建設工程范文10篇

時間:2024-01-01 13:44:36

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建設工程投資控制

一、建設工程投資的(de)特(te)點

(一)建(jian)設工程投資數額巨大(da)

建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)資(zi)數(shu)額巨大,對(dui)所屬地方(fang)的國計民生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)重大的影響,從這(zhe)一點上也說明了建(jian)設工(gong)程(cheng)管理的主要(yao)意義。

(二)建設工(gong)程投資差異明顯

每個建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)都(dou)有特(te)定(ding)的(de)用途(tu),功能、規模,每項工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)結構、空(kong)間分割(ge)、設(she)備(bei)配(pei)置和內外裝飾都(dou)有不同的(de)要求,工(gong)程(cheng)內空(kong)和實物形態都(dou)有差異性,即是同樣的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)處于不同的(de)地區在人工(gong)、材(cai)料、機械消(xiao)耗上也有差異。

(三)建(jian)設(she)工程投(tou)資需(xu)單獨(du)計(ji)算(suan)

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建設工程合同研究1

第一節概述

建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)也(ye)稱(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)包合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)指由承(cheng)(cheng)包人進(jin)(jin)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she),發包人支付價款的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong),通常包括建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘察(cha)、設(she)(she)(she)計、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。在(zai)傳統民法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)上,建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)屬承(cheng)(cheng)攬(lan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)之一種(zhong),德國(guo)、日本、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)及我(wo)國(guo)臺(tai)灣地區民法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)均(jun)將(jiang)對建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)納入(ru)承(cheng)(cheng)攬(lan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。我(wo)國(guo)1981年經濟合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)將(jiang)其作(zuo)為有名(ming)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)之一種(zhong)進(jin)(jin)行單獨規(gui)定(ding),合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)沿用了(le)這一立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)體例,將(jiang)承(cheng)(cheng)攬(lan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)分立(li),在(zai)事實上將(jiang)傳統的(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)攬(lan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)適用范圍限于建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之外的(de)(de)動產。但是(shi)(shi)(shi),基(ji)于二者內在(zai)的(de)(de)關聯(lian)性(xing),合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)287條規(gui)定(ding):“本章(建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong))沒有規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de),適用承(cheng)(cheng)攬(lan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)有關規(gui)定(ding)”。這一立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)例的(de)(de)采(cai)用與(yu)(yu)我(wo)國(guo)對不動產尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)上的(de)(de)重視程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度有關。

一般說(shuo)來,除了(le)作(zuo)為雙(shuang)務有(you)償合同的基本特(te)征(zheng)外,建設工程合同還具(ju)有(you)以下法律特(te)征(zheng)。

1、建設工程合同(tong)是以完成特定不(bu)動產的工程建設為主(zhu)要內容的合同(tong)。

建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)與承攬合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)一樣,在(zai)性質上屬以(yi)完成特(te)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)任務(wu)為目的(de)的(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong),但其工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)任務(wu)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she),不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一般(ban)的(de)動產承攬,當事人權利義務(wu)所指向的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)物(wu)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目,包括工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)勘察、設(she)(she)計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成果(guo)。這也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)我國建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)不(bu)同(tong)于承攬合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)主要(yao)特(te)征。從(cong)這方(fang)面(mian)而(er)言,我們也(ye)(ye)可以(yi)說建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)就是(shi)(shi)以(yi)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)勘察、設(she)(she)計(ji)或(huo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)為內容(rong)的(de)承攬合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)。從(cong)雙方(fang)權利義務(wu)的(de)內容(rong)來看,承包人主要(yao)提供的(de)是(shi)(shi)專業的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘察、設(she)(she)計(ji)及施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)等勞(lao)務(wu),而(er)不(bu)同(tong)于買(mai)賣合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)出(chu)賣人的(de)轉移特(te)定(ding)標的(de)物(wu)的(de)所有權,這也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)承攬合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)與買(mai)賣合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)主要(yao)區(qu)別。

2、在(zai)建設(she)工程合同的(de)訂立和履行各(ge)環節,均體(ti)現了國家(jia)較強的(de)干預。

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建設工程招標合同

合同條件(jian)采(cai)用建設工程施工合同示范文件(jian)(GF—1999—0201)的《合同條件(jian)》。

合同協(xie)議條款將由招(zhao)標(biao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(甲方)與中標(biao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(乙方)結(jie)合本工(gong)程(cheng)具體情況(kuang)協(xie)商后(hou)簽訂。以下為招(zhao)標(biao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)提(ti)出涉(she)及投(tou)標(biao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)主要條款,投(tou)標(biao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)應(ying)在投(tou)標(biao)文(wen)件中進行承諾(nuo)。

一(yi)、施工組織設計和工期(qi)

(一)進度計劃

乙方投標文件中(zhong)的(de)施工組織設(she)計(ji)(或方案),甲(jia)方對進度計(ji)劃(hua)提出(chu)質(zhi)疑(yi)和合理(li)修正(zheng)時,乙方應在(zai)簽訂合同(tong)后七(qi)天內(nei)提供修正(zheng)的(de)施工組織設(she)計(ji),甲(jia)方代(dai)表(biao)將在(zai)三(san)天內(nei)批復。

(二(er))工程(cheng)開工和工期

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建設工程價格

一、建設工(gong)程價格(ge)概(gai)述

建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)簡稱,是(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)和市(shi)場交易價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)總稱。由(you)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)領域的(de)(de)核心,是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)各方都關(guan)注的(de)(de)問題,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),貫穿(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)從決策至(zhi)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)整個(ge)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),也是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)較長且較為(wei)艱難(nan)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。從微觀方面(mian)而言,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)就是(shi)(shi)在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)決策階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)計階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、招投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)進行研究(jiu)比較,把建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在科學(xue)合(he)(he)理(li)的(de)(de)范圍之內,根據項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)進展情況隨時糾(jiu)正發(fa)生的(de)(de)偏差,以保證項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管理(li)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標的(de)(de)實(shi)現,力求(qiu)在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)各個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)合(he)(he)理(li)使用人(ren)力、物力、財力,以取得較好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)效益和社會效益。由(you)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)周(zhou)期(qi)長、價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值大等特點決定了(le)其計價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)多次性。然而,目(mu)(mu)(mu)前在建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan)超(chao)估算(suan)(suan)、預算(suan)(suan)超(chao)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)(suan),決算(suan)(suan)超(chao)預算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)“三超(chao)”現象仍然普遍存在,最終(zhong)導致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)嚴重失控(kong)(kong)。由(you)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)始終(zhong)貫穿(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)全過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),按階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)可分(fen)為(wei):投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)決策階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)計階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、招投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。要(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)理(li)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)就要(yao)(yao)從這幾個(ge)方面(mian)入手(shou)。

二、建設工程價格的(de)合理控制——基于微觀的(de)角度

(一)源頭——項目投資(zi)決(jue)策階段(duan)的工程價格控(kong)制

1.推行建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)法人責任制(zhi),將(jiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)從籌(chou)建(jian)(jian)到實(shi)施全過程(cheng)中的(de)資金(jin)使(shi)用(yong)和償還責任落實(shi)到人,同(tong)時建(jian)(jian)立(li)與項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)法人制(zhi)度相配套(tao)的(de)監督(du)機制(zhi),由行業主管部(bu)門和監督(du)部(bu)門共(gong)同(tong)設(she)立(li)監察(cha)組,監督(du)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)資金(jin)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)情況。

2.實事求是地進行(xing)市(shi)場分(fen)析,避免項目(mu)決策的(de)盲目(mu)性,減少和降低投資風險(xian),充分(fen)考慮建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)在未(wei)來市(shi)場中的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)力,使設(she)計(ji)任(ren)務書更具科學性和可靠性。

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建設工程合同研究2

三(san)、承包人(ren)法定抵押權的效(xiao)力

就其(qi)(qi)效(xiao)力(li)而(er)言,法(fa)定(ding)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)優先(xian)于(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)定(ding)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)與(yu)發包人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他債權(quan)(quan)(quan),此點(dian)殆無疑(yi)(yi)義,司法(fa)解釋對(dui)此也予以明確。問題在于(yu)(yu),在所(suo)建設(she)商品(pin)房(fang)已進行(xing)預售或銷售的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下,承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)購房(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系應如何處理。我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)制度雖未(wei)臻完善,但(dan)物(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)法(fa)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則已經(jing)(jing)基本確立,不(bu)動(dong)產(chan)物(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉移以登(deng)(deng)(deng)記為條件(jian),與(yu)此相配套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還有商品(pin)房(fang)買(mai)(mai)賣(預售)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記制度。經(jing)(jing)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商品(pin)房(fang)買(mai)(mai)受(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)對(dui)抗包括抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他債權(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),但(dan)經(jing)(jing)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商品(pin)房(fang)買(mai)(mai)受(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是否可(ke)對(dui)抗承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)定(ding)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)則存(cun)有疑(yi)(yi)問。我(wo)(wo)們(men)認為,經(jing)(jing)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公務(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)(yuan)之家(jia),全國公務(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)(yuan)共同(tong)天(tian)地(di)公務(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)(yuan)之家(jia),全國公務(wu)(wu)(wu)員(yuan)(yuan)共同(tong)天(tian)地(di)商品(pin)房(fang)買(mai)(mai)受(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)該商品(pin)房(fang)享有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)是一種(zhong)物(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)性質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li),承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)法(fa)定(ding)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)雖可(ke)對(dui)抗抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)及其(qi)(qi)他債權(quan)(quan)(quan),但(dan)應不(bu)具備對(dui)抗經(jing)(jing)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)買(mai)(mai)受(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力(li)。但(dan)未(wei)經(jing)(jing)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)買(mai)(mai)受(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)該商品(pin)房(fang)享有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是純粹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)債權(quan)(quan)(quan),因(yin)此承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)定(ding)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)優先(xian)于(yu)(yu)未(wei)經(jing)(jing)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)買(mai)(mai)受(shou)(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)債權(quan)(quan)(quan)。

令人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)抗(kang)(kang)已支付全(quan)部或(huo)大(da)部分購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)款(kuan)項的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),這應(ying)理(li)解(jie)(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基于利(li)益(yi)衡量(liang)考(kao)慮對(dui)(dui)(dui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)條(tiao)作出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)縮解(jie)(jie)釋。有(you)學者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)指(zhi)出,消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)利(li)益(yi)屬生(sheng)存(cun)利(li)益(yi),應(ying)優先于承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營利(li)益(yi),因此(ci)(ci)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)進(jin)行特(te)殊(shu)保(bao)護(hu)「梁慧(hui)星(xing):“合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和286條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)性質與(yu)適用”,載《民商(shang)(shang)(shang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)論叢》第19卷,P379」。但是(shi)(shi)(shi),對(dui)(dui)(dui)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)般商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)房(fang)(fang)(fang)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別存(cun)在(zai)(zai)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。我(wo)國《消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)權(quan)益(yi)保(bao)護(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第二條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)活需要(yao)而(er)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)、使(shi)用商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)接受(shou)服(fu)務(wu),其權(quan)益(yi)受(shou)本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)保(bao)護(hu)”。可(ke)見立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從合同(tong)(tong)簽訂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來判斷是(shi)(shi)(shi)否屬消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),非(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)活需要(yao)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)則不(bu)屬消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。這一(yi)(yi)點(dian)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)眾多法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)不(bu)支持知假(jia)買(mai)假(jia)并索賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“王海現(xian)(xian)象”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)依(yi)據。從現(xian)(xian)實(shi)來看(kan),房(fang)(fang)(fang)地產作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)方式,有(you)相當數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了生(sheng)活需要(yao)而(er)購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang),其購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了投資(zi),公務(wu)員之家,全(quan)國公務(wu)員共同(tong)(tong)天地或(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了經商(shang)(shang)(shang)需要(yao),這種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)(xian)象在(zai)(zai)大(da)中城市大(da)量(liang)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)情形承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否可(ke)以購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)進(jin)行對(dui)(dui)(dui)抗(kang)(kang)呢?從《消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)權(quan)益(yi)保(bao)護(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》上(shang)(shang)(shang)述規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)來看(kan),承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應(ying)可(ke)進(jin)行對(dui)(dui)(dui)抗(kang)(kang),但在(zai)(zai)舉證(zheng)方面將面臨(lin)極大(da)困難,而(er)且合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第286條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)時并不(bu)需要(yao)進(jin)行訴(su)訟,因此(ci)(ci)當購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就此(ci)(ci)產生(sheng)爭議(yi)時,也缺乏有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)救濟程序。我(wo)們認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),對(dui)(dui)(dui)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)應(ying)采取較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寬(kuan)松的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)場(chang),購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)只需證(zheng)明其與(yu)發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)合同(tong)(tong)且支付了全(quan)部或(huo)大(da)部分購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)款(kuan)即(ji)可(ke),如承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)異議(yi),應(ying)由(you)承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)承擔舉證(zheng)責(ze)任。但對(dui)(dui)(dui)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)應(ying)有(you)如下標(biao)準:第一(yi)(yi),消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),非(fei)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)能(neng)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)意義上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),個體工商(shang)(shang)(shang)戶等特(te)殊(shu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也可(ke)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。第二,消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)所購(gou)(gou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋規(gui)(gui)劃用途應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)住(zhu)宅或(huo)住(zhu)宅式公寓等用于居住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)房(fang)(fang)(fang),寫字樓、商(shang)(shang)(shang)鋪等商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)房(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)能(neng)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。需至少兩個條(tiao)件同(tong)(tong)時滿(man)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)房(fang)(fang)(fang)買(mai)受(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才能(neng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)抗(kang)(kang)承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)。但對(dui)(dui)(dui)經登記(ji)或(huo)已辦理(li)產權(quan)過戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)房(fang)(fang)(fang)買(mai)受(shou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)否屬消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),其均(jun)可(ke)對(dui)(dui)(dui)抗(kang)(kang)承包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)。

承包人(ren)法定(ding)抵押權(quan)(quan)既是一種優(you)先(xian)受償權(quan)(quan),在發包人(ren)破產時,其(qi)受償效力應位于(yu)(yu)員(yuan)工(gong)工(gong)資、福利及稅款之(zhi)(zhi)后,抵押權(quan)(quan)及其(qi)他債權(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)。如(ru)發包人(ren)宣告破產于(yu)(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)或合同(tong)約定(ding)的工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),由于(yu)(yu)承包人(ren)法定(ding)抵押權(quan)(quan)的產生系基(ji)于(yu)(yu)建設工(gong)程(cheng)合同(tong)的行為,而非工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)的事實,因此承包人(ren)自(zi)可主張破產財產的優(you)先(xian)受償權(quan)(quan)。

合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)第(di)286條并未規(gui)定(ding)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)債權(quan)的(de)(de)范圍,只(zhi)規(gui)定(ding)為(wei)“價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)”。前述司(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)作了不同(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)擔保法(fa)(fa)關(guan)于(yu)抵押(ya)(ya)權(quan)受償范圍的(de)(de)狹義解釋(shi)(shi)(shi),僅包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)為(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)應付的(de)(de)工作人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員報(bao)酬、材料(liao)款(kuan)(kuan)等(deng)實(shi)際(ji)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)其付墊資工程(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)用(yong)(yong),但不得(de)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)因發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)違約所造成的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。該司(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)出(chu)發(fa)點可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)出(chu)于(yu)對(dui)發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)其他債權(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)利(li)益的(de)(de)保護(hu),但其是(shi)否完全符合(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)立法(fa)(fa)本(ben)意,則(ze)(ze)頗值商榷。本(ben)文在(zai)(zai)此(ci)無意就(jiu)(jiu)此(ci)深(shen)入討論,但該司(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)概念上至(zhi)少不夠(gou)周延,在(zai)(zai)操作層面上不夠(gou)嚴謹。建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)約定(ding)的(de)(de)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)除承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)實(shi)際(ji)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)的(de)(de)工作人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員報(bao)酬及材料(liao)款(kuan)(kuan)外,還包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應得(de)利(li)潤,而(er)(er)司(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)(shi)(shi)并未明確承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)否可(ke)(ke)就(jiu)(jiu)該部分主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)優先(xian)受償。此(ci)外,由于(yu)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)定(ding)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)抵押(ya)(ya)權(quan)不需經過訴(su)訟程(cheng)(cheng)序,因此(ci)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)額的(de)(de)認(ren)定(ding)也存在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)的(de)(de)困難,對(dui)其他債權(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)能不利(li)。我們認(ren)為(wei),即便對(dui)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)作狹義解釋(shi)(shi)(shi),也應包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應得(de)利(li)潤。如因發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未按(an)時支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)而(er)(er)致工程(cheng)(cheng)未能在(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)約定(ding)的(de)(de)工期完工,則(ze)(ze)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)能就(jiu)(jiu)其實(shi)際(ji)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)優先(xian)受償權(quan)尚在(zai)(zai)情(qing)理之(zhi)中,在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)已完工的(de)(de)情(qing)況下,還要求承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)能就(jiu)(jiu)實(shi)際(ji)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)優先(xian)受償則(ze)(ze)似與合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)立法(fa)(fa)本(ben)意相(xiang)悖,此(ci)時承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)理應可(ke)(ke)就(jiu)(jiu)建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)約定(ding)的(de)(de)價(jia)款(kuan)(kuan)主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)優先(xian)受償權(quan)。

四(si)、承(cheng)包(bao)人法(fa)定抵(di)押權的行使方式

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建設工程變更管理

工程變更的分類

工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更(geng)(geng)一(yi)般包(bao)含設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)簽證兩大類(lei)。設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng),是(shi)指工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中為(wei)保(bao)證設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量,完善工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji),糾正設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)錯誤以及滿足現場條件變化而進行的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)改工(gong)(gong)作;一(yi)般包(bao)括由(you)原設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)出(chu)具的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)通知單(dan)(dan)和(he)(he)由(you)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)征得由(you)原設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)同意的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)洽商(shang)單(dan)(dan)兩種(zhong)。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)簽證,是(shi)指承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)就施(shi)工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙、設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)所(suo)確(que)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)內容以外,由(you)于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)原因,出(chu)現了與(yu)合(he)同規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)、條件和(he)(he)事實(shi)不(bu)符,需要由(you)建設(she)、監理、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)負(fu)責(ze)人共同簽署的(de)(de)(de),用于證實(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)活(huo)動中某些特殊情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)書面手續(xu);如由(you)于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)條件變化或(huo)無(wu)法預見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)所(suo)引起的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量變化。

設計變更(geng)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)簽證工(gong)(gong)(gong)作是工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)中(zhong)的(de)一項(xiang)重(zhong)要內容(rong),因(yin)為它(ta)內容(rong)廣泛,構成原因(yin)復(fu)雜,規律性(xing)較差(cha),發生(sheng)時間較長,難以確定(ding)其造價。因(yin)此,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)人(ren)員應將其擺在重(zhong)要位置(zhi)上,重(zhong)視和搞(gao)好這項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作是建設單位順利推進工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設、正確確定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價、嚴格控制投資的(de)依據。

工程變更的原因劃分

勘察設(she)計工(gong)(gong)(gong)作粗糙(cao),以致在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中發現許多合同文(wen)件(jian)、設(she)計文(wen)件(jian)中沒有考慮或估算不(bu)準的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量,不(bu)得(de)不(bu)改變施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目或增減工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量。

發生不可預見的(de)情況,如惡(e)劣的(de)天氣、社(she)會動(dong)蕩、自然災害(hai)等。

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建設工程招標合同

依據《中(zhong)華人民共和國招標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)法》、《中(zhong)華人民共和國合同法》及其它有(you)關法律、法規(gui)、規(gui)章,__________(以(yi)下(xia)(xia)簡(jian)稱(cheng)委托人)與__________(以(yi)下(xia)(xia)簡(jian)稱(cheng)人)就(jiu)__________(工程(cheng)名稱(cheng))__________的招標(biao)事(shi)宜(yi),經(jing)充分(fen)協商(shang),達成一(yi)致意見,特訂(ding)立(li)本合同。

一、委托(tuo)人委托(tuo)人的(de)工(gong)程(以下簡稱(cheng)“本工(gong)程”)概(gai)況

1、工程地點:

2、工(gong)程項目審(shen)批(pi)文件(jian):

3、資金來源(yuan):

4、工程規模:

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建設工程招標合同

依據(ju)《中華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和國(guo)招(zhao)標投標法》、《中華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和國(guo)合同法》及其它有關法律、法規、規章(zhang),(以(yi)下簡(jian)稱委托(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren))與

(以下簡稱人)就(工程名稱)的招標事宜,經充分協商(shang),達成(cheng)一致(zhi)意見,特訂立本合(he)同(tong)。

一、委托(tuo)人委托(tuo)人的工程(cheng)(以下簡(jian)稱“本工程(cheng)”)概(gai)況

1、工程地點:

2、工(gong)程項目審批文件:

3、資金來源:

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建設工程征地協議

征用土地(di)單位(甲方):________________________________

地址:____________郵碼:____________電話:____________法定代(dai)表(biao)人:____________職(zhi)務:____________

被(bei)征(zheng)土(tu)地單位(乙方):________________________________

地址:____________郵碼:____________電話:____________法定(ding)代表人:____________職(zhi)務:____________

根(gen)據________(審批權力機關(guan))批準的________建設項(xiang)目的計(ji)劃(hua)任(ren)務書和(he)工程選點報告等文件,按照《國家建設征用土(tu)地(di)條例》規(gui)定,經甲方(fang)向(xiang)征地(di)所在地(di)的土(tu)地(di)管(guan)理機關(guan)申請和(he)____人民政府審查批準,經甲乙(yi)雙(shuang)方(fang)實地(di)查看、協商一致(zhi),特簽訂本合同,以供雙(shuang)方(fang)共同遵守。

第一條征用(yong)土地(di)數量及(ji)方(fang)位

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建設工程合同1

發包方:_____

承包方:_____

上(shang)述雙方經過友好協商,共同(tong)達成如下合同(tong)條款:

第一(yi)章合同一(yi)般規范

第(di)1條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)詞(ci)語涵(han)義。建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)文(wen)本,由建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(以(yi)(yi)下簡(jian)稱(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件)和建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同(tong)協(xie)議(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(以(yi)(yi)下簡(jian)稱(cheng)協(xie)議(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan))組成。其用詞(ci)用語除協(xie)議(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)另有(you)約定外(wai),應(ying)具有(you)本條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)所(suo)賦予的涵(han)義。

1.發包方(簡稱甲方):協(xie)議條款約(yue)定的、具(ju)有發包主體資(zi)格和支付工程價(jia)款能(neng)力的當事(shi)人。

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