導(dao)語：地鐵車站深(shen)基坑施工(gong)風險探索一文(wen)來源于網友(you)上傳(chuan)，不代(dai)表本站觀點(dian)，若需(xu)要原創(chuang)文(wen)章可咨詢客服老(lao)師，歡迎參(can)考。

摘要：為確保施工(gong)安全(quan)和施工(gong)質量，采用層次分析法（AHP）對南(nan)昌軌道交通3號線岱(dai)山(shan)站基坑開挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)深基坑施工(gong)進行風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估(gu)。在工(gong)程(cheng)資料和相(xiang)關經驗(yan)基礎上建立(li)施工(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)安全(quan)指標評價體系，通過專家(jia)打分構造出(chu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)判斷矩陣，然后計(ji)算(suan)出(chu)各風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)因素的權重并確定風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)等級(ji)，根據風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估(gu)結果(guo)采取風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制措施，為深基坑工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)防(fang)控提供保障。

關鍵詞：地鐵車站；深基坑；層次分析法；施工風險評估

在(zai)(zai)地鐵(tie)(tie)車站(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)(jian)設過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)易出(chu)現(xian)地面(mian)坍塌、基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)圍(wei)護結(jie)構失穩、管線變形以及周邊(bian)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物沉降過(guo)(guo)大(da)等現(xian)象。相(xiang)應(ying)的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)分析(xi)(xi)和風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管控不僅可以保證整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設的安(an)全(quan)(quan)性(xing)，還(huan)可以提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率(lv)。目前，國內(nei)外學者對(dui)地鐵(tie)(tie)車站(zhan)(zhan)深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)土方(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)的施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)分析(xi)(xi)做了大(da)量研(yan)究。郭健等[1]采用梯(ti)形隸屬(shu)函數計算(suan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)事件(jian)的隸屬(shu)度，運(yun)(yun)(yun)用模糊綜合評(ping)(ping)價(jia)法(fa)進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)，確定(ding)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)等級。姚海(hai)星等[2]采用作(zuo)業條件(jian)危險(xian)性(xing)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)法(fa)－模糊層次(ci)(ci)分析(xi)(xi)法(fa)對(dui)地鐵(tie)(tie)車站(zhan)(zhan)深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)。宋博等[3]提出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)于數據包絡(luo)法(fa)（DEA）-反向傳播（BP）神(shen)經網(wang)絡(luo)的地鐵(tie)(tie)車站(zhan)(zhan)深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)方(fang)法(fa)，從人員、設備、環(huan)境、管理、技術(shu)5個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)，系(xi)(xi)統地構建(jian)(jian)安(an)全(quan)(quan)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)指標體系(xi)(xi)，然后利(li)用DEA計算(suan)指標權(quan)重，運(yun)(yun)(yun)用BP神(shen)經網(wang)絡(luo)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)地鐵(tie)(tie)車站(zhan)(zhan)深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)等級。層次(ci)(ci)分析(xi)(xi)法(fa)是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)層次(ci)(ci)化、系(xi)(xi)統化的評(ping)(ping)價(jia)方(fang)法(fa)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)項目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中建(jian)(jian)立各(ge)層次(ci)(ci)結(jie)構模型(xing)來揭示潛在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)因素對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的影響程(cheng)度，以達到對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理的精準控制(zhi)[4]。基(ji)于上述研(yan)究，本文(wen)以南昌(chang)軌道交通(tong)3號線岱山(shan)站(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)為依托，構建(jian)(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)指標評(ping)(ping)價(jia)體系(xi)(xi)，并運(yun)(yun)(yun)用層次(ci)(ci)分析(xi)(xi)法(fa)（AHP）對(dui)地鐵(tie)(tie)車站(zhan)(zhan)深基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)，計算(suan)出(chu)各(ge)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)因素權(quan)重，針對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)結(jie)果提出(chu)相(xiang)應(ying)的管控措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。

1工程概況

岱山(shan)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)位于南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌市南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌縣蓮塘鎮迎賓北大(da)道與陽光路交匯處(chu)，沿迎賓北大(da)道呈南(nan)(nan)(nan)北方(fang)(fang)向布置，周(zhou)邊建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)較多且功能多樣，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)東(dong)側重要建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)酒店(dian)及(ji)(ji)造幣廠，西側為(wei)(wei)賓館、民房、飯店(dian)等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)及(ji)(ji)周(zhou)邊管線(xian)多，管線(xian)多為(wei)(wei)沿車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北走向，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)部存(cun)在橫(heng)跨基坑(keng)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)、弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)、燃氣管線(xian)各(ge)一組(zu)；管線(xian)種類包(bao)括：強電(dian)(dian)(dian)、弱電(dian)(dian)(dian)、燃氣、雨污水(shui)、供水(shui)等(deng)。車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)基坑(keng)采用(yong)明挖(wa)順筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)。車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)(wei)標準地(di)下(xia)兩層島式車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，有效站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)臺長118m，寬11m。車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地(di)質(zhi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)如圖1，由上至下(xia)穿越填(tian)土層、粉質(zhi)黏土層、中(zhong)砂(sha)層、粗砂(sha)層、礫砂(sha)層，主體結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)底部坐(zuo)落(luo)于礫砂(sha)層。圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)灌注樁坐(zuo)落(luo)于中(zhong)風(feng)化泥質(zhi)粉砂(sha)巖層內(nei)，入巖深(shen)度1.2~3.3m不(bu)等(deng)，車(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)開(kai)挖(wa)深(shen)度16.5~17.5m。由圖2可知，對岱山(shan)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)存(cun)在風(feng)險(xian)以及(ji)(ji)周(zhou)邊環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)存(cun)在的風(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)認(ren)真辨識(shi)，從環(huan)境(jing)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)以及(ji)(ji)自然三個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)共識(shi)別出風(feng)險(xian)源11個(ge)，其(qi)中(zhong)環(huan)境(jing)因素(su)為(wei)(wei)A1，周(zhou)邊建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)、周(zhou)邊管線(xian)和(he)周(zhou)邊道路情(qing)況(kuang)分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)A11、A12、A13；施(shi)(shi)工(gong)因素(su)為(wei)(wei)A2，地(di)基處(chu)理(li)及(ji)(ji)降排水(shui)、圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)、基坑(keng)開(kai)挖(wa)與回填(tian)、工(gong)程(cheng)防水(shui)、內(nei)部結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)和(he)吊裝(zhuang)工(gong)程(cheng)分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)A21~A26，自然因素(su)為(wei)(wei)A3，自然風(feng)險(xian)因素(su)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員因素(su)分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)A31、A32。

2構造判斷矩陣

將(jiang)各(ge)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素對(dui)(dui)上(shang)層風(feng)險(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)兩(liang)兩(liang)比(bi)較，用數字1~9來反(fan)應因(yin)(yin)(yin)素之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)檢驗為了進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步減少其(qi)他因(yin)(yin)(yin)素對(dui)(dui)結(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾，就需要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)矩(ju)陣(zhen)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)驗證。對(dui)(dui)其(qi)引(yin)入一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)指(zhi)標CI來檢驗判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)矩(ju)陣(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，同時還計算(suan)一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)例CR來驗證其(qi)一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)否合理。確(que)定權(quan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)首先需要(yao)(yao)確(que)定判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)矩(ju)陣(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)特征(zheng)(zheng)值(zhi)λmax，可(ke)知最(zui)大(da)(da)特征(zheng)(zheng)值(zhi)與特征(zheng)(zheng)向量(liang)W的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)式如下(xia)：基于層次(ci)(ci)分(fen)析(xi)法（AHP）的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工安全風(feng)險(xian)(xian)分(fen)析(xi)根據圖2所示的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評(ping)價指(zhi)標體系(xi)，邀請(qing)相(xiang)關(guan)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)專家對(dui)(dui)各(ge)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)打(da)分(fen)，得到總(zong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)矩(ju)陣(zhen)如表3所示。通過(guo)上(shang)述(shu)公式計算(suan)可(ke)得特征(zheng)(zheng)向量(liang)（相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)權(quan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）：W[T]=[0.160.160.20.050.080.140.050.050.050.030.03］由(you)此可(ke)知，周(zhou)邊(bian)環境因(yin)(yin)(yin)素（A11~A13）對(dui)(dui)該(gai)地鐵車站(zhan)基坑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響程度最(zui)大(da)(da)，其(qi)次(ci)(ci)是(shi)基坑的(de)(de)(de)(de)開挖與回(hui)填因(yin)(yin)(yin)素（A23）,而對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工安全影響最(zui)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)自然(ran)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工人員因(yin)(yin)(yin)素，并且風(feng)險(xian)(xian)等(deng)級(ji)均為Ⅲ級(ji)。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)上(shang)述(shu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)源提出(chu)以下(xia)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)控措施(shi)(shi)(shi)：（1）針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)周(zhou)邊(bian)建筑物，防(fang)止施(shi)(shi)(shi)工造成(cheng)周(zhou)邊(bian)水(shui)位(wei)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)、維(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構位(wei)移過(guo)大(da)(da)以及(ji)基坑漏水(shui)涌(yong)砂(sha)等(deng)現象(xiang)，認(ren)真復核(he)地質(zhi)資料(liao)以及(ji)周(zhou)邊(bian)建筑物的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)、基礎形(xing)式及(ji)埋深，并對(dui)(dui)房(fang)屋(wu)周(zhou)邊(bian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)攪(jiao)拌(ban)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)。（2）針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)周(zhou)邊(bian)管(guan)線，防(fang)止周(zhou)邊(bian)管(guan)線沉降(jiang)(jiang)導致(zhi)(zhi)接口拉裂、管(guan)道變(bian)形(xing)等(deng)現象(xiang)，要(yao)(yao)組織專門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)線調(diao)查小組，專門(men)負責管(guan)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)摸(mo)排(pai)(pai)，調(diao)查和(he)協調(diao)工作，避免錯漏，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工時做到加(jia)(jia)強監(jian)測，及(ji)時反(fan)饋。（3）針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)周(zhou)邊(bian)道路，防(fang)止基坑涌(yong)水(shui)涌(yong)砂(sha)和(he)圍護(hu)結(jie)構變(bian)形(xing)過(guo)大(da)(da)，要(yao)(yao)安排(pai)(pai)專人巡(xun)查，及(ji)時掌握道路狀況，并嚴格控制圍護(hu)結(jie)構施(shi)(shi)(shi)工，保證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工質(zhi)量(liang)。

3結束語

結合南昌軌道交通3號(hao)線(xian)岱山站深基(ji)(ji)坑開挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，運用層次(ci)分(fen)析法(fa)（AHP）進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)評(ping)估。首先通過工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)資料和經驗構建(jian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)評(ping)價(jia)指標體(ti)系，再依(yi)據專(zhuan)家(jia)打分(fen)構建(jian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)判斷矩陣，基(ji)(ji)于層次(ci)分(fen)析法(fa)計算得出權重值，即各(ge)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)因素對該工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)安全的影響程(cheng)度，最(zui)后提出了風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制措施，對類似工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)防控具有一定借鑒意(yi)義。

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作者：單生彪 李雅婷(ting) 單位：南昌軌道(dao)交通集團有(you)限公司(si)地鐵項目管理分公司(si)