決這些(xie)問題，必須盡快(kuai)建立健全(quan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)制(zhi)衡體(ti)系，不斷強(qiang)(qiang)化監督機(ji)制(zhi)，切實(shi)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)和改進(jin)對投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)監督和管理。

二、我國民用機場建設投(tou)資監管的現狀(zhuang)

（一）監管主體方面存在的問題

1.監管(guan)主體眾多，監管(guan)不全面、不完整。

民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)設過程是一(yi)個(ge)復雜的(de)系統(tong)工程，監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)主體眾(zhong)多(duo)，大到中央(yang)部委，小到地(di)方政(zheng)府。這(zhe)種(zhong)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)機構(gou)分散，監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)效率(lv)不高。目前，對民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)設投資(zi)的(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)機構(gou)主要(yao)包括國(guo)家發改委、民(min)(min)航局(ju)和(he)財(cai)政(zheng)審計等部門(men)。一(yi)個(ge)民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)設投資(zi)項目要(yao)接受多(duo)個(ge)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)部門(men)的(de)重復監(jian)(jian)督檢查，既浪費監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)資(zi)源，又影響(xiang)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)效率(lv)。

雖然民用機(ji)場建(jian)設投(tou)資監(jian)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)和機(ji)構(gou)眾多，但沒有一個部(bu)門(men)或機(ji)構(gou)對民用機(ji)場建(jian)設投(tou)資實(shi)行真(zhen)正的(de)(de)、全面的(de)(de)和完整的(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)。這種(zhong)分頭監(jian)管(guan)的(de)(de)局(ju)面使得各監(jian)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)相互協調性差，責任落實(shi)不到位，從(cong)而降(jiang)低(di)了投(tou)資監(jian)管(guan)的(de)(de)作用。

2.監督的法律依據比(bi)較多

民用(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)設(she)過程中(zhong)，各監(jian)管部門監(jian)管所(suo)依據(ju)的主要法律(lv)和規(gui)章制度比較多，但是這(zhe)些法律(lv)法規(gui)都(dou)是針對民用(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)設(she)各個階段(duan)的，都(dou)是比較零散(san)的，沒有一個法律(lv)法規(gui)涉及到監(jian)管的全過程。

（二）民用(yong)機場建(jian)設中(zhong)技(ji)術與財務方面存在(zai)的問題

1.民(min)用機場(chang)建設時間跨度長

由于民(min)用(yong)機場建設投資大、審(shen)批環節(jie)多(duo)，因此歷(li)時較長。特別(bie)是籌(chou)建期，要(yao)經過國家(jia)發改委、國土資源部門、環保部門、地(di)方政(zheng)府等多(duo)部門的審(shen)批，如此繁瑣的審(shen)批環節(jie)為民(min)用(yong)機場建設單位(wei)帶來沉重的人(ren)力(li)和(he)財力(li)負(fu)擔，也為以后(hou)建設過程中出現設計變更、物價(jia)上漲導致工程成(cheng)本上升等問題埋(mai)下了安全隱患。

2.民用機場建設投資前期工(gong)作考(kao)慮不全面

民用機場建(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)目都進(jin)行(xing)了(le)立項(xiang)(xiang)、可行(xing)性(xing)研究，也履(lv)行(xing)了(le)報告批復(fu)程序(xu)，但有(you)些項(xiang)(xiang)目僅僅是履(lv)行(xing)了(le)建(jian)設審批程序(xu)，沒有(you)深入(ru)地從財(cai)務、經(jing)濟(ji)效益及社(she)會影響角度進(jin)行(xing)預測(ce)，對項(xiang)(xiang)目的投資價值(zhi)及如何進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)設的咨詢意(yi)見不夠客觀、科學。

3.民用機(ji)場設(she)計分別存在設(she)計保守(shou)或超前現象

由于對民用機(ji)場業務量預測不(bu)夠(gou)準確(que)，對民用機(ji)場規模涉及(ji)不(bu)夠(gou)準確(que)，導致設(she)計目標與實(shi)際情況(kuang)存在(zai)差異，出現(xian)設(she)計保守或超前現(xian)象。

4.預算(suan)、概算(suan)與實(shi)際(ji)投資(zi)差異較(jiao)大(da)

在(zai)(zai)民(min)用機(ji)場(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)實踐中，無(wu)論(lun)是新(xin)建(jian)(jian)或(huo)者是改擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)項目，工(gong)程(cheng)造價控制中普遍存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著“預算(suan)(suan)超概算(suan)(suan)，決(jue)算(suan)(suan)超預算(suan)(suan)”的(de)不(bu)(bu)良現象，其結果不(bu)(bu)僅影響(xiang)了國家對(dui)民(min)用機(ji)場(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)投資的(de)宏觀控制，而且給民(min)用機(ji)場(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項目投產運營后帶來(lai)了較大的(de)財務負擔。

5.機場建(jian)設工程結算不規(gui)范

在機場(chang)建(jian)設工程(cheng)中(zhong)，由(you)于各種(zhong)原因(yin)，出(chu)現一(yi)些不(bu)(bu)規(gui)(gui)范之(zhi)處。比如結算資(zi)料保存不(bu)(bu)完整(zheng)、費用項(xiang)目重復計算、變更合同沒有補充協議(yi)等(deng)。結算過程(cheng)中(zhong)出(chu)現的這些不(bu)(bu)規(gui)(gui)范之(zhi)處至少會(hui)(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)兩方面(mian)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)的后果，一(yi)方面(mian)可能會(hui)(hui)助長現象的滋生(sheng)；另一(yi)方面(mian)會(hui)(hui)在某種(zhong)程(cheng)度上(shang)影響(xiang)決算的正常和按時進行。

三、完善民用機場建(jian)設投資監管的措施

（一）民用(yong)機場(chang)建設投資監管的保(bao)障(zhang)措施(shi)

1.建(jian)立投(tou)資(zi)監(jian)管法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規體系，使政府(fu)投(tou)資(zi)監(jian)管沿著法(fa)治(zhi)的軌道發(fa)展

全(quan)面落實(shi)民(min)用機(ji)場建設的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)過(guo)程監(jian)(jian)(jian)督管理體(ti)系(xi)，除了要(yao)健全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管模式，明(ming)確監(jian)(jian)(jian)管主體(ti)及職責、理順監(jian)(jian)(jian)管流程外，還(huan)需要(yao)建立、完(wan)(wan)善相關(guan)法規制(zhi)度。現行的(de)(de)(de)各種法律(lv)(lv)法規比(bi)較分散(san)，尚未對政府(fu)投資(zi)(zi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管特(te)別(bie)是決策責任的(de)(de)(de)追究做出專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)確界(jie)定。因此，要(yao)以法律(lv)(lv)法規體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)(wan)善來(lai)推進政府(fu)投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管，用法管權、法管人、法管事，盡快(kuai)構筑起政府(fu)投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)(lv)風險(xian)防范體(ti)系(xi)。

2.建(jian)立完(wan)善的組織保障體(ti)系

（1）理(li)順管理(li)部(bu)門(men)職(zhi)權。投資的(de)(de)主管部(bu)門(men)，要認真梳理(li)，使(shi)投資管理(li)的(de)(de)權力(li)配置職(zhi)責明確(que)，分工合(he)理(li)，進(jin)一步強(qiang)化程序(xu)和責任制度(du)，切(qie)實加(jia)強(qiang)行政(zheng)的(de)(de)層(ceng)級監(jian)督制約。

（2）加(jia)強各項(xiang)法規(gui)制度(du)的執行(xing)力度(du)，嚴格執行(xing)建(jian)設資(zi)(zi)金及(ji)(ji)財務管理(li)制度(du)。地方財政部門按規(gui)定及(ji)(ji)時審撥民用(yong)(yong)機(ji)場(chang)(chang)投資(zi)(zi)建(jian)設工(gong)程進(jin)度(du)款和(he)尾留款，及(ji)(ji)時審批竣工(gong)財務決(jue)算(suan)報告。地方審計(ji)部門可選(xuan)擇一定規(gui)模(mo)的項(xiang)目，依法對項(xiang)目實施、民用(yong)(yong)機(ji)場(chang)(chang)投資(zi)(zi)建(jian)設工(gong)程概算(suan)及(ji)(ji)預算(suan)執行(xing)情況和(he)竣工(gong)決(jue)算(suan)進(jin)行(xing)審計(ji)監督(du)。

（3）加(jia)強項目建(jian)(jian)設監督(du)檢(jian)查。民(min)(min)航局會(hui)同地方管理局對(dui)項目實(shi)施進行檢(jian)查和稽(ji)查，發現擅自(zi)增(zeng)加(jia)建(jian)(jian)設內容、擴大建(jian)(jian)設規模、提高建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)準(zhun)、突破設計概(gai)算(suan)、不按規定招標(biao)發包、民(min)(min)用機場投資(zi)建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)程質量低劣、建(jian)(jian)設資(zi)金損失(shi)、發生嚴重安(an)全(quan)事故等、、營(ying)私舞(wu)弊的行為，對(dui)建(jian)(jian)設單位及(ji)相關責任人及(ji)時提請有關部門予以處(chu)理。

（二）建立完善的民用機場(chang)建設投資監管(guan)體系

建(jian)立一套(tao)涵蓋宏觀(guan)調控(kong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、建(jian)設(she)決(jue)策管(guan)(guan)理(li)、計劃控(kong)制(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、資金撥付管(guan)(guan)理(li)、建(jian)設(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、后續審計考核管(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)方面的(de)全過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)體系(xi)，需要全面認(ren)識“工程(cheng)”和“資金”之間(jian)的(de)關系(xi)，正確判斷它(ta)們之間(jian)作用力的(de)大小，以(yi)這(zhe)兩條鏈為準繩，挖掘控(kong)制(zhi)點(dian)，采(cai)用恰(qia)當的(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)方式方法，并將全過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)動態跟蹤審計貫穿始終，這(zhe)樣才能取得(de)最佳(jia)的(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)效果（見圖1）。

1.工程鏈監管

工程(cheng)鏈(lian)監(jian)管是指(zhi)對于民用機場建(jian)(jian)設項目流程(cheng)從工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設角度監(jian)管各階段的合(he)法(fa)、合(he)理(li)、合(he)規性。

（1）投資決(jue)策階段。該階段主要是對民用機場建設選址、項(xiang)目(mu)建議合理性的審查(cha)。審查(cha)可(ke)分如下幾個階段進行：項(xiang)目(mu)申報(bao)及篩(shai)選；項(xiang)目(mu)立項(xiang)審查(cha)；簽訂責任書。

（2）前(qian)期(qi)規劃階段。該階段主要是對民用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)場建設(she)(she)可行性研(yan)究(jiu)、總體規劃合理性的審查。建設(she)(she)單(dan)位提出民用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)場總體規劃，民航(hang)局(ju)根據地區(qu)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)水平(ping)、旅(lv)游事業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)情況、對外(wai)貿易發(fa)展(zhan)水平(ping)、鐵路、水運、高速公(gong)路等(deng)運輸(shu)方式的發(fa)展(zhan)水平(ping)、鄰近區(qu)域民用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)場情況、本(ben)地區(qu)人口統計狀(zhuang)況等(deng)因素研(yan)究(jiu)并(bing)確(que)定民用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)場建設(she)(she)標準。

（3）項目設(she)(she)計(ji)階段(duan)。該(gai)階段(duan)主(zhu)要是對(dui)民(min)用(yong)(yong)機場建設(she)(she)初步設(she)(she)計(ji)的合(he)理性、施工圖(tu)設(she)(she)計(ji)的合(he)規性進行審查。特別注意的是，民(min)用(yong)(yong)機場投資建設(she)(she)工程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)對(dui)造(zao)價的影響較(jiao)大，應確保建設(she)(she)單位在綜合(he)考慮安(an)全、功能(neng)、標準及經濟等各方(fang)面要素的基礎上，把有限的建設(she)(she)資金用(yong)(yong)到刀(dao)刃上。

（4）建設(she)實施準備及(ji)(ji)(ji)招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)主(zhu)要是對招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)合同的(de)(de)合法、合規性進行審查。如果(guo)建設(she)實施準備及(ji)(ji)(ji)招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)文(wen)件、合同文(wen)件等(deng)不夠嚴密(mi)、明確，在今后(hou)結算時，容易引(yin)起扯皮(pi)而影(ying)響工(gong)期及(ji)(ji)(ji)造價失控(kong)的(de)(de)現象。該(gai)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)審查主(zhu)要可通過(guo)審查民用機場招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)制度(du)及(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)理程序作為基本考核(he)點(dian)。

（5）民用機(ji)場投資(zi)建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)階段。該階段主要(yao)審查項目(mu)建設(she)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)變更(geng)是否合理。對此進(jin)行審查主要(yao)是檢查建設(she)部門是否有相應的(de)制度與(yu)有效控(kong)制措施。比如變更(geng)立(li)項制度，凡是與(yu)原合同(tong)量、價有變化的(de)，都要(yao)經過(guo)(guo)一定的(de)程(cheng)序進(jin)行立(li)項等。

（6）竣工決算(suan)階段(duan)。該階段(duan)主要審查(cha)民用機場(chang)建設的質量是否合格(ge)，預算(suan)執行情(qing)況、決算(suan)審計(ji)等(deng)。

2.資金鏈監管

資金(jin)鏈監管是指對民用(yong)機場建(jian)設項目過程中資金(jin)撥付(fu)的(de)合理性(xing)、資金(jin)使用(yong)的(de)合規(gui)性(xing)、效率性(xing)進行監督管理。

（1）投(tou)資(zi)決(jue)策、前期(qi)規(gui)(gui)劃階段(duan)。該(gai)階段(duan)應盡可能掌握包(bao)含(han)土地成(cheng)本、前期(qi)規(gui)(gui)劃費(fei)(fei)(fei)、資(zi)金(jin)成(cheng)本及管(guan)(guan)理費(fei)(fei)(fei)用（含(han)建設(she)單位管(guan)(guan)理費(fei)(fei)(fei)、設(she)計費(fei)(fei)(fei)、監理費(fei)(fei)(fei)等）等可能發生的民用機場投(tou)資(zi)建設(she)工程建設(she)項目全過(guo)程費(fei)(fei)(fei)用，為后期(qi)做好項目經濟評價(jia)提供(gong)數據。

（2）設(she)(she)計階(jie)段。在設(she)(she)計階(jie)段需要組織(zhi)專業(ye)人員盡可能地收集相關資料，對每(mei)個設(she)(she)計方(fang)案作出經濟估算(suan)(suan)(suan)及評價，審核概算(suan)(suan)(suan)，控制造價，確(que)定民用機場概算(suan)(suan)(suan)總投資和具體(ti)建設(she)(she)內容，同(tong)時(shi)確(que)定民航基(ji)金撥付(fu)的最(zui)佳比例。

（3）民用機場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)招(zhao)投(tou)標及(ji)施(shi)工(gong)階段。民用機場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)階段可能(neng)會出(chu)現設(she)計(ji)變(bian)(bian)更偏多、工(gong)程(cheng)驗收(shou)不到位、監理單位監管(guan)不力(li)等情況(kuang)。因此，應根據實際發生的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，充分深入(ru)施(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，制定合(he)理的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金使用計(ji)劃(hua)，既(ji)要保證(zheng)民用機場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)有足夠的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金，又要做(zuo)到盡可能(neng)不占(zhan)用過多的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金，減(jian)少利息(xi)支出(chu)，降低資(zi)(zi)(zi)金籌措的(de)(de)難度(du)。

（4）竣(jun)工(gong)決算(suan)(suan)階(jie)段。在竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收階(jie)段，要檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)程監督(du)資料的(de)真(zhen)實性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與完(wan)整(zheng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；要核實建(jian)設成本的(de)合法性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、合理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和竣(jun)工(gong)財務(wu)決算(suan)(suan)的(de)真(zhen)實性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，審定建(jian)設項(xiang)目的(de)資金結(jie)余；檢(jian)查(cha)各類(lei)竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收時工(gong)程與概(gai)算(suan)(suan)內(nei)容的(de)一致性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、財務(wu)支出的(de)合法性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；要關注工(gong)程技(ji)術資料對執行項(xiang)目概(gai)算(suan)(suan)、財務(wu)決算(suan)(suan)結(jie)果(guo)的(de)影響程度。

（5）民用(yong)機場(chang)交(jiao)付使(shi)用(yong)階段。在(zai)民用(yong)機場(chang)交(jiao)付使(shi)用(yong)階段，要做好建設(she)項(xiang)目后(hou)評估工作。在(zai)竣工決算審核(he)的基礎上，將項(xiang)目的有關資料及分(fen)析(xi)結果匯(hui)總并建立數據(ju)庫，為后(hou)續民用(yong)機場(chang)投(tou)資建設(she)工程提供參考。

3．實行全過(guo)程動態跟(gen)蹤審計

全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)動(dong)態跟蹤審(shen)計需借(jie)助社會(hui)專業審(shen)計力量，將事后審(shen)計環節(jie)提前并始(shi)終貫穿(chuan)于(yu)項(xiang)目建設(she)(she)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，以充分發(fa)揮國家審(shen)計、行業部門審(shen)計和社會(hui)審(shen)計的合力。既(ji)杜絕違(wei)紀(ji)違(wei)規現(xian)象的發(fa)生，又規范建設(she)(she)程(cheng)(cheng)序，確保建設(she)(she)資(zi)金(jin)安全完整，節(jie)約(yue)民用機(ji)場(chang)投資(zi)建設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投資(zi)。

（1）建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項目前期階(jie)段(duan)審(shen)計(ji)。民(min)用(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項目前期決(jue)策(ce)工作十分(fen)重要(yao)，它從根(gen)本上(shang)影響民(min)用(yong)機場(chang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項目的(de)(de)成本和投(tou)資效益(yi)，因此應對(dui)(dui)其進行審(shen)計(ji)。建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項目前期階(jie)段(duan)審(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)主要(yao)內容(rong)包括：對(dui)(dui)投(tou)資決(jue)策(ce)、項目可行性研究、民(min)用(yong)機場(chang)投(tou)資建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工程設(she)(she)計(ji)、設(she)(she)計(ji)概算、預算的(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)；招(zhao)標文件、投(tou)標標底、投(tou)標報價審(shen)查(cha)；建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)民(min)用(yong)機場(chang)投(tou)資建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工程施工合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)。

（2）建設項(xiang)目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)審(shen)計(ji)(ji)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)的審(shen)計(ji)(ji)是民用機(ji)場(chang)建設項(xiang)目(mu)跟蹤審(shen)計(ji)(ji)的重點(dian)，是堵塞漏洞、降低成本的關鍵環節，審(shen)計(ji)(ji)內(nei)容包(bao)括(kuo)對收(shou)入、成本、費用、資金(jin)撥付金(jin)額進行核實，對各項(xiang)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作進行中途定性評價。

（3）建(jian)設項目(mu)結(jie)束階段審計(ji)。民用機場建(jian)設項目(mu)完工后(hou)，審計(ji)部門要對項目(mu)部門實際(ji)完成(cheng)的(de)各項經(jing)濟指標情況(kuang)進(jin)行(xing)審定(ding)，對執(zhi)行(xing)企業財(cai)務制度、財(cai)經(jing)紀律和規(gui)定(ding)情況(kuang)進(jin)行(xing)審計(ji)。

在實(shi)(shi)際操作過程(cheng)中，審(shen)計機構要(yao)(yao)緊(jin)緊(jin)抓住資(zi)金流(liu)程(cheng)這一主線，重(zhong)點關注建設資(zi)金使用的(de)合(he)法(fa)性(xing)(xing)和規范性(xing)(xing)，緊(jin)緊(jin)抓住民用機場投資(zi)建設工程(cheng)造價控制(zhi)審(shen)核這一關鍵(jian)控制(zhi)點，及(ji)時提出有(you)針對(dui)性(xing)(xing)的(de)合(he)理化建議，糾正(zheng)并完善建設管(guan)理過程(cheng)中的(de)薄弱環節。實(shi)(shi)行全過程(cheng)跟(gen)蹤審(shen)計要(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)“全面審(shen)計、突出重(zhong)點”的(de)原(yuan)則，對(dui)項目建設程(cheng)序、招投標(biao)制(zhi)度、合(he)同(tong)簽訂(ding)、質量管(guan)理、造價控制(zhi)、資(zi)金使用管(guan)理以及(ji)設計、施(shi)工、監理履(lv)行職責(ze)情況等(deng)重(zhong)點環節重(zhong)點加強審(shen)計監督。

【主要參考文獻】

[1]謝昭曉.關于加強財政投資建(jian)設項目監(jian)管的思考(kao).科技信(xin)息(xi)，2007，（20）.

[2]王(wang)志清(qing)，宋昕(xin).美國民用(yong)機場投資管理體(ti)制的(de)借鑒意義.中國民用(yong)航空，2005.（Vol.52）.

篇4

【關(guan)鍵詞】:風(feng)險管理；問題；措施

中圖分類號(hao)： TU71文獻(xian)標識碼： A

建筑工程項(xiang)目(mu)規模大(da)、工程結構與工藝技術復雜、建設周期(qi)長的特點(dian)，決定了(le)建設項(xiang)目(mu)的進(jin)度(du)將(jiang)受到許多不(bu)確定性(xing)因(yin)(yin)素(su)的影響，因(yin)(yin)此大(da)多數項(xiang)目(mu)都(dou)是超期(qi)超預算完(wan)成的。為(wei)更合(he)理的分配資源，我們必(bi)須對影響工程進(jin)度(du)的因(yin)(yin)素(su)進(jin)行全面的分析和預測。盡早采取(qu)措(cuo)施避免(mian)和控制這些風險(xian)因(yin)(yin)素(su)可能造成的后果。

隨著(zhu)國民經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)發(fa)展，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設也越來(lai)越多，市場風(feng)險(xian)也越來(lai)越大。因此(ci)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目建設進行風(feng)險(xian)控制和管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，使(shi)技(ji)術與經(jing)濟(ji)相結合(he)，才能更有效(xiao)地控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目投資、工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)和質量。確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目投資決策的(de)正確性與科(ke)學性，對(dui)合(he)理(li)(li)利(li)用有限的(de)人(ren)力、財(cai)力和物力，對(dui)保證(zheng)國民經(jing)濟(ji)長期(qi)、持續、穩定協調地發(fa)展，對(dui)降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)成本、提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)益(yi)具(ju)有十分重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)現實意義。因此(ci)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)與控制成為(wei)有效(xiao)加強項(xiang)目工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)課題之(zhi)一。

一(yi)、我國建設工程項目風險(xian)管理存在的問(wen)題

項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)作(zuo)為一種管(guan)(guan)理(li)手段和(he)方法，對社會經濟的發展起到(dao)了重要的作(zuo)用。但是，目(mu)前工程項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)還只(zhi)側(ce)重于項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)后期(qi)，在項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)前期(qi)沒有(you)進行風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，工程項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)從立項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)到(dao)運營都存在著風(feng)(feng)險(xian)，應(ying)該對項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全程進行風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，這樣(yang)可為項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)創造平靜(jing)穩定(ding)的環(huan)境。因此項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)還有(you)待于我們進一步的研究(jiu)和(he)改善。

（1）缺(que)乏相應(ying)的法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規

我(wo)國關(guan)于(yu)風險(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)制度很多(duo)都不健全(quan)，不利(li)于(yu)風險(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)實(shi)施。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)相關(guan)法(fa)律中，很少有健全(quan)詳細的(de)(de)關(guan)于(yu)風險(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)細則，我(wo)國雖己出臺了《擔保法(fa)》和《保險(xian)法(fa)》，但由于(yu)缺乏針(zhen)對土程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)體規定，在(zai)(zai)實(shi)踐中難以操作。因此(ci)阻礙其發(fa)展，也(ye)不利(li)于(yu)我(wo)國工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)進(jin)步。所以要針(zhen)對我(wo)國工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)領(ling)域(yu)存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)問(wen)題，學習西方國家的(de)(de)經驗，是我(wo)國的(de)(de)法(fa)律法(fa)規更健全(quan)。

（2）風險處理手段落后(hou)，風險識(shi)別困(kun)難

我國引(yin)入(ru)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)技術較(jiao)晚，由于當時管(guan)理(li)水平較(jiao)低(di)和人(ren)們(men)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)意(yi)識較(jiao)差，風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)理(li)論與(yu)方(fang)法未(wei)能(neng)及時引(yin)進(jin)，直到(dao) 80 年代中(zhong)期以來，風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)理(li)論才逐漸被引(yin)入(ru)，在一(yi)(yi)些大型(xing)土木工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)中(zhong)運(yun)用。在發達國家均有專門的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)研究報(bao)告(gao)或風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)覽表，一(yi)(yi)些大型(xing)企業(ye)或專業(ye)的(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)經紀(ji)人(ren)公(gong)司、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)咨詢公(gong)司還(huan)制定自己的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)手(shou)冊。而我國很多企業(ye)決策者對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)缺少(shao)識別(bie)(bie)能(neng)力，對潛(qian)伏的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)缺少(shao)前(qian)瞻性(xing)推測(ce)、判斷，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)處理(li)的(de)手(shou)段單(dan)一(yi)(yi)、落后，不能(neng)及時識別(bie)(bie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)，從(cong)而造成大量(liang)的(de)損失。

（3）風險管(guan)理(li)意(yi)識(shi)淡薄

在(zai)我(wo)國，風險(xian)(xian)意識依(yi)然(ran)淡薄，大(da)部(bu)分(fen)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)和企業經營(ying)者(zhe)并沒有充分(fen)認識風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)重要(yao)性，沒有把風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)作為項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)重要(yao)內容，這是制約項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)在(zai)我(wo)國發展(zhan)的(de)主要(yao)障礙。大(da)多數(shu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)和經營(ying)者(zhe)不(bu)愿在(zai)資金(jin)短缺(que)的(de)情況下，再增加風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)費用(yong)，寧(ning)愿采用(yong)風險(xian)(xian)自留和風險(xian)(xian)不(bu)合理(li)(li)(li)轉移的(de)辦法。一旦風險(xian)(xian)真正發生，企業或項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)就將會遭遇(yu)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)損失。

二、完善建設工程項目風險分析(xi)與評估的措施

（1）建立風險評估體系

隨(sui)著市(shi)場經濟(ji)的(de)(de)不斷深化、全球經濟(ji)一體化進程(cheng)的(de)(de)加快(kuai)，企(qi)業(ye)面(mian)臨的(de)(de)風險(xian)也(ye)越來越多(duo)(duo)。受(shou)計劃經濟(ji)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)在風險(xian)意(yi)識淡薄，很多(duo)(duo)國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)僅(jin)僅(jin)從某項(xiang)業(ye)務、某個(ge)部(bu)門的(de)(de)角度(du)考(kao)慮(lv)風險(xian)。隨(sui)著社會(hui)(hui)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)不斷發展(zhan)，很多(duo)(duo)企(qi)業(ye)開始意(yi)識到應(ying)(ying)加強企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)全面(mian)風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理。為加強風險(xian)控制，企(qi)業(ye)可(ke)以建立(li)董事會(hui)(hui)管(guan)(guan)理下的(de)(de)風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理委員會(hui)(hui)，負責對企(qi)業(ye)進行(xing)全面(mian)的(de)(de)風險(xian)控制，通(tong)過對風險(xian)程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)評(ping)估，即使發現影(ying)響工作目標(biao)的(de)(de)主要風險(xian)，以便采取有(you)效的(de)(de)控制措施，保證目標(biao)的(de)(de)實(shi)現，借以提高(gao)企(qi)業(ye)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)環境(jing)變(bian)化的(de)(de)能力。

（2）完善項目管理法(fa)律法(fa)規建設

在我(wo)國(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)風險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)引入較晚(wan)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)風險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)系還(huan)沒有(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)起來，應盡快(kuai)完善建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑安全管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)體(ti)系，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)推行(xing)意外傷(shang)害保(bao)險，積極培育建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目風險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)系，構建(jian)(jian)(jian)既適合我(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情又符合國(guo)(guo)際慣例(li)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目風險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式(shi)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)現(xian)(xian)階段(duan)，許多(duo)制(zhi)度還(huan)在探(tan)索中，特(te)別是有(you)些現(xian)(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)不適應工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設風險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)。如，自1995年10月開始實施的(de)(de)《擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》雖規(gui)(gui)定了留置、保(bao)證、抵(di)押、質(zhi)押、定金(jin)等五種擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)方式(shi)，但缺乏針對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)的(de)(de)特(te)別法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，阻礙了擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設中的(de)(de)實施，不利(li)于工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)風險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)現(xian)(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設事業(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)與WOT的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)則和國(guo)(guo)際通行(xing)模式(shi)存在較大的(de)(de)差(cha)異，調整完善現(xian)(xian)行(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)體(ti)系的(de)(de)任務(wu)非常急切、繁重。

（3）增(zeng)強風險管理意識

樹立(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)意(yi)識，建(jian)立(li)企(qi)業(ye)內部風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)系由于工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)具有隱蔽性(xing)和不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)，如(ru)果施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)缺(que)乏(fa)主動的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)理(li)念，就(jiu)會給項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)留下(xia)不(bu)同程度的隱患，所以施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)必須樹立(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)意(yi)識，加強風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的收集和整理(li)，掌握不(bu)同工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)規(gui)律(lv)，及時確認項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事件，列出(chu)潛(qian)在(zai)的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)清單，然(ran)后(hou)根據(ju)不(bu)同的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)采取不(bu)同的應對措施。同時施工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)要在(zai)企(qi)業(ye)內部建(jian)立(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)系，明確職責，實行風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的分級歸口管(guan)理(li)，進行風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)跟蹤評估(gu)，并建(jian)立(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)的激勵機(ji)制，充分調動風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)人的積極性(xing)。

（4）建立風(feng)險管理(li)組織

該(gai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)組(zu)織(zhi)，組(zu)織(zhi)最上層(ceng)是項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經理(li)(li)，應(ying)該(gai)負擔(dan)起項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)全面責任。然后可以(yi)再設一(yi)名風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)專職(zhi)人(ren)員，幫(bang)助項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經理(li)(li)組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)協調整(zheng)個項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)班子的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)活動。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析人(ren)員，應(ying)由有技術經濟、計算機和(he)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)經驗的(de)(de)權威人(ren)士來擔(dan)任。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)組(zu)織(zhi)要參與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析過(guo)程，這樣(yang)既(ji)可保(bao)證風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析做得合理(li)(li)，又(you)能(neng)夠了(le)解(jie)問題的(de)(de)來龍(long)去脈，對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析的(de)(de)結果做到心中有數，并為以(yi)后的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)積累經驗。建(jian)立企業項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)組(zu)織(zhi)，可以(yi)提(ti)高風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)技術，提(ti)高企業抗風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)力，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)一(yi)旦遇到極大的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)員可應(ying)用各(ge)種風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析技術，用定性(xing)、定量(liang)或(huo)兩者(zhe)相結合的(de)(de)方(fang)式對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析、預測和(he)評估，并采取(qu)相應(ying)的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)策。

參考文獻：

[1] 王洪等.《建設(she)項目管理》，機械工業(ye)出版社(she)，2004：151-170

篇5

關鍵詞: 建筑工程(cheng)；質量控制；監理；方法(fa)

中圖分類號(hao)：TU198文(wen)獻標識碼： A

1.建筑施工(gong)質量的特(te)征

建筑施工的(de)(de)產品質(zhi)量(liang)與通常的(de)(de)產品質(zhi)量(liang)相比，建筑工程質(zhi)量(liang)具有下面的(de)(de)一(yi)些特征(zheng)：隱蔽性較強、影(ying)(ying)響因素復雜、對社會環境影(ying)(ying)響巨大、建筑施工的(de)(de)項目周期較長，終檢局限(xian)性非常大等特征(zheng)。

1.1 影響(xiang)因素復雜

建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工項目從籌建(jian)開始(shi)進行決(jue)策與設(she)計、機械、材料(liao)、施(shi)(shi)工工藝(yi)、環境(jing)、管理的制度，參建(jian)人員文化水平(ping)等都會直接，也許間接地影(ying)響(xiang)建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工的質量。所以，其受到的影(ying)響(xiang)因素非常復雜。

1.2 終檢局(ju)限(xian)性較大，隱(yin)蔽性較強，

現(xian)(xian)在的(de)(de)(de)建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)劣質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象， 通常事后(hou)表面上看質(zhi)量(liang)雖然不錯，然而此時或許鋼(gang)筋被銹蝕得幾乎沒(mei)有(you)一點作用，混凝(ning)土也早已沒(mei)有(you)強度，像這種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)建筑施工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)劣質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)終檢的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中是不易被肉眼(yan)看出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)，有(you)時雖然使用了檢測工(gong)(gong)具與儀器(qi)，但是還不一定能被準確的(de)(de)(de)找出。

1.3 對社會(hui)環境的影響(xiang)巨大

與建(jian)(jian)筑工程設計(ji)、規(gui)劃(hua)以及(ji)工程質(zhi)量(liang)的優劣緊密相連(lian)的不(bu)只是建(jian)(jian)筑的使(shi)用者，還(huan)有(you)整(zheng)個(ge)社(she)會。建(jian)(jian)筑工程質(zhi)量(liang)直接決定著人民群眾的生產以及(ji)生活，同時還(huan)決定著社(she)會的可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發展的環境，尤其(qi)是有(you)關環保，噪音以及(ji)綠化等方面的出現的問題。

通(tong)常工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)具有多(duo)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)內(nei)容，務(wu)必手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)非(fei)(fei)常多(duo)同(tong)時(shi)涉及(ji)面非(fei)(fei)常廣泛，當建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)通(tong)過施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具有成型的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構后會不(bu)容易改變(bian)，當然個別具有質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構務(wu)必進行返修或者重建(jian)(jian)(jian)。因為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)過程(cheng)(cheng)以及(ji)基本(ben)過程(cheng)(cheng)，因此，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)也要(yao)(yao)把施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)當作(zuo)(zuo)首要(yao)(yao)任務(wu)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任務(wu)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)在下面兩(liang)個角度：第一(yi)(yi)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)求根據國家規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)法規、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)標(biao)準，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)、操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)以及(ji)驗收的(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)等(deng)對施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)進行檢驗，來(lai)發揮出抓質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，同(tong)時(shi)對不(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)料與(yu)配(pei)件等(deng)通(tong)通(tong)不(bu)允許進入工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場地，當發現(xian)一(yi)(yi)些項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)是(shi)不(bu)能進入下一(yi)(yi)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序；再者要(yao)(yao)利用(yong)數理(li)統計(ji)方(fang)法對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)嚴格(ge)(ge)分(fen)析(xi)，來(lai)找出工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題之(zhi)所以，而(er)且采取一(yi)(yi)些預防措施(shi)(shi)(shi)使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)到合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準，特別是(shi)防止建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)事故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)。

2建筑工程質(zhi)量控(kong)制及其(qi)監理的(de)內涵

建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制是(shi)指致力(li)于滿足(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)求，也就是(shi)為了保證建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)量(liang)(liang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)滿足(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同、規范(fan)標誰所采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一系列措施、方法和(he)手段。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)求主要(yao)表現為建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同、設(she)計文件(jian)、技術(shu)規范(fan)標準規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標準。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi):為建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用戶(顧客(ke)(ke)、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)者)提供高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)服(fu)務，令(ling)顧客(ke)(ke)滿意(yi)，關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)必(bi)須滿足(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制監(jian)理(li)(li)是(shi)指監(jian)理(li)(li)單位受項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)法人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)委托，依據國家(jia)(jia)批(pi)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)文件(jian)、有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)(lv)、法規和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)監(jian)理(li)(li)合(he)(he)同以及其(qi)(qi)他工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)合(he)(he)同而(er)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)督管理(li)(li)。具有(you)實(shi)際意(yi)義，而(er)且會給有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資源(yuan)帶來極(ji)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)國家(jia)(jia)民(min)族(zu)素質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、科技水平(ping)(ping)和(he)經濟水平(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)反映工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)活(huo)動有(you)其(qi)(qi)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內在聯系和(he)發展(zhan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，有(you)其(qi)(qi)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)觀規律(lv)(lv)。為了確(que)保建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，國家(jia)(jia)制定和(he)頒發了一系列法規、技術(shu)標準、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)參與建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)各方人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為進行規范(fan)和(he)約束。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞，是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形成(cheng)中各方面、各環節工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)反映。從這一意(yi)義講，能否生(sheng)產(chan)出優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品并(bing)提供優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)務，是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)國家(jia)(jia)、一個(ge)(ge)民(min)族(zu)是(shi)否成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)標志。世(shi)界上(shang)能夠提供優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)品和(he)服(fu)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)(jia)，沒有(you)一個(ge)(ge)不是(shi)具有(you)社會責任心、充(chong)滿生(sheng)機和(he)積極(ji)進取民(min)族(zu)精神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)(jia)。

3建筑工程質量控制及其監理的內涵

建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)是(shi)指致力于(yu)滿足(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要求，也就(jiu)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了保證建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)滿足(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)、規(gui)(gui)范標誰所采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一系列措施、方(fang)法(fa)(fa)和(he)手段。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要求主要表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)、設計(ji)文件、技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)范標準(zhun)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標準(zhun)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi):為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用戶(顧(gu)客(ke)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)者(zhe))提(ti)供高質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)服務，令顧(gu)客(ke)滿意(yi)，關(guan)鍵是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)必須滿足(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)監理(li)是(shi)指監理(li)單位受(shou)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)法(fa)(fa)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)委托(tuo)，依據國家批準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設文件、有關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設監理(li)合(he)同(tong)以及其他工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設合(he)同(tong)而對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監督(du)管

理。

4加(jia)強建筑(zhu)工(gong)程質量控制監理的方法

4.1制定明確建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)理目標(biao)(biao)(biao)在承擔(dan)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)理任(ren)務(wu)后，監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師應依據建(jian)筑建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)概(gai)況針(zhen)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程特點，按(an)照(zhao)《建(jian)筑法》和(he)《建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程管理條例(li)》等相關法律(lv)法規(gui)及建(jian)筑質量(liang)(liang)驗收標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體系，編制具體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)理目標(biao)(biao)(biao)，明確監(jian)控(kong)的(de)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)、標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。

4.2建立完善(shan)資任制度(du)

監理(li)的最終(zhong)目標就是(shi)抓好建筑質(zhi)量，經(jing)常出現工程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量問題主(zhu)要是(shi)由(you)于責(ze)任制(zhi)度不完善，監理(li)不到(dao)位，導(dao)致建筑商偷工減(jian)料而導(dao)致。完善責(ze)任制(zhi)度，落(luo)實責(ze)任到(dao)人是(shi)做好建筑質(zhi)量監理(li)的根(gen)本。因(yin)此，監理(li)單(dan)位要根(gen)據監理(li)質(zhi)量的目標，完善制(zhi)度.協調工作，落(luo)實責(ze)任，確保建筑工程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量。

4.3提高監理隊伍的素質(zhi)和工作能力

監(jian)(jian)理工(gong)作(zuo)本身就(jiu)要(yao)求(qiu)監(jian)(jian)理人員(yuan)有較(jiao)高素質，要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)與提高監(jian)(jian)理部門人員(yuan)的素質，政府管理部門在(zai)審(shen)批成立(li)監(jian)(jian)理單位(wei)時候要(yao)嚴格把關(guan)，對不(bu)(bu)符合資(zi)質標準的不(bu)(bu)予審(shen)批，對固(gu)定(ding)人員(yuan)少于規(gui)定(ding)的0%和(he)建制上不(bu)(bu)符合規(gui)定(ding)的不(bu)(bu)批準為監(jian)(jian)理單位(wei)。此外，監(jian)(jian)理單位(wei)本身要(yao)作(zuo)好(hao)人員(yuan)配備和(he)搞好(hao)培訓工(gong)作(zuo)。

4.4加強施工過程的質(zhi)，監(jian)理控制(zhi)

施(shi)工(gong)階段的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)作為工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵程(cheng)序(xu)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監督和(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)同時(shi)是不可避免的(de)(de)(de)重點，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監理的(de)(de)(de)任務是對(dui)f程(cheng)實體(ti)進行(xing)連續性的(de)(de)(de)監視和(he)(he)(he)驗證。發現偏離管(guan)理標準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)(he)(he)技術(shu)標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況時(shi)及(ji)時(shi)反饋，要(yao)(yao)求企業采取糾正措施(shi)。嚴重者責令停(ting)止整頓(dun)。從而促使企業的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)活動和(he)(he)(he)f程(cheng)實體(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)均符合標準(zhun)(zhun)所規定的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。實施(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)監理是保(bao)證質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理體(ti)系正常運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)手段。

4.5加強(qiang)建筑工程竣工驗收的監(jian)理工作

當(dang)分項(xiang)(xiang)、分部工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)或單項(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)幾完畢，承包人自檢合格后，向監(jian)理卜程(cheng)師(shi)提交(jiao)齊全的(de)自檢資料。監(jian)理皿(min)程(cheng)師(shi)認為滿足驗收(shou)(shou)條件后，組(zu)織人員(yuan)依據有關規(gui)定、驗收(shou)(shou)標誰進(jin)行竣〔驗收(shou)(shou)，如發(fa)現存在質(zhi)量缺陷或重(zhong)大(da)質(zhi)量隱患時(shi)，監(jian)理人員(yuan)要及(ji)時(shi)出示(shi)書面處(chu)理意見，督促(cu)施L單位及(ji)時(shi)返卜處(chu)理，重(zhong)新組(zu)織竣l驗收(shou)(shou)。對拒不改正，將驗收(shou)(shou)不合格的(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)交(jiao)付(fu)使用的(de)，建議相(xiang)關部門進(jin)行依法(fa)給予處(chu)理，嚴格檢查把關，以確保竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量。總(zong)之，建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量是關系到國家(jia)經

濟建(jian)(jian)設發展，以及人民生命(ming)財產。建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量控制監理(li)(li)是抓好(hao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量的(de)關鍵，因此(ci)，只(zhi)有在(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)_〔全(quan)過程中(zhong)做好(hao)質(zhi)量監理(li)(li)仁(ren)作，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)質(zhi)量才(cai)能有根(gen)本的(de)保(bao)證。但(dan)是，做好(hao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量控制監理(li)(li)是一(yi)個復雜的(de)系統工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程，除(chu)監理(li)(li)人員在(zai)樹(shu)立(li)職業意識和敬業精神(shen)外，監理(li)(li)人員還總結在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程監理(li)(li)1二作的(de)經驗(yan)與不足(zu)，探討(tao)更加科學有效(xiao)的(de)措施(shi)和方法.以確保(bao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)質(zhi)量。

結束語

本文提出的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保證組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)責任制, 還有待在(zai)實踐中不(bu)斷完善。21 世(shi)紀是質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)世(shi)紀, “變革(ge)”和(he)“創(chuang)新”是這一世(shi)紀企業經(jing)營的(de)主題(ti)。質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理走(zou)過了百年(nian)歷程, 質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)概念也由狹義的(de)符合規范(fan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到以顧(gu)客滿意為(wei)中心的(de)多(duo)元化。隨(sui)著知(zhi)識經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)到來, 質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理的(de)理論和(he)方法將更加(jia)豐富, 我(wo)(wo)們應(ying)根據形式的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan), 把握我(wo)(wo)國(guo)建筑(zhu)(zhu)業的(de)新動態, 積(ji)極探索行(xing)之有效(xiao)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理方法, 不(bu)斷提高(gao)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)建筑(zhu)(zhu)工程質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)管(guan)理水(shui)平。

參考文獻

[1]、李(li)軍建(jian)筑工程施工現場(chang)監理的思(si)考期刊論文2004

篇6

【關鍵詞】施工(gong)(gong)資質；建設工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)合同；強制性(xing)規(gui)定(ding)；合同效力

承(cheng)包工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)完成發包人委(wei)托的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，發包人按期驗收并(bing)支付報酬的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同。建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)特殊合(he)(he)(he)同，不但(dan)要(yao)滿足合(he)(he)(he)同生(sheng)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本要(yao)求，也要(yao)符合(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)資質(zhi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一項強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性要(yao)件。本文以我國現(xian)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)行法律、 法規為依據，淺析施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)對建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同效力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。

一、施工資質(zhi)的概念及(ji)性質(zhi)辯析(xi)

⒈施工資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念。資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)即資(zi)(zi)格，民事(shi)主(zhu)體在(zai)(zai)某行業(ye)所(suo)具(ju)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)、潛(qian)質(zhi)、資(zi)(zi)格、技術、經驗等(deng)(deng)，取得主(zhu)管部門對其(qi)(qi)(qi)頒發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)備(bei)從(cong)事(shi)該行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)格憑證。現(xian)階段在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)有關資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)是，公民具(ju)備(bei)某專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技能、知(zhi)識(shi)，主(zhu)管部門對其(qi)(qi)(qi)頒發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)事(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)關行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準入憑證，如醫(yi)師(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)格證書(shu)、注冊建(jian)造師(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)格證書(shu)等(deng)(deng)。規(gui)定，從(cong)事(shi)有關建(jian)筑活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)單位、企業(ye)，根據其(qi)(qi)(qi)注冊資(zi)(zi)本、專業(ye)技術人員及設備(bei)、建(jian)筑工程業(ye)績等(deng)(deng)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)條(tiao)件，對其(qi)(qi)(qi)進行資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)(deng)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)劃分，在(zai)(zai)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)合格的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下取得等(deng)(deng)級資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)證書(shu)后，可在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)(deng)級許可的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)之內從(cong)事(shi)建(jian)筑業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關活(huo)動。

⒉施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)(zhi)。①施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)能力(li)(li)。按(an)照《建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)只有(you)在(zai)(zai)有(you)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)執照并且具(ju)有(you)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下才可以從事(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)活(huo)(huo)動。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)除(chu)了建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)外(wai)，還有(you)其(qi)它不(bu)(bu)(bu)需要審批許可的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)，也(ye)即是該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)具(ju)備建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)外(wai)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)能力(li)(li)，那么(me)該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)具(ju)備了一(yi)般民(min)(min)事(shi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)能力(li)(li)；②施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行為(wei)能力(li)(li)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行為(wei)能力(li)(li)是指(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)作為(wei)民(min)(min)事(shi)主(zhu)體，享受(shou)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)要承(cheng)擔民(min)(min)事(shi)義務(wu)。那么(me)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)活(huo)(huo)動企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)取得(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)即特殊權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)能力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)取得(de)(de)了從事(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活(huo)(huo)動特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行為(wei)能力(li)(li)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)沒有(you)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)，也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)備簽訂建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)能力(li)(li)，當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)無(wu)民(min)(min)事(shi)行為(wei)能力(li)(li)情(qing)況下所(suo)(suo)簽訂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)也(ye)是無(wu)效(xiao)合(he)同(tong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律保護；③施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)是指(zhi)公司設立(li)登記時(shi)(shi)所(suo)(suo)記載(zai)其(qi)生產和經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)別及(ji)服(fu)務(wu)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)，能夠反(fan)映法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)方向(xiang)和活(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容。從事(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)需要具(ju)備一(yi)般經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手續，只有(you)在(zai)(zai)具(ju)有(you)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)證書的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下才能夠取得(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)主(zhu)體資(zi)(zi)(zi)格(ge)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)訂立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)等級(ji)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)之內，按(an)照相關規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可以否定(ding)合(he)同(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)；④施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)屬強(qiang)制(zhi)性規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)范(fan)(fan)疇。所(suo)(suo)謂強(qiang)制(zhi)性規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律要求人(ren)(ren)(ren)們必須遵守，并且不(bu)(bu)(bu)能隨其(qi)意(yi)愿隨意(yi)更改或者排除(chu)，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)違(wei)反(fan)也(ye)將會受(shou)到(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)裁。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)屬于強(qiang)制(zhi)性規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)。因為(wei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)但是取得(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)(li)能力(li)(li)及(ji)行為(wei)能力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提，也(ye)關系到(dao)(dao)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)主(zhu)體資(zi)(zi)(zi)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律、行政法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)對施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)有(you)禁止性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)違(wei)反(fan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)制(zhi)性規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要收到(dao)(dao)相關法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)懲罰。

二、強制性規定對(dui)合同效力的影響

我國《合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)》中規定，合(he)同(tong)(tong)“違(wei)反法(fa)律(lv)、行(xing)政(zheng)法(fa)規的(de)強(qiang)制(zhi)性規定”為無效合(he)同(tong)(tong)，可(ke)以起(qi)到阻止或者減少損害國家(jia)(jia)(jia)和社(she)會公共利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)違(wei)法(fa)行(xing)為，能夠維護社(she)會主義(yi)市場經濟(ji)公平秩(zhi)序(xu)。但是在(zai)確認合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效時也要維護合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)的(de)首要原則,即(ji)契約(yue)“自(zi)由、合(he)同(tong)(tong)效力(li)”的(de)原則。究其(qi)根本，強(qiang)制(zhi)性規定影響合(he)同(tong)(tong)效力(li)的(de)根源是“利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”。國家(jia)(jia)(jia)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、集(ji)體利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、個人利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)三(san)個層次的(de)分(fen)類(lei)，其(qi)中集(ji)體利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、個人利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)都必須(xu)為國家(jia)(jia)(jia)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)讓(rang)步，國家(jia)(jia)(jia)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)又包(bao)括(kuo)國家(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)治利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、國家(jia)(jia)(jia)安全(quan)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、國家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)社(she)會經濟(ji)秩(zhi)序(xu)。如果當(dang)事人的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)違(wei)反國家(jia)(jia)(jia)利(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，就屬于無效合(he)同(tong)(tong)。

三、施工資質對建設工程施工合(he)同效力的影(ying)響分析

⒈施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)屬(shu)管(guan)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)或效(xiao)力(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)辨(bian)析。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)產品質(zhi)(zhi)量直(zhi)接關(guan)(guan)系到(dao)公(gong)民(min)的(de)(de)生命安全(quan)(quan)、財產利(li)益(yi)(yi)。存在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業將建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)層(ceng)層(ceng)轉包(bao)、分(fen)包(bao)漁利(li)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中不按設計規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范、偷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)減(jian)料，甚至(zhi)出賣資質(zhi)(zhi)及執照等(deng)現象，嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市場(chang)秩序(xu)。所(suo)以相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)法(fa)律就應(ying)用而(er)生，例如《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)(li)條例》、《建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)》都對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。是(shi)屬(shu)于效(xiao)力(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)還(huan)是(shi)管(guan)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，與簽訂(ding)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)密切(qie)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)，如果(guo)是(shi)管(guan)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，如果(guo)企(qi)(qi)業違(wei)反(fan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，不會(hui)(hui)影響(xiang)(xiang)到(dao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)，僅僅收到(dao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政處罰，如果(guo)是(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)為效(xiao)力(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，在(zai)違(wei)反(fan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)不但(dan)會(hui)(hui)受到(dao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政處罰，還(huan)可(ke)以否(fou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)效(xiao)力(li)(li)。從法(fa)律解釋上分(fen)析，讓欠缺施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業簽訂(ding)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)繼(ji)續執行(xing)(xing)(xing)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)完全(quan)(quan)有可(ke)能出現嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量安全(quan)(quan)問題，嚴重(zhong)危(wei)急(ji)公(gong)民(min)的(de)(de)生命、財產安全(quan)(quan)，對(dui)(dui)社會(hui)(hui)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)利(li)益(yi)(yi)造(zao)成巨(ju)大的(de)(de)危(wei)害，同(tong)(tong)時欠缺施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業或個人承攬工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，也(ye)會(hui)(hui)擾(rao)亂建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市場(chang)的(de)(de)秩序(xu)，甚至(zhi)使(shi)其出現混亂的(de)(de)局面(mian)。所(suo)以從建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)上來(lai)說，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)不但(dan)具有行(xing)(xing)(xing)政管(guan)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)而(er)且(qie)具有效(xiao)力(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。從利(li)益(yi)(yi)上分(fen)析，國家對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)級的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)主要是(shi)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)發包(bao)人提供(gong)便(bian)(bian)利(li)，從而(er)能讓其選擇合(he)適的(de)(de)承包(bao)人，此(ci)時，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)發揮的(de)(de)是(shi)“公(gong)共(gong)(gong)服務性(xing)(xing)”的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)這一層(ceng)上說沒有充分(fen)的(de)(de)依據否(fou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)效(xiao)力(li)(li)。所(suo)以不能簡單的(de)(de)界(jie)定(ding)(ding)(ding)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資質(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)于那種，應(ying)該齊(qi)全(quan)(quan)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)細節(jie)法(fa)律，從而(er)方便(bian)(bian)界(jie)定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)人應(ying)該承擔(dan)的(de)(de)責任。

⒉違(wei)反(fan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質強(qiang)制性規定(ding)的(de)(de)類型及(ji)對(dui)合(he)同效力的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。無論(lun)是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)法(fa)律解(jie)釋(shi)或(huo)者利益權衡(heng)的(de)(de)方法(fa)判斷(duan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質的(de)(de)強(qiang)制性規定(ding)對(dui)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同效力的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，最終還是(shi)由仲(zhong)裁員或(huo)法(fa)官進行詮(quan)釋(shi)。詮(quan)釋(shi)的(de)(de)標準是(shi)：①是(shi)否取得施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質。《建(jian)(jian)筑法(fa)》規定(ding)，如(ru)果承包(bao)人不具備(bei)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質，那(nei)么所簽(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同無效；②是(shi)否超越施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質等級。有關法(fa)律規定(ding)超越施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質等級承攬工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程合(he)同無效；③如(ru)果借(jie)用(yong)(yong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質，那(nei)么借(jie)用(yong)(yong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)質簽(qian)訂(ding)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同無效。

建筑施工合同(tong)(tong)被判無(wu)效后，相關承包人要歸(gui)還(huan)因合同(tong)(tong)所取得(de)的(de)財產，如果不能返還(huan)，也應該(gai)折價補償。有(you)過錯(cuo)的(de)一方(fang)要賠償對方(fang)所遭受(shou)的(de)損失，如果雙方(fang)都有(you)錯(cuo)，就各(ge)自(zi)(zi)承擔各(ge)自(zi)(zi)的(de)相應責任。

結論

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)進入(ru)建(jian)筑(zhu)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)格，如果(guo)違(wei)背《建(jian)筑(zhu)法》關于(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定，所簽訂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)應(ying)為(wei)無效合(he)同(tong)。為(wei)避免(mian)豆腐渣工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現，確(que)保建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)及維護社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共利益，對(dui)只以利益為(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)法合(he)同(tong)要嚴(yan)肅查處(chu)。資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)行政法規(gui)(gui)(gui)、法律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定，對(dui)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)效力具有決定性(xing)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)承包(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)條件。不過嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)管理制(zhi)度應(ying)該減少(shao)行政法規(gui)(gui)(gui)對(dui)民(min)事活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干預。但是(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)蓬勃(bo)發(fa)展(zhan)下工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)故事頻發(fa)，工(gong)(gong)程非法轉包(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下需要嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)行業(ye)(ye)準入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件，發(fa)揮揮資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，規(gui)(gui)(gui)范引導市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)和(he)維護施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)當事人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)法權益，使建(jian)筑(zhu)行業(ye)(ye)健康(kang)發(fa)展(zhan)。

參考文獻

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篇7

參考文(wen)獻是(shi)作(zuo)者對他(ta)人(ren)勞動成了的尊重(zhong)表現，我們在(zai)論(lun)文(wen)的寫(xie)作(zuo)當中引用(yong)的他(ta)人(ren)的研(yan)究成果就應該(gai)子啊引用(yong)的地方用(yong)阿拉(la)伯數(shu)字標注出(chu)來，在(zai)論(lun)文(wen)的最后依(yi)次列出(chu)來。下面是(shi)學術參考網的小編整理的關于土木(mu)工程(cheng)概論(lun)論(lun)文(wen)參考文(wen)獻來和(he)大(da)家(jia)一起分享閱(yue)讀。

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[5]林(lin)龍鑌(bin)，等.《土木工程概論》省級精品(pin)課程建設的體會(hui)及(ji)其對教學啟示(shi)[J].福建建筑，2012，（02）.

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篇8

【關(guan)鍵詞】工程項目；合同(tong)結算(suan)；監(jian)管(guan)；合同(tong)糾紛

一、建(jian)設工程合同結算的含義

一般來說，在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)驗收合(he)格后的(de)28天內，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)要向發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)遞交(jiao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決算(suan)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)，如果發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)沒有該(gai)要求(qiu)的(de)，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)應(ying)該(gai)對該(gai)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)及相關(guan)資(zi)料承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔臨時保管的(de)責任。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)后，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)驗收報(bao)告(gao)(gao)需(xu)由承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)發(fa)給發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)，驗收報(bao)告(gao)(gao)必須完整，結(jie)算(suan)資(zi)料要詳細，另外這(zhe)些(xie)事項(xiang)的(de)完成要在承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)認(ren)可工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)驗收報(bao)告(gao)(gao)的(de)28天內進行。在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)遞交(jiao)給發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)認(ren)可的(de)28天內，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)能(neng)進行正常的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)資(zi)料結(jie)算(suan)，或者(zhe)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)價(jia)款不(bu)能(neng)及時交(jiao)付(fu)的(de)，要及時說明。

發(fa)包人(ren)在確(que)認承包人(ren)遞交的(de)(de)竣工結(jie)算(suan)資(zi)料后(hou)的(de)(de)28天內，應該支付工程(cheng)竣工結(jie)算(suan)的(de)(de)工程(cheng)項(xiang)目款(kuan)。承包人(ren)應該將竣工工程(cheng)項(xiang)目資(zi)料交給(gei)發(fa)包人(ren)的(de)(de)時間，是在收到發(fa)包人(ren)支付工程(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目款(kuan)的(de)(de)14天之內。發(fa)包人(ren)不能以不正當的(de)(de)理由(you)或(huo)者拒絕支付工程(cheng)竣工的(de)(de)價款(kuan)，如違(wei)約(yue)，在一(yi)個(ge)月后(hou)，發(fa)包人(ren)要承擔(dan)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)法律責任(ren)和(he)違(wei)約(yue)金。

二、如何加強建設工程結算的監管

1.提高合同雙方的法律意(yi)識

健全工(gong)程(cheng)合(he)同條文，嚴格遵從合(he)同條款形式進行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)結算。

建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)經簽(qian)訂，就(jiu)將合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)方(fang)捆在(zai)了(le)一(yi)起，建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)條文(wen)都(dou)跟合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)方(fang)利益有(you)(you)著千(qian)絲萬縷的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。因(yin)此，在(zai)簽(qian)訂建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)時，如果合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)方(fang)對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)條款(kuan)，尤其是對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)約條件和(he)責(ze)任未做具(ju)體(ti)審(shen)查，就(jiu)貿然簽(qian)訂工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，這樣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糾紛就(jiu)將會(hui)不可(ke)避免(mian)了(le)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)期間可(ke)能會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)切風(feng)險(xian)都(dou)不要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)口頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)擔保，應該(gai)用明(ming)確具(ju)體(ti)地合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條款(kuan)形(xing)式進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)規(gui)定。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)應該(gai)有(you)(you)應對(dui)(dui)可(ke)能產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)條文(wen)，以(yi)降(jiang)低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)。因(yin)此，在(zai)簽(qian)訂工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)方(fang)應該(gai)對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴密(mi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度和(he)一(yi)些具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條文(wen)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)敲(qiao)和(he)審(shen)查，盡量避免(mian)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)方(fang)在(zai)簽(qian)訂合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)時就(jiu)產(chan)生(sheng)糾紛，而終止了(le)合(he)(he)(he)作。提高(gao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律意識，健全工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條文(wen)，嚴格(ge)遵(zun)從合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條款(kuan)形(xing)式進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算，以(yi)保障工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)條不紊(wen)地進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)。

2.選(xuan)擇適合(he)(he)的工程價格合(he)(he)同形式

現(xian)如(ru)(ru)(ru)今，建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有三(san)種形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)：固(gu)定價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、可(ke)調價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、成本(ben)加酬金(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。固(gu)定價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)要求工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包方必須(xu)(xu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)間發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險，且(qie)也要為(wei)(wei)不能(neng)(neng)預測或無(wu)法想象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意外付(fu)出相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，風(feng)險系數比(bi)較(jiao)高(gao)，因(yin)而一般(ban)報價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)也較(jiao)高(gao)，這種合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)適用(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量不太大但是能(neng)(neng)夠精確計算(suan)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)比(bi)較(jiao)短，技術含量不高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)；可(ke)調價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分為(wei)(wei)總(zong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)可(ke)調工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和單價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)可(ke)調工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，該(gai)(gai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)以規定調整建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)范疇，這樣(yang)可(ke)以使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)期(qi)間出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不可(ke)預料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險得到合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方合(he)(he)(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)分擔，其能(neng)(neng)適合(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍也會比(bi)較(jiao)廣泛；成本(ben)加酬金(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包方預付(fu)該(gai)(gai)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)費用(yong)，并按約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)某(mou)一種方式(shi)(shi)(shi)支付(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)資金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)選定后(hou)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)該(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)結算(suan)審計時(shi)就應(ying)該(gai)(gai)嚴格(ge)(ge)遵從(cong)已(yi)經確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)款形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結算(suan)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)，某(mou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)款結算(suan)為(wei)(wei)固(gu)定價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，但是由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包方缺乏經驗(yan)，沒能(neng)(neng)預測風(feng)險，在(zai)(zai)(zai)該(gai)(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)期(qi)間市場上的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)大幅漲價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)導致(zhi)該(gai)(gai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁項(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發生了嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)資金(jin)周(zhou)轉困難，沒有能(neng)(neng)夠如(ru)(ru)(ru)期(qi)完成該(gai)(gai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。然而后(hou)來在(zai)(zai)(zai)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結算(suan)時(shi)，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包方又以各種理由推脫(tuo)責任(ren)，企圖逃避誤(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)責任(ren)和試圖彌補在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)材購買(mai)上超出款項(xiang)。然而該(gai)(gai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)選擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是固(gu)定價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，所(suo)以該(gai)(gai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包方應(ying)當(dang)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)責任(ren)。因(yin)此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結算(suan)時(shi)必須(xu)(xu)嚴格(ge)(ge)遵從(cong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條文精神進(jin)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結算(suan)。

3.各級政府應(ying)該加大對建(jian)設工(gong)程合同結算的監(jian)管，盡量避免合同雙方發生糾紛

在我國，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程主體之間的(de)(de)(de)權利和(he)(he)義務關系(xi)基本上(shang)都是通過項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)條文確立的(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)監管(guan)也(ye)是建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)主管(guan)部(bu)門對(dui)建(jian)筑項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)十分重要的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分。近年(nian)來，經(jing)過建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)不斷探(tan)索(suo)和(he)(he)努力，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)監管(guan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)取(qu)得(de)了(le)十分優異的(de)(de)(de)成績。對(dui)于建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門而(er)言，應該把建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)結算(suan)(suan)監管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)作(zuo)(zuo)為整頓(dun)改善和(he)(he)改革工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)市場工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)重要內容(rong)之一(yi)，使工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)監管(guan)制度進行(xing)(xing)(xing)普(pu)及。2004年(nian)國家財(cai)政(zheng)部(bu)和(he)(he)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)部(bu)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)了(le)財(cai)建(jian)[2004]369號(hao)文件《建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程價款結算(suan)(suan)暫行(xing)(xing)(xing)辦法》，初步規(gui)定了(le)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程合同(tong)(tong)結算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)方法和(he)(he)方式。

4.加強建(jian)設工程合同結(jie)算監管人(ren)才的(de)培養，提高他們(men)的(de)專(zhuan)業素質，為企業贏得最大的(de)經濟效益

要做好(hao)合同(tong)(tong)結(jie)算(suan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，首先，就必(bi)須要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管人(ren)(ren)(ren)員具有(you)高(gao)素質、高(gao)度的(de)(de)責任心(xin)，還要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管人(ren)(ren)(ren)員能夠實事求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)，公正監(jian)(jian)(jian)管。其次，監(jian)(jian)(jian)管人(ren)(ren)(ren)員還應(ying)該具備審核預算(suan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)標底(di)等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)能力。第三，監(jian)(jian)(jian)管人(ren)(ren)(ren)員要熟悉合同(tong)(tong)備案(an)管理，建(jian)(jian)筑法規和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招標和(he)投標等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)專業(ye)知(zhi)識，能夠應(ying)對各種工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)上(shang)變化。最(zui)后，在建(jian)(jian)筑公司中應(ying)該實行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管人(ren)(ren)(ren)員持證上(shang)崗(gang)制度，同(tong)(tong)樣是(shi)增加建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)結(jie)算(suan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管效果的(de)(de)一項十分重要手段。建(jian)(jian)議在建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管理機構中設(she)置注(zhu)冊造價工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)的(de)(de)崗(gang)位，專門(men)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)合同(tong)(tong)結(jie)算(suan)事宜(yi)，這樣就能在優化企(qi)業(ye)資源(yuan)配置的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，實現企(qi)業(ye)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)最(zui)大化。

三、加強建設工程結算(suan)監管的意(yi)義

在(zai)我(wo)國，建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)結構主(zhu)體跟(gen)隨著社會主(zhu)義市場(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展也發生(sheng)了很大的(de)(de)(de)變化，投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體出現(xian)了多(duo)元化的(de)(de)(de)趨勢，政府投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)比例逐步降低，個人出資(zi)(zi)(zi)、多(duo)人合資(zi)(zi)(zi)、中外(wai)合資(zi)(zi)(zi)以及外(wai)商(shang)獨資(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)比例不(bu)斷增多(duo)。由于利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)驅使，投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體增多(duo)必定造成投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)混亂(luan)，在(zai)工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設中就會出現(xian)許(xu)多(duo)偷(tou)工減料、以次充好的(de)(de)(de)情況，這必將帶給(gei)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安全和工程(cheng)質量極大的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)。因此，要解決好這一問題(ti)(ti)就必須遵循建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)合同條文的(de)(de)(de)精神，加強建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)結算(suan)監管。

建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)合(he)同(tong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)直(zhi)接涉(she)及到發包(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)和(he)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)的(de)利益(yi)(yi)，關(guan)系工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資方(fang)的(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)。因此，加強(qiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)的(de)監管就顯得舉足輕重了。對于承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)而言，只有嚴(yan)格按(an)照(zhao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)如數結(jie)清工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價款工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款，才能(neng)避免企業的(de)經(jing)營(ying)風險，降(jiang)低企業內(nei)部(bu)運(yun)營(ying)成本，獲得較好的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)；對投(tou)(tou)(tou)資方(fang)而言，按(an)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)結(jie)清工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價款，才能(neng)控制投(tou)(tou)(tou)資的(de)造(zao)價，進而贏得更(geng)大的(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)；對建設行(xing)政管理部(bu)門而言，合(he)同(tong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)可以避免合(he)同(tong)雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)糾紛，保證的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)接受的(de)順利進行(xing)，同(tong)時(shi)，也是承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)對建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量的(de)保證。

因此，加強建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)合同結算監管是(shi)保(bao)障合同雙方(fang)利益的重要舉措，也是(shi)減少建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)安(an)全問題(ti)和避免合同糾紛的有效途徑，更是(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)各(ge)方(fang)共(gong)同關心的大事。

四、結語

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)結(jie)算(suan)監管是項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后十分重(zhong)要措施，同(tong)時也(ye)是搞好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)管理維護建(jian)設(she)(she)主體各方(fang)利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效手(shou)段(duan)，所(suo)以合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范性(xing)與(yu)(yu)嚴密性(xing)有益于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)有條(tiao)不紊(wen)地進(jin)行(xing)。建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)與(yu)(yu)其他(ta)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不同(tong)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)在實際(ji)操作(zuo)中(zhong)還可能(neng)會(hui)碰(peng)到各種出乎意料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，因(yin)此承包方(fang)和(he)發包方(fang)都應該對建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)合(he)(he)同(tong)給予高度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視，應該對合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體條(tiao)款進(jin)行(xing)審(shen)查(cha)后才簽訂工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)，盡量避免問題和(he)糾紛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現，使得(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)能(neng)夠按照工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)條(tiao)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)順利地進(jin)行(xing)。

參考文獻：

[1] 王琰釗(zhao).明(ming)確合同備案意義 加(jia)強動(dong)態(tai)監督管理[A]. 責任與使命――七省市(shi)第十一屆建筑市(shi)場與招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)聯席會優(you)秀論文(wen)集(ji)[C]. 2011

篇9

    論(lun)文(wen)(wen)摘要:本文(wen)(wen)分析了(le)當前工(gong)程造價動態(tai)管理的(de)(de)現狀,提出了(le)工(gong)程造價動態(tai)管理中具體的(de)(de)措施。

    1 前(qian)言

    建設工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)是現(xian)行基本(ben)建設管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)環節。按照(zhao)價(jia)值規律和市場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)條件下(xia)遵循等(deng)價(jia)交換的(de)(de)原(yuan)則,在合理(li)(li)確定(ding)工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)(de)基礎上.理(li)(li)順價(jia)格和價(jia)值的(de)(de)關(guan)系;改革工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)計價(jia)依據(ju),并根據(ju)國家及有關(guan)部門頒布(bu)的(de)(de)政策、法(fa)(fa)規和各地區的(de)(de)工程(cheng)價(jia)指數,實行動態調(diao)整.逐步形成(cheng)在國家宏觀(guan)調(diao)控(kong)下(xia)以市場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)為主(zhu)的(de)(de)價(jia)格機制(zhi);建立(li)起(qi)政府宏觀(guan)控(kong)制(zhi),業主(zhu)對建設項目(mu)投資全過(guo)程(cheng)負責.強化(hua)建筑企業經(jing)營管(guan)理(li)(li)和成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)理(li)(li);這是當前深化(hua)工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)改革的(de)(de)基本(ben)思(si)路。本(ben)文就(jiu)建設項目(mu)實施各階(jie)段(duan)(duan)工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)動態管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)和手段(duan)(duan)展開分析與(yu)闡述(shu),以期提高工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)水平(ping),提高投資效(xiao)益。

    2 工程造價(jia)控制動態管理的現狀

    工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種通稱,在不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)場合(he)下其含義也不(bu)同,本文主要討論(lun)如何對(dui)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)進行(xing)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)指(zhi)完成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個建(jian)設(she)(she)項目的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)花費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)總(zong)和(he)。它包括業主、設(she)(she)計單位,總(zong)承包商、分包商的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)。從我國(guo)現行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)項目費(fei)用(yong)組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)規定內窖看,它包括建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)、安裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)、設(she)(she)備(bei)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)器具購置(zhi)費(fei)及工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)其他費(fei)用(yong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),印對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)因(yin)素,是(shi)指(zhi)那些影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)增減的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)因(yin)素,就基礎建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)而言,一(yi)(yi)般可分為(wei)三類,一(yi)(yi)是(shi)量變(bian)(bian)因(yin)素,二是(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)變(bian)(bian)因(yin)素,三是(shi)定額取費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)動(dong)(dong)因(yin)素 工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li).就是(shi)對(dui)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)實行(xing)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)跟蹤(zong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)及預(yu)測管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方法(fa)。

    自1994年起,我國的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)業學習國外的(de)(de)先進(jin)經驗,引入競爭機制(zhi),實行招(zhao)投標承包(bao)。它結束了(le)多年來計劃經濟體(ti)制(zhi)下建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)分配任務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)局面,是我國建設(she)管理(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)的(de)(de)一項重(zhong)大改(gai)革,成為當前(qian)建設(she)市(shi)場(chang)中(zhong)確定(ding)(ding)建設(she)任務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)主要形(xing)式(shi)。所以,近幾年我國的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)確定(ding)(ding)與控制(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)主要集中(zhong)在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)招(zhao)投標階(jie)段和建設(she)實施階(jie)段,實行公開招(zhao)投標,增強(qiang)了(le)施工(gong)企業的(de)(de)競爭力,在(zai)努力保證質量(liang)的(de)(de)前(qian)提下,盡可能降低(di)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia);在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)實施過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),承包(bao)合同價(jia)(jia)為控制(zhi)目標,根據(ju)工(gong)程(cheng)合同按時(shi)完成合同約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)內容,處理(li)(li)好(hao)工(gong)期、質量(liang)、造(zao)價(jia)(jia)三者(zhe)間的(de)(de)關系,編制(zhi)合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)施工(gong)組織(zhi)設(she)計,選擇質量(liang)保證,價(jia)(jia)格合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)材料,有(you)效(xiao)地對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)進(jin)行動態管理(li)(li)。

    應該說,近(jin)幾年來(lai)對工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)動態(tai)管理(li),取得 一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)績。在尊重傳統標準定(ding)(ding)額計價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,完(wan)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)額從法定(ding)(ding)性(xing)向(xiang)指導(dao)性(xing)過渡的(de)(de)(de)階段,找出(chu)了(le)一種較為合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)計價(jia)辦法,一定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度上適(shi)應了(le)當(dang)時市(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)新秩序的(de)(de)(de)發展需(xu)要。但是.隨著社會主義市(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)體制的(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)完(wan)昔(xi),現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管理(li)體制的(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)不盡合理(li)之(zhi)處也需(xu)要不斷(duan)改(gai)進,并(bing)加以完(wan)善(shan)。

    3 工程(cheng)造價動(dong)態管理中措施

    在工程(cheng)造價(jia)動態管理(li)中,以社會主義市場(chang)機制為導向,根據目(mu)前的實際情況(kuang),擬(ni)采取以下措(cuo)施(shi):

篇10

論(lun)文(wen)關(guan)鍵詞 合同管理 意思自治 合同風險 策略控(kong)制

業主方的(de)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)涉及項(xiang)目(mu)實施階(jie)段的(de)全過程，建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程由于項(xiang)目(mu)投資巨大、建(jian)設(she)周期較長、涉及合同(tong)當事人(ren)眾多，并(bing)對業主方的(de)建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)帶(dai)來(lai)了風(feng)險，加強(qiang)合同(tong)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，通過運用合同(tong)的(de)規(gui)范、約束效力，有助(zhu)于維護(hu)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程各方的(de)正(zheng)當利益。

一(yi)、合同法律(lv)原理(li)在(zai)建設工程(cheng)管理(li)中(zhong)的作用

一個大型建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)數(shu)量可能成百上(shang)千份之多。而(er)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)合(he)同(tong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作包括了對(dui)于每個合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)訂、履(lv)(lv)行、變(bian)更和接觸(chu)等過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)控制與管(guan)(guan)理(li)，同(tong)時也涉(she)及到對(dui)所(suo)有合(he)同(tong)進(jin)行統籌規劃管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)合(he)同(tong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作包括了前期(qi)合(he)同(tong)結構的(de)(de)(de)選擇、合(he)同(tong)文本選擇、合(he)同(tong)計價(jia)方法和支付的(de)(de)(de)方法、合(he)同(tong)履(lv)(lv)行過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)與控制、合(he)同(tong)索(suo)賠、合(he)同(tong)訴訟等內容。

合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)自(zi)治是(shi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)律原(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)一項最基(ji)(ji)本(ben)原(yuan)則(ze)，意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)自(zi)治原(yuan)則(ze)要求合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)方(fang)在(zai)簽(qian)訂合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時基(ji)(ji)于雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)真實、自(zi)由(you)愿(yuan)意(yi)(yi)，并不受其他(ta)主體的(de)(de)非法(fa)干(gan)涉，該原(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)核心是(shi)充分尊(zun)重當事人(ren)在(zai)進行合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)活(huo)動中(zhong)對(dui)外表述(shu)的(de)(de)內心真實意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)即合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)由(you)。合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)自(zi)治原(yuan)則(ze)為(wei)建(jian)設(she)工程合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)選擇(ze)、合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)的(de)(de)達(da)成(cheng)以(yi)(yi)及合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)行方(fang)式提供了自(zi)由(you)的(de)(de)空間。充分利用合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)自(zi)治原(yuan)則(ze)，業主方(fang)可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)署之前，在(zai)市場范圍內自(zi)由(you)選擇(ze)適合(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)當事人(ren)，以(yi)(yi)完成(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)工程項目。這(zhe)一原(yuan)則(ze)也(ye)為(wei)業主方(fang)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)的(de)(de)擬定提供了基(ji)(ji)本(ben)的(de)(de)理(li)論基(ji)(ji)礎。特別是(shi)對(dui)于在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)署過程中(zhong)分歧較(jiao)大、難以(yi)(yi)達(da)成(cheng)一致的(de)(de)內容(rong)，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙(shuang)方(fang)通(tong)過充分的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思(si)(si)表示，經(jing)過討(tao)價還價式的(de)(de)談判與妥協(xie)，最終(zhong)達(da)成(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)，而這(zhe)些(xie)最終(zhong)達(da)成(cheng)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)也(ye)被視為(wei)雙(shuang)方(fang)真實、自(zi)由(you)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)意(yi)(yi)達(da)成(cheng)，并對(dui)雙(shuang)方(fang)產(chan)生(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)法(fa)律約束力。

二(er)、業主(zhu)方合同管理中的(de)風險及其法律(lv)控制(zhi)

業主方合(he)同管理(li)的風險可以劃分為(wei)合(he)同管理(li)意識(shi)淡(dan)薄(bo)的風險、合(he)同違(wei)約追責風險、合(he)同條款陷阱風險等方面(mian)。

（一）業主方合同管理意識淡薄(bo)的(de)風險(xian)

在(zai)(zai)(zai)業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，由于(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)相關建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)法規的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)重視，缺乏對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理工(gong)(gong)作重要性的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)應當(dang)(dang)簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)正(zheng)式(shi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)沒有簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，往(wang)往(wang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)口頭協議(yi)、事后補簽(qian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)來(lai)達成(cheng)協議(yi)，一旦(dan)發(fa)生爭議(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)都十(shi)分(fen)不(bu)利，缺乏有力地合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作證，造成(cheng)問(wen)題(ti)糾紛難以解決，影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利進行(xing)。而(er)“陰(yin)陽合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仍(reng)十(shi)分(fen)普遍，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)大多通(tong)(tong)過(guo)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)形式(shi)來(lai)確定(ding)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)，而(er)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)位(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)按照《招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)法》的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，依據招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)文件簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管理部門備(bei)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)被稱為(wei)(wei)“陽合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)之后業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)擅自變(bian)更合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內容(rong)，與(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)私下通(tong)(tong)過(guo)“補充(chong)協議(yi)”等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)再(zai)次簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)與(yu)原合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內容(rong)不(bu)一致，甚至原合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款內容(rong)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)“陰(yin)陽合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”最高(gao)人(ren)民法院(yuan)《關于(yu)審理建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)糾紛案(an)件適用法律(lv)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)解釋》第21條(tiao)明確規定(ding)：“當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)就同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)另(ling)行(xing)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)立的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)經過(guo)備(bei)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)實質性內容(rong)不(bu)一致的(de)(de)(de)，應當(dang)(dang)以備(bei)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作為(wei)(wei)結(jie)算工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價款的(de)(de)(de)根據。”那么，業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)編制或者委托編制招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件時，應當(dang)(dang)事先(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)與(yu)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件所附合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內容(rong)進行(xing)嚴格審查，一旦(dan)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)被確定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)簽(qian)署備(bei)案(an)之后，再(zai)試圖(tu)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)“陰(yin)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)改變(bian)原合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內容(rong)，意(yi)味著違(wei)反了(le)法律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)要求，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)十(shi)分(fen)不(bu)利。

合同管理(li)工(gong)作更不(bu)規范，往來函(han)件、工(gong)程簽證缺乏(fa)必要的(de)記錄和保管，發生問題后扯皮不(bu)斷，相互推委。

（二）合同條款(kuan)及變更的風險

合(he)同(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)本應當盡量將雙方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利義務責(ze)任劃分清楚(chu)，業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)簽署的(de)(de)(de)多數合(he)同(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)本都由對(dui)方(fang)(fang)單位提(ti)供，部分合(he)同(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)件中對(dui)于(yu)(yu)雙方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利義務約定(ding)往往顯(xian)示(shi)公(gong)平，違(wei)背(bei)了合(he)同(tong)(tong)要(yao)求公(gong)平、公(gong)正的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則要(yao)求，合(he)同(tong)(tong)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)當事人如過(guo)多地強(qiang)調了自己的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利涉及較少。一(yi)般(ban)在建設工程中的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)責(ze)任主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)合(he)作責(ze)任，一(yi)般(ban)包括業(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)雇傭人員并(bing)委(wei)托其(qi)在授權(quan)范圍內(nei)履行業(ye)主(zhu)職(zhi)責(ze)的(de)(de)(de)部分合(he)同(tong)(tong)責(ze)任，及時對(dui)于(yu)(yu)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)當事人履行合(he)同(tong)(tong)必須的(de)(de)(de)決策、手(shou)續、答(da)復指示(shi)下達溝(gou)通(tong)責(ze)任，及時提(ti)供相關的(de)(de)(de)資料、圖(tu)紙、場地、道路以及支付(fu)工程款，及時驗(yan)收接受責(ze)任。

一般對于業主方(fang)的(de)(de)不利(li)的(de)(de)合同陷阱主要是對于有失公平和公正，履約(yue)雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)責權嚴重不對稱，缺乏對于對方(fang)當(dang)事人的(de)(de)制(zhi)裁條(tiao)款(kuan)以及違約(yue)金(jin)制(zhi)裁的(de)(de)約(yue)定。

對于業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)合同管理而言，合同變(bian)(bian)(bian)更的(de)(de)(de)(de)風險較大，由于業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更指令、設計方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、監理方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導致(zhi)圖紙修改(gai)、工程(cheng)環境變(bian)(bian)(bian)化、業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)要(yao)求承包商(shang)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)施(shi)(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案，由于業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、政府部門要(yao)求、環境變(bian)(bian)(bian)化、不可(ke)抗力、原設計錯(cuo)誤導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計修改(gai)等原因引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更，由業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)承擔合同責任。由此(ci)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案變(bian)(bian)(bian)更以及工期的(de)(de)(de)(de)延長和費用的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)，都將由業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)承擔。所以，業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)所提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更請求，需要(yao)慎之又慎，重視并論證變(bian)(bian)(bian)更的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)性與可(ke)行(xing)性，加(jia)強(qiang)前期的(de)(de)(de)(de)勘察、準備工作，盡(jin)量減少(shao)工程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更，杜(du)絕無謂地變(bian)(bian)(bian)更。

三、業主方合同管理中(zhong)的策略運(yun)用(yong)

（一）專門合同(tong)管理(li)部門或人員的設立為業主方(fang)合同(tong)管理(li)的提供制度保證

業(ye)主方(fang)在(zai)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)中，可以根據建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)周期長(chang)短(duan)和資金投入情況，專(zhuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)設(she)(she)(she)立(li)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)部門(men)(men)(men)(men)或專(zhuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)人員(yuan)。任(ren)選具(ju)備熟悉建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)法規與(yu)合(he)(he)(he)同法律(lv)制(zhi)度(du)、政府采購、招投標(biao)法律(lv)法規方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)人才進(jin)行(xing)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)流程(cheng)，設(she)(she)(she)立(li)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)賬目，及時跟進(jin)合(he)(he)(he)同執行(xing)進(jin)度(du)，做好合(he)(he)(he)同的(de)(de)系統化與(yu)專(zhuan)業(ye)化管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)。比如，在(zai)編制(zhi)招投標(biao)合(he)(he)(he)同文件時，由(you)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)合(he)(he)(he)同條款(kuan)的(de)(de)診斷、擬定。招投標(biao)完(wan)成(cheng)后，簽署合(he)(he)(he)同過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)再(zai)審核，最(zui)后再(zai)與(yu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目監審部門(men)(men)(men)(men)形成(cheng)最(zui)終(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)同文本，交由(you)業(ye)主方(fang)蓋章簽署。完(wan)備的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)與(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)流程(cheng)，能夠在(zai)制(zhi)度(du)上保證業(ye)主方(fang)合(he)(he)(he)同管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)規范性(xing)與(yu)持(chi)續性(xing)。

另外，業主(zhu)方合(he)同(tong)管理(li)工作中(zhong)的(de)合(he)同(tong)資(zi)料(liao)的(de)歸集、建檔(dang)制度也(ye)有助于(yu)開展(zhan)合(he)同(tong)管理(li)工作，對于(yu)合(he)同(tong)文本以(yi)及相關(guan)文件、資(zi)料(liao)、法規的(de)系統建檔(dang)，系統、科學(xue)、完(wan)整的(de)合(he)同(tong)資(zi)料(liao)既能防止合(he)同(tong)資(zi)料(liao)的(de)遺失，對于(yu)后(hou)續結算(suan)工作、糾紛處理(li)、審計備查(cha)及咨詢參考提供良好的(de)輔助證明(ming)作用。

（二(er)）根據項目情況選取不同(tong)的合同(tong)計價方式(shi)以及合同(tong)文本

建設項目中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)包合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有總價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、單(dan)(dan)價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以及(ji)成本(ben)補(bu)償合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)價方式(shi)各(ge)有其(qi)利弊，單(dan)(dan)價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以單(dan)(dan)價優(you)先(xian)為(wei)原(yuan)則，業主(zhu)(zhu)方提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數字(zi)是參考數字(zi)，實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款則按(an)照實際(ji)完(wan)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)和(he)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)價計(ji)算(suan)。而單(dan)(dan)價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足(zu)之(zhi)處對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)業主(zhu)(zhu)方來說(shuo)，核實工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)需要(yao)花費巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精力(li)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)還(huan)要(yao)防(fang)止施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方增(zeng)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)總價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)包死方式(shi)雖(sui)然對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)業主(zhu)(zhu)來說(shuo)最簡單(dan)(dan)易行(xing)，但(dan)忽視(shi)了因(yin)(yin)為(wei)環(huan)境(jing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)總價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業主(zhu)(zhu)方可以在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)小、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期短，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)境(jing)條件穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)，圖紙(zhi)完(wan)整、清楚，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)任務范圍明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下采(cai)用。而變(bian)(bian)(bian)動總價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響因(yin)(yin)素(su)進行(xing)了規定(ding)(ding)(ding)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)客觀原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方進行(xing)調(diao)整。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)特別復(fu)雜、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術、結構(gou)方案不(bu)能預先(xian)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，成本(ben)加(jia)酬(chou)金(jin)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有其(qi)優(you)越性(xing)，承(cheng)包商風(feng)險低，利潤有保證，但(dan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)業主(zhu)(zhu)方來說(shuo)，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)以及(ji)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無法準(zhun)確(que)將工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內容、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)以及(ji)合(he)(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)止時(shi)間等進行(xing)合(he)(he)(he)理安排，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)業主(zhu)(zhu)方合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)行(xing)與監督不(bu)利。

因(yin)此，在建(jian)設項目中，根據工程的(de)(de)總體(ti)情形(xing)，工程量(liang)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)、風險的(de)(de)高低、施(shi)工周期、施(shi)工影(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)素等(deng)，選擇不同的(de)(de)合同計價方式，通過(guo)不同的(de)(de)計價方式達(da)到以合同的(de)(de)方式控(kong)制投(tou)資目標(biao)、進度目標(biao)、質量(liang)目標(biao)的(de)(de)實(shi)現。

此外，我國為規(gui)范(fan)(fan)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市場，出臺了一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)，建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)勘察(cha)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)等，這(zhe)些(xie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)對于明(ming)確雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)義(yi)務關(guan)系(xi)以及糾紛解決提供(gong)了指(zhi)導性的(de)(de)內容。但合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)也(ye)存在一(yi)(yi)些(xie)問題。在選(xuan)擇合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)時應(ying)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)(de)實(shi)際情況選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)，將(jiang)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)與(yu)非示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，否則即使選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)，也(ye)會造成訂立(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流于形(xing)式，訂立(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簡(jian)單(dan)，但內容具(ju)體條款(kuan)卻是，權(quan)利(li)、責任劃分不明(ming)確，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)形(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)虛(xu)設(she)，帶(dai)來合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履行風險。對此業主方(fang)應(ying)靈活選(xuan)取(qu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)示范(fan)(fan)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)項目實(shi)際，運用(yong)(yong)非示范(fan)(fan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)本(ben)形(xing)式準備(bei)表(biao)達(da)雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意思(si)。

（三(san)）合同文(wen)本條款的巧妙(miao)擬定可以(yi)約束制裁對方當事人行(xing)為的目的

合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)律制度的(de)(de)最根(gen)(gen)本之(zhi)處(chu)在于合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)訂(ding)立必須雙方根(gen)(gen)據自身的(de)(de)真(zhen)實意(yi)思表(biao)示(shi)達成某種合意(yi)。在建設項目中(zhong)，業(ye)主方在合同(tong)(tong)條款的(de)(de)設定(ding)時，應當充分利用合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)律制度這一(yi)根(gen)(gen)本宗旨。特(te)別是對于一(yi)些沒有工程(cheng)經驗(yan)、工程(cheng)人才缺(que)乏(fa)的(de)(de)單位，巧妙設定(ding)合同(tong)(tong)條款，有助于維護業(ye)主方的(de)(de)投資(zi)利益(yi)。

對于合同條款的約定(ding)技(ji)巧可以(yi)從(cong)以(yi)下幾個方(fang)面進行設定(ding)：

1.擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)條(tiao)款的合理(li)(li)運用(yong)。我國擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)、抵押、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)押、留(liu)置和定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)五種擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方式。而在建(jian)設項目(mu)中常用(yong)的擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)種類(lei)則(ze)包括了(le)(le)投標擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、履約擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、預付(fu)款擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修(xiu)(xiu)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)等。而對(dui)于業主(zhu)(zhu)方來說，合理(li)(li)設定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)投標擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)條(tiao)款、履行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)條(tiao)款、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修(xiu)(xiu)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)條(tiao)款，則(ze)能夠起到約束、督促對(dui)方當事(shi)人的目(mu)的。如(ru)，關于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修(xiu)(xiu)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，在合同(tong)條(tiao)款中擬定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“每次支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進度款時扣(kou)除5%，作(zuo)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)留(liu)金(jin)扣(kou)除總額不超(chao)過合同(tong)總價的10%，該部(bu)分保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修(xiu)(xiu)期(qi)(qi)期(qi)(qi)滿之日一個月內(nei)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位取得業主(zhu)(zhu)方出具的完成質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修(xiu)(xiu)期(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)證(zheng)明(ming)進行(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)取，業主(zhu)(zhu)方收(shou)到施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)請(qing)求后(hou)，無息支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)留(liu)金(jin)。” 《建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)(li)條(tiao)例》對(dui)于質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修(xiu)(xiu)期(qi)(qi)做了(le)(le)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，利用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)留(liu)金(jin)條(tiao)款則(ze)有助于業主(zhu)(zhu)方制(zhi)約施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位積極按(an)時履行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)修(xiu)(xiu)義務(wu)，達到督促施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位履行(xing)后(hou)合同(tong)義務(wu)的目(mu)的。