［提要(yao)］隨著供(gong)應鏈(lian)的(de)快(kuai)速發展(zhan)(zhan)，供(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)作為(wei)一種(zhong)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)形態而發展(zhan)(zhan)起(qi)來，國內(nei)外(wai)(wai)一些學者相繼對其(qi)進(jin)行前瞻性研(yan)究，多數學者認為(wei)供(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)積極促進(jin)供(gong)應鏈(lian)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)和提升企業(ye)競(jing)爭力(li)。本文從供(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)發展(zhan)(zhan)過(guo)程與模(mo)式、供(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)風險管理(li)以(yi)及供(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)風險控制(zhi)研(yan)究等(deng)方面，綜述(shu)國內(nei)外(wai)(wai)在該領域研(yan)究進(jin)展(zhan)(zhan)，以(yi)期使(shi)理(li)論研(yan)究更好地服務于業(ye)界實踐(jian)。

關鍵(jian)詞：供(gong)應鏈(lian)金融；供(gong)應鏈(lian)；理(li)論(lun)綜述

20世(shi)紀80年代(dai)以來，經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)分工深化過程(cheng)中(zhong)促使供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)快(kuai)速(su)崛起，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生為(wei)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)交易(yi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商品流、信息流和(he)(he)資(zi)金(jin)流提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)成方式(shi)，實(shi)現(xian)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)整(zheng)體目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)優化。任何一家企業(ye)(ye)要維持其競爭力優勢(shi)就要考慮產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)布局(ju)。供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)主要分為(wei)四個發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)歷程(cheng)，包(bao)括以票據貼(tie)現(xian)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起步階段、以貿易(yi)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)初級(ji)階段、以供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)級(ji)階段和(he)(he)以線上供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)級(ji)階段。在全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)化背景下，經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)下行或者(zhe)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)波動(dong)使企業(ye)(ye)違約率明顯(xian)上升(sheng)，商業(ye)(ye)銀行面臨極高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)風(feng)險。因此，國外部分先進(jin)銀行開始了如何將信貸服務與供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)環節有機整(zheng)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)探討，更加真實(shi)地(di)了解企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)運營(ying)和(he)(he)現(xian)金(jin)流情況，提(ti)出(chu)了供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)，為(wei)商業(ye)(ye)銀行的(de)(de)(de)(de)信貸審批提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了依據，也取得(de)了很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。本文綜(zong)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)在于總(zong)結(jie)國內外在供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)研究(jiu)最新進(jin)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，為(wei)更好地(di)服務于業(ye)(ye)界實(shi)踐提(ti)供(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)論(lun)依據。

一、供(gong)應鏈金融發展(zhan)過程與模式研究綜述

供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)商業銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)信(xin)貸(dai)業務(wu)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)專業領域，對(dui)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)交易供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)上單個(ge)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業或者是(shi)上下游(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)整體(ti)的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)服務(wu)，促使供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)核(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業及上下游(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)條達(da)到穩定運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式(shi)，是(shi)站(zhan)在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)視(shi)角來(lai)看待融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并(bing)且(qie)由金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)機構把供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)參與方(fang)(fang)都連接起來(lai)，為供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)通、付款(kuan)結(jie)算、財務(wu)管理(li)等金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)服務(wu)，其(qi)主要(yao)研究過程綜述見表1。根據主導(dao)(dao)方(fang)(fang)不同可將(jiang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)分為物(wu)流企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業主導(dao)(dao)型(xing)、核(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業主導(dao)(dao)型(xing)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)主導(dao)(dao)型(xing)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)物(wu)流企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業主導(dao)(dao)型(xing)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)可以說是(shi)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保理(li)業務(wu)在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用；核(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業主導(dao)(dao)型(xing)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)輻(fu)射能力有限，尤其(qi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業面(mian)(mian)臨融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)困難(nan)時并(bing)沒有因為供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)發展而得到緩解；銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)主導(dao)(dao)型(xing)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)以銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間接融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)配置金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)為基礎的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)，該體(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)體(ti)系(xi)發達(da)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業外部資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)主要(yao)通過間接融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)動員(yuan)儲蓄、配置資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)和監(jian)督公司管理(li)者的(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)決策(ce)等方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)發揮主要(yao)作用。銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)貸(dai)款(kuan)和貿(mao)易融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)這兩種(zhong)信(xin)貸(dai)模式(shi)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業則更(geng)為有效，探討了(le)預(yu)付賬款(kuan)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式(shi)，指出通過預(yu)付融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，訂(ding)貨(huo)可有效解決物(wu)流的(de)(de)滯后性(xing)，并(bing)建立了(le)隨機動態規劃模型(xing)對(dui)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)價(jia)值和可行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分析(xi)。

二、供應鏈金融風險管(guan)理(li)研究

摘要：近幾年，供應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)模(mo)式所具有的優勢被我國企(qi)業(ye)(ye)所認可，由此(ci)得以迅(xun)速發展。國家有關部(bu)門相(xiang)繼出臺了相(xiang)關政策性文件及發展意見，積極推進供應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)開展，到(dao)2020年要基本形成具有新模(mo)式和新技術的、覆(fu)蓋我國重點產業(ye)(ye)的智慧供應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)體系。商務(wu)部(bu)聯合其他七部(bu)門在2018年4月份共同了《關于開展供應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)創新與應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用試(shi)點的通知(zhi)》，再次強調了供應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)在未來企(qi)業(ye)(ye)發展中的重要性。作為(wei)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)快速發展的強有力支持，供應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融業(ye)(ye)務(wu)也迅(xun)速崛起。

關(guan)鍵詞：供應鏈金(jin)融;中小企業;風險(xian)供應鏈

金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(SCF)實質就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一種新的融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式，與以往的一對(dui)(dui)一融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不同，供(gong)應鏈融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)提供(gong)方對(dui)(dui)整個供(gong)應鏈條(tiao)上(shang)的相(xiang)關企業提供(gong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較靈(ling)活(huo)的金(jin)(jin)融(rong)產品及服務的一種融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模式。資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)提供(gong)方通過對(dui)(dui)供(gong)應鏈條(tiao)的整體審查，在系統(tong)分(fen)析(xi)整條(tiao)供(gong)應鏈管理(li)水平及發展前景的基礎上(shang)，對(dui)(dui)鏈條(tiao)上(shang)的融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)企業進行提供(gong)相(xiang)應的融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)服務。

1黑龍江中小企業融資現(xian)狀

黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)非公有(you)(you)制經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)總體平(ping)穩，運(yun)行(xing)呈現(xian)穩中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態勢(shi)。根據《黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)金融(rong)運(yun)行(xing)報告》(2018)統計顯示，2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)，黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非公有(you)(you)制經(jing)濟實(shi)現(xian)增加(jia)值8634.6億元(yuan)，相比(bi)(bi)較2016年(nian)(nian)(nian)，增長近(jin)8%，增速同(tong)比(bi)(bi)再提高0.1%，高于全省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)地(di)區生產總值增速1.4個百(bai)分點，占黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)地(di)區生產總值比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)達到53.3%，比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)同(tong)比(bi)(bi)提高0.2%。截(jie)(jie)至(zhi)2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)底(di)，黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)數量近(jin)370萬戶，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)占九成以上(shang)。近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)來，黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)蓬勃(bo)發(fa)展(zhan)，在支持就業(ye)(ye)(ye)、促進(jin)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)等方(fang)面(mian)(mian)發(fa)揮著不可忽(hu)視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)委省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)府緊跟中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)步伐，結合本地(di)實(shi)際(ji)，相繼出臺(tai)扶持政(zheng)策，由省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)財政(zheng)多(duo)次給予資(zi)金補助(zhu)，真正做到“扶上(shang)馬，送一程”，助(zhu)力中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)。金融(rong)機構主動優化資(zi)產負債結構，積極支持中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)信貸(dai)(dai)投放。2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)增長33.6%，同(tong)時(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)利(li)率呈下降走勢(shi)，貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)加(jia)權平(ping)均利(li)率5.35%，比(bi)(bi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)下降0.05個百(bai)分點，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)下降0.2個百(bai)分點。然(ran)而(er)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，還需要遵(zun)循市(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)則以及各(ge)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，目(mu)前，黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)資(zi)難問(wen)題(ti)沒有(you)(you)完(wan)全解(jie)決(jue)。黑(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)(hei)龍(long)江中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)資(zi)依然(ran)以信貸(dai)(dai)融(rong)資(zi)為主，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)身(shen)存在規(gui)(gui)模小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、風險大(da)、抵(di)(di)押品不足(zu)、信用等級低等問(wen)題(ti)成為其(qi)融(rong)資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極大(da)阻(zu)礙。據省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)統計，截(jie)(jie)至(zhi)2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)末(mo)，省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)330多(duo)萬戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，超(chao)過(guo)六成沒有(you)(you)固定廠房，一半(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)通過(guo)租(zu)賃辦公場(chang)所開展(zhan)經(jing)營，近(jin)五成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)表示沒有(you)(you)可以抵(di)(di)押的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高價物品。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，近(jin)230萬戶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)嘗(chang)試通過(guo)銀行(xing)抵(di)(di)押貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)助(zhu)力企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)，但只有(you)(you)2/3成功，另外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，因為不符合貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)規(gui)(gui)定而(er)被銀行(xing)拒絕。

2開展供(gong)應鏈金融(rong)服務組織模式分析

摘要：在分析(xi)目前中國大陸食(shi)品(pin)供(gong)應鏈(lian)運作的(de)現(xian)狀、存在的(de)瓶頸(jing)制約因素(su)和現(xian)實(shi)問(wen)題的(de)基礎上，從構(gou)筑和完善(shan)食(shi)品(pin)供(gong)應鏈(lian)高(gao)效運作的(de)基礎平(ping)臺、改進食(shi)品(pin)供(gong)應鏈(lian)的(de)內部運作方式(shi)等方面(mian)探索突破瓶頸(jing)和解決問(wen)題的(de)途徑，有(you)針對(dui)性地提出了相關(guan)改進措施和因應對(dui)策。

關鍵詞：食品供(gong)應鏈；瓶頸制約(yue)；因應對策

一、引言

改革開放以(yi)來，黨(dang)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家高度重(zhong)視我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和(he)發展(zhan)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，始終把農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發展(zhan)放在(zai)首要地(di)(di)位，對(dui)“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)”問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)給予了極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注。通過(guo)解放農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力，改革農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)關系，極大(da)(da)地(di)(di)促(cu)進了我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，比較好地(di)(di)解決了人民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吃飯、穿衣等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，廣大(da)(da)人民(min)群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收入水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)也(ye)得以(yi)迅速提高，在(zai)解決了溫飽問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，較快地(di)(di)實(shi)現了小康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標。與此同時，人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)結(jie)構也(ye)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了很大(da)(da)變(bian)(bian)化，相繼提出(chu)了多(duo)(duo)(duo)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)、少(shao)數量(liang)(liang)、無污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，但我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟硬件(jian)條件(jian)還遠不(bu)能適應(ying)(ying)(ying)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)“多(duo)(duo)(duo)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)、少(shao)數量(liang)(liang)、保安(an)(an)全”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)模式(shi)。再從我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)運行(xing)(xing)質量(liang)(liang)和(he)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)來看，問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)更多(duo)(duo)(duo)，也(ye)更加復雜，由(you)于食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)設(she)計(ji)不(bu)合理，鏈(lian)上組織和(he)機構之(zhi)間相互脫節，缺少(shao)配合，難以(yi)協同運作，從而導(dao)致我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)運行(xing)(xing)不(bu)但存在(zai)成(cheng)本高、效率低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，而且(qie)對(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)安(an)(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防范、監控(kong)和(he)保障能力極其(qi)(qi)低(di)下。據(ju)(ju)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)埃森哲咨詢(xun)公司不(bu)久前公布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統計(ji)數據(ju)(ju)，由(you)于我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)存在(zai)大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，致使全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)每年有(you)(you)總(zong)(zong)值不(bu)低(di)于七(qi)百五十億(yi)美(mei)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)在(zai)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)流運送過(guo)程中(zhong)腐(fu)爛變(bian)(bian)質，有(you)(you)些國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內外學者(zhe)甚(shen)至估(gu)計(ji)這一(yi)損(sun)失可能在(zai)一(yi)千(qian)億(yi)美(mei)元左右。像新(xin)鮮蔬果(guo)、乳制品(pin)(pin)、肉(rou)類(lei)和(he)水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)等(deng)容(rong)易(yi)腐(fu)爛變(bian)(bian)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)，其(qi)(qi)售價中(zhong)大(da)(da)約有(you)(you)七(qi)成(cheng)是用來補貼(tie)物(wu)流供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)過(guo)程中(zhong)貨損(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支出(chu)。在(zai)剛剛過(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)年里，頻頻閃亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)安(an)(an)全紅(hong)燈，無情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折射出(chu)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)表面(mian)繁榮背后難以(yi)掩飾其(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)悲哀，從蘇丹紅(hong)、孔雀石綠到奪命小果(guo)凍、回收奶早產(chan)(chan)奶，再到福壽螺(luo)、瘦肉(rou)精和(he)多(duo)(duo)(duo)寶(bao)魚，這些觸(chu)目驚(jing)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)安(an)(an)全事件(jian)，無一(yi)不(bu)與食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無序性、脆弱性有(you)(you)關，尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是一(yi)再引發消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)恐慌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇丹紅(hong)事件(jian)，更是集中(zhong)反映了我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)供應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)[1]，也(ye)使我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)對(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)失去(qu)了應(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)信(xin)心和(he)忠誠度。據(ju)(ju)調查(cha)，在(zai)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)大(da)(da)中(zhong)城市，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)已成(cheng)為消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)眼下最不(bu)放心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商品(pin)(pin)，消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)者(zhe)對(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)類(lei)商品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)信(xin)任率高達65%以(yi)上，他們一(yi)方面(mian)處于失望與無奈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掙扎之(zhi)中(zhong)，一(yi)方面(mian)又熱(re)切地(di)(di)期盼著擁有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)安(an)(an)全衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)環境。就連食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)專(zhuan)家也(ye)不(bu)得不(bu)面(mian)對(dui)“吃”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難題(ti)(ti)，深為吃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)所困。如今果(guo)蔬專(zhuan)家不(bu)敢吃水(shui)(shui)果(guo)蔬菜，畜牧專(zhuan)家不(bu)敢吃肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)禽蛋，水(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)專(zhuan)家不(bu)敢吃龜蟹魚蝦，已是一(yi)個(ge)無法回避(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)[2]。

二、影響我國食(shi)品供應鏈有效運作的主要瓶頸因素

（一）交通基礎設(she)施建設(she)滯后(hou)

摘要：本文(wen)運(yun)用生(sheng)態(tai)學的(de)原理，通過(guo)對我國(guo)商業(ye)(ye)銀行供應鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)的(de)開展情況(kuang)、信息技(ji)術水平(ping)、基于第三方(fang)電子商務(wu)平(ping)臺建設(she)的(de)梳理，分析我國(guo)供應鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)面臨著一些問(wen)題，并(bing)提出(chu)培(pei)育專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)才、創新金融(rong)(rong)(rong)產品、完善風險防控等相關(guan)建議，以期促進整個金融(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)的(de)不斷(duan)優化，更(geng)好的(de)發揮金融(rong)(rong)(rong)服(fu)務(wu)于實體經(jing)濟的(de)本能(neng)。

關(guan)鍵詞：供應鏈(lian)；供應鏈(lian)金融生態；第三方交易

我國(guo)(guo)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)目前正處于快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的階段。據調查，有82%的受(shou)訪(fang)企(qi)業(ye)對供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)保持樂(le)觀(guan)的態度，認為在2017年(nian)之后這個行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)的熱度還(huan)會持續上升；僅有7％的受(shou)訪(fang)企(qi)業(ye)表示可能(neng)出現(xian)(xian)下(xia)降趨勢，對供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)持悲觀(guan)態度[1]。近期，有很多商業(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)已經開始將(jiang)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)作為重要(yao)業(ye)務予(yu)以推進。隨著時代的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的應(ying)(ying)用越來越廣泛(fan)和成熟，在實(shi)踐過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，我們有必(bi)要(yao)了(le)解我國(guo)(guo)的供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生態環境(jing)，使我們更(geng)加明確當(dang)下(xia)的金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生態現(xian)(xian)狀。研(yan)究我國(guo)(guo)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生態環境(jing)，旨(zhi)在更(geng)加深入(ru)地(di)了(le)解我國(guo)(guo)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)具體情(qing)況，通過(guo)對我國(guo)(guo)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生態現(xian)(xian)狀的分析，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)其(qi)中(zhong)存(cun)在的問題并提出有效建議(yi)。

一、相關文獻梳理

1.國(guo)外研究狀況。Oliver,R.Keith和(he)MichaelD.Webber（1982）提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)了供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關概念(nian)，他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)管理(li)首先要(yao)對供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)這一(yi)(yi)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏈(lian)條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總現(xian)(xian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)流(liu)進(jin)行管理(li)，然(ran)后再(zai)發(fa)展到對現(xian)(xian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)流(liu)、商流(liu)和(he)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)進(jin)行綜合(he)管理(li)，并(bing)設計了綜合(he)存貨管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)程。早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)(lun)焦點在于指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)管理(li)是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)整個(ge)(ge)流(liu)程作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)體(ti)來管理(li)[2]。AllenN.Berger和(he)GregoryF.Udell（2004）提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)了對于中小企(qi)業融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資難問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新想法[3]。LeoraKlapper（2005）提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)了反保理(li)服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法[4]。DavidGustin（2005）利(li)用(yong)(yong)實(shi)證分析(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，較(jiao)全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)了供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本概念(nian)、業務(wu)模式(shi)、技術平臺等(deng)問題(ti)，并(bing)對供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)對策[5]。2.國(guo)內研究狀況。“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)”這個(ge)(ge)名詞最(zui)早由周小川于2004年(nian)(nian)12月2日在中國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)50人論(lun)(lun)壇上提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)。他(ta)(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)比喻，主(zhu)要(yao)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)(bu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，而(er)不是(shi)(shi)機構(gou)內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運作。他(ta)(ta)依(yi)據生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)們(men)(men)理(li)解金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)提(ti)供(gong)了更加(jia)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視角，指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)了“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)”這個(ge)(ge)仿生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)概念(nian)。蘇寧在2005年(nian)(nian)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)”是(shi)(shi)借(jie)用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)，比喻金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)所(suo)(suo)(suo)面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)(bu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)(bao)括經(jing)濟(ji)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)、法治環(huan)(huan)境(jing)、信用(yong)(yong)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)、市場環(huan)(huan)境(jing)和(he)制(zhi)度(du)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)。韓平在2005年(nian)(nian)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)，他(ta)(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)”不止包(bao)(bao)含金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)所(suo)(suo)(suo)面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)(bu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，還應(ying)(ying)該(gai)包(bao)(bao)括金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)要(yao)素。王(wang)松奇在2005年(nian)(nian)對金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)進(jin)行了闡述，他(ta)(ta)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)結構(gou)和(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)活(huo)動所(suo)(suo)(suo)面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)是(shi)(shi)由政治、文化、社會、意識形態(tai)、體(ti)制(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)、政策約束(shu)、微觀基(ji)(ji)礎、法律法規、傳統習慣等(deng)多種(zhong)因素所(suo)(suo)(suo)構(gou)成。徐諾金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)在2006年(nian)(nian)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)各種(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存和(he)發(fa)展，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了適應(ying)(ying)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)而(er)不斷(duan)做(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)調整，從而(er)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具有(you)自我(wo)調節能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定均衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統[6]。以上專家學(xue)(xue)(xue)者們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究充(chong)實(shi)了供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)理(li)論(lun)(lun)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，如果能(neng)結合(he)我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際情況進(jin)行分析(xi)，找(zhao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)問題(ti)并(bing)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)建議就(jiu)更加(jia)完(wan)整了。

二、供應鏈金(jin)融生態系(xi)統(tong)相關理論

【摘要】數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)經濟(ji)背景(jing)下，文章從供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)與供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)的關系(xi)(xi)入手，分析(xi)了當前供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)統中存在(zai)的問題(ti)，探究了將(jiang)物聯(lian)網技術應(ying)(ying)用到供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)系(xi)(xi)統的必要性，以技術服務于(yu)應(ying)(ying)用系(xi)(xi)統的方式，將(jiang)物聯(lian)網技術與供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)融合，構(gou)建(jian)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)系(xi)(xi)統體(ti)系(xi)(xi)架構(gou)，實現供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)統全程(cheng)可(ke)視化(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)、集(ji)約化(hua)(hua)管理，助推數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)發展。

【關鍵詞】物(wu)聯網技術；供(gong)應鏈；供(gong)應鏈集成；數字化(hua)

數字化經濟轉型(xing)(xing)已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)各個(ge)(ge)行業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)展趨勢，以(yi)5G、物聯網(wang)(wang)、人(ren)工智(zhi)能等新(xin)技術(shu)為(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)數字化轉型(xing)(xing)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)了(le)強大(da)的(de)(de)技術(shu)支撐[1]。加快(kuai)企(qi)業(ye)信(xin)(xin)息化建(jian)設(she)，發(fa)展智(zhi)慧供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)是(shi)數字化供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)目標。隨著新(xin)冠肺炎疫情的(de)(de)持續爆發(fa)，全(quan)球乃至全(quan)世界(jie)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)受到(dao)巨(ju)大(da)沖擊。中國(guo)作為(wei)(wei)制造業(ye)大(da)國(guo)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)也經歷巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)考驗，越來越多的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)開始認識到(dao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)重要性(xing)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)更(geng)好地應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對外(wai)部(bu)環境變(bian)化，占領市(shi)場(chang)，贏得(de)競爭(zheng)，將(jiang)物聯網(wang)(wang)技術(shu)與(yu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)，構建(jian)一個(ge)(ge)以(yi)客戶為(wei)(wei)中心、穩定性(xing)好、安全(quan)性(xing)高(gao)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)系統，提高(gao)系統靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)和市(shi)場(chang)響應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)速度。而(er)物聯網(wang)(wang)技術(shu)作為(wei)(wei)萬物互聯的(de)(de)紐帶，是(shi)互聯網(wang)(wang)業(ye)務和應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)拓展，便于(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)創新(xin)，將(jiang)其應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到(dao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)系統，通過(guo)創建(jian)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)管理(li)新(xin)模式，有效的(de)(de)整(zheng)合信(xin)(xin)息系統，實(shi)(shi)現企(qi)業(ye)內(nei)部(bu)、不(bu)同企(qi)業(ye)間的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息交換(huan)與(yu)共享，實(shi)(shi)現供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)智(zhi)能化、可視化、集(ji)約化，以(yi)此推動供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)數字化、智(zhi)能化轉型(xing)(xing)發(fa)展，具有理(li)論(lun)研究意義和現實(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)價值。

1供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)與供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)集成

供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)是指產品生(sheng)產和流通(tong)當中，以(yi)制造業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)為核(he)心，以(yi)供(gong)求為本質(zhi)，通(tong)過(guo)整(zheng)合資源的(de)方式，把(ba)上下游多個主(zhu)體(ti)串(chuan)起來(lai)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)網鏈(lian)結構，為顧客提供(gong)快速靈活、高效的(de)支持和服務(wu)[2]。其體(ti)系(xi)是由一硬、一軟、一網、一平臺組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)發展通(tong)過(guo)不斷(duan)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)現，集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)勢必成(cheng)(cheng)為供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)發展的(de)必然要求。供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)則是把(ba)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)所有參與成(cheng)(cheng)員聯系(xi)在(zai)一條鏈(lian)上進行優化(hua)，通(tong)過(guo)信息共享、計劃同步、戰略聯盟等方式，實(shi)現資源優化(hua)配置、縮減成(cheng)(cheng)本、提升業(ye)(ye)務(wu)效率(lv)、完善服務(wu)水平的(de)目的(de)，具(ju)有承上啟下的(de)作用。供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)大幅加速供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)核(he)心企業(ye)(ye)間的(de)互聯互通(tong)，使企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)激烈的(de)商業(ye)(ye)競爭中取得(de)優勢。

2供應鏈系統存在的(de)問題(ti)

一、供應(ying)鏈戰(zhan)略匹配的涵義

供(gong)應(ying)鏈戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)確定原(yuan)材料(liao)的(de)獲取(qu)和(he)運輸，產品的(de)制造(zao)和(he)服務的(de)提供(gong)，以及產品配送和(he)售后服務的(de)方式與(yu)特點，涉及供(gong)應(ying)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)、采(cai)購(gou)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)、生產戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)和(he)物流戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)。供(gong)應(ying)鏈戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)與(yu)公(gong)司的(de)各(ge)種職能戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)(lve)相互配合才能取(qu)得成(cheng)功。

競爭戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)(經(jing)營(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve))是有關公(gong)司(si)如何在一個行業(ye)內或市場中進行競爭的決策(ce),是指導(dao)公(gong)司(si)開展經(jing)營(ying)活動的基(ji)本(ben)(ben)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)。波特(te)提出了(le)三種基(ji)本(ben)(ben)競爭戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve),即低成本(ben)(ben)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)、差異化戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)和目標集聚戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)。

戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)匹配(pei)是(shi)指競爭戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)擁有(you)相同(tong)的目(mu)(mu)標。即競爭戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)設計用來滿足的顧(gu)客優(you)先目(mu)(mu)標與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)旨在建立的供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)能力(li)目(mu)(mu)標之間相互協(xie)調一致。若(ruo)競爭戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)不(bu)匹配(pei)，會導致供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)采取(qu)一些與(yu)顧(gu)客需(xu)求不(bu)一致的行動，導致供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)剩余減少，供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)利潤下降。戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)匹配(pei)迫使所有(you)職能部門瞄準一個共同(tong)目(mu)(mu)標，這個目(mu)(mu)標最終與(yu)顧(gu)客需(xu)求協(xie)調一致。

二(er)、確(que)定戰略匹配的(de)步驟

為實現戰略匹(pi)配，企業必須確保(bao)其(qi)供應鏈能(neng)(neng)力能(neng)(neng)夠支持(chi)其(qi)滿(man)足目標顧客群的能(neng)(neng)力。獲取戰略匹(pi)配的3個基本步驟如下：

摘要：傳統的蓮藕型(xing)(xing)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈存在著物流、信息流、資(zi)金流滯(zhi)后，面臨突發事件易崩(beng)潰的缺(que)點，為(wei)了(le)(le)解(jie)決這一問題，本(ben)文提出了(le)(le)建立藕節型(xing)(xing)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈的思想，并(bing)對其實(shi)際運用進行了(le)(le)分析。

關(guan)鍵詞：蓮藕型(xing)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)藕節型(xing)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)

蓮藕型供應鏈(lian)暴露的問題

供(gong)應(ying)鏈及其(qi)管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)相關概(gai)念。美國學者史迪文(wen)斯(si)（Stevens）認(ren)為(wei)：“通(tong)過增值過程和分(fen)銷渠道(dao)控(kong)制從供(gong)應(ying)商的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)應(ying)商到(dao)用戶的(de)(de)(de)用戶的(de)(de)(de)流就是供(gong)應(ying)鏈（SupplyChain），它開始(shi)于供(gong)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)源點，結(jie)束于消費的(de)(de)(de)終點。”供(gong)應(ying)鏈管(guan)理（SupplyChainManagement，簡(jian)稱SCM）指的(de)(de)(de)是從供(gong)應(ying)商開始(shi)，經(jing)由制造商與(yu)各(ge)級分(fen)銷商，直到(dao)最(zui)終用戶的(de)(de)(de)全過程的(de)(de)(de)物流、信(xin)息(xi)流、資金流的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)成(cheng)化管(guan)理，其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)是將顧客所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)、正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)（RightProduct）在正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間（RightTime），按照正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)（RightQuantity）、正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)（RightQuality）、正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)狀態（RightStatus）送到(dao)正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)地點（RightPlace），即“6R”，并使總成(cheng)本量(liang)最(zui)小(xiao)。

蓮(lian)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)型供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)好(hao)比(bi)是(shi)一根蓮(lian)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)，供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)、制造商(shang)和(he)(he)(he)經銷商(shang)是(shi)相(xiang)鄰的(de)(de)(de)(de)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)節(jie)(jie)，藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)節(jie)(jie)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)空腔是(shi)用來運輸水分(fen)和(he)(he)(he)養(yang)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)就(jiu)好(hao)比(bi)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)中物流(liu)、信息流(liu)和(he)(he)(he)資金流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳遞。然而(er)由于藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)節(jie)(jie)與藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)節(jie)(jie)之間有藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)結的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在，營(ying)養(yang)物質并(bing)不(bu)(bu)能極為(wei)順(shun)暢(chang)地從一個藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)節(jie)(jie)流(liu)動到另(ling)一個藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)節(jie)(jie)，這(zhe)象征著物流(liu)、信息流(liu)和(he)(he)(he)資金流(liu)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)能在整條供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)中實現流(liu)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)暢(chang)通化。當外界有一把(ba)刀對準(zhun)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)結砍(kan)下去時(shi)，蓮(lian)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)便會由一個整體被分(fen)為(wei)若干(gan)段孤(gu)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)節(jie)(jie)，這(zhe)象征著傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)型供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)穩定性，在有突發事件爆發時(shi)，供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)可(ke)能會承受不(bu)(bu)起沉重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊而(er)出(chu)現斷裂(lie)甚至崩潰(kui)。今年爆發的(de)(de)(de)(de)SARS事件就(jiu)暴露出(chu)了當前供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)存在著的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)問題(ti)，揭示了令人擔憂(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)型供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端。

預(yu)測(ce)需求(qiu)(qiu)與實際需求(qiu)(qiu)之間的(de)(de)(de)矛盾。蓮(lian)藕(ou)(ou)型供應(ying)(ying)鏈是一(yi)(yi)條聯結供應(ying)(ying)商到用戶的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)流(liu)、信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)流(liu)、資金流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)集成(cheng)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)體，物(wu)流(liu)、信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)流(liu)、資金流(liu)貫穿(chuan)于整條供應(ying)(ying)鏈的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)態運(yun)作過程。在(zai)當今信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)社會，信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)已成(cheng)為企業生(sheng)存和(he)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)資源(yuan)，是企業把握(wo)市(shi)場(chang)動(dong)(dong)態、預(yu)測(ce)市(shi)場(chang)需求(qiu)(qiu)，從而(er)制(zhi)定相應(ying)(ying)生(sheng)產計劃的(de)(de)(de)憑(ping)借標準。但在(zai)蓮(lian)藕(ou)(ou)型供應(ying)(ying)鏈中，供應(ying)(ying)鏈流(liu)通路徑過長，藕(ou)(ou)結對信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)阻擋(dang)和(he)歪曲都造成(cheng)需求(qiu)(qiu)預(yu)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)困難(nan)(nan)。在(zai)SARS事件(jian)中，突(tu)發(fa)事件(jian)引起了信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)連貫性斷裂、消費(fei)者需求(qiu)(qiu)不可預(yu)知或難(nan)(nan)以(yi)預(yu)知的(de)(de)(de)現象。例如，消費(fei)者對口罩等商品需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)萌發(fa)與生(sheng)產企業的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)預(yu)測(ce)之間出現了斷層：需求(qiu)(qiu)呈幾(ji)何級數的(de)(de)(de)激增(zeng)態勢，而(er)制(zhi)造商所接收到的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)只反映(ying)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)需求(qiu)(qiu)。

1供(gong)應鏈風(feng)險采(cai)用知(zhi)識(shi)管理的必要性

目前將知識(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)運用(yong)于企業(ye)內部和(he)外部的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究比較豐(feng)富(fu)，但是從知識(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)視角(jiao)來研(yan)(yan)究供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)成熟(shu)理(li)論還很少(shao)(shao)，成功(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)于供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)實踐案例則更少(shao)(shao)。因此，積極推(tui)動知識(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)在供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)中的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究，具有重要的(de)(de)實踐意義和(he)理(li)論價值”。利(li)用(yong)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)知識(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統實現(xian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)知識(shi)(shi)共(gong)享和(he)交流(liu)，希望可以達到預防風(feng)險(xian)(xian)，控制風(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)降低風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。通過在復(fu)雜的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)組織中建立(li)起流(liu)動的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)知識(shi)(shi)高速公路，使供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)內部和(he)外部的(de)(de)相關知識(shi)(shi)，能夠(gou)通過供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)知識(shi)(shi)系(xi)統，順(shun)利(li)地在供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)各節點企業(ye)之間流(liu)動，最(zui)終被供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)上核心(xin)企業(ye)所掌握(wo)和(he)利(li)用(yong)。核心(xin)企業(ye)又通過供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)知識(shi)(shi)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統，向各節點企業(ye)傳達相關的(de)(de)信息，以達到共(gong)同預防風(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)控制風(feng)險(xian)(xian)，管(guan)理(li)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

2供(gong)應鏈風(feng)險的識別與(yu)評估

2．1供應鏈風險識別(bie)

供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識別(bie)屬于(yu)(yu)整(zheng)個供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎階段。首先(xian)，供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識別(bie)應(ying)(ying)(ying)根據風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類，全面(mian)觀察事物發展過(guo)程(cheng)，并從(cong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因入手(shou)，確(que)(que)認不(bu)確(que)(que)定性的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)觀存在，建立風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)清單(dan)(dan)，將引起(qi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)分(fen)(fen)(fen)解成簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、容(rong)易識別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本單(dan)(dan)元，找(zhao)出影響預期(qi)目(mu)標實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。對于(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理者來說，憑借其經驗和一(yi)般知(zhi)識便可識別(bie)和分(fen)(fen)(fen)析常見(jian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。但對于(yu)(yu)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、潛(qian)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，其識別(bie)和分(fen)(fen)(fen)析難度較大，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，在必要(yao)(yao)時還(huan)要(yao)(yao)借助外部力(li)量，來進行識別(bie)與分(fen)(fen)(fen)析。通過(guo)定性和定量相(xiang)結合，可以更好地識別(bie)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，比如(ru)牛鞭效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)從(cong)客(ke)(ke)戶需(xu)求(qiu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析，將庫存水(shui)平方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)進行匯總；還(huan)有產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)或生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)力(li)能(neng)否滿足(zu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，也可以從(cong)各節(jie)企(qi)業所(suo)面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)上游企(qi)業供(gong)貨能(neng)力(li)以及自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)力(li)和交付時間(jian)等相(xiang)關信(xin)(xin)息(xi)進行分(fen)(fen)(fen)析匯總。

2．2供(gong)應鏈風險評(ping)估(gu)

摘要：物流(liu)(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)對(dui)供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)環(huan)節能夠(gou)(gou)有(you)效(xiao)地管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)最有(you)效(xiao)方法與途徑(jing)，供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)環(huan)節也是(shi)物流(liu)(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)十分(fen)重要的(de)(de)因素。物流(liu)(liu)(liu)最重要的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用就是(shi)能夠(gou)(gou)體現(xian)出流(liu)(liu)(liu)通中(zhong)的(de)(de)產品的(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)，能夠(gou)(gou)實現(xian)生產商與消費者之間的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通。供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)下(xia)的(de)(de)物流(liu)(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)能夠(gou)(gou)更(geng)加的(de)(de)協調與統一(yi)，實現(xian)了(le)物流(liu)(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)集成化的(de)(de)優勢，更(geng)有(you)效(xiao)地提高了(le)物流(liu)(liu)(liu)企業的(de)(de)效(xiao)率。本文就對(dui)物流(liu)(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)下(xia)的(de)(de)供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用，展開了(le)更(geng)具(ju)有(you)深(shen)度的(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)。

關鍵詞：物流管理(li)；供應鏈管理(li)；管理(li)系統

20世紀80年代，隨著(zhu)物流(liu)企業的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)發展，企業間相(xiang)互合作不(bu)斷(duan)整合與融合，在(zai)這(zhe)樣的(de)背景下供應鏈管理(li)應運而生。在(zai)此能夠(gou)正確(que)認識(shi)并率先(xian)提出(chu)供應鏈管理(li)的(de)企業都是(shi)具有豐(feng)富的(de)先(xian)進(jin)管理(li)經驗和世界頂尖水平的(de)企業。

一、供應鏈管(guan)理與(yu)物流管(guan)理的基本概念

（一）物流(liu)管理的基本概念(nian)

物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)具有(you)狹義與廣義的(de)(de)區別。我們所(suo)常(chang)見的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)所(suo)指的(de)(de)就(jiu)是對物(wu)(wu)(wu)資的(de)(de)運輸、派送等(deng)等(deng)一些簡單的(de)(de)活動，實現了企業與用(yong)戶之戀的(de)(de)聯系(xi)。但是較為廣義的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)所(suo)指的(de)(de)是在生產的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)原材料的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)化(hua)，我們所(suo)了解到的(de)(de)廣義的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)往往都被人們認為就(jiu)是供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)。這樣我們也就(jiu)不難看出物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)與供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)存在著(zhu)(zhu)一定的(de)(de)相似性。可以說供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)建立(li)在物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)基礎上，反之，供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)能(neng)夠(gou)對物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)集(ji)成的(de)(de)重要(yao)意義與重要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)。所(suo)以說物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)與供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)一定的(de)(de)聯系(xi)。

摘要：在分析目前中國大陸食(shi)品供應(ying)鏈(lian)運(yun)作的(de)現(xian)狀、存在的(de)瓶(ping)頸制約(yue)因(yin)素和(he)(he)現(xian)實問題(ti)的(de)基礎上，從構筑和(he)(he)完善食(shi)品供應(ying)鏈(lian)高效運(yun)作的(de)基礎平臺(tai)、改進(jin)食(shi)品供應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)內部運(yun)作方(fang)式等方(fang)面探索突破瓶(ping)頸和(he)(he)解決問題(ti)的(de)途徑，有針對性地提出了相(xiang)關改進(jin)措(cuo)施和(he)(he)因(yin)應(ying)對策。

關鍵(jian)詞：食(shi)品供應鏈；瓶頸制約；因應對策

一、引言

改革開放(fang)以(yi)來，黨和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)高(gao)度重視(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)問(wen)(wen)題，始終把農(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)放(fang)在(zai)首要地(di)位，對(dui)(dui)“三農(nong)”問(wen)(wen)題給(gei)予了(le)極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注。通過解放(fang)農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產力(li)，改革農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產關(guan)系，極大(da)(da)地(di)促進了(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，比較(jiao)好地(di)解決了(le)人民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)飯、穿衣等生(sheng)活(huo)問(wen)(wen)題，廣大(da)(da)人民群(qun)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收入(ru)水平(ping)和(he)生(sheng)活(huo)水平(ping)也得以(yi)迅(xun)速提(ti)高(gao)，在(zai)解決了(le)溫飽(bao)問(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，較(jiao)快地(di)實現(xian)了(le)小(xiao)康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標。與(yu)此同時，人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費結構也發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)很大(da)(da)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)，相繼提(ti)出(chu)了(le)多(duo)(duo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種、少(shao)(shao)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)、無污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，但(dan)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟硬件(jian)條件(jian)還遠不(bu)(bu)能適應(ying)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費者(zhe)(zhe)“多(duo)(duo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種、少(shao)(shao)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)、保安全”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費模式。再(zai)(zai)從(cong)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)水平(ping)來看(kan)，問(wen)(wen)題更多(duo)(duo)，也更加復(fu)雜(za)，由(you)于(yu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體(ti)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)合理，鏈(lian)上組織和(he)機構之間相互(hu)脫節，缺少(shao)(shao)配合，難以(yi)協同運(yun)作，從(cong)而導致(zhi)(zhi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)但(dan)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)、效率(lv)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題，而且(qie)對(dui)(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)范、監控和(he)保障能力(li)極其(qi)低(di)下。據(ju)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)埃森哲咨詢公(gong)司不(bu)(bu)久前公(gong)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統計(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)據(ju)，由(you)于(yu)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)題，致(zhi)(zhi)使全國(guo)(guo)(guo)每年有總值不(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)七百五(wu)十(shi)億(yi)美元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)流運(yun)送過程中(zhong)腐(fu)爛(lan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)質(zhi)，有些國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)外學者(zhe)(zhe)甚至估(gu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)損失可(ke)能在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千億(yi)美元(yuan)(yuan)左右。像新(xin)鮮蔬果(guo)、乳制品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、肉(rou)類和(he)水產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)等容易腐(fu)爛(lan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，其(qi)售價中(zhong)大(da)(da)約有七成(cheng)是用來補貼物(wu)流供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)過程中(zhong)貨(huo)損的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支出(chu)。在(zai)剛剛過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩年里，頻頻閃亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)安全紅燈，無情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折(zhe)射出(chu)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)表面繁榮背后難以(yi)掩飾其(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)悲哀，從(cong)蘇(su)丹紅、孔雀石綠到奪(duo)命小(xiao)果(guo)凍、回(hui)收奶早產奶，再(zai)(zai)到福(fu)壽(shou)螺、瘦(shou)肉(rou)精和(he)多(duo)(duo)寶魚，這(zhe)(zhe)些觸(chu)目(mu)(mu)驚心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)安全事件(jian)，無一(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)與(yu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無序性、脆弱性有關(guan)，尤其(qi)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)再(zai)(zai)引發(fa)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費者(zhe)(zhe)恐慌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)丹紅事件(jian)，更是集中(zhong)反映了(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題[1]，也使我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)失去了(le)應(ying)有信心和(he)忠誠度。據(ju)調查，在(zai)許多(duo)(duo)大(da)(da)中(zhong)城(cheng)市，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)已成(cheng)為消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費者(zhe)(zhe)眼下最不(bu)(bu)放(fang)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)(dui)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)類商品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)信任(ren)率(lv)高(gao)達65%以(yi)上，他們一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面處于(yu)失望與(yu)無奈(nai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掙(zheng)扎(zha)之中(zhong)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面又熱切地(di)期(qi)盼(pan)著擁(yong)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)安全衛(wei)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費環境。就連食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)專家(jia)(jia)也不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)面對(dui)(dui)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難題，深為吃(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題所困(kun)。如今果(guo)蔬專家(jia)(jia)不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)水果(guo)蔬菜(cai)，畜牧(mu)專家(jia)(jia)不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)禽蛋(dan)，水產專家(jia)(jia)不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龜(gui)蟹(xie)魚蝦，已是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)無法(fa)回(hui)避(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實[2]。

二、影響我國食品供應(ying)鏈有效運作的主要瓶頸因素

（一）交通基礎設(she)施(shi)建設(she)滯后