導(dao)語：地鐵(tie)車站深基坑施工風險探索(suo)一(yi)文(wen)(wen)來源于網友上傳，不代表本(ben)站觀點，若需要原創文(wen)(wen)章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

摘要：為確(que)保施工安(an)全和施工質量，采用層次分(fen)析法（AHP）對南(nan)昌軌道(dao)交通3號線岱山(shan)站基(ji)坑(keng)開挖(wa)工程深(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)施工進行風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估。在工程資料和相(xiang)關經驗(yan)基(ji)礎上建立施工風(feng)險(xian)安(an)全指標評(ping)價體(ti)系，通過專家打(da)分(fen)構造出風(feng)險(xian)判(pan)斷矩陣，然后(hou)計算(suan)出各風(feng)險(xian)因素(su)的權重并(bing)確(que)定風(feng)險(xian)等級，根據(ju)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估結果采取風(feng)險(xian)控(kong)制措施，為深(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)工程施工風(feng)險(xian)防控(kong)提(ti)供保障(zhang)。

關鍵詞：地鐵車站；深基坑；層次分析法；施工風險評估

在地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)設(she)過(guo)程中，深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)易(yi)出(chu)(chu)現地(di)面坍(tan)塌、基(ji)坑(keng)圍(wei)護結構(gou)失穩、管(guan)(guan)線(xian)變形以及(ji)周邊建(jian)筑物沉降(jiang)過(guo)大等現象(xiang)。相應的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)和(he)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)控不僅可以保證整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)，還(huan)可以提高施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率。目前，國內(nei)外(wai)學者(zhe)對(dui)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)土方(fang)(fang)開挖(wa)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風險(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)做了大量研究(jiu)(jiu)。郭健等[1]采用(yong)(yong)梯形隸屬函數計算(suan)風險(xian)(xian)事件(jian)的(de)(de)隸屬度(du)，運用(yong)(yong)模糊(hu)綜合評(ping)價法進(jin)行風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)，確定施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)等級。姚海星等[2]采用(yong)(yong)作業條件(jian)危險(xian)(xian)性(xing)評(ping)價法－模糊(hu)層次分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)法對(dui)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)進(jin)行風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)。宋博等[3]提出(chu)(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)基(ji)于數據包絡法（DEA）-反向傳播（BP）神經網絡的(de)(de)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)評(ping)價方(fang)(fang)法，從(cong)人(ren)員、設(she)備(bei)、環境(jing)、管(guan)(guan)理(li)、技(ji)術5個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面，系(xi)(xi)統地(di)構(gou)建(jian)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)評(ping)價指標(biao)體系(xi)(xi)，然后利用(yong)(yong)DEA計算(suan)指標(biao)權(quan)重，運用(yong)(yong)BP神經網絡評(ping)價地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)等級。層次分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)法是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)層次化(hua)、系(xi)(xi)統化(hua)的(de)(de)評(ping)價方(fang)(fang)法，通過(guo)在項(xiang)目施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中建(jian)立(li)各層次結構(gou)模型來揭示(shi)潛在風險(xian)(xian)因素對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)影響程度(du)，以達到(dao)對(dui)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)精準控制(zhi)[4]。基(ji)于上述(shu)研究(jiu)(jiu)，本文(wen)以南昌軌(gui)道交通3號線(xian)岱山站(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程為依托，構(gou)建(jian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險(xian)(xian)指標(biao)評(ping)價體系(xi)(xi)，并運用(yong)(yong)層次分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)法（AHP）對(dui)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)坑(keng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)行風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)，計算(suan)出(chu)(chu)各風險(xian)(xian)因素權(quan)重，針對(dui)風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)結果(guo)提出(chu)(chu)相應的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控措施(shi)(shi)。

1工程概況

岱山站(zhan)(zhan)位(wei)于南(nan)(nan)昌市南(nan)(nan)昌縣蓮(lian)塘鎮迎賓北(bei)大道與陽光路交匯處，沿迎賓北(bei)大道呈南(nan)(nan)北(bei)方向布置，周邊(bian)建筑(zhu)較(jiao)多且功能多樣，車站(zhan)(zhan)東側(ce)重要建筑(zhu)物為(wei)(wei)酒(jiu)店(dian)及(ji)造(zao)幣(bi)廠，西側(ce)為(wei)(wei)賓館、民房(fang)、飯店(dian)等(deng)(deng)建筑(zhu)。車站(zhan)(zhan)及(ji)周邊(bian)管(guan)線多，管(guan)線多為(wei)(wei)沿車站(zhan)(zhan)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)走向，車站(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)存在橫跨基坑強(qiang)電(dian)、弱(ruo)電(dian)、燃(ran)氣管(guan)線各一組；管(guan)線種類包括：強(qiang)電(dian)、弱(ruo)電(dian)、燃(ran)氣、雨污水、供(gong)水等(deng)(deng)。車站(zhan)(zhan)基坑采用明挖(wa)順筑(zhu)法(fa)施工。車站(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)(wei)標(biao)準地下(xia)兩層(ceng)(ceng)島式車站(zhan)(zhan)，有效站(zhan)(zhan)臺長118m，寬(kuan)11m。車站(zhan)(zhan)地質結構如圖1，由上(shang)至(zhi)下(xia)穿越填土層(ceng)(ceng)、粉質黏土層(ceng)(ceng)、中(zhong)(zhong)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)、粗(cu)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)、礫(li)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)，主體(ti)結構底部(bu)坐落于礫(li)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)。圍護結構鉆孔灌(guan)注(zhu)樁(zhuang)坐落于中(zhong)(zhong)風化泥質粉砂(sha)巖層(ceng)(ceng)內，入(ru)巖深度1.2~3.3m不等(deng)(deng)，車站(zhan)(zhan)開挖(wa)深度16.5~17.5m。

2層次分析法（AHP）

層次分析(xi)法(fa)（AHP）是由(you)美國T.L.Saaty在20世紀70年代(dai)所提出。根據項目建設的(de)(de)施(shi)工資料來(lai)篩選(xuan)和(he)確定風(feng)險因素，形成風(feng)險指標(biao)(biao)評價體系(xi)(xi)。針對該(gai)風(feng)險指標(biao)(biao)評價體系(xi)(xi)，利(li)用(yong)層次分析(xi)法(fa)（AHP）確定評價指標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)權(quan)重(zhong)并(bing)計(ji)算出權(quan)重(zhong)值(zhi)，并(bing)進行一致性檢驗(yan)，最后得出各風(feng)險因素對施(shi)工安全(quan)的(de)(de)影響程(cheng)度(du)，從而制定相對應的(de)(de)風(feng)險管控對策。該(gai)方法(fa)帶有一定的(de)(de)主觀判斷，將定性與定量相結合，應用(yong)于工程(cheng)領域的(de)(de)施(shi)工風(feng)險評估，具(ju)有原理簡(jian)單、可(ke)信度(du)高(gao)的(de)(de)優(you)點[5]。

2.1建立施(shi)工安全風(feng)險(xian)評價體系

依(yi)據工(gong)(gong)程項目施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)情況(kuang)，明確(que)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)(su)以(yi)及各風(feng)(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)(su)之間的(de)關(guan)系。并對各風(feng)(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)(su)進(jin)行歸納整理(li)形(xing)成層次結構模型，從而建立施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)價指標(biao)體系，見圖2。由圖2可知，對岱山站(zhan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程存(cun)在風(feng)(feng)險(xian)以(yi)及周邊(bian)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)存(cun)在的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)進(jin)行認真辨識，從環(huan)境(jing)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)以(yi)及自然三個(ge)(ge)方面(mian)共(gong)識別出風(feng)(feng)險(xian)源(yuan)11個(ge)(ge)，其(qi)中(zhong)環(huan)境(jing)因(yin)素(su)(su)為(wei)A1，周邊(bian)建筑物、周邊(bian)管線和(he)周邊(bian)道路情況(kuang)分(fen)別為(wei)A11、A12、A13；施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)因(yin)素(su)(su)為(wei)A2，地基處(chu)理(li)及降排水、圍護結構施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、基坑開(kai)挖與回填、工(gong)(gong)程防水、內部結構施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)和(he)吊裝(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)程分(fen)別為(wei)A21~A26，自然因(yin)素(su)(su)為(wei)A3，自然風(feng)(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)(su)和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員因(yin)素(su)(su)分(fen)別為(wei)A31、A32。

2.2構造判斷矩陣

將各(ge)風(feng)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)素(su)對上層風(feng)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)素(su)的重要性進行(xing)兩兩比較(jiao)，用數字1~9來反應因(yin)(yin)素(su)之間的相對重要性。

2.3一(yi)致性檢驗

為了進一(yi)步減少(shao)其(qi)(qi)他因素對結果的(de)(de)干擾，就需要(yao)對判(pan)斷矩陣(zhen)進行驗證。對其(qi)(qi)引(yin)入一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)(xing)指標CI來檢驗判(pan)斷矩陣(zhen)的(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)(xing)，同時還計(ji)算一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)(xing)比例CR來驗證其(qi)(qi)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)(xing)是否合(he)理。不同，如表2所示。當CR＜0.1時，則(ze)認(ren)為判(pan)斷矩陣(zhen)的(de)(de)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)(xing)合(he)理，反之則(ze)判(pan)斷矩陣(zhen)不合(he)理，需要(yao)調整。

2.4確定權重

首先需要確定判斷矩陣(zhen)的(de)最大(da)特(te)征值(zhi)λmax，可知(zhi)最大(da)特(te)征值(zhi)與(yu)特(te)征向量W的(de)關系式如下：

2.5基于層次分析法

（AHP）的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)析根據圖(tu)2所(suo)示的安(an)(an)全(quan)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評價指(zhi)標體系，邀(yao)請(qing)相關領域的專家(jia)對(dui)各風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)素進(jin)行打分(fen)，得到總風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)判(pan)斷矩陣如表(biao)3所(suo)示。由此(ci)可知，周邊(bian)環境(jing)因(yin)(yin)素（A11~A13）對(dui)該地(di)鐵(tie)車站基坑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的影響程(cheng)度最大(da)，其次是基坑的開挖與回填因(yin)(yin)素（A23）,而對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)影響最小(xiao)的是自然風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因(yin)(yin)素和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員因(yin)(yin)素，并且(qie)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)級均為Ⅲ級。針(zhen)對(dui)上述重要(yao)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源提出以(yi)下風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控措施(shi)(shi)(shi)：（1）針(zhen)對(dui)周邊(bian)建(jian)筑物，防(fang)止施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)造成(cheng)周邊(bian)水(shui)位(wei)下降(jiang)、維護結(jie)構位(wei)移(yi)過(guo)大(da)以(yi)及基坑漏水(shui)涌(yong)砂(sha)等(deng)現象(xiang)，認真復核地(di)質資(zi)料以(yi)及周邊(bian)建(jian)筑物的位(wei)置、基礎形(xing)式(shi)及埋深，并對(dui)房(fang)屋(wu)周邊(bian)進(jin)行攪拌加(jia)(jia)固。（2）針(zhen)對(dui)周邊(bian)管線(xian)，防(fang)止周邊(bian)管線(xian)沉降(jiang)導致接口(kou)拉裂、管道變形(xing)等(deng)現象(xiang)，要(yao)組織(zhi)專門(men)的管線(xian)調查小(xiao)組，專門(men)負責管線(xian)的摸排(pai)，調查和協調工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，避免(mian)錯漏，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)做到加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)監測(ce)，及時(shi)反饋。（3）針(zhen)對(dui)周邊(bian)道路，防(fang)止基坑涌(yong)水(shui)涌(yong)砂(sha)和圍護結(jie)構變形(xing)過(guo)大(da)，要(yao)安(an)(an)排(pai)專人巡查，及時(shi)掌(zhang)握道路狀(zhuang)況，并嚴(yan)格控制圍護結(jie)構施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，保證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量。

3結束語

結合(he)南昌軌道交通3號線岱山(shan)站深基坑開挖工程(cheng)，運用層次(ci)分析法（AHP）進行風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估。首先通過工程(cheng)資料和(he)經驗(yan)構(gou)建(jian)風險(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價指標(biao)體(ti)系(xi)，再依(yi)據(ju)專(zhuan)家打分構(gou)建(jian)風險(xian)(xian)判斷(duan)矩陣，基于層次(ci)分析法計算得出權重(zhong)值(zhi)，即各風險(xian)(xian)因素(su)對該工程(cheng)施工安全的影響程(cheng)度，最后提出了風險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制措(cuo)施，對類似工程(cheng)的風險(xian)(xian)防控(kong)具有一定借(jie)鑒意義。

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作者：單(dan)生彪 李(li)雅婷 單(dan)位(wei)：南昌軌道(dao)交通集團(tuan)有限公司地鐵項目管理分公司