考古遺址公園保護利用分析

時間:2022-10-24 09:21:14

導(dao)語:考(kao)古遺址公(gong)園保(bao)護利用分析一文來源于網友上傳(chuan),不代表本站觀(guan)點,若需要(yao)原創(chuang)文章可咨詢客(ke)服老師,歡(huan)迎參考(kao)。

考古遺址公園保護利用分析

摘要:考古遺址公園新概念提出以來,如何平衡考古遺址的科學保護利用,使其良性循環,是學術界一直在探索的課題。闡釋文化空間與遺址公園之間的關系,提出遺產保護領域中文化空間的3個屬性:場所物質屬性、精神文化屬性、社會生活屬性,并進一步從文化空間生產的核心理論體系、屬性與理論實踐3個維度將考古遺址公園文化空間保護利用的內容分為3個層面:遺址本體場所、空間表征形態和文化旅游體驗。以廣富林文化遺址公園為例,劃分核心區、展示區、輻射區分析其目前的(de)保護利用措(cuo)施,并提出(chu)其文(wen)化(hua)空間生產(chan)(chan)的(de)優化(hua)策略:虛擬文(wen)旅開發完善遺產(chan)(chan)活態展示(shi)、數字(zi)技術支撐公眾參與保護營(ying)建、高校產(chan)(chan)學(xue)研助力廣富林文(wen)化(hua)傳(chuan)播、協同(tong)發展促進文(wen)化(hua)產(chan)(chan)業集群構(gou)建,以(yi)期為遺址公園保護利用提供新思路。

關鍵詞:風景園林;考古遺(yi)址公園;文化(hua)空間;廣(guang)富林文化(hua)遺(yi)址;保(bao)護與利用

文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)記(ji)錄(lu)了人(ren)(ren)類的(de)(de)先進文明和歷史發展(zhan),也是城(cheng)市興起的(de)(de)見(jian)證者,無論是深埋水土,還是殘垣斷(duan)壁,文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)(cun)(cun)永遠是走(zou)向(xiang)未(wei)來的(de)(de)精神源泉。目(mu)前我(wo)國在(zai)大(da)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)保(bao)護(hu)工作中存(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)以下困難:旅(lv)游過度(du)開發對(dui)大(da)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)造成蠶食和破(po)壞(huai);保(bao)護(hu)限制和政策(ce)補償不完善,導(dao)致遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)區內(nei)居民(min)對(dui)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)保(bao)護(hu)缺乏認同而造成破(po)壞(huai)[1];大(da)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)保(bao)護(hu)占地面積(ji)大(da),監管(guan)力度(du)與體制存(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)缺陷;人(ren)(ren)為(wei)的(de)(de)環境污染以及自然因(yin)素等的(de)(de)破(po)壞(huai)。因(yin)此(ci)考(kao)古遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園應運而生。2009年,國內(nei)首次提出遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園的(de)(de)新概(gai)念并公(gong)布(bu)《國家考(kao)古遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園管(guan)理辦法(試行)》,定(ding)義“國家考(kao)古遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園”是以重要考(kao)古遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)及其背景環境為(wei)主體,具(ju)有科研、教育、游憩等功能,在(zai)考(kao)古遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)保(bao)護(hu)和展(zhan)示方面具(ju)有全國性示范意義的(de)(de)特定(ding)公(gong)共(gong)空間[2]。

1文化空間與遺址公園保護利用

1.1遺產保護領域(yu)中文化空間概念與屬性闡釋

在(zai)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)領域中(zhong),“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”概(gai)(gai)念作為非物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種重(zhong)要表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)形(xing)式(shi)被(bei)提出。1998年聯合國(guo)教(jiao)科(ke)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)組(zu)織頒(ban)布(bu)《宣布(bu)人類(lei)口頭和非物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)作條例》,“‘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)’的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人類(lei)學(xue)(xue)概(gai)(gai)念被(bei)確(que)定(ding)(ding)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)集中(zhong)了民間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地點,但也被(bei)確(que)定(ding)(ding)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)般以(yi)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)周期(周期、季節、日程表(biao)(biao)(biao)等)或(huo)(huo)(huo)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)事件為特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)地點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)取(qu)決(jue)于按(an)傳(chuan)統(tong)方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活動(dong)本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)”[3]。2005年國(guo)務院辦公廳頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《關(guan)于加強我國(guo)非物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見》中(zhong)界(jie)定(ding)(ding)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),即定(ding)(ding)期舉行(xing)(xing)傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活動(dong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)集中(zhong)展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)(chang)所(suo),兼(jian)具時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)和空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)”[4]。從上(shang)述(shu)概(gai)(gai)念中(zhong)可以(yi)看出,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生產(chan)(chan)是(shi)在(zai)“時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)-空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”雙重(zhong)維度下展(zhan)(zhan)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)記錄,空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)載體,換言之,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)(yu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)主體與(yu)(yu)(yu)客(ke)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系。由此(ci),有(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)領域學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)理解其包含3個(ge)層次:(1)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)自然空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)客(ke)觀(guan)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“場(chang)(chang)(chang)”;(2)在(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)場(chang)(chang)(chang)里有(you)人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建造或(huo)(huo)(huo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)認(ren)定(ding)(ding),是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)場(chang)(chang)(chang)”;(3)在(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)場(chang)(chang)(chang)中(zhong),有(you)人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)觀(guan)念、歲時(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)統(tong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)人類(lei)本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“在(zai)場(chang)(chang)(chang)”[5]。“場(chang)(chang)(chang)-文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)場(chang)(chang)(chang)-在(zai)場(chang)(chang)(chang)”三(san)個(ge)進(jin)(jin)階(jie)層次揭(jie)示(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)“空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)-文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)-人”主客(ke)體相(xiang)(xiang)互作用關(guan)系,與(yu)(yu)(yu)法國(guo)哲學(xue)(xue)家(jia)列(lie)斐伏爾提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生產(chan)(chan)核(he)心理論體系“空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)實踐、空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)征(zheng)、表(biao)(biao)(biao)征(zheng)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”[6]不(bu)謀(mou)而合。由此(ci)本文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)總結(jie)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)領域文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3個(ge)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing):(1)場(chang)(chang)(chang)所(suo)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)賴以(yi)生存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境場(chang)(chang)(chang)所(suo),人們長(chang)期聚居于此(ci)地與(yu)(yu)(yu)其和諧共生,才能產(chan)(chan)生富(fu)有(you)地方(fang)感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)景觀(guan)。(2)博(bo)物(wu)館的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)展(zhan)(zhan)示(shi)之用。廣(guang)富(fu)林(lin)考古研(yan)究展(zhan)(zhan)示(shi)館在(zai)埋藏區北(bei)部(bu)隔河相(xiang)(xiang)望(wang),其由三(san)個(ge)嵌(qian)入土地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完整陶罐造型建筑組(zu)成,其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)陶罐口正(zheng)對(dui)(dui)著(zhu)太(tai)陽升起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang),晨光透過(guo)罐口碎花玻璃灑入展(zhan)(zhan)館內(nei)部(bu),猶如正(zheng)在(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)先民祭祀(si)(圖(tu)4)。整個(ge)建筑外環境設計與(yu)(yu)(yu)原野融為一(yi)(yi)(yi)體。核(he)心區遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)采取(qu)措施有(you)二:(1)通過(guo)搭建“保(bao)(bao)護(hu)棚”對(dui)(dui)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)臨時(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu);對(dui)(dui)已(yi)經發掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)隔離保(bao)(bao)護(hu),或(huo)(huo)(huo)在(zai)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)搭建鋼(gang)架(jia)結(jie)構、玻璃等可視(shi)材質(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)(dui)外展(zhan)(zhan)示(shi)。(2)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)只(zhi)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)考古人員開放(fang),避免(mian)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)二次傷(shang)害,對(dui)(dui)已(yi)研(yan)究過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)回填處理。

1.2展示區的營造——時光穿(chuan)梭、模擬(ni)復原

展(zhan)示區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心部分(fen)是以文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)展(zhan)示館、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)演精神文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)屬性(xing)。在人與(yu)(yu)自然和諧共生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)產(chan)生一系(xi)(xi)(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)習俗、標志符號(hao)、生產(chan)技藝,具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神寄托、身份歸屬、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)認(ren)同。(3)社會(hui)生活屬性(xing)。人們(men)在此(ci)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)社會(hui)活動(dong)、互動(dong)交流(liu),吸引游(you)客前來參觀體驗(yan),從而促(cu)進(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)旅(lv)游(you)發(fa)展(zhan),形(xing)(xing)(xing)成地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活態(tai)延(yan)續。1.2考(kao)古(gu)遺(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)利用(yong)近(jin)些年來,“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)”已經從現代法(fa)國思(si)想大(da)師列(lie)斐(fei)伏爾(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)概念(nian)和非物質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)逐(zhu)漸形(xing)(xing)(xing)成了更為廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)產(chan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)旅(lv)游(you)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)基(ji)礎(chu)。主要(yao)涉(she)及傳統(tong)村落文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)、歷史城(cheng)鎮文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)、大(da)遺(yi)址(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)。目(mu)前,尚未有(you)(you)針對考(kao)古(gu)遺(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)分(fen)析,上(shang)述遺(yi)產(chan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)領域(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)研究對其(qi)皆有(you)(you)重要(yao)借鑒意義。基(ji)于(yu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心理論(lun)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬性(xing)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)實踐3個維度,本(ben)(ben)(ben)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)提出考(kao)古(gu)遺(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)利用(yong)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3個層面(mian):遺(yi)址(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)體場所(suo)(suo)、空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)表(biao)征(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)和文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)旅(lv)游(you)體驗(yan)。遺(yi)址(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)體場所(suo)(suo),基(ji)于(yu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)真性(xing)和完整性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則進(jin)行(xing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)展(zhan)示。本(ben)(ben)(ben)體真實是文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)然狀態(tai)[7],保(bao)護(hu)(hu)已發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物或(huo)尚未發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格(ge)局、風(feng)貌(mao)、位置、材(cai)料(liao)、水系(xi)(xi)(xi)、植物、周邊(bian)生態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)以及其(qi)他歷史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)特征(zheng)等,并根據遺(yi)址(zhi)特點采用(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式進(jin)行(xing)本(ben)(ben)(ben)體展(zhan)示。空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)表(biao)征(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai),考(kao)古(gu)遺(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園遺(yi)跡歷史文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)源遠流(liu)長,隨之孕育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種語言、習俗、標志、圖形(xing)(xing)(xing)也都充分(fen)地(di)(di)展(zhan)現了人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集體智(zhi)慧,具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)一種符號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烙(luo)印,空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)表(biao)征(zheng)要(yao)從眾多碎片化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物中(zhong)提煉系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)符號(hao)并向公(gong)眾傳播,達到文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)認(ren)同。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)旅(lv)游(you)體驗(yan),將考(kao)古(gu)類遺(yi)址(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)資(zi)源轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)旅(lv)品牌(pai),舉辦(ban)蘊含(han)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各類主題展(zhan)覽(lan)、創作、教育、科技研發(fa)等,讓游(you)客能(neng)夠親(qin)身參與(yu)(yu)體驗(yan),并帶(dai)動(dong)當地(di)(di)相關產(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan),使得各利益相關者都受(shou)益。

2廣富林文化遺址公園的文化空間保護與利用分析

“廣富(fu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”是首(shou)(shou)個(ge)以松(song)江地(di)名(ming)來(lai)命名(ming)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)類型(xing)(xing),是長三(san)角地(di)區發(fa)掘(jue)面積(ji)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)群落(luo),也(ye)被稱作“上(shang)海(hai)(hai)歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)根”。遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)內還有(you)(you)近10萬(wan)平方米未經挖掘(jue)的(de)(de)“核(he)心(xin)保(bao)護(hu)區”,蘊含更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)未解之(zhi)謎,廣富(fu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產價值未來(lai)可期。在(zai)廣富(fu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)考古史(shi)上(shang),曾獲(huo)多(duo)次(ci)突破性(xing)考古新發(fa)現:(1)廣富(fu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處在(zai)良渚文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)后,馬橋文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)前,填(tian)補了(le)環太湖地(di)區新石器(qi)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)末期文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)譜系的(de)(de)空白[8]。(2)東周至漢代(dai)(dai)(dai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存分布面積(ji)最(zui)大(da)(da),其中,繩紋子母磚、筒(tong)瓦(wa)、板瓦(wa)和瓦(wa)當等遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物的(de)(de)集中出土,說明此地(di)很有(you)(you)可能(neng)存在(zai)達到宮殿規(gui)模的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu),表明上(shang)海(hai)(hai)最(zui)早出現的(de)(de)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)并非文(wen)(wen)獻所載的(de)(de)唐代(dai)(dai)(dai),而是漢代(dai)(dai)(dai),這個(ge)結論足以將上(shang)海(hai)(hai)城(cheng)市史(shi)向前推進(jin)七(qi)八百(bai)年[9,10]。(3)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)地(di)區首(shou)(shou)支移(yi)民來(lai)自黃(huang)河(he)流域。(4)發(fa)現干欄式、平地(di)式兩種(zhong)建(jian)筑(zhu)類型(xing)(xing)并存的(de)(de)房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)。(5)首(shou)(shou)次(ci)出現兩座圖形(xing)符號組合在(zai)一起的(de)(de)陶器(qi)[11]。歷經10年籌劃營造,2018年廣富(fu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)公園對外開放,其保(bao)護(hu)和開發(fa)嚴格依據考古研究成果和真實史(shi)料謀篇布局(ju),對所有(you)(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)、植物、河(he)塘、道路等拍照(zhao)、測繪、記錄,力(li)求地(di)貌肌(ji)理真實,展示內容可信。對照(zhao)前述考古遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)公園文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)空間保(bao)護(hu)利用的(de)(de)3個(ge)層面,廣富(fu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)公園規(gui)劃設計可劃分為(wei)核(he)心(xin)區、展示區、輻射區(圖1、圖2)。

2.1核心區(qu)的營造——埋藏保護、適(shi)當展(zhan)示

廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)(fu)林文(wen)化(hua)遺址的(de)(de)(de)核心地(di)(di)標是骨(gu)針(zhen)廣(guang)(guang)場(圖3),“骨(gu)針(zhen)”是出土較多的(de)(de)(de)代表性(xing)(xing)遺物,具(ju)有廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)(fu)林文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)象征性(xing)(xing)。骨(gu)針(zhen)廣(guang)(guang)場北側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)埋藏(zang)區(qu)是核心保(bao)護(hu)區(qu),是文(wen)化(hua)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)靈魂,保(bao)留(liu)大片原生稻田,整體(ti)(ti)景觀風貌原野粗獷。只進(jin)行文(wen)物修復、考古(gu)(gu)等(deng)研究工作,僅(jin)保(bao)留(liu)部(bu)分發掘現場作為遺址藝中(zhong)(zhong)心、文(wen)化(hua)交流中(zhong)(zhong)心3組建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)一條南北向(xiang)(xiang)主(zhu)軸線,參照傳(chuan)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)官宅三進(jin)院落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)形式,構(gou)成(cheng)連續的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)序列。鑒于(yu)原真性(xing)(xing)保(bao)護(hu),3組建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)連同(tong)西側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)知也禪寺(si)、三元宮、富(fu)(fu)林塔(ta)、堯舜(shun)禹紀念館(guan)(guan)、木藝傳(chuan)承展(zhan)示館(guan)(guan)、墨寧國(guo)樂、皇甫春曉、朵云(yun)書院等(deng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(圖5),整個(ge)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)組群(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)富(fu)(fu)林塔(ta)最高,其(qi)他建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)盡量減少地(di)(di)面(mian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)量,或(huo)嵌入(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)下,或(huo)藏(zang)于(yu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)。大體(ti)(ti)量建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)都遠離(li)核心保(bao)護(hu)區(qu),莫讓建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與遺跡(ji)爭鋒,在國(guo)內首次采用水(shui)下博物館(guan)(guan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。文(wen)化(hua)展(zhan)示館(guan)(guan)水(shui)上部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)輪廓以(yi)(yi)屋(wu)頂為主(zhu),“漂浮”的(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)頂抽(chou)象于(yu)古(gu)(gu)代廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)(fu)林地(di)(di)區(qu)兩(liang)坡(po)(po)頂和圓坡(po)(po)頂的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形式,立面(mian)細(xi)節(jie)又融(rong)入(ru)(ru)臨(lin)近(jin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)唐宋(song)之后傳(chuan)統(tong)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征。展(zhan)示館(guan)(guan)屋(wu)頂采用鏤空(kong)(kong)(kong)架構(gou),為了達到(dao)更好的(de)(de)(de)采光(guang)(guang)效果,屋(wu)頂坡(po)(po)度(du)定為26度(du),白天(tian)陽光(guang)(guang)透過屋(wu)頂射入(ru)(ru)水(shui)面(mian),夜(ye)晚湖面(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)燈光(guang)(guang)穿透屋(wu)頂直射夜(ye)空(kong)(kong)(kong),特(te)(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)影效果使得整組建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)日夜(ye)均熠(yi)熠(yi)生輝[12]。從文(wen)化(hua)展(zhan)示館(guan)(guan)圓形大廳逐級步(bu)入(ru)(ru)水(shui)下展(zhan)廳,仿佛(fo)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)遠古(gu)(gu)時代。展(zhan)廳以(yi)(yi)歷(li)史時間(jian)為脈絡(luo),以(yi)(yi)模擬復原為展(zhan)示方式,策劃(hua)“上海之根(gen)海派(pai)之源”展(zhan)覽。迂回(hui)曲折的(de)(de)(de)步(bu)道兩(liang)邊(bian)展(zhan)示了滄海桑(sang)田的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)與發展(zhan),觀眾通過廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)(fu)林考古(gu)(gu)記憶、上海成(cheng)陸演變、先民活動到(dao)來、城(cheng)邑特(te)(te)征形成(cheng)、松江鎮(zhen)府興盛、上海城(cheng)市崛起、走向(xiang)(xiang)未來明天(tian)6個(ge)展(zhan)廳穿越時光(guang)(guang)隧道,細(xi)品上海這座國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)大都市的(de)(de)(de)昨(zuo)天(tian)、今天(tian)、明天(tian)。

2.2輻射區的營造——文化創(chuang)新、互動體驗

輻(fu)(fu)射區營(ying)造(zao)為(wei)核(he)心區、展示區提(ti)供支持和延伸,是(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)空間(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要區域,包括文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)項目、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創產(chan)品(pin)、休閑旅游(you)(you)等。2.3.1文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)項目廣(guang)富(fu)(fu)林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan)每年開展弘揚中(zhong)國傳統文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、廣(guang)富(fu)(fu)林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)相關活動(dong)。曾舉辦上巳節、3DMapping燈光(guang)秀、親(qin)子(zi)素質拓展、青少(shao)年文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)教育、G60科創走廊優秀人(ren)才創新(xin)創業大賽等。2021年10月舉辦富(fu)(fu)林(lin)游(you)(you)園(yuan)會(hui)國慶系列活動(dong)、美食薈活動(dong)。2.3.2文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創產(chan)品(pin)游(you)(you)客(ke)在游(you)(you)客(ke)服務中(zhong)心可以(yi)任意拿取圖片類、手(shou)繪類的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)富(fu)(fu)林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)宣傳手(shou)冊,并售賣各(ge)種文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創衍生(sheng)品(pin),如文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物三足杯(bei)擺件(jian)、富(fu)(fu)林(lin)印記明(ming)信片、書簽、優盤掛件(jian)、鼠標(biao)墊(dian)、日(ri)歷、手(shou)提(ti)袋、冰箱貼、保(bao)溫杯(bei)、絲巾(jin)、筆記本、行(xing)(xing)李牌等。2.3.3休閑旅游(you)(you)為(wei)了迎合古(gu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)原生(sheng)態保(bao)護及(ji)風格,廣(guang)富(fu)(fu)林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan)營(ying)造(zao)南方(fang)古(gu)代村落自(zi)然古(gu)樸(pu)的(de)(de)(de)民間(jian)特色。輻(fu)(fu)射區收集大量原拆原建的(de)(de)(de)江浙皖古(gu)建筑(zhu)融入遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan),修舊(jiu)如舊(jiu);新(xin)建酒店也(ye)在滿足現(xian)代人(ren)功(gong)能(neng)需求的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,結(jie)合展示區古(gu)建筑(zhu)、官(guan)宅院落的(de)(de)(de)風格進行(xing)(xing)設(she)計。

2.3存在問題

(1)展示手(shou)段相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)單一(yi)(yi)。目(mu)前(qian)廣富林文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺址公園(yuan)展示場館中的(de)(de)(de)展示方式主要(yao)包括文(wen)(wen)物展示、模擬復原(yuan)、影像制作、聲(sheng)光電技(ji)術。這類考古(gu)遺址本身就可觀可游(you)性(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)弱,由于缺乏與游(you)客互(hu)動環節,導(dao)致(zhi)游(you)客代(dai)入感(gan)不(bu)強,停留(liu)于走(zou)馬觀花,對(dui)博物館的(de)(de)(de)館藏文(wen)(wen)物、模擬場景(jing)及(ji)其所承(cheng)載的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方文(wen)(wen)化(hua)難以產(chan)生(sheng)共鳴(ming)和認同,陷入一(yi)(yi)次性(xing)消費的(de)(de)(de)困(kun)境。(2)公眾(zhong)參與感(gan)不(bu)足。在(zai)當今數字化(hua)時代(dai),大眾(zhong)喜好(hao)將(jiang)自己的(de)(de)(de)旅游(you)游(you)記、攻略(lve)、感(gan)受(shou)等信息共享(xiang)在(zai)網絡(luo)上。雖然(ran)廣富林文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺址公園(yuan)在(zai)開放(fang)之初即建(jian)立了(le)官(guan)方網站,然(ran)而后期(qi)電腦客戶端以及(ji)微信服(fu)務(wu)號網站運營力明(ming)顯不(bu)足,出現其民(min)意民(min)調欄目(mu)空白狀態(tai);游(you)記攻略(lve)欄目(mu)游(you)記互(hu)動寥(liao)寥(liao)無(wu)幾;各類預訂服(fu)務(wu)、文(wen)(wen)創產(chan)品售賣、游(you)客意見功能無(wu)法使用等一(yi)(yi)系列問題。官(guan)方網站本是媒(mei)體宣傳、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳播的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)窗口,信息的(de)(de)(de)滯后、功能的(de)(de)(de)虛設會(hui)嚴重影響(xiang)區(qu)域文(wen)(wen)化(hua)旅游(you)知名(ming)度。(3)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)產(chan)業鏈不(bu)完整(zheng)。遺址公園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)規劃設計(ji)雖然(ran)劃分(fen)了(le)核(he)心保護區(qu)與建(jian)設控制地(di)帶,但是文(wen)(wen)化(hua)產(chan)業皆(jie)處于各自發展的(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai),沒有(you)形成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個聚合(he)體,相(xiang)(xiang)關文(wen)(wen)化(hua)活動極少形成(cheng)系列的(de)(de)(de)、持續的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)。休閑旅游(you)產(chan)業服(fu)務(wu)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)弱,類型較(jiao)為單一(yi)(yi),酒店、交通、預訂等服(fu)務(wu)也未開展起(qi)來。

3廣富林文化遺址公園文化空間生產的優化策略

針對廣富林(lin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)址公園(yuan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)空間現狀存在的問題,從虛(xu)擬遺(yi)產(chan)活態(tai)展示、數(shu)字化(hua)公眾參與、產(chan)學研、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)產(chan)業集(ji)群等幾個(ge)方面對其提出如(ru)下(xia)優化(hua)策略。

3.1虛擬文旅開發完(wan)善遺產活態展(zhan)示

近年來,數字(zi)化技術(shu)不斷激發文化遺(yi)產(chan)保(bao)護的新視角。雖(sui)然目前廣富林文化遺(yi)址公園官方網站已(yi)建成720°全景(jing)(jing)游園,然而(er)其(qi)(qi)數字(zi)化展(zhan)示方面略顯薄弱。新冠肺炎(yan)疫情(qing)暴發更(geng)加促進虛擬(ni)旅游的發展(zhan)。在(zai)5G技術(shu)的加持下(xia),物(wu)聯網、大數據(ju)、云計(ji)算等(deng)現代(dai)信息技術(shu),為博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)智慧化建設帶(dai)來無(wu)限可(ke)能,可(ke)線上賞(shang)文物(wu)、逛展(zhan)覽、看(kan)(kan)直(zhi)播、購文創。“數字(zi)故宮(gong)紫禁(jin)城”項目讓(rang)觀(guan)眾(zhong)足不出戶便(bian)能看(kan)(kan)到(dao)故宮(gong)虛擬(ni)3D場景(jing)(jing),身(shen)穿古代(dai)服(fu)飾(shi)表1 廣富林文化遺(yi)址公園文化產(chan)業集群構建一覽表(表格來源:作(zuo)(zuo)者自(zi)(zi)繪)圖5 展(zhan)示區(qu)三組建筑與(yu)周(zhou)邊(bian)環境(jing)(圖片來源:作(zuo)(zuo)者自(zi)(zi)攝)觀(guan)賞(shang)體驗宮(gong)廷生活(huo)。“再(zai)現圓明園”系列修(xiu)復工程(cheng)現場掃(sao)描景(jing)(jing)點(dian)二維碼便(bian)能身(shen)臨(lin)其(qi)(qi)境(jing)地感(gan)受圓明園的盛世景(jing)(jing)象,又或者用(yong)移動終端下(xia)載圓明園App,在(zai)家便(bian)可(ke)游覽150余年前圓明園的全貌景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)[13]。海(hai)南(nan)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)基于5G網絡,融(rong)合VR、AR、AI等(deng)前沿(yan)技術(shu),逐步實(shi)施(shi)5G+VR全景(jing)(jing)直(zhi)播、5G+AR文物(wu)修(xiu)復助手、5G+AI游記助手、5G+感(gan)知安防等(deng)內容,有效提升觀(guan)眾(zhong)服(fu)務、文物(wu)保(bao)護、綜合管理等(deng)領域的智慧化水平。秦始皇帝陵博(bo)物(wu)院利用(yong)人工智能技術(shu)對(dui)準(zhun)文物(wu)拍照,兵馬(ma)俑可(ke)以自(zi)(zi)己“開口說話”,同時讓(rang)觀(guan)眾(zhong)在(zai)100米之外就可(ke)以看(kan)(kan)到(dao)盔(kui)甲(jia)上的“文物(wu)”。

3.2數字技術支撐公(gong)眾參(can)與保護營建

公(gong)眾(zhong)參與(yu)文化遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保護(hu)一直是我國(guo)(guo)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)強(qiang)調的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)環節,然(ran)而整個規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)編制過程(cheng)(cheng)缺乏跨(kua)越專業壁壘的(de)(de)(de)橋梁,導(dao)致公(gong)示、意(yi)(yi)見征集(ji)、聽證等方式流于形(xing)式,公(gong)眾(zhong)缺少話語(yu)權(quan),實(shi)則仍是政府主(zhu)導(dao)。社交媒體(ti)(ti)能夠以(yi)(yi)極(ji)低成(cheng)本(ben)快速將具有(you)共同(tong)記憶的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)眾(zhong)聯系在(zai)一起(qi)[14]。例(li)如,在(zai)獨克宗古城發生(sheng)火災后(hou),清華(hua)同(tong)衡(heng)建立“香格里拉重(zhong)生(sheng)”微信(xin)(xin)(xin)平(ping)臺(tai)以(yi)(yi)及借助當地有(you)廣泛訂閱(yue)者的(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一微信(xin)(xin)(xin)公(gong)眾(zhong)號共同(tong)搜(sou)集(ji)災前照片進行檔案(an)收(shou)集(ji),激發公(gong)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan),共搜(sou)集(ji)1萬余(yu)張照片[15]。通過數(shu)字(zi)技術,可(ke)(ke)采(cai)取遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)開放共享(xiang)、規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)全流程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)上(shang)互動(dong)、虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)場景的(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)浸式體(ti)(ti)驗(yan)等形(xing)式賦予(yu)公(gong)眾(zhong)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)話語(yu)權(quan),傳播遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保護(hu)理念及價值的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時也能夠激發公(gong)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)自我價值認知(zhi),使之(zhi)轉變成(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)一。此外(wai),虛(xu)(xu)擬(ni)文化空(kong)間可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)網友提供(gong)溝通、探(tan)討的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間,回憶并傳承(cheng)中國(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)史文化。現在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)社交媒體(ti)(ti)如微信(xin)(xin)(xin)、微博、知(zhi)乎、臉書、推特、Ins等都可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)從公(gong)眾(zhong)個體(ti)(ti)角度訴說歷(li)(li)史變遷,甚至可(ke)(ke)能成(cheng)為(wei)主(zhu)流話題,從而影響規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設計決策(ce)。廣富林(lin)文化遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan)可(ke)(ke)借鑒國(guo)(guo)內外(wai)成(cheng)功案(an)例(li)經驗(yan),開通官網公(gong)眾(zhong)互動(dong)板(ban)塊(kuai),共同(tong)營建“上(shang)海歷(li)(li)史文化之(zhi)根”。

3.3高校產學研(yan)助力(li)廣富(fu)林文(wen)化(hua)傳(chuan)播(bo)

以廣(guang)富林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址公園為核心,以文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)生(sheng)態社區(qu)為形式營(ying)造(zao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)產(chan)業園區(qu),在(zai)(zai)輻射(she)區(qu)建(jian)立(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)交(jiao)流(liu)中(zhong)心,把遺(yi)址本(ben)體和遺(yi)址周圍環(huan)境整體展(zhan)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)公眾面前,為廣(guang)富林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)建(jian)立(li)(li)一個交(jiao)流(liu)舞臺(tai)。廣(guang)富林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址公園位于松(song)江大學(xue)(xue)城,學(xue)(xue)術(shu)氛圍濃厚(hou),高校(xiao)(xiao)藝術(shu)設計(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)實(shi)力雄厚(hou)。2021年(nian)4月,上(shang)(shang)海國際時尚(shang)中(zhong)心與(yu)上(shang)(shang)海工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)大學(xue)(xue)達成(cheng)戰(zhan)略合作(zuo),成(cheng)立(li)(li)上(shang)(shang)海工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)大學(xue)(xue)美育(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)基地。揭牌當日,工(gong)程(cheng)大師生(sheng)將(jiang)廣(guang)富林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址系列(lie)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創設計(ji)(ji)產(chan)品(pin)帶到上(shang)(shang)海時裝(zhuang)周的(de)創意市集上(shang)(shang),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物三足杯(bei)、“愜(qie)取”文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物帆布包、“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物活(huo)(huo)了”便(bian)利貼、“金牛之家”吉祥物、“Nice(耐撕)”手袋(dai)等一系列(lie)作(zuo)品(pin),吸引年(nian)輕(qing)人(ren)紛(fen)紛(fen)手機掃碼(ma),當場下單(dan)。為廣(guang)富林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址定制(zhi)的(de)系列(lie)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創產(chan)品(pin),是高校(xiao)(xiao)設計(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)和美育(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)進行(xing)市場成(cheng)果轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)的(de)典型項目。高校(xiao)(xiao)師生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)創作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),深度挖掘中(zhong)國傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特質,根據廣(guang)富林(lin)遺(yi)址出(chu)土(tu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物特征、遺(yi)址俯瞰形態、古建(jian)筑特點,以輕(qing)松(song)、詼諧、擬人(ren)等手法設計(ji)(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創產(chan)品(pin)。立(li)(li)足現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)新松(song)江以及美育(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)基地,讓更多年(nian)輕(qing)一代(dai)參與(yu)海派(pai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)創新設計(ji)(ji)。未(wei)來,依托學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)與(yu)聯合企業、園區(qu)各自的(de)優勢(shi)資源,基地將(jiang)提供文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創設計(ji)(ji)、服裝(zhuang)設計(ji)(ji)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創品(pin)牌運營(ying)管理、藝術(shu)活(huo)(huo)動策(ce)劃等設計(ji)(ji)舞臺(tai),將(jiang)中(zhong)國優秀(xiu)傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳向(xiang)全世界。

3.4協同發展促(cu)進(jin)文化產業(ye)集群構建

以遺址文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)為核心,協同相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye),帶動(dong)更(geng)多產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)聚集(ji),深入發掘遺址文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)內涵,廣(guang)(guang)泛傳(chuan)播廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),提高經濟收益、社(she)會(hui)效益,反哺遺址保護工作的持續(xu)開展。針對廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)林(lin)遺址公園(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)現狀,結合(he)(he)各類相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye),筆者認為其所(suo)涉(she)及的類型主要有(you)以下幾個方面:考(kao)古(gu)博物(wu)館、文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)及文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)展示(shi)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)創產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)活動(dong)、學術交流活動(dong)、相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)服務產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye),涉(she)及政府、企(qi)業(ye)(ye)、科研單位、創業(ye)(ye)者、從(cong)業(ye)(ye)者、游客等相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)利益者,試圖從(cong)不(bu)同保護等級核心區、展示(shi)區、輻(fu)射區構建廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)林(lin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺址公園(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)群(表1)。緊密結合(he)(he)線(xian)(xian)上、線(xian)(xian)下運營,增強主客體(ti)互動(dong)體(ti)驗,尤其是展示(shi)區、輻(fu)射區的線(xian)(xian)上宣傳(chuan)及用戶體(ti)驗。此外,豐富(fu)拓展輻(fu)射區的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)類型,形(xing)成與廣(guang)(guang)富(fu)林(lin)遺址文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)相(xiang)(xiang)契(qi)合(he)(he)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)群,持續(xu)不(bu)斷(duan)地吸引新的經濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)支撐。

結語

廣富林文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)是上(shang)海歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)之根(gen),遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan)是上(shang)海文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)旅游的區域名片。文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)空(kong)間視角可以整體性保護利用物(wu)質和非物(wu)質文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan),多方協(xie)同合(he)作構建輻射區,為核心區、展(zhan)示區提(ti)供支撐,既能(neng)保護遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)又能(neng)發(fa)揮社會效益、經濟效益、生態效益,形成良性發(fa)展(zhan)模式(shi)(shi)。現今數字技術的普及極大(da)地(di)豐富了遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)展(zhan)示形式(shi)(shi),增(zeng)進(jin)了主(zhu)客體互動體驗,促進(jin)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)活態展(zhan)示。同時公(gong)眾(zhong)參與(yu)數字化(hua)(hua)也使信息渠道多元化(hua)(hua),信息共享、社會監督成為一種新時代的生活方式(shi)(shi),這就對與(yu)廣富林文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan)相關聯的政府、設計(ji)單(dan)位、科研單(dan)位等的決策(ce)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生影(ying)響,對應對問題、改善(shan)問題的能(neng)力提(ti)出(chu)挑(tiao)戰。

作者:唐真(zhen) 馮喬玉 單(dan)位:上海工程技術(shu)大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)藝術(shu)設(she)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)院 上海工程技術(shu)大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)藝術(shu)設(she)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)院