本文(wen)作者：熊(xiong)偉工作單(dan)位：安徽師范(fan)大學體育學院

女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)方(fang)式調查(cha)分析據(ju)統計(ji)，一(yi)(yi)半以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)（52.77%）通過(guo)學校(xiao)組織參(can)(can)(can)加體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)，實際(ji)調查(cha)了(le)(le)解到女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在參(can)(can)(can)加體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候都希望(wang)(wang)有(you)(you)人陪(pei)伴(ban)，并且希望(wang)(wang)學校(xiao)能(neng)夠多(duo)開展一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)育活動(dong)(dong)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點與(yu)(yu)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)群體(ti)(ti)害羞、含蓄、靦腆、無(wu)安全感(gan)、害怕孤單的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理特點是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)謀而合的(de)(de)(de)(de)。另外，有(you)(you)34.04%的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)獨自(zi)參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)，這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅印(yin)證了(le)(le)現(xian)代社(she)會(hui)崇尚個性(xing)、自(zi)由，女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)喜歡(huan)用固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織形式束(shu)縛(fu)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)行動(dong)(dong)，而且凸顯了(le)(le)在大同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)世界(jie)里(li)創造大不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)現(xian)實。還有(you)(you)13.19%的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)通過(guo)協(xie)會(hui)活動(dong)(dong)或健身(shen)俱(ju)樂部參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)，但由于自(zi)身(shen)和學校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件資源有(you)(you)限，這(zhe)2種方(fang)式并不(bu)(bu)(bu)適(shi)合大部分女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)調查(cha)分析據(ju)統計(ji)，56.60%的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)慢(man)跑，比例(li)最大。因(yin)此(ci)，慢(man)跑是(shi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首選(xuan)(xuan)，但其(qi)(qi)運動(dong)(dong)形式較為(wei)單一(yi)(yi)、枯燥。小球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)類項(xiang)目(mu)如(ru)羽(yu)毛球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、乒(ping)乓(pang)(pang)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)深受女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青睞(lai)，其(qi)(qi)中55.74%的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)羽(yu)毛球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，25.10%的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)乒(ping)乓(pang)(pang)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。究其(qi)(qi)原(yuan)因(yin)，主(zhu)要是(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)項(xiang)目(mu)沒有(you)(you)過(guo)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)接(jie)觸與(yu)(yu)對抗，但又能(neng)達(da)到很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)效(xiao)果，同(tong)(tong)時這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)項(xiang)目(mu)也(ye)符(fu)合女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)力量(liang)相(xiang)對男生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)弱(ruo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理特點。大球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)類體(ti)(ti)育項(xiang)目(mu)如(ru)籃(lan)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、排(pai)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)也(ye)逐漸走(zou)入女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視野(ye)，有(you)(you)18.30%的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)排(pai)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，無(wu)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直接(jie)接(jie)觸與(yu)(yu)對抗卻不(bu)(bu)(bu)乏趣(qu)味性(xing)。另外，一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)彰顯個性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)育項(xiang)目(mu)如(ru)健美操，女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)很喜歡(huan)，20.43%的(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)了(le)(le)此(ci)項(xiang)。健美操所具(ju)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)時尚元素，在一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度上既引領著整(zheng)個社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潮流(liu)、走(zou)向，又能(neng)夠很好地展示自(zi)我，增加自(zi)信(xin)，符(fu)合女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)追求(qiu)時尚和美的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理特點。

女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)時(shi)間(jian)時(shi)長(chang)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)分(fen)析據統(tong)(tong)計，被(bei)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)對象中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)48.50%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)擇(ze)在(zai)傍晚參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)，而(er)(er)晚上、早(zao)晨(chen)、中(zhong)午(wu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人數(shu)(shu)為(wei)24.26%、20.43%、6.81%。84.88%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)每(mei)(mei)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)時(shi)長(chang)均在(zai)1h以內(nei)，這(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)僅可以讓大(da)腦(nao)從緊張的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課堂氛(fen)圍中(zhong)得(de)(de)到(dao)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)休(xiu)息，還(huan)可以為(wei)晚上更高(gao)(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)奠定基礎。另(ling)外，選(xuan)擇(ze)早(zao)晨(chen)和晚上參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)分(fen)別占20.43%和24.26%。早(zao)晨(chen)參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)有(you)(you)(you)助于一天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)和心情。選(xuan)擇(ze)晚上則是(shi)讓勞(lao)累一天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)得(de)(de)到(dao)放松。總之，女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)選(xuan)擇(ze)是(shi)比較合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。40%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)不(bu)固定，能夠(gou)堅持每(mei)(mei)天鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)僅為(wei)5.11%，這(zhe)(zhe)說明女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)養成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣。而(er)(er)每(mei)(mei)周參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)在(zai)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)或(huo)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)占31.06%，如果按照我國(guo)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)與情況調(diao)查(cha)(cha)中(zhong)規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人口(kou)判(pan)定標準來(lai)看，她們和真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人口(kou)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)差(cha)距，但卻是(shi)最具(ju)潛力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人口(kou)。究其(qi)原(yuan)因(yin)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)在(zai)日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)中(zhong)安排時(shi)間(jian)少，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)氛(fen)圍不(bu)濃，無人陪伴(ban)以及自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惰性是(shi)參(can)(can)(can)(can)與次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。尤其(qi)在(zai)期中(zhong)、期末考試階段(duan)，課程復習(xi)緊張，大(da)三忙于考研，大(da)四(si)忙于畢業(ye)論文、找工(gong)作，所(suo)以參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)長(chang)與次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)就會更少。不(bu)過令人欣喜(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，仍有(you)(you)(you)23.83%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能夠(gou)堅持每(mei)(mei)周參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)3~5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，這(zhe)(zhe)一群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)必(bi)定影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)和帶動周圍女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)為(wei)，將來(lai)很可能成(cheng)為(wei)終身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堅決執行(xing)者和有(you)(you)(you)力(li)倡導者。女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)素調(diao)查(cha)(cha)分(fen)析據統(tong)(tong)計，場地(di)器材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)乏（48.51）是(shi)制約(yue)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主要(yao)因(yin)素。其(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)場地(di)、但場地(di)條(tiao)件(jian)不(bu)好（28.51），無相關人員指導（28.51），體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)開(kai)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)夠(gou)廣泛、供女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)太少（14.89）。究其(qi)原(yuan)因(yin)，一方面，隨(sui)著(zhu)升本院(yuan)校(xiao)(xiao)規模不(bu)斷擴大(da)，一些陳舊(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器材(cai)(cai)設(she)(she)施(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)得(de)(de)到(dao)及時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維護更新，而(er)(er)且學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)相關部門也(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)意識到(dao)由于學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)數(shu)(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐年(nian)增多(duo)而(er)(er)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器材(cai)(cai)設(she)(she)施(shi)短(duan)缺(que)現象。這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)間(jian)接影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)著(zhu)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良性發(fa)展。值得(de)(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，作為(wei)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)備硬件(jian)設(she)(she)施(shi)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)場地(di)器材(cai)(cai)既要(yao)滿足(zu)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，又要(yao)滿足(zu)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)課余體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)外借(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)。另(ling)一方面，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)師資力(li)量相對薄(bo)弱是(shi)導致某(mou)些體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)課程無法開(kai)設(she)(she)，可供女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)相對減少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。而(er)(er)對于沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)開(kai)設(she)(she)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升本院(yuan)校(xiao)(xiao)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)指導員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匱乏也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)質(zhi)量高(gao)(gao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個不(bu)容忽(hu)視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素。

宿州學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)態度(du)是綜(zong)合多(duo)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)于美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追求(qiu)是成為(wei)(wei)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)重要誘因(yin)；女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)具有(you)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)強身(shen)觀(guan)念(nian)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)認知程度(du)較高，但(dan)真正付出(chu)實際行動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卻很(hen)少；女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)擇體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)項目(mu)多(duo)樣化，更青(qing)睞低競技和(he)趣味性(xing)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)；女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)選(xuan)擇參(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)時間合理，但(dan)次數(shu)少，不固定。制(zhi)約宿州學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素排(pai)(pai)序（由主到(dao)次）為(wei)(wei)缺(que)少場(chang)(chang)地器材；有(you)場(chang)(chang)地，但(dan)場(chang)(chang)地條件(jian)不好(hao)；無相關人員指(zhi)導(dao)；沒有(you)時間；其他；無自(zi)己喜(xi)歡(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)。加(jia)大體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣(xuan)傳力度(du)，定期(qi)舉辦(ban)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)知識(shi)講(jiang)座(zuo)，讓更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了(le)解參(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)益處。無論是身(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，還是精神方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，進而創(chuang)建一(yi)個良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)氛圍。把(ba)安徽省專(zhuan)升(sheng)本(ben)院(yuan)(yuan)校(xiao)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內容作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個研(yan)究(jiu)課題，堅持從了(le)解動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)培養終身(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)意(yi)識(shi)出(chu)發(fa)，堅持兩手抓，兩手都(dou)要硬(ying)。加(jia)強安徽省專(zhuan)升(sheng)本(ben)院(yuan)(yuan)校(xiao)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教學(xue)改革，鼓勵人性(xing)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)，大力推廣安徽省專(zhuan)升(sheng)本(ben)院(yuan)(yuan)校(xiao)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)喜(xi)歡(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)項目(mu)，如形體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)訓(xun)練、羽毛球、乒乓球、排(pai)(pai)球。多(duo)開展集體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，克(ke)服女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)膽小、含蓄、羞澀(se)、希望有(you)人陪伴(ban)參(can)加(jia)等心(xin)理，培養他們參(can)加(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習慣(guan)，讓更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)與(yu)到(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中來。根據(ju)各院(yuan)(yuan)校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際情(qing)況，相關部門設法(fa)加(jia)大對(dui)(dui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投入(ru)，購置體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器材，完善(shan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)場(chang)(chang)地設施，滿足大部分女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)共同(tong)參(can)與(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)。對(dui)(dui)于已經開設體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)升(sheng)本(ben)院(yuan)(yuan)校(xiao)，應充(chong)分利用體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)專(zhuan)業(ye)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資源，指(zhi)派或成立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)志愿指(zhi)導(dao)小組，定期(qi)定時對(dui)(dui)各個院(yuan)(yuan)校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)給予(yu)專(zhuan)業(ye)指(zhi)導(dao)，以達到(dao)“雙贏”。

1概述

隨著我(wo)國民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)事業的(de)(de)快速發展(zhan)，飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)已經(jing)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的(de)(de)第一(yi)要素，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)業可持(chi)續發展(zhan)戰(zhan)(zhan)略的(de)(de)重(zhong)要內容之(zhi)一(yi)。民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)院校作為(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)國民(min)用航(hang)(hang)(hang)空飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)培養的(de)(de)搖籃(lan)，必須肩負起“民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)強(qiang)國”戰(zhan)(zhan)略的(de)(de)重(zhong)要使命[2]。實踐證明(ming)，有(you)目的(de)(de)、有(you)計(ji)劃地開展(zhan)體(ti)育鍛煉活(huo)動對于提(ti)高民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)身(shen)心素質(zhi)具有(you)重(zhong)要作用[4]。因(yin)此，民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)學(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)校期間打造堅實的(de)(de)身(shen)心基礎對于適應(ying)未來(lai)繁(fan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)任(ren)務具有(you)重(zhong)要意(yi)義(yi)。本文力(li)圖通(tong)過(guo)對我(wo)國民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)現役(yi)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)(yu)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)學(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)體(ti)育鍛煉方面的(de)(de)對比(bi)，揭示兩者體(ti)育鍛煉的(de)(de)特點(dian)和差(cha)別。與(yu)(yu)此同時，以現役(yi)民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)育鍛煉實際為(wei)(wei)(wei)參照(zhao)，找出飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)學(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)育鍛煉誤區(qu)和存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)問題，為(wei)(wei)(wei)航(hang)(hang)(hang)空公司加強(qiang)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)質(zhi)健康(kang)評估與(yu)(yu)督導，為(wei)(wei)(wei)民(min)航(hang)(hang)(hang)院校飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)體(ti)育教(jiao)學(xue)和管理工作改革提(ti)供重(zhong)要參考。

2研(yan)究對象與(yu)研(yan)究方法

2.1研究對象：我(wo)國民(min)航現役航線飛(fei)行(xing)員(yuan)和兩所民(min)航直(zhi)屬院校飛(fei)行(xing)學員(yuan)。

2.2研(yan)究(jiu)方(fang)法(fa)：2.2.1觀(guan)察法(fa)：本人(ren)作(zuo)為民(min)航(hang)院校飛(fei)行體(ti)(ti)育教師，承擔多年(nian)飛(fei)行體(ti)(ti)育教學(xue)工作(zuo)，可以直觀(guan)了解(jie)民(min)航(hang)飛(fei)行學(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)及(ji)部分民(min)航(hang)現(xian)役飛(fei)行員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉實(shi)際情況。2.2.2問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)法(fa)：根據本文(wen)研(yan)究(jiu)需要(yao)編(bian)制問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，共發放900份問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)，回收(shou)892份，有(you)效(xiao)問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)867份，有(you)效(xiao)率(lv)97.20%，其中(zhong)飛(fei)行員(yuan)(yuan)92份，飛(fei)行學(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)775份。2.2.3訪談法(fa)：向兩所民(min)航(hang)院校飛(fei)行體(ti)(ti)育教學(xue)主管領(ling)導、教師、飛(fei)行學(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)及(ji)部分民(min)航(hang)現(xian)役飛(fei)行員(yuan)(yuan)進行現(xian)場(chang)咨詢(xun)或電話(hua)交談，了解(jie)調(diao)查對(dui)象體(ti)(ti)育鍛(duan)煉情況。2.2.4文(wen)獻法(fa)：通(tong)過圖書館借(jie)閱、互聯網檢索(suo)等方(fang)式(shi)廣泛(fan)收(shou)集(ji)了與本研(yan)究(jiu)相關的(de)學(xue)科基礎(chu)理(li)論書籍（六部）及(ji)近年(nian)來(lai)公開發表的(de)學(xue)術論文(wen)（三十余篇）。

3研究結果與分析

1問題提出

隨著“家庭”人口流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)趨勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)急劇上(shang)(shang)升［1］。然而(er)，他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)活(huo)狀(zhuang)況不容樂觀(guan)(guan)(guan)，已有(you)(you)(you)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表明(ming):流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)狀(zhuang)況較(jiao)差，仍是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種“局部適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)”，還(huan)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)緣人，未完全融入到城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)［2］;流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)心(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)康(kang)水平(ping)較(jiao)低，容易(yi)產生(sheng)負面(mian)情緒以(yi)及各種問(wen)題(ti)(ti)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。例(li)如(ru)，孤獨感(gan)(gan)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)卑(bei)感(gan)(gan)、學(xue)習挫折感(gan)(gan)等(deng)心(xin)理(li)(li)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)［3］。顯(xian)然，探(tan)討流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)狀(zhuang)況、影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)因(yin)(yin)素，促進(jin)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更(geng)好地適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環境，更(geng)健(jian)康(kang)地發展(zhan)，乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)我國社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)轉型(xing)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要課(ke)題(ti)(ti)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)構(gou)建和(he)(he)(he)諧社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)，維護(hu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)穩定具有(you)(you)(you)十分(fen)(fen)緊迫而(er)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)們提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)論(lun)(lun)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)變量(liang)論(lun)(lun)。過程(cheng)論(lun)(lun)指(zhi)出(chu)了(le)(le)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)會(hui)(hui)(hui)經歷興奮與(yu)(yu)(yu)好奇(qi)、震驚與(yu)(yu)(yu)抗拒、探(tan)索與(yu)(yu)(yu)順(shun)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、整(zheng)合與(yu)(yu)(yu)融入四個(ge)(ge)(ge)階段［4］;變量(liang)論(lun)(lun)指(zhi)出(chu)了(le)(le)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)標(biao)準總體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)來(lai)說可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)層面(mian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)心(xin)理(li)(li)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，二是(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)［5］。本文(wen)(wen)主要以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)論(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依據。以(yi)往(wang)(wang)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)主要關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)歧(qi)視［6－8］、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)認同(tong)(tong)［9－10］、家庭環境［11－12］、教育(yu)(yu)(yu)安置方(fang)式(shi)［13］和(he)(he)(he)人口統計學(xue)變量(liang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。王中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)(hui)(hui)等(deng)人(2013)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)包(bao)括(kuo)生(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)式(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)困難和(he)(he)(he)人際觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)困難兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)維度。其(qi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表明(ming)，人際觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)容易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)探(tan)索與(yu)(yu)(yu)順(shun)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)越(yue)(yue)多;生(sheng)活(huo)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)容易(yi)、人際觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)容易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，整(zheng)合與(yu)(yu)(yu)融入越(yue)(yue)多，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)人際觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)困難顯(xian)著高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)式(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)困難［14］，可(ke)見人際觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)(you)著重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，這(zhe)也(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本文(wen)(wen)提(ti)供了(le)(le)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)新(xin)思路(lu)。人際交(jiao)往(wang)(wang)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)建立和(he)(he)(he)維持良(liang)好人際關(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人際適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)(you)直接影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也(ye)能(neng)(neng)反(fan)映個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他(ta)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)特征。MarkLeary關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)尊(zun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)計量(liang)器理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)［15］認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，人際交(jiao)往(wang)(wang)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)通(tong)常(chang)能(neng)(neng)被(bei)他(ta)人接納和(he)(he)(he)喜歡，其(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)尊(zun)水平(ping)也(ye)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，進(jin)而(er)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。Prelow等(deng)人(2007)發現(xian)，社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)交(jiao)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)環境風險(如(ru)母親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理(li)(li)疾病、母親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養育(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、經濟(ji)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)區環境)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)青少(shao)年適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)介［16］。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，本文(wen)(wen)假設(she)人際關(guan)(guan)系能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要因(yin)(yin)素。體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛煉(lian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)心(xin)理(li)(li)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極促進(jin)作(zuo)(zuo)用愈(yu)來(lai)愈(yu)受到關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)。研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)者(zhe)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理(li)(li)效(xiao)(xiao)益進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)實證(zheng)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。結果(guo)發現(xian)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛煉(lian)能(neng)(neng)夠提(ti)供更(geng)多積極社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)反(fan)饋及同(tong)(tong)伴認同(tong)(tong)，從而(er)完善(shan)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)我觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)，減(jian)少(shao)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)［17］。體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)幫助兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尊(zun)敬自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)和(he)(he)(he)他(ta)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti);積極提(ti)高(gao)(gao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)尊(zun)和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)(zi)信，促進(jin)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)認知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)學(xue)習成(cheng)績的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步［18］。Fox(2000)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)以(yi)往(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)析，他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)結果(guo)足以(yi)證(zheng)明(ming)“體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛煉(lian)是(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)積極自(zi)(zi)(zi)我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)媒介［19］。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)鍛煉(lian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用也(ye)已被(bei)證(zheng)實。如(ru)，RichardBailey(2006)［20］認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)具有(you)(you)(you)使兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、生(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)式(shi)、情緒、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)性和(he)(he)(he)認知發展(zhan)方(fang)面(mian)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。Sibley等(deng)人(2009)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)可(ke)以(yi)改善(shan)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認知功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，并且發現(xian)，兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)，代表兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)大腦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神經發展(zhan)越(yue)(yue)成(cheng)熟，且認知功(gong)能(neng)(neng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)辨功(gong)能(neng)(neng)指(zhi)標(biao)也(ye)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)［21］。袁(yuan)建偉(2010)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)化(hua)與(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)融入;作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種面(mian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)實踐活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，可(ke)以(yi)加深(shen)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彼此(ci)(ci)了(le)(le)解，減(jian)少(shao)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)隔閡(he)，有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培養流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)化(hua)，促進(jin)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)更(geng)好地融入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)可(ke)以(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)化(hua)與(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)融入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)途徑(jing)［22］。綜上(shang)(shang)，本研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)將同(tong)(tong)時(shi)關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)人際交(jiao)往(wang)(wang)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛煉(lian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，考慮(lv)到流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)很(hen)大一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)生(sheng)活(huo)在學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)屬(shu)感(gan)(gan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)在很(hen)大程(cheng)度上(shang)(shang)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)其(qi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)狀(zhuang)況。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身以(yi)及外在諸多因(yin)(yin)素可(ke)能(neng)(neng)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)通(tong)過影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)歸(gui)屬(shu)感(gan)(gan)從而(er)間(jian)(jian)接地對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)發生(sheng)作(zuo)(zuo)用。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，本研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)假設(she)學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)歸(gui)屬(shu)感(gan)(gan)在人際交(jiao)往(wang)(wang)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛煉(lian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)起到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)介作(zuo)(zuo)用。另(ling)外，考慮(lv)到小學(xue)低年級兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)完成(cheng)問(wen)卷填答的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)，本研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)被(bei)試包(bao)括(kuo)小學(xue)高(gao)(gao)年級和(he)(he)(he)初中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

2研究方法

2．1研究對象

北(bei)京市(shi)某三所打(da)工子弟學(xue)校，有效被試(shi)301名，其中(zhong)，小學(xue)高年級165人(ren)，初中(zhong)136人(ren);男生168人(ren)，女生133人(ren);年齡(ling)在(zai)9歲(sui)－18歲(sui)之間(jian)，平均年齡(ling)為12．32歲(sui)。

2．2研究工具

第一篇

大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)心理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)問題(ti)是(shi)(shi)我國高(gao)等教育(yu)發展(zhan)與改革中(zhong)最為關(guan)(guan)(guan)注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti);培養全(quan)面健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)(shi)我們高(gao)等教育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)基本任務。然而隨著我國社會(hui)(hui)經濟、文化、教育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)猛發展(zhan)，高(gao)等院校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)規模不斷擴大(da)(da)(da)(da)，為社會(hui)(hui)培養了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)批優秀的(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)人才(cai)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)在校(xiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習、生(sheng)(sheng)活壓力(li)較(jiao)重，就業(ye)壓力(li)過(guo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)，人際(ji)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系復雜(za)，很容易導致有些學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)心理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)出(chu)現問題(ti)，從(cong)而造成(cheng)一部(bu)分大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)焦慮(lv)或(huo)抑郁心理(li)(li)。教育(yu)部(bu)體衛藝司工作手冊將焦慮(lv)定義為人由于(yu)不能達(da)到目標或(huo)不能克服障(zhang)礙的(de)(de)(de)威脅，致使自尊(zun)心和自信心受挫，或(huo)失敗感和內疚感增(zeng)加(jia)，形成(cheng)一種(zhong)緊張(zhang)不安并帶有恐懼的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)緒狀態［1］。為了(le)(le)加(jia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)對當(dang)前大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)心理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)狀況的(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)解，探討體育(yu)鍛煉對大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)心理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)影響，國內出(chu)現了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)此類實驗(yan)與調(diao)查研(yan)究，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)目前沒有出(chu)現基于(yu)這些體育(yu)鍛煉干預(yu)焦慮(lv)情(qing)(qing)緒相關(guan)(guan)(guan)綜合研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)元分析。筆者綜合以前相關(guan)(guan)(guan)研(yan)究分析體育(yu)鍛煉對大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)各(ge)種(zhong)焦慮(lv)準(zhun)確而具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)整體效應和調(diao)節效應，以幫助尋找(zhao)合理(li)(li)調(diao)節大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)焦慮(lv)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)體育(yu)鍛煉的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)方法或(huo)手段。

1理論假設

目前國內還沒有公開發表有關體(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)對大學生焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)慮情緒影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)析方面(mian)的論文。僅(jin)有部分(fen)(fen)學者研究體(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)與(yu)心(xin)理(li)健(jian)康(kang)，或與(yu)抑郁的關系(xi)的元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)析。王衛(wei)兵(bing)、彭彥(yan)銘對體(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)對心(xin)理(li)健(jian)康(kang)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)進行元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)析，認為體(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)對心(xin)理(li)健(jian)康(kang)促(cu)進有顯著效果(guo)［12，13］。然而對焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)慮等(deng)情緒的影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)沒有展(zhan)開研究，因此，對我(wo)國諸(zhu)多體(ti)育鍛(duan)煉(lian)對焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)慮影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)文獻進行綜合元(yuan)分(fen)(fen)析十分(fen)(fen)必要。

1．1元分析研究假設

1．1．1體育(yu)鍛煉對焦(jiao)慮(lv)影(ying)響的主效應(ying)假設(she)

【論(lun)文關鍵詞】：體育鍛煉(lian);心(xin)理健康;促進

【論文摘(zhai)要】：體育(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)與心理健康有(you)著密切的(de)(de)關系。文章(zhang)探討了(le)體育(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)對(dui)心理健康的(de)(de)促(cu)進作用。同時(shi)，對(dui)一些心理缺(que)限的(de)(de)癥狀提(ti)出了(le)與之相應的(de)(de)體育(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)的(de)(de)療法。

經濟飛速發展、信息膨脹、社會(hui)(hui)節(jie)奏不(bu)斷加快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)21世紀，世界(jie)變得越(yue)來越(yue)小，人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交往(wang)越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)際(ji)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)越(yue)來越(yue)微妙，怎樣(yang)處理(li)好(hao)(hao)復(fu)(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)際(ji)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)是(shi)每(mei)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)可避免的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)們生活(huo)(huo)在一個(ge)(ge)繽(bin)紛復(fu)(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)環境(jing)中，這樣(yang)就要求(qiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)必須具備較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)素(su)質來適(shi)應(ying)時(shi)(shi)代與(yu)社會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。現(xian)(xian)在人(ren)(ren)(ren)們已經開始越(yue)來越(yue)關(guan)注自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)。什(shen)么是(shi)"心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)"？世界(jie)衛(wei)生組織(zhi)指出：健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)應(ying)包括軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)、心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)、良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)和道德健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)類對健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)內涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識不(bu)斷豐富和深化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)日益得到現(xian)(xian)代社會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛重視(shi)。綜(zong)合(he)許(xu)多(duo)學者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點可以(yi)認為(wei)，心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)是(shi)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)持(chi)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)，個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)出良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)，并充分發揮其身心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)潛能，在應(ying)付各種(zhong)(zhong)問(wen)題(ti)和環境(jing)時(shi)(shi)更多(duo)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)出積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傾(qing)向。眾所(suo)周知，體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)有助于(yu)保持(chi)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)。體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)通常(chang)是(shi)指那些有計劃、有規律、重復(fu)(fu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、以(yi)增強體(ti)(ti)(ti)能為(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)活(huo)(huo)動。有些人(ren)(ren)(ren)把體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)理(li)解(jie)為(wei)任何形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)活(huo)(huo)動，日常(chang)生活(huo)(huo)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行走到打掃衛(wei)生；有些人(ren)(ren)(ren)則(ze)認為(wei)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)是(shi)做大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有氧運(yun)動或(huo)力量練習。可以(yi)看出人(ren)(ren)(ren)們對于(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)對心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響還不(bu)夠明了。研究表(biao)明,體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)對人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)有著不(bu)可替(ti)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)促進作(zuo)用。不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動項目(mu)對人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)所(suo)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用不(bu)盡(jin)相同(tong)。體(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)對心理(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響表(biao)現(xian)(xian)在以(yi)下幾(ji)方面：

（一）體(ti)育鍛煉與(yu)情緒方面

體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉可(ke)以改善情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)。情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)是(shi)人(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)客觀事(shi)物是(shi)否符合自己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)而(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)體(ti)(ti)驗。情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)是(shi)衡量(liang)體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)心(xin)理健(jian)康影(ying)(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)指(zhi)標。良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為具(ju)有增(zeng)力(li)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，消(xiao)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)會影(ying)(ying)響人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)學(xue)習(xi)工作(zuo)(zuo)，還(huan)(huan)會對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)心(xin)理產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)許多不良(liang)影(ying)(ying)響。長時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)壓(ya)抑(yi)，憂(you)(you)慮和緊張，還(huan)(huan)可(ke)導致疾病。有調查表明,人(ren)運動(dong)時(shi)(shi)大腦會產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)一種(zhong)類(lei)似嗎(ma)啡作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物質---內啡肽(tai)。嗎(ma)啡的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)消(xiao)痛并使人(ren)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)欣快感,內啡肽(tai)也會產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)欣快感,它可(ke)以降低抑(yi)郁、焦慮、困惑以及(ji)其他(ta)消(xiao)極情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)。體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉也給人(ren)們提供一個(ge)機會,使人(ren)們能夠(gou)分散對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)憂(you)(you)慮和挫折的(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)意力(li),在單調重復性的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)中,通(tong)過冥想(xiang)思考等思維活(huo)動(dong),可(ke)能促(cu)進(jin)思維反省和腦力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恢(hui)復,這種(zhong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)注(zhu)意力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效集(ji)中或轉移(yi),可(ke)以達(da)到調節(jie)情(qing)(qing)緒(xu)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。經常(chang)參加(jia)體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉，可(ke)使機體(ti)(ti)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)舒適感。在各種(zhong)運動(dong)項目(mu)中，去(qu)感受運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美感、力(li)量(liang)感、韻(yun)律感、從(cong)而(er)(er)陶(tao)冶情(qing)(qing)操，開(kai)(kai)闊心(xin)胸(xiong)，激發生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自信(xin)心(xin)和進(jin)取心(xin)，形成豁達(da)、樂觀、開(kai)(kai)朗的(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好心(xin)境。

（二）體(ti)育鍛煉與人格方面

【論文(wen)關鍵詞】：體育鍛(duan)煉;心理(li)健康;促進

【論文摘要】：體(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)與(yu)心理健康有著密切的(de)關系(xi)。文章(zhang)探(tan)討(tao)了體(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)對心理健康的(de)促進作用。同時，對一些心理缺限的(de)癥狀提出了與(yu)之相應(ying)的(de)體(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)的(de)療法。

經(jing)濟(ji)飛(fei)速發(fa)展(zhan)、信息膨(peng)脹、社(she)會(hui)節奏不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷加快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)21世(shi)紀，世(shi)界變(bian)得(de)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)小，人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交往越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多，人(ren)(ren)(ren)際(ji)(ji)關(guan)系越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)微妙，怎樣處(chu)理(li)(li)好(hao)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)際(ji)(ji)關(guan)系是每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可避免的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)生(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)一個(ge)繽紛復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大環境中(zhong)，這樣就(jiu)要(yao)求人(ren)(ren)(ren)必須(xu)具(ju)備(bei)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)素質來適應(ying)時(shi)代與(yu)社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。現在(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)已(yi)經(jing)開始越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)關(guan)注(zhu)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)狀態(tai)。什么(me)是"心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)"？世(shi)界衛生(sheng)組(zu)織指出(chu)：健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)應(ying)包(bao)括軀(qu)體(ti)(ti)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)、心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)、良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)適應(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和道德健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)類對(dui)(dui)(dui)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)內涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷豐富(fu)和深(shen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，個(ge)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)日益得(de)到現代社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛重視(shi)。綜合許多學者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點可以認為(wei)，心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)是個(ge)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種持續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部狀態(tai)，個(ge)體(ti)(ti)表現出(chu)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)適應(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，并充分發(fa)揮(hui)其身心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種潛(qian)能(neng)，在(zai)應(ying)付各種問(wen)題和環境時(shi)更多表現出(chu)積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傾向。眾所周知，體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)有(you)(you)助于(yu)(yu)保持身體(ti)(ti)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)。體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)通(tong)常(chang)是指那些(xie)有(you)(you)計劃、有(you)(you)規律、重復(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、以增強體(ti)(ti)能(neng)為(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)活(huo)動。有(you)(you)些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)把體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)理(li)(li)解為(wei)任何形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)活(huo)動，日常(chang)生(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行走到打掃衛生(sheng)；有(you)(you)些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)則認為(wei)，體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)是做大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)氧運(yun)動或力量練習。可以看出(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)狀況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響還不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠明了。研究(jiu)表明,體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)有(you)(you)著不(bu)(bu)(bu)可替代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)促進作用。不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動項目對(dui)(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)所起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用不(bu)(bu)(bu)盡相同。體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)心(xin)(xin)理(li)(li)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響表現在(zai)以下(xia)幾方面(mian)：

（一）體育鍛煉與(yu)情緒(xu)方面

體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛煉(lian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以改善情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)。情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)客觀事物(wu)(wu)是(shi)否符合(he)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)需要而產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)態度體(ti)(ti)驗。情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)是(shi)衡量(liang)體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛煉(lian)對(dui)(dui)心(xin)(xin)理(li)健康影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要指標。良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)具(ju)有增力作用(yong)，消(xiao)極的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)會(hui)(hui)影(ying)響人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)正常學(xue)習工作，還(huan)會(hui)(hui)對(dui)(dui)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)心(xin)(xin)理(li)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)許多(duo)不良影(ying)響。長(chang)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)壓(ya)抑(yi)，憂慮和緊張(zhang)，還(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)導致疾病。有調查(cha)表明,人(ren)(ren)運動(dong)時(shi)大腦會(hui)(hui)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)一種(zhong)(zhong)類似嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質---內啡(fei)肽(tai)。嗎(ma)(ma)啡(fei)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)消(xiao)痛并使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)欣快感(gan),內啡(fei)肽(tai)也會(hui)(hui)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)欣快感(gan),它可(ke)(ke)(ke)以降低(di)抑(yi)郁、焦慮、困惑以及其他消(xiao)極情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)程度。體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛煉(lian)也給人(ren)(ren)們(men)提供(gong)一個(ge)機會(hui)(hui),使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)們(men)能(neng)夠分散對(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)憂慮和挫折的(de)(de)(de)注意(yi)(yi)力,在(zai)單(dan)調重(zhong)復性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)技術動(dong)作中(zhong),通過冥想思考等思維(wei)活(huo)動(dong),可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)促進(jin)思維(wei)反省(sheng)和腦力的(de)(de)(de)恢(hui)復,這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)注意(yi)(yi)力的(de)(de)(de)有效集中(zhong)或轉移,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以達(da)到調節情(qing)緒(xu)(xu)目的(de)(de)(de)。經常參加體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛煉(lian)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)機體(ti)(ti)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)極大的(de)(de)(de)舒(shu)適感(gan)。在(zai)各種(zhong)(zhong)運動(dong)項目中(zhong)，去(qu)感(gan)受運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)感(gan)、力量(liang)感(gan)、韻律感(gan)、從而陶冶情(qing)操，開闊心(xin)(xin)胸，激發生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)信心(xin)(xin)和進(jin)取心(xin)(xin)，形成豁達(da)、樂觀、開朗的(de)(de)(de)良好(hao)心(xin)(xin)境。

（二）體育鍛(duan)煉與人格方面

1．研究對象與方法

1．1研究對象

沈陽市各高(gao)等院校參加體育鍛煉的在(zai)職(zhi)教師108人(ren)。年齡段集中在(zai)35－50歲之間。男教師60人(ren)，女(nv)教師48人(ren)。

1．2研究方法

1．2．1文獻資料法

查閱與本文有關的文獻50余篇，著(zhu)作10余本，對其進行(xing)分析和總(zong)結。

1．前言

航海(hai)專業招生對象是男生，在(zai)體育(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)上會有別于(yu)女(nv)生，本文主要對航海(hai)專業學生體育(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)煉(lian)動(dong)機(ji)與(yu)行為(wei)的進行調查研究，為(wei)豐(feng)富航海(hai)課程內容提(ti)供參考。

2．研(yan)究對(dui)象與方法

2．1研(yan)究對象:福建船政交通職業學院航海(hai)技(ji)術系(xi)航海(hai)專(zhuan)業2012級(ji)、2013級(ji)、2014級(ji)學生(sheng)。2．2研(yan)究方法(fa)2．2．1文(wen)獻(xian)資料法(fa)通過(guo)中國知網(wang)和維普網(wang)搜索了(le)(le)相關(guan)體育(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)煉動機的論文(wen)，查(cha)(cha)閱了(le)(le)教育(yu)(yu)學、心理(li)學、社會學等書(shu)籍，了(le)(le)解本領(ling)域的最新(xin)研(yan)究現狀。2．2．2問(wen)卷(juan)(juan)調查(cha)(cha)法(fa)2012級(ji)、2013級(ji)、2014級(ji)各發(fa)放問(wen)卷(juan)(juan)100份;回收問(wen)卷(juan)(juan)290份，其(qi)中有效問(wen)卷(juan)(juan)268份，有效率達(da)89．3%。2．2．3數理(li)統計法(fa)對調查(cha)(cha)和收集的有關(guan)數據(ju)進行常規數理(li)統計。

3．結果與分析

3．1學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度由表1可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)看出，該校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)非(fei)常(chang)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)占71．6%，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)著極(ji)大地熱(re)情，表現出極(ji)大地興(xing)趣(qu)。3．2學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)、時(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)查3．2．1學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)從(cong)(cong)表2和(he)(he)(he)(he)表3可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出，該校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)每周(zhou)練習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)次(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很高(gao)(gao)，從(cong)(cong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)26．1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)3－5次(ci)(ci)，僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)2．6%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)8次(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，而(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大半以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)一(yi)(yi)(yi)周(zhou)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩次(ci)(ci)以(yi)(yi)下。在(zai)(zai)(zai)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)17．2%每次(ci)(ci)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)46－60分(fen)(fen)鐘，有(you)(you)(you)(you)11．9%每次(ci)(ci)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)小時(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。說(shuo)明學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)太少，缺(que)(que)乏(fa)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)性，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)達到(dao)每天體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)60min的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。3．3學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)查從(cong)(cong)表4我們可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多方(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)三(san)(san)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):增強(qiang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)質(zhi)與(yu)(yu)健康(kang)(kang)(kang);調(diao)(diao)節大腦，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)效率(lv)(lv);塑造良(liang)好(hao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)型。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)了(le)應(ying)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)后兩位，說(shuo)明只有(you)(you)(you)(you)極(ji)少部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)正確。但我們不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)忽視部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)達標而(er)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤思想。這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)開設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong)比較單調(diao)(diao)枯燥，使得學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課時(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)激情與(yu)(yu)活(huo)力(li)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)成體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)慣，從(cong)(cong)而(er)導致(zhi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)(wei)了(le)達標而(er)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)該重(zhong)視體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課程內(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣(yang)化、趣(qu)味化，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)該改革體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)，將學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)態度和(he)(he)(he)(he)行為(wei)(wei)表現納入到(dao)評(ping)價體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)更加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)積(ji)極(ji)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。對學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)分(fen)(fen)析，采用(yong)帕累(lei)(lei)(lei)托分(fen)(fen)析法(fa)(Paretoanalysis)。帕累(lei)(lei)(lei)托分(fen)(fen)析法(fa)使用(yong)了(le)帕累(lei)(lei)(lei)托法(fa)則，關(guan)于(yu)做20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)整個工作80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)則。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)排(pai)列圖把累(lei)(lei)(lei)積(ji)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)0～80%之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)那些稱為(wei)(wei)A類因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su);累(lei)(lei)(lei)積(ji)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)80%～90%之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)被稱為(wei)(wei)B類因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)次(ci)(ci)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su);累(lei)(lei)(lei)積(ji)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)數(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)90%～100%之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)為(wei)(wei)C類因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)區域內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最次(ci)(ci)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)。從(cong)(cong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帕累(lei)(lei)(lei)托分(fen)(fen)析圖可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出:體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)園體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)氣氛(fen)好(hao)、受(shou)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)朋友的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)、受(shou)到(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)傳媒(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)、提(ti)高(gao)(gao)自(zi)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)技術、受(shou)到(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)老(lao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)、緩解學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)、展現個性和(he)(he)(he)(he)才(cai)能(neng)、體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)娛樂(le)性強(qiang)這(zhe)(zhe)九(jiu)個方(fang)面(mian)(mian)來(lai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)。而(er)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)從(cong)(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)、心理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)外部(bu)(bu)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行分(fen)(fen)析。從(cong)(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)來(lai)看，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出于(yu)保(bao)持身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)健康(kang)(kang)(kang)、增強(qiang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)質(zhi);從(cong)(cong)心理(li)(li)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)來(lai)看，保(bao)持良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)狀態，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)注(zhu)(zhu)意力(li)，鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)意志力(li)，使性格(ge)開朗，養(yang)成文明健康(kang)(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)慣;外部(bu)(bu)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su):1．良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環境和(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)設(she)施。2．有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書刊、電影(ying)、電視節目等媒(mei)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)宣(xuan)傳。3．教(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表揚及專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)素(su)(su)(su)(su)質(zhi)、同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互相肯定、體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)數(shu)(shu)、獎勵。3．5航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)行為(wei)(wei)調(diao)(diao)查3．5．1航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式和(he)(he)(he)(he)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多樣(yang)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)41．8%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)個人鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，33．6%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)和(he)(he)(he)(he)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)好(hao)友一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。個人鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般比較枯燥，容(rong)易中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷，但比較自(zi)由，而(er)與(yu)(yu)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)好(hao)友一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，便于(yu)增進(jin)(jin)(jin)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流，達到(dao)娛樂(le)、健身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)半(51．5%)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)傍晚(wan)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)段(duan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)都沒(mei)課，時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)比較充裕。早(zao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)晚(wan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)(fen)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)12．7%和(he)(he)(he)(he)21．6%。早(zao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人數(shu)(shu)比較少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)業(ye)(ye)余時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)比較豐富，睡(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較晚(wan)，第二(er)天起(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)來(lai)，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個原因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)出早(zao)操和(he)(he)(he)(he)課間(jian)(jian)(jian)操的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定，所以(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)早(zao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)慣。3．5．2航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)由表8可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian)，航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經常(chang)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目排(pai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)三(san)(san)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):游泳、籃球(qiu)、武術。這(zhe)(zhe)跟其專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)特(te)點有(you)(you)(you)(you)著密切關(guan)系(xi)，航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)必須(xu)具備游泳這(zhe)(zhe)項基本(ben)技能(neng)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此在(zai)(zai)(zai)平時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)訓(xun)練。籃球(qiu)、羽毛球(qiu)、乒(ping)乓球(qiu)也(ye)深受(shou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)(xi)愛。3．6影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)受(shou)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多方(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。從(cong)(cong)表9可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)壓(ya)力(li)大、沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)，其主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)現代航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)運(yun)(yun)發展需要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)人才(cai)應(ying)具備很多證書，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)任務重(zhong)，功課緊，只好(hao)放棄參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。缺(que)(que)乏(fa)技術指(zhi)導也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)(yi)(yi)個因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)，會導致(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)盲目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)甚至無(wu)(wu)(wu)從(cong)(cong)下手，不(bu)(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)形(xing)成體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)慣。缺(que)(que)乏(fa)場地器(qi)材是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)航(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)海(hai)(hai)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參(can)(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本(ben)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)設(she)施建設(she)無(wu)(wu)(wu)法(fa)滿足學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)累(lei)(lei)(lei)、身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)健康(kang)(kang)(kang)無(wu)(wu)(wu)需鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)(su)(su)，這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)求我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)師(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)平時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥注(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)趣(qu)，讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)形(xing)成終身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意識和(he)(he)(he)(he)行為(wei)(wei)。

論(lun)文(wen)摘要(yao)：目的(de)(de)(de)(de)：探討不同鍛(duan)煉方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)育(yu)鍛(duan)煉對身(shen)體(ti)(ti)自(zi)我的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，為進(jin)行不同方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)鍛(duan)煉提供(gong)理論(lun)指導。方法(fa)：通(tong)過問卷(juan)調查，對不同方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛(duan)煉進(jin)行獨立樣本T檢驗。結果(guo)：男生比(bi)女生有(you)更(geng)多積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)自(zi)我概(gai)念，太(tai)極(ji)拳比(bi)健美操鍛(duan)煉者有(you)更(geng)多積極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)(ti)自(zi)我概(gai)念。結論(lun)：為了促進(jin)太(tai)極(ji)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣，有(you)必(bi)要(yao)對進(jin)行長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)追蹤(zong)研(yan)究。

論文關鍵詞：不(bu)同鍛煉(lian)方(fang)式鍛煉(lian)身體自我概念(nian)

自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)概(gai)(gai)念是人(ren)格結構的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)成分(fen)。身體(ti)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)是自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)相念的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)基礎音(yin)分(fen)，它(ta)是個體(ti)對自(zi)(zi)己身體(ti)的(de)(de)認知幣口評價，是個體(ti)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)意識(shi)中最早(zao)萌發的(de)(de)音(yin)分(fen)，涉及至U又(you)寸自(zi)(zi)己豐目貌、體(ti)格、體(ti)臺(tai)邑等方(fang)面的(de)(de)看(kan)法和(he)評價。…身體(ti)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)是個體(ti)社(she)會認知的(de)(de)結果。身體(ti)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)對健全人(ren)格有重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，積(ji)極(ji)的(de)(de)身體(ti)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)是健全人(ren)格發展的(de)(de)基礎。大學(xue)生正處于自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)概(gai)(gai)念整合的(de)(de)關鍵時(shi)期(qi)，研(yan)究不同鍛煉方(fang)式對大學(xue)生身體(ti)自(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)概(gai)(gai)念的(de)(de)影(ying)H向(xiang)具有重要(yao)(yao)白(bai)勺型璺論與(yu)實(shi)踐意義(yi)。

1研究對象與方法

1．1研究對象

以隴東學(xue)(xue)院普通專(zhuan)業大學(xue)(xue)生190名為研究對(dui)象(經過半年的專(zhuan)業技能的學(xue)(xue)習(xi))，其中(zhong)男70名、女120名。研究x寸象分另(ling)q來自太極拳和健美操選(xuan)(xuan)項課這(zhe)兩個專(zhuan)，其c}|健美操選(xuan)(xuan)項課86名，太極拳選(xuan)(xuan)項課98。

1研究對象與方法

1.1研究對象

江西(xi)中(zhong)醫藥(yao)大學非體育專(zhuan)業300名大學生。

1.2研究方法

1.2.1文(wen)獻資料法(fa)

根據(ju)研究目的，查閱有關(guan)的書籍(ji)、期刊論(lun)文(wen)，獲取相關(guan)數據(ju)和信息。