導(dao)語(yu)：商(shang)業(ye)銀行供應鏈金融信用風險管理對策一文來源于網友(you)上傳，不代表本站觀(guan)點，若需要原創文章可咨詢(xun)客服老師，歡迎參考。

摘要：供應鏈金融作為我國商業銀行信貸業務中的一個分支，能夠較好地為企業提供由上至下的金融產品以及金融服務。在此影響下，許多企業都會運用供應鏈金融的方式進行融資。但是，隨著供應鏈金融在企業間的廣泛應用，其問題開始不斷暴露，并為商業銀行帶來信用風險。基(ji)于此，文章從商業銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)供應(ying)(ying)鏈金融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風險的(de)分類及影響因(yin)素(su)出(chu)發，深(shen)入探究了(le)商業銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)供應(ying)(ying)鏈金融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風險管(guan)理(li)所(suo)存(cun)在的(de)困境，最后基(ji)于困境提出(chu)了(le)具有(you)可行(xing)(xing)性的(de)解(jie)決(jue)對策，以期有(you)效(xiao)提升商業銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)供應(ying)(ying)鏈金融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風險管(guan)理(li)水平(ping)。

關鍵詞：商業銀行；供應鏈金融(rong)；信用(yong)風險管理

供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)指的(de)(de)(de)是商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)將核心企業(ye)(ye)和(he)上下游企業(ye)(ye)聯(lian)系(xi)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，并為(wei)雙方提供靈活的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)產品以及服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種融(rong)資模(mo)式(shi)。通(tong)過供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)，能(neng)夠將資金(jin)(jin)作為(wei)供應(ying)鏈(lian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)容(rong)器，從而增(zeng)強資金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)性。在(zai)全球經濟的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)背景下，供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)已(yi)經成(cheng)為(wei)商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)主要信貸模(mo)式(shi)。但是，供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)在(zai)擴大(da)(da)商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)范圍、提高其市場競爭(zheng)力的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)，依然存在(zai)諸多(duo)風險。例如，在(zai)供應(ying)鏈(lian)中(zhong)，競爭(zheng)力較強的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)能(neng)夠擁有更強勢的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)，而處于弱勢的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)小企業(ye)(ye)則要面臨較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)資金(jin)(jin)壓力，從而為(wei)商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)帶來信用風險，最終導(dao)致整個(ge)供應(ying)鏈(lian)失(shi)衡。由此(ci)可(ke)見(jian)，通(tong)過對(dui)商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)信用風險管理展開研究，能(neng)夠有效(xiao)緩解(jie)甚(shen)至解(jie)決這個(ge)問題。

一、商業銀行供應鏈金融信用風險的分類及影響因素

（一(yi)）商業銀行供應鏈金融風險分類(lei)

商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)為供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)各種(zhong)金(jin)(jin)融產(chan)(chan)(chan)品以(yi)及金(jin)(jin)融服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，隨(sui)著資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)上下游企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)快速流動，必然會產(chan)(chan)(chan)生一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)融風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。而這種(zhong)金(jin)(jin)融風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分為內(nei)(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)外在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩種(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)，內(nei)(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)(kuo)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、信(xin)(xin)息傳(chuan)遞(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、操(cao)作風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)三種(zhong)。首先，信(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。信(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)指商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)線條(tiao)上為各企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)貸(dai)款(kuan)，但是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)歸還(huan)貸(dai)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候卻(que)有多(duo)家(jia)(jia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)因為自身(shen)因素(su)未能(neng)及時(shi)歸還(huan)貸(dai)款(kuan)，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)流水受阻。在(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融中(zhong)(zhong)，信(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)最(zui)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)類型。其次，信(xin)(xin)息傳(chuan)遞(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)面對社會上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，但是(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)多(duo)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)獨立(li)經(jing)(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個體，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融中(zhong)(zhong)也并未簽署各種(zhong)協議，因此(ci)當(dang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模(mo)不(bu)斷擴大(da)(da)時(shi)，必然會加大(da)(da)信(xin)(xin)息在(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)上錯誤傳(chuan)遞(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)。而隨(sui)著信(xin)(xin)息傳(chuan)遞(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生，將導(dao)(dao)(dao)致供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)中(zhong)(zhong)上下游企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息傳(chuan)遞(di)出現(xian)偏差和(he)(he)分歧，同時(shi)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也難以(yi)準確預估(gu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際狀(zhuang)況(kuang)，進而為商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)引來諸(zhu)多(duo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)［１］。最(zui)后，操(cao)作風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。操(cao)作風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)指商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)處理供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)時(shi)，由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內(nei)(nei)部人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作不(bu)規(gui)范，由(you)(you)此(ci)給(gei)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各類風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。而外在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)(kuo)政(zheng)策風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、市場(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、法律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)三種(zhong)。首先，政(zheng)策風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。每(mei)當(dang)國家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟政(zheng)策發生調(diao)整和(he)(he)改變(bian)時(shi)，都(dou)(dou)會對商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)籌集、投融資(zi)(zi)模(mo)式帶來影(ying)響，從而放(fang)大(da)(da)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。其次，市場(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。市場(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)受到市場(chang)變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)原定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銷售(shou)計劃無(wu)法順(shun)利執行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)沒有回收到位，致使無(wu)法正常(chang)償還(huan)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)貸(dai)款(kuan)。最(zui)后，法律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。為了對經(jing)(jing)濟體制進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)管控，國家(jia)(jia)會出臺相應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟法律(lv)(lv)政(zheng)策。正是(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟法律(lv)(lv)政(zheng)策制定(ding)(ding)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)確定(ding)(ding)性，隨(sui)時(shi)都(dou)(dou)可能(neng)為商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融運轉帶來負面影(ying)響。

（二）商(shang)業銀行(xing)供應鏈金融信用風險影響因素

在(zai)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)中(zhong)，信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)是產生(sheng)次(ci)數(shu)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。而(er)導致(zhi)信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響因(yin)素(su)較多(duo)，主要包括以下(xia)幾(ji)個方面。首(shou)先，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)身資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)。在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)考(kao)察(cha)中(zhong)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)身資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)是考(kao)察(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點。和傳統信(xin)貸風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)考(kao)察(cha)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)不(bu)僅(jin)要考(kao)察(cha)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)還要考(kao)察(cha)和企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)存在(zai)密切往(wang)(wang)來企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心素(su)養。因(yin)此(ci)，當(dang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)身資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)，以及業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)來往(wang)(wang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心素(su)養開始下(xia)降時(shi)，很(hen)容易導致(zhi)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)出(chu)現信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。其次(ci)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)因(yin)素(su)。在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)中(zhong)，上(shang)下(xia)游往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會(hui)出(chu)現各行(xing)(xing)(xing)各業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。而(er)隨著(zhu)市場經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，必然會(hui)出(chu)現部分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)火熱，而(er)部分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)萎靡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。其中(zhong)，隨著(zhu)部分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展，從(cong)事(shi)該行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就能快速擴大企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，從(cong)而(er)很(hen)好地(di)為供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)資(zi)(zi)金進行(xing)(xing)(xing)輸送。而(er)對(dui)(dui)某(mou)(mou)些從(cong)事(shi)夕陽行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，其企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)以及業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)規模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)將開始停(ting)滯不(bu)前，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)利潤空間(jian)也在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)被壓縮，由此(ci)阻滯了供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)金流(liu)轉，最終為商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)帶(dai)來信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。再次(ci)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)運營狀況。在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)運營過程中(zhong)，如果某(mou)(mou)個環節出(chu)現問題(ti)，就容易對(dui)(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)帶(dai)來負面效應(ying)(ying)，進而(er)對(dui)(dui)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)償還能力帶(dai)來影響。最后(hou)，融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式。在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式中(zhong)，主要受到質(zhi)押物(wu)、委(wei)托代理、法律風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)、自(zi)然風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)四種因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。當(dang)這四種風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任意(yi)之(zhi)一在(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)式中(zhong)爆發時(shi)，都會(hui)引起(qi)信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)。

二、商業銀行供應鏈金融信用風險管理的困境

（一）管(guan)理理念(nian)及(ji)風險規避策略有待創新

當前階段(duan)，我(wo)國(guo)許多(duo)商業(ye)銀(yin)行在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)應鏈金融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念，以及(ji)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)策略方(fang)面(mian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)偏差(cha)、滯(zhi)后現象。造成這(zhe)種現象的(de)根本(ben)原(yuan)因，主(zhu)要在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)以下(xia)幾點：首先，商業(ye)銀(yin)行管理(li)(li)者對(dui)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)偏差(cha)，依然(ran)(ran)認為通過(guo)完善抵(di)押物擔(dan)保手(shou)續就能降低信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，而(er)沒(mei)有(you)兼(jian)顧授信(xin)主(zhu)體、物流、信(xin)息流方(fang)面(mian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)可能性。其次，商業(ye)銀(yin)行各部(bu)門(men)(men)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)策略缺(que)乏創新。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)商業(ye)銀(yin)行中，雖然(ran)(ran)制(zhi)定了一系(xi)列關(guan)于(yu)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)的(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)度，但是(shi)對(dui)具體落實(shi)到各部(bu)門(men)(men)執行，卻(que)始終缺(que)乏明確要求。同時，商業(ye)銀(yin)行也(ye)未能在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)各部(bu)門(men)(men)間有(you)效實(shi)行內部(bu)控制(zhi)，導致信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上升的(de)概率加大。最后，人(ren)力資源水平(ping)有(you)待提升。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)，許多(duo)商業(ye)銀(yin)行從(cong)事(shi)供(gong)應鏈金融(rong)業(ye)務的(de)人(ren)員，多(duo)由傳(chuan)統信(xin)貸(dai)部(bu)門(men)(men)員工擔(dan)任。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此影(ying)響下(xia)，許多(duo)員工不(bu)僅在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)應鏈金融(rong)經營方(fang)面(mian)并不(bu)熟(shu)悉，而(er)且(qie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)相關(guan)的(de)信(xin)息技術運用(yong)方(fang)面(mian)也(ye)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)足(zu)，多(duo)重因素影(ying)響下(xia)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)將更加難以管控［２］。

（二(er)）風險管理優(you)化措施(shi)缺乏完善

商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)風險管理優(you)化(hua)措施(shi)缺(que)乏完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)，主要(yao)包括(kuo)以(yi)下幾(ji)點：第(di)(di)一，對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估過(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)依賴歷史數據(ju)(ju)(ju)。商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)在(zai)對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)資質(zhi)(zhi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，主要(yao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)營(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)貨周(zhou)轉率、流動資產周(zhou)轉率、主營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務利(li)潤(run)率等。而(er)這(zhe)些指標的(de)(de)(de)獲取，主要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)上一年(nian)(nian)財報獲得。但是(shi)這(zhe)種單(dan)調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估方(fang)式存(cun)在(zai)一個弊端，即商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)過(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以(yi)往行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)資質(zhi)(zhi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估依據(ju)(ju)(ju)，而(er)沒有根(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)今年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展設(she)置新的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估指標。在(zai)此情況下，如果(guo)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)所處行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)今年(nian)(nian)發生動蕩，而(er)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)過(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)關(guan)注企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以(yi)往行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)數據(ju)(ju)(ju)時(shi)，很容易影響商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估判斷(duan)。第(di)(di)二(er)，核(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資質(zhi)(zhi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估信(xin)息不對稱(cheng)。在(zai)供應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong)中(zhong)(zhong)，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)需要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)了解核(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)(huan)款來源。但是(shi)有部分商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)自身知名度(du)(du)不足、資金(jin)受限嚴重，導致授信(xin)額(e)度(du)(du)達不到(dao)核(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，因此難以(yi)掌握核(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)(huan)款情況。第(di)(di)三(san)，信(xin)息建(jian)設(she)缺(que)乏完(wan)善。許多商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)在(zai)開(kai)展供應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務時(shi)，依然以(yi)人(ren)工操(cao)作為(wei)主，而(er)沒有及(ji)時(shi)應(ying)盡電(dian)子化(hua)信(xin)息平臺，進而(er)影響供應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務開(kai)展。

（三）缺(que)少(shao)供應鏈金融風(feng)險(xian)預(yu)警體系(xi)

根(gen)據２０２０年(nian)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)調研報告中的(de)(de)數(shu)據指出，我國約有６３％的(de)(de)商業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)，其(qi)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風險預(yu)警體系(xi)依然處于(yu)(yu)進階(jie)階(jie)段，而尚未(wei)徹底完善。由此可見(jian)，正是由于(yu)(yu)缺乏(fa)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)風險預(yu)警體系(xi)，導(dao)致(zhi)信(xin)用(yong)風險頻繁出現。除此之外，在行(xing)(xing)業(ye)風險控制(zhi)方面，大多(duo)數(shu)商業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)并未(wei)建立(li)系(xi)統性的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，同時也(ye)沒有設立(li)專(zhuan)門(men)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)經濟(ji)分析團(tuan)隊(dui)以(yi)及部(bu)門(men)，導(dao)致(zhi)商業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)難以(yi)預(yu)估供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)企業(ye)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)動(dong)態，自(zi)然無法做到提前預(yu)警，最(zui)終導(dao)致(zhi)商業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)難以(yi)對供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)風險進行(xing)(xing)掌握。

（四）供應(ying)鏈業務(wu)準入資格(ge)欠缺(que)

當前階段(duan)，由于(yu)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融的(de)授信(xin)和其(qi)他金融業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)存在(zai)(zai)較大差距，因此(ci)(ci)其(qi)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)準(zhun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)資(zi)(zi)格依然欠缺(que)，具體(ti)表現(xian)在(zai)(zai)以(yi)下幾方面：首先(xian)，在(zai)(zai)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)開展相應(ying)(ying)活動時，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行無法(fa)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)商(shang)(shang)品、應(ying)(ying)收應(ying)(ying)付賬款、質(zhi)押物(wu)等授信(xin)提(ti)供(gong)真實性評估(gu)，從而導(dao)致供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融所涉及的(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)無法(fa)通(tong)過商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行自身的(de)風(feng)險(xian)管理機制進(jin)行規避。因此(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融中，由于(yu)缺(que)乏真實性，導(dao)致其(qi)資(zi)(zi)金流轉(zhuan)出現(xian)阻滯［３］。其(qi)次(ci)，除了企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)質(zhi)押物(wu)的(de)真實性難以(yi)評估(gu)外，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行對(dui)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)信(xin)息也難以(yi)提(ti)供(gong)完(wan)善(shan)的(de)評價(jia)流程(cheng)。通(tong)常(chang)情(qing)況下，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行都會基于(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)財務(wu)(wu)狀況、發展狀況、產品狀況、供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)間企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)關(guan)聯度等內容，對(dui)其(qi)準(zhun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)資(zi)(zi)格進(jin)行查證。但是，對(dui)質(zhi)押物(wu)的(de)查證如果沒(mei)有深入(ru)(ru)(ru)市場價(jia)格、營(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)額度占比等方面，則(ze)會導(dao)致準(zhun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)資(zi)(zi)格的(de)查證過于(yu)片面，由此(ci)(ci)為(wei)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行帶(dai)來信(xin)用風(feng)險(xian)。

（五）質押(ya)物風險管(guan)理(li)水(shui)平及程序缺失

和常見的(de)(de)(de)信貸業(ye)務不同(tong)，供應鏈金融的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)程(cheng)無論在主體還是(shi)程(cheng)序都(dou)更加復雜(za)，這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)點尤(you)其體現(xian)在質押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理上(shang)。當前，在供應鏈金融業(ye)務招工難，質押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理主要(yao)依(yi)托《物(wu)(wu)(wu)權(quan)法(fa)》《擔保法(fa)》等法(fa)律條款(kuan)對(dui)其操作(zuo)流(liu)程(cheng)、管(guan)理內(nei)容進行(xing)(xing)(xing)規范。但(dan)是(shi)，一(yi)旦(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)種風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理程(cheng)序出現(xian)漏洞，就會影響質押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)真實價(jia)格變化。隨著質押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)格變化，輕則導致質押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)(wu)(wu)變質，重則使供應鏈上(shang)下(xia)游的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)不再履行(xing)(xing)(xing)合約，而這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)因素(su)爆發都(dou)會給商業(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)帶來巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)信用風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。

三、商業銀行供應鏈金融信用風險管理的解決對策

（一）創新供(gong)應鏈金融信(xin)用風險管理理念

首先，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念(nian)進行(xing)(xing)創新，以積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、進取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念(nian)為(wei)主(zhu)。例如，除(chu)了加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)質押(ya)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管控外(wai)，還需(xu)(xu)要加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)經(jing)營過(guo)程中(zhong)，授信(xin)主(zhu)體、物流、信(xin)息(xi)流等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌控。通過(guo)這種(zhong)方(fang)式，能(neng)夠將(jiang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念(nian)滲透(tou)于整條供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)中(zhong)。其(qi)次，加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)風(feng)險(xian)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，并細分工(gong)作(zuo)部(bu)(bu)門。商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)唯有(you)通過(guo)建(jian)立內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，并將(jiang)該系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)落(luo)實(shi)到銀行(xing)(xing)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門中(zhong)，才(cai)能(neng)有(you)效降低供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)中(zhong)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)。第一(yi)，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)不僅(jin)要建(jian)立一(yi)套完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，同時(shi)還要選擇合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)從(cong)事供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運營工(gong)作(zuo)，以期有(you)效控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)。第二，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)為(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)所(suo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)項(xiang)操作(zuo)規范，需(xu)(xu)要依托內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門中(zhong)予(yu)以落(luo)實(shi)，進而降低工(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失誤(wu)。第三，為(wei)從(cong)事供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)，定期開(kai)展供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)相關(guan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)及(ji)(ji)技能(neng)培訓，強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)工(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)水(shui)平(ping)，提升工(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)力(li)［４］。最后，積極培養供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)，加(jia)大(da)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發力(li)度(du)。一(yi)方(fang)面，為(wei)了有(you)效地控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)可以通過(guo)培養或(huo)是外(wai)部(bu)(bu)招(zhao)聘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，吸納(na)具(ju)有(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)從(cong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)。通過(guo)這種(zhong)方(fang)式，既(ji)能(neng)提升商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心競爭力(li)，又(you)能(neng)使企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質調(diao)查(cha)等工(gong)作(zuo)更(geng)好展開(kai)。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面，由于供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)中(zhong)涉及(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)多，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)需(xu)(xu)要聘請專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，開(kai)發出一(yi)套供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。借助(zhu)該系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，能(neng)夠對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)中(zhong)各(ge)(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)實(shi)時(shi)更(geng)新，方(fang)便商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)隨(sui)時(shi)掌握(wo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)動態。

（二(er)）構建動態化供應鏈信(xin)用風險評價體系

信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)體(ti)系(xi)作(zuo)為(wei)量化供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)基礎，能(neng)夠幫助商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有效(xiao)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)提供(gong)(gong)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)指標，從而(er)更好(hao)地防范信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)。一方面(mian)，商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)需要(yao)構(gou)建不同(tong)類(lei)別、不同(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)指標體(ti)系(xi)。商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)根(gen)據(ju)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)務的(de)特點以及(ji)服務對(dui)象，針對(dui)不同(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)、不同(tong)類(lei)別的(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，建立全新的(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)指標體(ti)系(xi)。另外，商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)還可以引入模糊優選(xuan)以及(ji)智能(neng)動態算法等(deng)技術，不斷(duan)調整供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)指標體(ti)系(xi)的(de)權重，使信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)指標體(ti)系(xi)更加準(zhun)確(que)、靈活［５］。另一方面(mian)，商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)制定不同(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)風(feng)險(xian)等(deng)級劃分與客戶群體(ti)歸(gui)類(lei)標準(zhun)。商業(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可以通(tong)過開展債項評(ping)級的(de)方式，對(dui)諸(zhu)如(ru)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)業(ye)(ye)務品種、業(ye)(ye)務流程、抵(di)質押物、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)等(deng)風(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)度量，從而(er)更直(zhi)觀地反映出企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)違約(yue)之后的(de)債項損失(shi)情況。

（三）建立供應鏈信用風(feng)險(xian)預警系統(tong)

在供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)中，由于(yu)供應(ying)鏈(lian)上下游(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)之間存在信(xin)(xin)(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)對稱性、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)不確(que)定性等(deng)，因此商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)需要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過建(jian)立供應(ying)鏈(lian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)預警系統，以達到(dao)對信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)需要(yao)(yao)為(wei)供應(ying)鏈(lian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)預警系統構(gou)(gou)建(jian)節點(dian)(dian)，這些節點(dian)(dian)主要(yao)(yao)包括流動性風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)指(zhi)標(biao)節點(dian)(dian)、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)指(zhi)標(biao)節點(dian)(dian)、信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)指(zhi)標(biao)節點(dian)(dian)、操作(zuo)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)指(zhi)標(biao)節點(dian)(dian)。通(tong)過設置好四項風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)節點(dian)(dian)，能(neng)夠幫助商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)更好地(di)關(guan)注供應(ying)鏈(lian)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)在資金(jin)、業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)表現［６］。另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，構(gou)(gou)建(jian)全面風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)預警系統。商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)可以根(gen)據(ju)供應(ying)鏈(lian)上不同企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)特點(dian)(dian)，并結合銀行(xing)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情況，構(gou)(gou)建(jian)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行(xing)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)拓(tuo)撲結構(gou)(gou)，進(jin)而將影(ying)響供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)各項因素容納(na)其(qi)中，以便更好地(di)開展預警工作(zuo)。

（四）制定(ding)授信企業的主體準入和交易評審(shen)機制

在(zai)供(gong)應(ying)鏈金融(rong)中(zhong)，授信(xin)環節是信(xin)用風險發(fa)生的(de)主(zhu)要根源。基于此，商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行應(ying)該擺脫(tuo)傳統信(xin)貸業(ye)(ye)(ye)務中(zhong)，僅(jin)對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展、經營(ying)、財(cai)務等(deng)情況(kuang)(kuang)展開(kai)評估(gu)，而應(ying)該加(jia)強(qiang)對供(gong)應(ying)鏈企業(ye)(ye)(ye)財(cai)務的(de)出庫、進庫加(jia)強(qiang)審查。通過這(zhe)種方式，能夠強(qiang)化企業(ye)(ye)(ye)質押物的(de)真實性和(he)透(tou)明度。除此之外，商業(ye)(ye)(ye)銀行還需(xu)持續完善供(gong)應(ying)鏈金融(rong)平(ping)臺企業(ye)(ye)(ye)準(zhun)(zhun)入(ru)資質的(de)審查標準(zhun)(zhun)，并加(jia)強(qiang)對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)倉儲、運輸(shu)等(deng)情況(kuang)(kuang)的(de)審核(he)，并將審核(he)情況(kuang)(kuang)置于交易(yi)評審機制中(zhong)，方便(bian)供(gong)應(ying)鏈上(shang)下(xia)游企業(ye)(ye)(ye)快速掌握(wo)彼此信(xin)息，從而更好(hao)地開(kai)展相關業(ye)(ye)(ye)務。

（五）強化質(zhi)押物擔(dan)保風(feng)險防范規(gui)則(ze)

為了強化(hua)質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)物擔保(bao)風險(xian)防范規則，商業(ye)銀行可以將《物權法》《擔保(bao)法》作(zuo)為基(ji)礎，并(bing)(bing)根(gen)據(ju)不同商業(ye)銀行供應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金融的(de)業(ye)務(wu)模式(shi)情況，制定(ding)出(chu)風險(xian)防范規則。同時，在不同供應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金融業(ye)務(wu)模式(shi)下，商業(ye)銀行需要根(gen)據(ju)質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)物的(de)市場價格、性質(zhi)(zhi)等展開評估，并(bing)(bing)通過制定(ding)不同質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)物審(shen)核方式(shi)的(de)舉(ju)措，確(que)保(bao)質(zhi)(zhi)押(ya)物的(de)合理(li)變(bian)現能(neng)(neng)力，此(ci)舉(ju)能(neng)(neng)夠在加強供應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)企業(ye)穩定(ding)度的(de)同時，有效防范信用風險(xian)的(de)產生。

四、結語

綜(zong)上所述，伴隨世界金(jin)(jin)融(rong)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，供應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)模式(shi)也逐(zhu)漸趨(qu)于完(wan)(wan)善。但是這(zhe)種完(wan)(wan)善依然(ran)沒有(you)達到萬無一失(shi)的(de)(de)水(shui)準，信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)這(zhe)種最常見的(de)(de)供應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)依然(ran)持續(xu)(xu)存在。而為了有(you)效避(bi)免供應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)產生，以(yi)及提升商業銀(yin)行供應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理水(shui)平(ping)，可以(yi)通過(guo)創新供應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理理念、構建(jian)(jian)動態化(hua)供應鏈(lian)(lian)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評價體系、建(jian)(jian)立供應鏈(lian)(lian)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)預警系統、制(zhi)定授(shou)信(xin)企業的(de)(de)主體準入和交易(yi)評審機制(zhi)、強化(hua)質押(ya)物擔保風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防范規(gui)則的(de)(de)方式(shi)實現，最終促(cu)進(jin)商業銀(yin)行供應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理水(shui)平(ping)獲(huo)得(de)持續(xu)(xu)性提升。

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作者：潘青 單位：日(ri)照銀(yin)行(xing)股份有限公司濟(ji)南分(fen)行(xing)