城市軌道交通結論范文

時(shi)間:2024-05-21 17:30:14

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城市軌道交通結論

篇1

地(di)鐵作為大運量,高效率的(de)交(jiao)通(tong)模式(shi)對城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)影響(xiang)越來越深遠,而建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)作為城(cheng)市(shi)稀(xi)缺資(zi)源,是(shi)城(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設(she)及經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)載體(ti),對城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有著決定性的(de)作用(yong)。本研究借廣州地(di)鐵5號線引入黃(huang)埔區(qu)為契機(ji),以用(yong)地(di)空間的(de)梳理(li)(li)為技術支撐,為城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)準確定位、科學規劃,合(he)理(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)提供理(li)(li)論框架。

總體研究思路為:

[1] 摸清現(xian)狀用地的規模、布局、結構、權屬(shu)等要素;

[2] 分析現狀土地(di)各(ge)要素(su)存(cun)在的問(wen)題;

[3] 通過對案(an)例的(de)研(yan)讀,結合現狀,綜(zong)合思考土地利(li)用的(de)關鍵問題,為后(hou)續(xu)的(de)發(fa)展戰略規劃提供(gong)理(li)論參(can)考與數據支(zhi)撐;

[4] 提出城(cheng)市建設構想及研究總(zong)結。

黃(huang)埔區土地利用現(xian)狀概(gai)況

黃埔區總(zong)(zong)用(yong)地(di)(di)面積為8883.22公頃,其中建(jian)設(she)(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)4729.96公頃,占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)黃埔區總(zong)(zong)用(yong)地(di)(di)的53.25%;非建(jian)設(she)(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)4153.28公頃,占(zhan)黃埔區總(zong)(zong)用(yong)地(di)(di)的46.75%。現狀(zhuang)非建(jian)設(she)(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)規模較高。

主要用地類型(xing)現(xian)狀解(jie)析

三類工(gong)業用(yong)地(di)比例(li)過高,現狀結構失衡;布(bu)局不(bu)合(he)(he)理,形成(cheng)“工(gong)業包圍城區(qu)(qu)”的空間(jian)格局。居(ju)住用(yong)地(di)受工(gong)業用(yong)地(di)包圍與穿(chuan)插,居(ju)住環境較差,轉制(zhi)社區(qu)(qu)居(ju)住小區(qu)(qu)、國企(qi)單位制(zhi)生活小區(qu)(qu)相互交錯,不(bu)利(li)于(yu)統(tong)籌規劃或整改;公(gong)共設(she)(she)施用(yong)地(di)主要集中(zhong)在大沙地(di)中(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)和南崗(gang)副中(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)內,主要沿黃埔東路分布(bu),“馬(ma)路經濟”現象突出;非(fei)建設(she)(she)用(yong)地(di)與綠(lv)地(di)主要分布(bu)于(yu)廣園路以(yi)北與長(chang)洲(zhou)島、洪圣沙等地(di),較為零散(san)、利(li)用(yong)率低、整合(he)(he)難度大。

用地各類(lei)土(tu)地屬性現狀解析

(1)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)情況:現狀(zhuang)大部(bu)(bu)分是以城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)村(cun)和(he)工業用地為(wei)主(zhu)的低(di)(di)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),高層建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)則(ze)主(zhu)要(yao)集中(zhong)在中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區,多為(wei)行政(zheng)辦(ban)公、商業辦(ban)公建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與住宅建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu);高密(mi)度用地主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)改造的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)村(cun),以宅基地為(wei)主(zhu),居住環(huan)境(jing)較(jiao)差,整改難(nan)度大;低(di)(di)密(mi)度用地主(zhu)要(yao)是長洲島上的部(bu)(bu)分區域與大部(bu)(bu)分廠(chang)區;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)村(cun)村(cun)民(min)住宅與小(xiao)型工廠(chang)的廠(chang)房區等以磚混結構(gou)為(wei)主(zhu)的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)質量(liang)較(jiao)差用地,存量(liang)規(gui)模較(jiao)大。

(2)權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)分(fen)析:目前區內(nei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)混雜。按照(zhao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地所有權(quan)(quan)(quan)變更的難(nan)易程度,試(shi)圖(tu)將“難(nan)以動遷的村民(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)基(ji)地”和“大(da)型(xing)國有企業(ye)用地”區分(fen)出來,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)分(fen)為一般集(ji)體權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地、一般國有權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地、村民(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)基(ji)地權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地、大(da)型(xing)國有企業(ye)權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地四類。

[1] 村民(min)宅基地(di)權屬用地(di)集中分布在(zai)黃埔東路(lu)兩側;

[2] 大型(xing)國有企業主要分布在珠(zhu)江沿岸,其用(yong)地(di)規模大于(yu)一般工業用(yong)地(di),且地(di)塊內有各種大型(xing)工業生產(chan)設備,四類權屬(shu)土地(di)中動(dong)遷難度最(zui)大。

存在問題

經現(xian)狀分析,黃埔區用地存(cun)在問題主要為:

(1)“重化(hua)工業區”的土(tu)(tu)地利用(yong)(yong)結構,不利于城市人居環境改(gai)善(shan);(2)土(tu)(tu)地布(bu)局混亂,導致“港――城”交通沖突;(3)大型(xing)國企用(yong)(yong)地較多,規劃(hua)協調難度大;(4)現狀用(yong)(yong)地建設強度較低(di),土(tu)(tu)地集約性差;(5)土(tu)(tu)地存量不足(zu),嚴重制約未來的城市發展,城市更(geng)新后勁不足(zu)。

理論借鑒與案(an)例(li)分析

土(tu)地(di)空(kong)間梳理(li)成(cheng)為城市改(gai)造舊(jiu)區和建設新區的有效(xiao)措(cuo)施。土(tu)地(di)空(kong)間梳理(li)的原(yuan)理(li)是公共基礎設施所需要(yao)的土(tu)地(di)不(bu)以征收等方式取得,而(er)是由重劃地(di)區的土(tu)地(di)所有權(quan)人(ren)(ren)按受益程度(du)比例(li)分(fen)攤。另(ling)外,實施重劃所需費(fei)用(yong)(yong)也(ye)由重劃后(hou)保留一部(bu)分(fen)土(tu)地(di)出售(shou)來抵(di)充,稱(cheng)為抵(di)費(fei)地(di)。抵(di)費(fei)地(di)是參(can)與市地(di)重劃的土(tu)地(di)所有權(quan)人(ren)(ren)付(fu)給政(zheng)府(fu)或辦理(li)市地(di)重劃機構的土(tu)地(di),在性質上是用(yong)(yong)以“負(fu)擔”市地(di)重劃區公共使用(yong)(yong)的道路、溝渠、公園(yuan)、廣(guang)場、綠地(di)、學校、停車場、商業等用(yong)(yong)地(di)及工程費(fei)用(yong)(yong)、重劃費(fei)用(yong)(yong)及貸款利息等。

案例1:1958年高(gao)雄(xiong)市(shi)(shi)政當局(ju)為(wei)解決快速城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化背景下城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)政配套缺乏、無序的問題(ti),進行市(shi)(shi)地重(zhong)劃(hua)。先(xian)向銀行貸款(kuan),將市(shi)(shi)政府后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)面的大片(pian)違章建筑土地加以重(zhong)劃(hua)整理,重(zhong)新定(ding)價出售,6個月后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),收回(hui)價款(kuan)償還(huan)債務(wu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)還(huan)尚(shang)有盈余(yu)。試驗成功后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),遂在高(gao)雄(xiong)市(shi)(shi)推廣開來,奠定(ding)了高(gao)雄(xiong)成為(wei)臺灣著名(ming)工商業大城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的基礎。

因(yin)原土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)所有權人需要負擔公(gong)(gong)共(gong)設(she)施用地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)及抵費地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),其重劃后(hou)所分配的(de)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)將比重劃前的(de)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)減少,但面(mian)(mian)積(ji)至少為原面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)55%。經土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)空間(jian)梳(shu)理(li)后(hou),由于道路等公(gong)(gong)共(gong)基礎設(she)施完善,土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區位(wei)配置有序,其地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)價必然隨之上漲。土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經過重劃后(hou),交通方便,綠地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)增加,文化娛(yu)樂設(she)施齊備,因(yin)此(ci)而獲(huo)得的(de)福利是難以(yi)用金錢來計算的(de)。這(zhe)種公(gong)(gong)私(si)均可獲(huo)利的(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)空間(jian)梳(shu)理(li)辦法,得到大多數土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)所有者(zhe)的(de)支持(chi)。

案例2:1979年(nian)臺灣《市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃實施辦(ban)法(fa)》、《獎(jiang)勵(li)土地(di)(di)所有權人辦(ban)理市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃辦(ban)法(fa)》等(deng)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)頒布之后,市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃正式納入規(gui)范化的法(fa)制(zhi)管理軌道。據臺北和高雄(xiong)多(duo)年(nian)地(di)(di)價(jia)變動情(qing)況統計,重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃后平均地(di)(di)價(jia)為重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃前的1.81倍(bei)和2.65倍(bei),目前臺灣地(di)(di)區已完成(cheng)市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃10000ha多(duo),經重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃后提供的建筑用地(di)(di)面積約占重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃面積的66%,無償取得(de)的公共設施用地(di)(di)約占重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劃面積的34%。

用地梳(shu)理權(quan)重選擇與方(fang)案確定

根(gen)據獨特的(de)用地特征,選取開發強度、權(quan)屬、法定規(gui)劃(hua)作(zuo)為土(tu)地梳理的(de)三個主要權(quan)重,黃埔區(一級(ji))存(cun)量土(tu)地的(de)規(gui)模(mo),區位,基礎設施等均(jun)良好,能夠滿足(zu)近、遠期城市建設對(dui)土(tu)地的(de)要求,用地梳理方案(an)如下:

(1)針(zhen)對(dui)軌道沿線(xian)地塊,利(li)用(yong)地鐵(tie)的(de)商業價(jia)值,以市場為主導(dao)、引入規(gui)劃控(kong)制及政府(fu)參與三(san)方結(jie)合的(de)方式進行(xing)用(yong)地梳理與更新。

(2)針對一般集體(ti)權(quan)屬土地:以(yi)政府為(wei)主(zhu)導,以(yi)社會資金為(wei)開發主(zhu)體(ti),對村屬工業(ye)用地實施重點整治,進行(xing)結構(gou)化(hua)整理。

(3)針對宅基(ji)地權屬土地:以政府為主(zhu)導,采用重(zhong)建、調整(zheng)、控制三(san)種方(fang)(fang)式相結合(he)的方(fang)(fang)法,因地制宜,對黃(huang)埔區內的轉制社區(即“城中村”)實施逐(zhu)步(bu)更新(xin)。

[1] 重建型改造

對處于城市(shi)重要街道或重要地(di)段(duan)、土地(di)價值高、嚴重影(ying)響城市(shi)規劃和(he)城市(shi)景觀布(bu)局的“城中村”,進(jin)行重建(jian)。

[2] 調整(zheng)型改造(zao)

對于(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)成(cheng)區,但布局較為合理、建(jian)筑景觀(guan)較好的(de)城(cheng)中村(cun)地塊,在(zai)保(bao)持城(cheng)中村(cun)村(cun)整(zheng)體(ti)格局情況下,對局部區域、關鍵要(yao)素進(jin)行重點改造,改善城(cheng)市(shi)基(ji)礎設施,增加社區配套服務(wu)建(jian)設,實施社區統(tong)一管理。

[3] 控制型改造

對于地處偏遠,規模小(xiao),不具備整體改造條件的城中(zhong)村,采取保留大部(bu)分建筑的基(ji)礎上,控制違章(zhang)建筑,避免進一步(bu)惡化,對城中(zhong)村整體進行梳理改造。

(4)針對一般國有權屬(shu)土地: 整(zheng)合零散地塊,構建(jian)“政(zheng)府――土地所有者”的(de)利益(yi)共同(tong)體(ti)并適(shi)當(dang)放寬規劃控制。

(5)針對(dui)大(da)型國(guo)有企業土地(di): 采用土地(di)所有者(zhe)主(zhu)導的(de)整理模(mo)式,同時(shi)強調規劃在整個土地(di)空間梳理過程中的(de)控制地(di)位。該部分主(zhu)要針對(dui)大(da)國(guo)企現(xian)有的(de)閑置土地(di)。

由于若(ruo)干(gan)大(da)型國企多為1960年(nian)代之后(hou)的(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)劃撥土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di),多為工業用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di),在(zai)1990年(nian)代末期國企市場化(hua)改制(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)及(ji)原有土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)區位價值提升(sheng)的(de)(de)影響下,有較強的(de)(de)動力(li)對其所屬用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)進行(xing)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)性質以(yi)及(ji)開(kai)(kai)發強度上的(de)(de)突破。鑒于此,可適當放寬對于國企開(kai)(kai)發其自有土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)規劃限制(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)“放松(song)規劃管制(zhi)(zhi)”換取大(da)型國企進行(xing)更新改造的(de)(de)資金(jin)。

(5)針對濱(bin)(bin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)岸(an)線(xian):梳理岸(an)線(xian)資源,盡可能營(ying)造(zao)部(bu)分生活性(xing)岸(an)線(xian)。主(zhu)要(yao)著手點為(wei)非生產性(xing)岸(an)線(xian)中(zhong)的可調地(di)塊(kuai),進行土地(di)“結構化的整理”,將置換出的濱(bin)(bin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)空間改造(zao)為(wei)濱(bin)(bin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)公園或(huo)濱(bin)(bin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廣場,可直接提升其周邊地(di)塊(kuai)的商業價(jia)值,為(wei)周邊地(di)塊(kuai)改造(zao)提供(gong)動力。

研究結論

 [1] 地(di)鐵沿(yan)線用地(di)梳理(li),若以(yi)(yi)市場為(wei)(wei)主體,梳理(li)更新的范(fan)圍局(ju)限(xian),缺乏戰(zhan)略部署,需要(yao)以(yi)(yi)軌道交通為(wei)(wei)契機,整(zheng)體統籌(chou),整(zheng)體調整(zheng)。

[2] 黃埔區土地(di)空間梳(shu)理的(de)(de)整體策略中(zhong),若(ruo)突出以政(zheng)府為(wei)主導,則(ze)需要強大的(de)(de)資金投入和強有(you)力(li)的(de)(de)政(zheng)策支持,規劃控制(zhi)將有(you)非常(chang)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)成效,但(dan)成本高,大國企參與的(de)(de)積極性(xing)不高,方案可實施性(xing)不強。

[3] 若突出以市場為(wei)主導,不需要政府投入大量資金,各土地所(suo)有(you)者“成(cheng)本共攤(tan),利益共享”,企業(ye)將有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的參與(yu)積極性(xing),需要政府投入大量的人(ren)力進行管理監督(du),但規劃失控(kong)的風險仍然很(hen)高(gao)。

5 參考文獻

李冬生 著. 大城市老工(gong)業區(qu)工(gong)業用地的調整與(yu)更新―上海市楊浦區(qu)改造實(shi)例. 上海:同濟大學出版(ban)社,2005

篇2

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞 城市軌道交通;自動化技術;現狀;應用(yong)

中圖(tu)分類(lei)號G237 文獻標識碼A 文章(zhang)編號 1674-6708(2014)120-0147-02

經濟(ji)飛速發展(zhan)(zhan)奠定(ding)了國(guo)(guo)家建(jian)設(she)(she)的物質基礎,道(dao)路交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)是國(guo)(guo)家建(jian)設(she)(she)的基礎保障設(she)(she)施,改革開放之后(hou),我國(guo)(guo)的交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)體(ti)系逐(zhu)步(bu)完善。進入(ru)21世紀之后(hou),城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)發展(zhan)(zhan)迫切,城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的規(gui)劃建(jian)設(she)(she)離不(bu)開城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong),北京、上海、廣州等大城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)已(yi)經修(xiu)建(jian)了多(duo)條地鐵(tie)。然(ran)而(er),傳統的技(ji)術已(yi)經不(bu)能滿足現(xian)(xian)代生活、發展(zhan)(zhan)的需(xu)要,科(ke)學技(ji)術的發展(zhan)(zhan)推動(dong)了現(xian)(xian)代自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術在城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)中的應用。現(xian)(xian)代自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術使(shi)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)朝(chao)著自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)、信息化(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)的方向發展(zhan)(zhan),使(shi)人們的出行更(geng)加方便(bian)快捷(jie)。

1 城市軌道交通中現代自動(dong)化(hua)技術應用現狀

1.1城市(shi)軌道交通中(zhong)現代(dai)自動化技術的重要作用(yong)

城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)分布范(fan)圍(wei)廣,交(jiao)通(tong)設備多(duo),傳統的人工操作(zuo)的方法效(xiao)率低,這就需要(yao)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)自(zi)動化技(ji)術(shu),現(xian)(xian)代(dai)自(zi)動化技(ji)術(shu)既可(ke)以提高效(xiao)率又(you)可(ke)以降低出(chu)錯的風險,城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)中現(xian)(xian)代(dai)自(zi)動化技(ji)術(shu)應用的必要(yao)性主要(yao)體現(xian)(xian)在(zai)以下幾個方面:

一方面,現代(dai)自動化技術在(zai)城市軌道交通(tong)(tong)全線的監測、控制(zhi)中發(fa)揮著(zhu)重(zhong)要的作用,可以(yi)實現交通(tong)(tong)軌道全線實時的檢(jian)測控制(zhi),節省人力,提高(gao)效率;

一(yi)方面,城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通關系(xi)著人們出行(xing)的(de)安全,現代自動化(hua)技術由于高(gao)科(ke)技的(de)運(yun)用使得城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通體系(xi)安全系(xi)數(shu)更高(gao),運(yun)行(xing)更加可靠;

另一方面,城市(shi)軌道(dao)交通中現代自動(dong)化技術的應(ying)用使得(de)交通運(yun)行高效(xiao)穩定(ding),有(you)效(xiao)避免交通擁(yong)堵,同時(shi),現代自動(dong)化技術的應(ying)用使得(de)個部門(men)各專業(ye)同時(shi)作(zuo)業(ye)、信息共享,能夠(gou)有(you)效(xiao)的避免和處理交通災(zai)害[1]。

1.2城市軌道交通中現代自動化技術的(de)應用(yong)現狀

城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)現代自動(dong)化技(ji)術已經(jing)越來越多(duo)的被應用,我(wo)國城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)現代自動(dong)化技(ji)術已經(jing)處于世界(jie)的前列(lie),我(wo)國已經(jing)具備一套(tao)完整的監測(ce)、控制、操作系統,并(bing)且仍在不斷完善。

城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)中現代自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)技術在北京、上(shang)海、廣(guang)州、深圳等大(da)城市(shi)已經廣(guang)泛應用(yong),并在實際(ji)生活中發揮(hui)著重要的作用(yong),但(dan)是,城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)中現代自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)技術的應用(yong)范(fan)圍還沒有發展到中小(xiao)城市(shi),城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)中現代自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)技術的推廣(guang)應用(yong)仍(reng)需(xu)努力。

2 城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通中現代自(zi)動化(hua)技術的應(ying)用

2.1現(xian)代(dai)自動監(jian)控技術(shu)在(zai)城市軌道交通中的(de)應用

城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通中主要(yao)包括各種車輛和固定軌道設(she)備(bei)(bei),現(xian)代(dai)自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)技(ji)術(shu)主要(yao)實現(xian)對(dui)固定設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)與(yu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)由(you)硬(ying)件設(she)備(bei)(bei)和軟(ruan)件設(she)備(bei)(bei)組成,硬(ying)件是(shi)基礎主要(yao)包括采集卡、計(ji)算機等(deng),軟(ruan)件是(shi)核心(xin)主要(yao)包括數據(ju)分(fen)析軟(ruan)件、圖形處理(li)軟(ruan)件等(deng)。自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)可以通過中央(yang)處理(li)系(xi)統(tong)與(yu)各個站點的(de)(de)分(fen)系(xi)統(tong)之間的(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi),進行實時(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)與(yu)數據(ju)傳(chuan)輸,實現(xian)對(dui)整個交(jiao)通線路的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。現(xian)代(dai)自(zi)動(dong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)技(ji)術(shu)在城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通中的(de)(de)作用(yong)主要(yao)是(shi)進行電力監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)、環境監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)、設(she)備(bei)(bei)運行狀態監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)、火災預警等(deng),確保整個交(jiao)通軌道線路暢通[2]。

2.2現(xian)代(dai)自(zi)動駕駛技術(shu)在城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)通中(zhong)的應用(yong)

現代(dai)車(che)輛越來越多(duo),對汽車(che)的(de)研究(jiu)也(ye)越來越廣泛,自(zi)(zi)動(dong)駕駛技(ji)(ji)術成為未來車(che)輛的(de)發展(zhan)方(fang)向。自(zi)(zi)動(dong)駕駛技(ji)(ji)術中(zhong)最(zui)重要的(de)技(ji)(ji)術之一是GPS導航(hang)技(ji)(ji)術,通過(guo)衛(wei)星(xing)獲得電子地(di)圖,導航(hang)定位系統就是在電子地(di)圖中(zhong)加入道路以(yi)(yi)及相關信息等(deng),經過(guo)軟件檢索進行道路規(gui)劃,通過(guo)語音以(yi)(yi)及圖像的(de)方(fang)法提示,最(zui)終達到目的(de)地(di)。

自(zi)動駕(jia)駛技(ji)術中另一(yi)個重要的(de)技(ji)術是自(zi)動駕(jia)駛列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)定位(wei)(wei)技(ji)術,該技(ji)術主要是通過列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)與(yu)軌道的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)位(wei)(wei)置,對(dui)列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)進行定位(wei)(wei)與(yu)控制。其過程主要如圖(tu)1所示,列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)軌道的(de)一(yi)端(duan)向另一(yi)端(duan)發射電信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao),當無列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)通過時,另一(yi)端(duan)接收(shou)到(dao)完整的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao),此時對(dui)軌道狀態(tai)進行分析;當列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)駛入時,列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)輪子使兩端(duan)的(de)電信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)短(duan)路,另一(yi)端(duan)不能(neng)收(shou)到(dao)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)。通過信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)分析處理(li)可以(yi)實現列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)定位(wei)(wei)與(yu)檢測,同時通過不斷修正也能(neng)提高(gao)列(lie)(lie)(lie)車(che)(che)效率。

2.3現代通信(xin)技(ji)術在城市軌道交(jiao)通中的應用(yong)

城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)中現(xian)代(dai)自動化技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)得以(yi)(yi)實現(xian)主要依賴的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)是現(xian)代(dai)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu),信(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)共享、數據的(de)(de)傳輸等都需要通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。互(hu)聯網、物(wu)聯網、云計(ji)算都是通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)中必(bi)不可(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)[3]。現(xian)代(dai)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)一(yi)方面可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過互(hu)聯網實現(xian)城市(shi)各(ge)(ge)個線路之間(jian)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)交流,也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)實現(xian)對各(ge)(ge)個城市(shi)的(de)(de)交通(tong)線路的(de)(de)綜合(he)管理控制(zhi);一(yi)方面通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)乘客信(xin)(xin)息(xi)系(xi)統更加智(zhi)能(neng)化,方便乘客的(de)(de)出行;另一(yi)方面,通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)中的(de)(de)互(hu)聯網、物(wu)聯網技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)減少(shao)交通(tong)自動化設備(bei)中的(de)(de)接口,優(you)化自動化系(xi)統結構,使(shi)(shi)城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)自動化系(xi)統更高效(xiao)、更智(zhi)能(neng)。

3結論

計算(suan)機技(ji)術、自動(dong)控(kong)制技(ji)術、軟件(jian)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)展推(tui)動(dong)了自動(dong)化(hua)系統在(zai)城市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。國外的(de)(de)自動(dong)化(hua)技(ji)術在(zai)城市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)已經達到一個(ge)新水平(ping),我國應該充分利用(yong)(yong)(yong)現(xian)代(dai)自動(dong)化(hua)技(ji)術,使其在(zai)城市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)的(de)(de)安全監測、自動(dong)駕駛、設備控(kong)制等方面發(fa)揮(hui)更大作用(yong)(yong)(yong)[4]。

參考文獻

[1]趙順先,于(yu)勝龍,昌,等.傳(chuan)統監控(kong)系(xi)統的不(bu)足及(ji)ADS解決方案.電力自動化設備,2003,23(4):81-84.

[2]王開滿,張慎明,江平.軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)自動化監控系統的特點及其發展趨勢[J].城(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)研究,2006(2):1.

篇3

關鍵(jian)詞:城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong);人(ren)力資源管理;人(ren)才培訓;績效考核(he)

一、前言

城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通是(shi)一個包含了人(ren),車,軌的復雜(za)(za)系統,每個業務單元之間既相互獨立,同時(shi)又存在著(zhu)(zhu)緊密的聯系。運營業務的復雜(za)(za)性(xing)決定了城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通企業人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)源(yuan)管理(li)的高難(nan)度性(xing)和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)叉性(xing)特點。我國城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通作為一門新興(xing)行業,其(qi)超常規發(fa)展速度和(he)技術先(xian)進性(xing)導致人(ren)才需求量緊缺、管理(li)模式(shi)落(luo)后(hou)[1]。因此(ci),加(jia)強城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通企業人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)源(yuan)管理(li)開發(fa)力(li)(li)度,并深(shen)入研究其(qi)新興(xing)人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)源(yuan)管理(li)創新辦(ban)法,對于提高企業現有人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)源(yuan)管理(li)水平、人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)源(yuan)管理(li)效率(lv)有著(zhu)(zhu)重要意義(yi)。

二、人力資源管理現狀與不足

近年,隨(sui)著(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的快(kuai)速(su)發展,以及日益增多(duo)的新技術和(he)新設備,使(shi)得城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)人力(li)資源(yuan)緊缺現(xian)象日益加劇(ju)。同(tong)時,由于城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)企業崗位系統性(xing)(xing)和(he)復雜(za)性(xing)(xing),以及其(qi)專業性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)、適應性(xing)(xing)弱的特點,導致目前(qian)的城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)企業人力(li)資源(yuan)管(guan)理模(mo)式存在許多(duo)不足(zu)之處[2],嚴重影響(xiang)了城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)企業的可(ke)持續發展。

1、 缺乏(fa)專(zhuan)業人才(cai)培養的(de)規(gui)劃(hua)。

城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通企業崗位人(ren)才在學校或公司(si)培訓的過程中,缺乏戰略性的培養規劃(hua)。并且培訓專業教材多是以現有設(she)備(bei)為模板,與(yu)先(xian)進設(she)備(bei)與(yu)技(ji)術無法契合(he)。

2、 職(zhi)業人才(cai)的數量和質(zhi)量缺(que)失(shi)

城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)系統的維(wei)護(hu)與運營(ying)涉及電(dian)子、通(tong)信、信號、機械(xie)、液壓、無(wu)線傳(chuan)輸、計(ji)算(suan)機、消防、自動化、變(bian)電(dian)、接觸網、電(dian)力機車(che)等眾多專(zhuan)業(ye),而這些專(zhuan)業(ye)又(you)是軌道交通(tong)獨有的專(zhuan)業(ye),導致軌道交通(tong)行(xing)業(ye)技(ji)能人才的稀缺(que)性[3]。使(shi)得城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)人才短缺(que)成為制約產(chan)業(ye)發展的短板。

3、 專(zhuan)業性的技術(shu)人才結(jie)構(gou)不(bu)夠合理

城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道交通是一個技術密集型(xing)行業,需(xu)(xu)要(yao)對相關技術掌握全(quan)面的高級人(ren)才。但是在我國城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道交通企業中,有全(quan)面技術的高級人(ren)才比例嚴重不足,人(ren)員(yuan)結(jie)構不盡合理,嚴重影響著軌(gui)(gui)道交通企業的持(chi)續(xu)發展(zhan)需(xu)(xu)求[4]。

4、 存在(zai)人才流失情況

大多城市(shi)軌道交通(tong)企業在一定程度上(shang)沒有給具備優秀才(cai)能和潛質的(de)人(ren)留出(chu)足夠的(de)晉升空間,在對(dui)新入職員工(gong)的(de)職業生涯規(gui)劃(hua)和展望管理培(pei)訓方面也有待完善(shan)。同(tong)時(shi),相應的(de)激勵機制配(pei)置尚不完善(shan),市(shi)場(chang)發生技術人(ren)才(cai)流失(shi)現(xian)象較為嚴重[5]。

5、 現有(you)的薪酬和績(ji)效考(kao)核管(guan)理機制(zhi)有(you)待完善(shan)

城市軌道交通企業內的現有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)制沒有(you)(you)形成最優(you)化配置,績(ji)效考核機(ji)(ji)制也不完善,導致員工(gong)的危(wei)機(ji)(ji)意(yi)(yi)識和崗(gang)位意(yi)(yi)識相對淡薄,這對最大(da)化發揮工(gong)作人(ren)員的創造性和積極性帶(dai)來很大(da)影(ying)響[6]。

三、新(xin)興城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通企業人力資源管理創新(xin)

針對(dui)目(mu)前我國城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通(tong)企業人(ren)力資(zi)源管理存在的諸多問(wen)題,以(yi)及(ji)城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通(tong)領域對(dui)人(ren)力資(zi)源的大量需求,本文從人(ren)才規劃、管理、招聘培(pei)養、評估、績效考核和薪酬管理等方面提出(chu)以(yi)下幾條創(chuang)新型管理對(dui)策。

1、戰略化的人力資源(yuan)規劃(hua)

(1)基(ji)于(yu)勝(sheng)任特征模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的人(ren)才職(zhi)位(wei)規劃(hua)。未(wei)來的城市(shi)軌道交通(tong)人(ren)力資源管理(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)必須以培養專業性(xing)人(ren)才為戰(zhan)略,建立勝(sheng)任特征模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)的職(zhi)位(wei)分析規劃(hua)。首先需要對崗位(wei)進(jin)行分析,確定(ding)人(ren)才需求的結構和員工需求數量,對每(mei)個職(zhi)位(wei)進(jin)行編制(zhi),并通(tong)過建立勝(sheng)任特征模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)對崗位(wei)進(jin)行規劃(hua)。

(2)加強人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的(de)長(chang)期(qi)規劃(hua)預測(ce)和(he)可持續發(fa)展性(xing)(xing)培養。人(ren)力(li)規劃(hua)預測(ce)在(zai)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)開發(fa)中起到(dao)重要(yao)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)性(xing)(xing)作(zuo)用(yong),是其他人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)管理工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)和(he)前提。對于(yu)城市軌道交通企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)而言,人(ren)力(li)規劃(hua)預測(ce)要(yao)建立(li)在(zai)對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)現狀進行深入分析研究(jiu)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)之上,以(yi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)發(fa)展戰略(lve)為大方向,同時考(kao)慮實(shi)際因素,最終(zhong)制定企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)長(chang)期(qi)培養和(he)發(fa)展目(mu)標(biao)。并且,還(huan)需要(yao)充分利用(yong)鐵路高校、職業(ye)(ye)(ye)院校或培訓中心等(deng)教育資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan),形(xing)成高中低不同等(deng)級(ji)的(de)技(ji)術人(ren)才(cai)后備(bei)梯(ti)隊,在(zai)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)配置、學科建設、實(shi)踐操作(zuo)等(deng)方面還(huan)要(yao)與學校共(gong)同規劃(hua)和(he)設計,以(yi)減(jian)少成本(ben)浪費。

2、人力資源量(liang)化(hua)管理

人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)量化管理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)指(zhi)在(zai)工作(zuo)崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)職責分(fen)析(xi)、培訓考核、素(su)質測量等基礎上,對員(yuan)工能(neng)力(li)進行(xing)分(fen)類、測量、記錄、分(fen)析(xi),從而形成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個動(dong)態的(de)(de)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)數(shu)據(ju)體系。員(yuan)工工作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)包(bao)括崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)技能(neng)與(yu)(yu)員(yuan)工綜合素(su)質。其中崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)技能(neng)又可(ke)以(yi)按(an)照對本職工作(zuo)的(de)(de)支(zhi)撐程度分(fen)為(wei)崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)必須技能(neng)與(yu)(yu)崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)輔助技能(neng);員(yuan)工綜合素(su)質是(shi)指(zhi)除了工作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)之外,員(yuan)工所表(biao)現出的(de)(de)內(nei)在(zai)特性,是(shi)自然生理(li)(li)(li)素(su)質、心理(li)(li)(li)素(su)質和(he)社會文化素(su)質三大特性的(de)(de)組合。將崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)必須技能(neng)、崗位(wei)(wei)(wei)輔助技能(neng)以(yi)及員(yuan)工綜合素(su)質再次(ci)分(fen)解,分(fen)解成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)獨立的(de)(de)可(ke)考核單元,累計(ji)各(ge)期考核結果,形成(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)工工作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)數(shu)據(ju)管理(li)(li)(li)體系。

人力資源(yuan)量(liang)化管理的(de)數據(ju)來(lai)源(yuan)需要一(yi)個完整的(de)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)考核、評(ping)測系(xi)統(tong)來(lai)支撐該體系(xi)。針對員(yuan)工工作(zuo)(zuo)能(neng)(neng)力考核項(xiang)目,按照(zhao)不同類別將(jiang)考核項(xiang)目與(yu)公司的(de)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)課程、技能(neng)(neng)研修以及員(yuan)工在企業中的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)表現(xian)相關聯,按照(zhao)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)計(ji)算(suan)公式,將(jiang)員(yuan)工現(xian)實表現(xian)折算(suan)成(cheng)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)格式錄入系(xi)統(tong)。

如公式1所示。

3、 合理的(de)招聘模(mo)式(shi)以及(ji)推廣“訂單(dan)式(shi)”模(mo)式(shi)培(pei)養人才

科學(xue)合理(li)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才招聘、選拔系(xi)統是城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通企業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)力資源發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重要(yao)基礎(chu)。招聘渠道(dao)(dao)要(yao)多樣化(hua),招聘過程中要(yao)充分分析企業(ye)(ye)實際發(fa)展(zhan)狀況和(he)(he)企業(ye)(ye)戰略(lve)之間的(de)差距(ju),由于(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通企業(ye)(ye)的(de)新(xin)興性,單靠企業(ye)(ye)內部的(de)培訓必將無法滿(man)足(zu)巨大的(de)缺口,需要(yao)學(xue)校(xiao)對城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通領域的(de)專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才有特定的(de)教(jiao)育和(he)(he)培養(yang)方向。校(xiao)企聯合“訂(ding)單式”的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才培養(yang)方式,能夠使專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才得到批量(liang)、持續(xu)地培養(yang),更(geng)加(jia)有效(xiao)地支持城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通的(de)可持續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)。

4、以(yi)調整技術結構為主導的人才(cai)培訓

隨(sui)著城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通各(ge)專業(ye)技術的(de)(de)飛速發(fa)展(zhan),要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)企(qi)業(ye)員工(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)及時掌握、使用先(xian)進技術和(he)(he)(he)先(xian)進設備。目前城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)人才(cai)培(pei)訓還需加大(da)(da)力(li)度,對于專業(ye)技術人員,要(yao)不斷(duan)的(de)(de)更新其(qi)專業(ye)知(zhi)識和(he)(he)(he)技能(neng)(neng)(neng),充分應(ying)用最先(xian)進的(de)(de)技術。而對于管(guan)(guan)理人才(cai),要(yao)不斷(duan)地(di)使其(qi)學習先(xian)進的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理模式,加快企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)集約化、現代化管(guan)(guan)理改(gai)革進程。以不同的(de)(de)培(pei)訓需求(qiu)(qiu)為(wei)出發(fa)點(dian),根據不同崗位的(de)(de)技能(neng)(neng)(neng)標準和(he)(he)(he)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)撰寫各(ge)崗位的(de)(de)培(pei)訓大(da)(da)綱和(he)(he)(he)教材,并根據這些教材有針(zhen)對性(xing)地(di)開展(zhan)理論應(ying)知(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)際操作考核,才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為(wei)城(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)提供(gong)有力(li)保證。

5、職業生涯(ya)管(guan)理(li)及(ji)合理(li)的晉升機(ji)制(zhi)

職業(ye)生涯(ya)(ya)管(guan)理是指企業(ye)協助員工(gong)(gong)制定職業(ye)生涯(ya)(ya)規劃(hua)和發(fa)(fa)(fa)展等一系列活動,幫助員工(gong)(gong)提升整體技能。要(yao)求企業(ye)必須(xu)提供自身(shen)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展目標、政策、計劃(hua)等,同(tong)時還(huan)必須(xu)幫助員工(gong)(gong)做好自我評價、培訓、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展,鼓勵并(bing)幫助員工(gong)(gong)制定符合(he)自身(shen)的職業(ye)生涯(ya)(ya)規劃(hua),并(bing)根(gen)據員工(gong)(gong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展特點協助其修訂職業(ye)生涯(ya)(ya)規劃(hua),為提防止(zhi)人(ren)才流失(shi)提供更多更好的職業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展機會等信息。

技能人才是保障地鐵設備設施正(zheng)常運行的主力,若(ruo)無合(he)理的晉升(sheng)機制來(lai)激(ji)勵技能人才,將造(zao)成(cheng)技能人才的人規模流失。因此要(yao)組(zu)織好(hao)城市軌道交通企業人才晉升(sheng)的關(guan)鍵環節(jie)。

6、采(cai)用(yong)先進的績效考(kao)核(he)方式

績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)管(guan)理(li)在(zai)企業管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)具有核(he)心(xin)控制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong),是組織實現(xian)戰略目標的(de)有效(xiao)控制(zhi)手段。傳統(tong)的(de)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)管(guan)理(li)大都為了(le)便于操作(zuo),減少企業的(de)績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)管(guan)理(li)成(cheng)本(ben)。為了(le)保證績(ji)(ji)效(xiao)標準做(zuo)到可驗證性,先進(jin)的(de)360度法能夠(gou)圍繞德、能、勤、績(ji)(ji)等多方面對員工(gong)進(jin)行“立體(ti)”考(kao)評,其考(kao)評核(he)心(xin)是工(gong)作(zuo)業績(ji)(ji)和(he)能力素質。并且,當(dang)應用(yong)360度法實施考(kao)評時,考(kao)評者(zhe)除了(le)上(shang)司與主管(guan)外,還包括同級、員工(gong)自(zi)己(ji)和(he)下級,更好地(di)體(ti)現(xian)了(le)“公開、公正、公平(ping)”的(de)原則,能夠(gou)真實反映(ying)員工(gong)績(ji)(ji)能表現(xian)。

7、合(he)理明晰(xi)的薪酬管理機(ji)制

薪(xin)酬管理(li)的(de)公平(ping)性和合理(li)性,決定(ding)了(le)生產的(de)效(xiao)率、管理(li)的(de)安全等方面。一些城市軌道交(jiao)通企(qi)業沿襲了(le)舊有的(de)鐵路或其他交(jiao)通部門(men)的(de)薪(xin)酬制(zhi)度(du),存(cun)在(zai)平(ping)均主(zhu)義的(de)影子(zi)。然而,以按勞分配為主(zhu)要薪(xin)酬標(biao)準,量化(hua)考(kao)核(he)勞動(dong)額度(du),采用(yong)計件工資等方式的(de)薪(xin)酬評價體系更能實現薪(xin)酬制(zhi)度(du)的(de)公平(ping)化(hua)、合理(li)化(hua)。

四、結論

隨著(zhu)我國城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)程的(de)不(bu)斷加深,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)日趨發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可持續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)作用也日漸加大。因此,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)人力(li)(li)資(zi)源管理創新(xin)的(de)重要(yao)性(xing)不(bu)斷提升。打造以培(pei)(pei)養專業(ye)(ye)性(xing)人才為指向的(de)人力(li)(li)資(zi)源戰略規劃,以技術為培(pei)(pei)養的(de)主導,注重人才培(pei)(pei)養的(de)數量和質量,是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)穩定、快速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)前提。同時,為員工(gong)做(zuo)好職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)生涯規劃,預留職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空間,制定先進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、合理的(de)績效(xiao)考核(he)制度和薪酬管理機(ji)制也是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)持續(xu)、穩定發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)保(bao)障和得利助手(shou)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)人力(li)(li)資(zi)源創新(xin)管理,探索城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可持續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)途徑,才能促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)我國城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)快速穩步發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

參考文獻

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篇4

關鍵詞:BSC;城市(shi)軌道交通;教育質量(liang)評價;維(wei)度轉換(huan)

中圖(tu)分類號:G642.4 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1674-9324(2015)33-0268-02

一、引言

近年(nian)來,隨著各(ge)大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)系統(tong)的快速發(fa)展,城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)類專業迅(xun)速發(fa)展,隨之(zhi)而來伴隨了(le)各(ge)類問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti),這是由于產業規模的龐(pang)大(da)(da)化、產業結(jie)構轉型及升級等造成的。其中首要問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)是教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育質(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育質(zhi)量(liang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)體(ti)系具有多層次、多因素且具有復(fu)雜性、不確定性等特征[1],對城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)類專業教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育質(zhi)量(liang)進(jin)(jin)行評(ping)(ping)價(jia),需將各(ge)項評(ping)(ping)價(jia)內容看成一個大(da)(da)系統(tong),相互關聯的系統(tong)構成要素的價(jia)值實現形式,采用教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育質(zhi)量(liang)的BSC(平衡(heng)(heng)計分(fen)卡)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)方(fang)法,能夠將短期目標與(yu)持續增長(chang)結(jie)合起來,進(jin)(jin)而引導城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)類專業教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育健(jian)康(kang)均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)發(fa)展。

二、BSC方法用于教育質量評價的四個維度

平衡計分卡,簡稱BSC,是一(yi)(yi)種系(xi)統性績(ji)效評(ping)價和(he)管(guan)理(li)工具(ju),其(qi)核(he)心思想為圍繞(rao)財(cai)務、客戶、內部流程、學習與成長這四個(ge)維(wei)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)指標,通過其(qi)相(xiang)互(hu)使(shi)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)因果關系(xi),展現(xian)(xian)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)流程,更(geng)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu),實現(xian)(xian)績(ji)效的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價,幫助組(zu)織(zhi)將(jiang)戰略(lve)實體(ti)化(hua),最終實現(xian)(xian)該組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)目(mu)標[2,3]。

平(ping)衡(heng)計(ji)分(fen)(fen)卡(ka)是針對(dui)企業(ye)的(de)組(zu)織架構提(ti)出(chu)的(de),采(cai)用平(ping)衡(heng)計(ji)分(fen)(fen)卡(ka)方法對(dui)城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通控(kong)制(zhi)專業(ye)教(jiao)育質量進行評(ping)估,應在理(li)解其核心思想的(de)基礎(chu)上,針對(dui)該專業(ye)的(de)培養目標和自身特(te)征,改進其質量評(ping)估指標體(ti)系(xi)。由平(ping)衡(heng)計(ji)分(fen)(fen)卡(ka)理(li)論,將城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通控(kong)制(zhi)專業(ye)質量評(ping)價(jia)劃分(fen)(fen)為財務維度、學生和利益相關者維度、內部(bu)流程維度、學習與發展維度,圍繞(rao)城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通控(kong)制(zhi)專業(ye)的(de)發展目標,建立城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通控(kong)制(zhi)專業(ye)教(jiao)育質量評(ping)價(jia)體(ti)系(xi)。

1.財(cai)務維(wei)度。城市軌道交(jiao)通控制專(zhuan)業(ye)的財(cai)政(zheng)收入主(zhu)要為主(zhu)管行(xing)政(zheng)機構對該專(zhuan)業(ye)所撥的事業(ye)費(fei)(fei)(fei)及部分科研項(xiang)目經費(fei)(fei)(fei)。因此,為對城市軌道交(jiao)通控制專(zhuan)業(ye)的財(cai)務狀況有效(xiao)監管,需要制定合理的財(cai)務收支指標,使財(cai)務資源得到最大(da)化利(li)用,避免(mian)浪費(fei)(fei)(fei)。

制定合理(li)的(de)(de)財務(wu)收(shou)支(zhi)指標,需要結合城市軌道交通控(kong)(kong)制專業的(de)(de)特(te)點。在(zai)支(zhi)出方面(mian)(mian)(mian),主管行(xing)政機構所(suo)撥的(de)(de)事業費實際(ji)上是城市軌道交通控(kong)(kong)制專業的(de)(de)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)、占(zhan)比大的(de)(de)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)來源,在(zai)保證基本業務(wu)正常(chang)運轉的(de)(de)情況下,應(ying)優先將其(qi)(qi)結余(yu)款項用于教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)硬件(jian)和(he)(he)軟(ruan)環境建(jian)設(she),此外,部分科(ke)(ke)研(yan)項目(mu)經費通常(chang)可以依據課題情況適當的(de)(de)用于教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)硬件(jian)和(he)(he)軟(ruan)環境建(jian)設(she)。另一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)(mian),可以采(cai)用教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制及資(zi)源共享的(de)(de)手(shou)段控(kong)(kong)制支(zhi)出,對包括(kuo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)場所(suo)、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)設(she)備、實驗室(shi)等教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)環境的(de)(de)投入(ru)(ru)進行(xing)評估(gu),采(cai)用有(you)(you)效手(shou)段降低投入(ru)(ru)成(cheng)本,并且開放教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)資(zi)源的(de)(de)使用,提高其(qi)(qi)利用率。在(zai)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)方面(mian)(mian)(mian),從制度層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)(mian),鼓勵(li)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師及部分有(you)(you)能力的(de)(de)學(xue)生組(zu)成(cheng)課題組(zu),研(yan)究(jiu)軌道交通領(ling)域內的(de)(de)創新課題,以高職(zhi)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)現狀(zhuang),可以爭取橫向工(gong)程類課題,增(zeng)加科(ke)(ke)研(yan)經費收(shou)入(ru)(ru)。

2.學(xue)生和(he)利(li)益相關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)維度(du)(du)。城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)控制專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)面(mian)對兩部分(fen)(fen)目標(biao)客戶,包(bao)括(kuo)學(xue)生和(he)利(li)益相關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(包(bao)括(kuo)家長(chang)、企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)社會大(da)眾(zhong)等)。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),學(xue)生是城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)控制專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)培養(yang)的(de)主(zhu)體(ti),學(xue)生對專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教育的(de)滿(man)意度(du)(du)從各方(fang)面(mian)影響著城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)控制專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)發展,學(xue)生部分(fen)(fen)的(de)衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)指(zhi)標(biao)包(bao)括(kuo)學(xue)生對專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教學(xue)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)滿(man)意度(du)(du)、就業(ye)(ye)(ye)率、就業(ye)(ye)(ye)后的(de)收入水平(ping)等。另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),從利(li)益相關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)維度(du)(du),家長(chang)衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)指(zhi)標(biao)為(wei)學(xue)生的(de)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)情況(kuang)、收入水平(ping)等;企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)指(zhi)標(biao)為(wei)勞(lao)動者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)素質、知(zhi)識結構(gou)及(ji)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工作的(de)適應(ying)性(xing)等,社會大(da)眾(zhong)的(de)指(zhi)標(biao)主(zhu)要為(wei)學(xue)校(xiao)知(zhi)名度(du)(du)及(ji)口碑。該部分(fen)(fen)的(de)指(zhi)標(biao)可以采用模糊理論進行定(ding)量(liang)(liang)評(ping)估(gu)。

3.內部流程維度。城市(shi)軌道交通(tong)控制專業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)內部流程主要包括(kuo)三方面:一(yi)是(shi)使(shi)優(you)(you)(you)質的(de)(de)教育資(zi)(zi)源一(yi)體化,進(jin)而集中(zhong)優(you)(you)(you)勢資(zi)(zi)源加強(qiang)專業(ye)(ye)建設(she)。制定扶持性政策(ce),提(ti)高(gao)精(jing)品課建設(she),增強(qiang)創新能(neng)力,建立滿足(zu)社會發展需求的(de)(de)特色優(you)(you)(you)勢專業(ye)(ye)。二是(shi)校企(qi)(qi)合(he)作。加強(qiang)人才市(shi)場的(de)(de)調研,并與(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)溝通(tong)常(chang)態化,進(jin)而以就業(ye)(ye)為目標(biao),進(jin)行訂單式培養(yang)(yang),使(shi)學(xue)生和利益相(xiang)關者維度的(de)(de)評價結(jie)(jie)果較高(gao)。與(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)理(li)論與(yu)實踐結(jie)(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)方式,提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)生的(de)(de)素質、知識結(jie)(jie)構及(ji)專業(ye)(ye)工(gong)作的(de)(de)適應性。三是(shi)培養(yang)(yang)學(xue)生的(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)技能(neng),目標(biao)設(she)置以學(xue)生在(zai)獲(huo)得(de)畢業(ye)(ye)證(zheng)書時獲(huo)得(de)職業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)格證(zheng)書為主。

4.學(xue)習(xi)與發(fa)(fa)展維度。平衡(heng)計分卡評價法是以(yi)某(mou)組織(zhi)的可持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展能力(li)(li)(li)和創(chuang)新(xin)能力(li)(li)(li)作為質量評價的潛在性因素(su),實現該組織(zhi)戰略目標(biao)的基本(ben)驅動力(li)(li)(li)為強(qiang)(qiang)調學(xue)習(xi)與發(fa)(fa)展。為此(ci),要求城市軌道交通(tong)控制專業的領導層積極進(jin)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理創(chuang)新(xin),包括引入ISO9001體系、進(jin)行(xing)(xing)定量化評估等手段,提(ti)高人員(yuan)本(ben)身(shen)的自學(xue)能力(li)(li)(li),增強(qiang)(qiang)城軌交通(tong)專業的持續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展力(li)(li)(li)和創(chuang)新(xin)力(li)(li)(li)。

學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)和成長(chang)維度主要(yao)(yao)(yao)包括(kuo)三方(fang)面(mian):一是(shi)教(jiao)研人員(yuan)的(de)能力,在該(gai)方(fang)面(mian)應把(ba)教(jiao)研人員(yuan)的(de)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)專著及學(xue)(xue)術(shu)論文、科(ke)研成果、參加過的(de)培訓等作(zuo)為主要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)能力評價指標。專業(ye)的(de)領導領導層(ceng)應該(gai)提高自身的(de)管理(li)水平(ping),以(yi)便(bian)于更好(hao)的(de)計劃安排、調度與溝(gou)通各(ge)類事務(wu)性業(ye)務(wu)。二(er)是(shi)組(zu)織結構的(de)建設方(fang)面(mian)。需要(yao)(yao)(yao)制定(ding)符(fu)合實(shi)際的(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)管理(li)規章制度及作(zuo)業(ye)指導文件(jian)或規范;建立較長(chang)時間(jian)內符(fu)合現狀的(de)考核方(fang)案、監督管理(li)機制,提高專業(ye)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)運行效率。三是(shi)架構開(kai)放式公共(gong)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)平(ping)臺。通過信息(xi)化(hua)技術(shu)手段,共(gong)享(xiang)各(ge)類網(wang)絡教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)研資(zi)源,全面(mian)性、多元化(hua)培養教(jiao)師的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)能力和學(xue)(xue)生的(de)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)興趣,增進(jin)其對城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通控制專業(ye)的(de)歸屬感(gan)。

三、城市軌道交(jiao)通控制專業教(jiao)育質量評價體系

構建城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通控制專業(ye)(ye)教育(yu)質量(liang)評價體(ti)(ti)系(xi)是一項復(fu)雜的(de)大系(xi)統工程(cheng),通過(guo)對平(ping)衡計(ji)分卡(ka)的(de)四個維度(du)方面分析城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通控制專業(ye)(ye)教育(yu)質量(liang)評價體(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)基礎上,將該思想應用在(zai)投入和產生(sheng)兩大因素中,對城市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通控制專業(ye)(ye)教育(yu)質量(liang)評價體(ti)(ti)系(xi)進行(xing)研究[4][5]。

(一)投入(ru)方面的因素

1.教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。現代(dai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育理(li)論(lun)中,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)終目(mu)(mu)標(biao)是(shi)(shi)調動受教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育者的(de)(de)(de)(de)內在驅(qu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)力,使被(bei)動學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)變為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi),增強(qiang)其(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)觀能(neng)(neng)(neng)動性,這是(shi)(shi)取得好的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育效果的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)佳手段。城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)控制專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)設計(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)大綱(gang)及(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)細則(ze),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)大綱(gang)讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠在仿(fang)真性環境下,自主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)探(tan)索(suo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)任務,實(shi)驗細則(ze)是(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)為(wei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在探(tan)索(suo)階(jie)段完成(cheng)后(hou),通(tong)(tong)過實(shi)驗細則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施重構其(qi)知識(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系。探(tan)索(suo)性過程中,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。故對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)控制專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru)(ru),既包括教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti),也(ye)包括學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。(1)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)控制專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)實(shi)施者,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)領域課程項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)者。專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高低,是(shi)(shi)影(ying)響城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)控制專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要因素,該方(fang)面(mian)設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)指(zhi)標(biao)如下:人員配置方(fang)面(mian),包括副教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授占教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例、雙(shuang)聘人員占教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例等。業(ye)(ye)務能(neng)(neng)(neng)力方(fang)面(mian),包括教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)工作(zuo)量(liang)(liang)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)項進(jin)修、頂崗實(shi)習(xi)等。科研方(fang)面(mian),包括教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)改項目(mu)(mu)、工程項目(mu)(mu)、級別等。(2)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。該投(tou)入(ru)(ru)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現在對(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)管理(li)進(jin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)收入(ru)(ru)。設計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)指(zhi)標(biao)包括:對(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參加各類技能(neng)(neng)(neng)大賽(sai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)習(xi)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)設置與社會需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適應程度(du)等。量(liang)(liang)化指(zhi)標(biao)可以通(tong)(tong)過學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獲獎、實(shi)習(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)、崗位(wei)及(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)時間等進(jin)行評價(jia)。

2.教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)條件。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)條件保(bao)障了城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)專業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)活動的開(kai)展(zhan)及(ji)良好成效。對(dui)該專業(ye)的投(tou)入主(zhu)要包(bao)括(kuo)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)硬(ying)件和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)軟環境的投(tou)入。硬(ying)件方面的投(tou)入包(bao)括(kuo):規劃各(ge)專業(ye)課程適用的實驗(yan)室、城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)方面的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)儀(yi)器(qi)、各(ge)類(lei)專業(ye)圖書(shu)及(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材、校外的實習基地等,對(dui)硬(ying)件方面的評價指標需從固(gu)定資產額度(du)、使(shi)用效能(neng)、頻率、數量(liang)、圖書(shu)及(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材的冊數等方面開(kai)展(zhan)。軟環境的投(tou)入包(bao)括(kuo)各(ge)種保(bao)障教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)活動順利實施的各(ge)種規章制度(du)。

(二)產出方面的(de)因素

1.人(ren)才培(pei)養:(1)從行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員的(de)(de)供需(xu)平衡及學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)規模角度(du),城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交通控(kong)制專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)養的(de)(de)人(ren)才對社會需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)滿(man)意程(cheng)度(du)是衡量(liang)人(ren)才培(pei)養產(chan)出因素的(de)(de)重要指標(biao)。具體評價指標(biao)設置(zhi)為:行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對人(ren)才的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)曲線、在(zai)(zai)校城軌(gui)(gui)交通專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)數(shu)、畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)數(shu)量(liang)及就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)率等(deng)。(2)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)水平。職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)水平是衡量(liang)城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交通控(kong)制專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)才培(pei)養效(xiao)果的(de)(de)另一重要指標(biao)。具體評價指標(biao)可(ke)以設置(zhi)為:在(zai)(zai)技能大賽中的(de)(de)獲(huo)獎情況(kuang)及獲(huo)取率、在(zai)(zai)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)頂崗(gang)實習的(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)該企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)簽約率及畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)被(bei)動更替就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)崗(gang)位的(de)(de)頻率等(deng)。

2.教(jiao)(jiao)改(gai)產出(chu)。城(cheng)市軌道交通控(kong)制專業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)改(gai)革(ge)與提高教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)質量工(gong)作程度是(shi)成線性關(guan)系的(de),該(gai)專業(ye)的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)改(gai)革(ge),應按照該(gai)專業(ye)領域的(de)技術條件、技術要(yao)求和崗位(wei)的(de)任職要(yao)求推進,先進的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)法和教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模式對提高學(xue)(xue)生的(de)職業(ye)能力有極大的(de)幫助。具體(ti)評價指標設置(zhi)為:教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)改(gai)革(ge)所采(cai)用(yong)的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)法及(ji)模式的(de)應用(yong)情(qing)況、教(jiao)(jiao)改(gai)課題組的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)改(gai)成果及(ji)獲獎(jiang)情(qing)況等。

四、結論

綜上所述,城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)育質量評價(jia)對于(yu)提高(gao)城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學水平,實現該專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)目標具(ju)有重(zhong)要作(zuo)為。它涉及(ji)了不(bu)同維(wei)度的(de)(de)多種指(zhi)標,屬(shu)于(yu)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)大系(xi)統工程。成功的(de)(de)實施基于(yu)BSC方法(fa)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)育質量評價(jia)體系(xi),將(jiang)對城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)發展(zhan)產生極(ji)其(qi)重(zhong)大的(de)(de)、積極(ji)的(de)(de)意義。

參考文獻:

[1]袁(yuan)曉(xiao)玲,封紀琴(qin).基于BSC的職(zhi)業教育(yu)質量評價體(ti)系框架研究[J].職(zhi)教論(lun)壇,2014,(6):10-12.

[2]陳家潤.平(ping)衡積分卡的理(li)論與(yu)實踐(jian)[J].湖北汽(qi)車工業學(xue)院報,2006,20(4):59-62.

[3]鄭麗.平(ping)衡積分卡在示(shi)范高職(zhi)院(yuan)校(xiao)內(nei)涵(han)建設(she)中的應用[J].教(jiao)育(yu)與職(zhi)業(ye),2011,(23):171-172.

篇5

1.1 研究背景

自改革開放特別是(shi)上世紀(ji)九十年代以(yi)來,我(wo)國(guo)國(guo)民(min)(min)經(jing)濟(ji)迅猛發(fa)展(zhan),在(zai)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)生活水平提(ti)高的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)進程(cheng)也隨之(zhi)加(jia)快(kuai)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)區域人(ren)(ren)口(kou)高度集(ji)(ji)中(zhong),寸土(tu)寸金吸引(yin)了(le)大批(pi)投(tou)資商(shang)興建(jian)商(shang)業樓(lou)盤(pan),商(shang)機與工作機會又吸引(yin)了(le)其(qi)他地(di)(di)(di)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)繼續向中(zhong)心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)聚集(ji)(ji),這(zhe)樣,造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)大中(zhong)型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尤其(qi)是(shi)特大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)極度密(mi)集(ji)(ji),交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)壓(ya)(ya)力劇(ju)增(zeng)(zeng),各(ge)種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)良影響(xiang)也隨之(zhi)伴生而出。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)問題(ti)業已成(cheng)為(wei)有(you)關部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)頭(tou)大患(huan),難以(yi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)決;然而,我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)當前國(guo)情又使(shi)得大量(liang)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)匯集(ji)(ji)于人(ren)(ren)口(kou)密(mi)集(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)一趨勢不(bu)(bu)可緩解(jie)(jie)(jie)。同(tong)時(shi),如今我(wo)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)進程(cheng)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)還遇到(dao)了(le)一些(xie)困難和問題(ti),給(gei)由(you)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)壓(ya)(ya)力而導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)壓(ya)(ya)力雪上加(jia)霜:首先(xian),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)土(tu)資源十分緊張(zhang),不(bu)(bu)僅極大程(cheng)度上限制了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),同(tong)時(shi)也間接(jie)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)壓(ya)(ya)力隨著(zhu)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)增(zeng)(zeng)長與日俱增(zeng)(zeng)。其(qi)次,交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)壓(ya)(ya)力巨大直接(jie)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)環境(jing)污染嚴重(zhong)因此。隨著(zhu)社會經(jing)濟(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)長,人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)愈加(jia)富裕,越來越多城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居民(min)(min)購買了(le)私家車(che),我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)汽車(che)保(bao)有(you)量(liang)也逐年增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)。眾多的(de)(de)(de)私家車(che)不(bu)(bu)僅加(jia)劇(ju)了(le)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)擁堵,還加(jia)大了(le)尾氣(qi)(qi)排放,造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)大氣(qi)(qi)污染。我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)模(mo)式以(yi)路面交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)為(wei)主,在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)資源嚴重(zhong)不(bu)(bu)足,汽車(che)保(bao)有(you)量(liang)持續激(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)的(de)(de)(de)今天,有(you)關部門(men)必須另(ling)辟(pi)蹊徑解(jie)(jie)(jie)決問題(ti)。因此,合理利用現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)資源,大力發(fa)展(zhan)各(ge)種(zhong)形式的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系統成(cheng)為(wei)了(le)各(ge)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政府的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)決頭(tou)痛難題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)良方。

在(zai)形式多(duo)樣的城(cheng)市(shi)公共交通(tong)方(fang)式中,城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)自十(shi)九世紀與(yu)英(ying)國(guo)(guo)誕生以(yi)(yi)來(lai),以(yi)(yi)其節約用地(di)、運載量巨大、環保節能(neng)、控制排放(fang)、削減(jian)噪音、運營安全、乘(cheng)坐舒適、快(kuai)捷(jie)方(fang)便等特(te)點受(shou)到了國(guo)(guo)際眾多(duo)城(cheng)市(shi)的青睞,如今(jin)已經在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際和(he)國(guo)(guo)內各級城(cheng)市(shi)廣泛普(pu)及。以(yi)(yi)我國(guo)(guo)為例(li),現(xian)已有(you)北京(jing)、天津、上海、廣州、重慶、深圳(zhen)、武漢、鄭州、無錫等十(shi)多(duo)個城(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)設了成熟的軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)系統,如表 1.1 所示。

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1.2 研究對象和相關(guan)概念

1.2.1 研究對(dui)象

本文以(yi)成(cheng)都市郫縣犀浦軌(gui)道(dao)站為例,探索軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)與(yu)沿線(xian)房(fang)地產之間的良性(xing)互動關(guan)系的形成(cheng)構建(jian),同時運(yun)用定量(liang)與(yu)定性(xing)相結合的方(fang)法對犀浦軌(gui)道(dao)站與(yu)周邊(bian)房(fang)地產物業的良性(xing)互動進行實(shi)證(zheng)分析。

1.2.2 相關概念

(1)軌道交(jiao)通的(de)概(gai)念

城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系統(tong)(tong)(Urban Mass Transit System)簡稱軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong),現已成(cheng)為城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)網絡(luo)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)部(bu)分。根據《城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)詞(ci)典(dian)》的(de)(de)定義,軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)泛指(zhi)以電能為動力,以輪(lun)軌(gui)運轉在不同形式軌(gui)道(dao)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)大、中運量城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具(ju),包括短(duan)途磁懸浮列車、地(di)鐵、輕軌(gui)等。國際上(shang)(shang)傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)單指(zhi)地(di)鐵,但(dan)如(ru)今(jin),軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)已經(jing)改變(bian)了(le)單一地(di)下運營的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況,建設了(le)地(di)下——地(di)上(shang)(shang)——高架(jia)橋的(de)(de)三(san)合一模式。

與傳統的(de)(de)地上道路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)相(xiang)比,軌道交(jiao)通(tong)有(you)著其獨特(te)的(de)(de)優點:

首先,軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力(li)(li)非凡(fan)。城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通依照時(shi)間表嚴(yan)格(ge)進(jin)行(xing)高(gao)密度(du)地(di)運(yun)(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan),每(mei)列客(ke)(ke)車(che)編(bian)組運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)時(shi)間間隔很短,行(xing)車(che)速(su)度(du)比室(shi)內汽車(che)行(xing)駛速(su)度(du)快 50%,在單向(xiang)高(gao)峰期中軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通每(mei)小(xiao)時(shi)的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸能力(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以高(gao)達(da)到 3 萬—6 萬人次,客(ke)(ke)運(yun)(yun)(yun)能力(li)(li)是(shi)公共汽車(che)的(de) 8 倍(bei)左(zuo)右。據統計(ji),地(di)鐵在上班(ban)高(gao)峰期 3 小(xiao)時(shi)之內能夠通過(guo)全日客(ke)(ke)流(liu)量(liang)的(de) 26%左(zuo)右。可(ke)(ke)(ke)見,城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通的(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)能力(li)(li)極強(qiang),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以滿足現代(dai)化城市(shi)的(de)對巨大(da)客(ke)(ke)運(yun)(yun)(yun)量(liang)的(de)需求。

其次(ci),城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)準時(shi)(shi)程度(du)高。城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)的列(lie)車在(zai)專用的車道(dao)上(shang)運行,除發生意外事故,否則(ze)一般不會出現線路堵塞(sai)的現象,也不會受到其他非軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)工(gong)具的干擾,時(shi)(shi)刻表嚴格(ge),準時(shi)(shi)性強,可以滿足乘(cheng)客對時(shi)(shi)間掌控的需求。

第三(san),城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通占(zhan)地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)少。由于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通使用地(di)(di)下(xia)——地(di)(di)上(shang)——高(gao)架橋三(san)合一的(de)建設模式,相(xiang)比(bi)于(yu)公路交(jiao)通,城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通占(zhan)用更少的(de)土地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji),能夠(gou)充分地(di)(di)利用地(di)(di)上(shang)和地(di)(di)下(xia)的(de)復合空間,同時能夠(gou)提供更多的(de)運載能力。

第四,城市軌道交通由(you)于(yu)使用電氣作為動力(li),與(yu)公路交通相比(bi),不會產生過多(duo)的(de)尾氣污染,噪聲也相對較低,是一種綠(lv)色(se)環(huan)保的(de)交通工具。

最(zui)后(hou),城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通具有較高(gao)的舒(shu)(shu)適(shi)度(du)(du)。根據孫(sun)愛充 1999 年的調查研究(jiu),城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通的舒(shu)(shu)適(shi)度(du)(du)系數在 0.7—0.8 之間,乘(cheng)車距(ju)離(li)為 8.4km—15.36 千米。研究(jiu)表(biao)明,城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通的舒(shu)(shu)適(shi)度(du)(du)高(gao)于(yu)地面公交(jiao)車的舒(shu)(shu)適(shi)度(du)(du),而(er)且(qie)這一優(you)點在成(cheng)行距(ju)離(li)不斷增(zeng)加的情況下(xia)會(hui)越發突(tu)出。

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2 軌道(dao)沿線房地產增值計量理(li)論(lun)與(yu)方法

2.1 軌道交通外部性理論

外部性的(de)概(gai)念是 20 世紀初由經濟學(xue)(xue)家庇古所(suo)建立的(de),這一理(li)論(lun)經過(guo)了(le)百余(yu)年的(de)實踐檢驗以及(ji)反復論(lun)證,在(zai)學(xue)(xue)術界形(xing)成了(le)大量或(huo)支持(chi)或(huo)反駁的(de)學(xue)(xue)術研(yan)(yan)究成果。該理(li)論(lun)最初是庇古對(dui)政(zheng)府(fu)行為以及(ji)相關公共福利政(zheng)策的(de)建議,而隨(sui)著各(ge)領域研(yan)(yan)究的(de)深入(ru)與(yu)理(li)論(lun)發(fa)展(zhan),外部效應理(li)論(lun)在(zai)不斷地演化,改變(bian),漸(jian)漸(jian)地滲入(ru)各(ge)個學(xue)(xue)科(ke),與(yu)實踐結合(he)的(de)愈(yu)發(fa)緊密。

2.1.1 外部效應的概(gai)念

外(wai)部效應(ying)(Externality)又稱外(wai)部性或(huo)(huo)(huo)外(wai)部成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben),這一理論可以從產生(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)體(ti)角(jiao)度(du)(du)或(huo)(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)接受主(zhu)體(ti)角(jiao)度(du)(du)進行(xing)定(ding)義。前者是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)特定(ding)個體(ti)或(huo)(huo)(huo)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為對(dui)其他個體(ti)或(huo)(huo)(huo)企(qi)業(ye)造成(cheng)(cheng)了影響(xiang),卻未(wei)能(neng)(neng)承擔起應(ying)承擔的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)費用(yong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)未(wei)獲得(de)應(ying)獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)報的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang);而后者是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)特定(ding)行(xing)動的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)效益或(huo)(huo)(huo)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)產生(sheng)(sheng)出的(de)(de)(de)特定(ding)低效率(lv)現象(xiang),且此種情況未(wei)能(neng)(neng)被決策者所(suo)(suo)考慮到。以上(shang)不(bu)同(tong)角(jiao)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)兩種定(ding)義在本(ben)質上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de),都是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)特定(ding)經(jing)濟主(zhu)體(ti)對(dui)另一經(jing)濟主(zhu)體(ti)所(suo)(suo)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部影響(xiang),而此種影響(xiang)卻不(bu)能(neng)(neng)通(tong)過(guo)常規市場價格(ge)進行(xing)交易(yi)。

在外(wai)部效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的(de)表(biao)現形式(shi)方(fang)面,傳統(tong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)學家將(jiang)其(qi)分為正外(wai)部效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)與(yu)負外(wai)部效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)。正外(wai)部效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)特(te)定經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)體(ti)對另一經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)體(ti)所產生的(de)好的(de),有利的(de)正面影響(包括外(wai)部收益(yi)、外(wai)部經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)),而(er)另一經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)體(ti)并不(bu)用(yong)因(yin)此付出任何成(cheng)本。負外(wai)部效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)指特(te)定經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)體(ti)

對另(ling)一(yi)(yi)經濟主體(ti)(ti)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)面影響(xiang)(包括(kuo)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)不(bu)經濟),而(er)此(ci)時產生(sheng)(sheng)負(fu)面影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)該經濟主體(ti)(ti)并不(bu)用因(yin)此(ci)作出任何賠償。以此(ci)為基礎根(gen)據生(sheng)(sheng)產與消(xiao)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系作出進一(yi)(yi)步細化,則能(neng)夠將(jiang)(jiang)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正效(xiao)應和(he)負(fu)效(xiao)應再(zai)次(ci)分為兩類(lei)(lei),總計四(si)類(lei)(lei),即(ji):生(sheng)(sheng)產正外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應、消(xiao)費(fei)正外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應、生(sheng)(sheng)產負(fu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應、消(xiao)費(fei)負(fu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應。外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現形式(shi)多種多樣,然而(er)本(ben)(ben)質上都是(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)或(huo)(huo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)與社(she)會(hui)(hui)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi),同時個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)或(huo)(huo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)益(yi)與社(she)會(hui)(hui)收(shou)益(yi)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)。通常(chang)情況下,會(hui)(hui)出現個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)或(huo)(huo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)收(shou)益(yi)遠遠低于(yu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)最(zui)優(you)水平。 2.1.2 外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)化 外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在使得個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)或(huo)(huo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)與社(she)會(hui)(hui)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi),個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)或(huo)(huo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)益(yi)與社(she)會(hui)(hui)收(shou)益(yi)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi),這種不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)性直(zhi)接導致(zhi)了(le)資源(yuan)配(pei)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)調,從而(er)降低了(le)社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)產效(xiao)率(lv)。而(er)將(jiang)(jiang)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應列(lie)入決策者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參考范(fan)圍(wei),采取措施將(jiang)(jiang)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應轉化為企(qi)(qi)業(ye)收(shou)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程,就(jiu)是(shi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)效(xiao)應內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。

20 世紀初,經濟學家庇古提出(chu)外(wai)部(bu)效應(ying)的(de)(de)存在能(neng)夠直(zhi)接導(dao)致市(shi)場失靈,資源配(pei)置(zhi)無法達到帕累托最優(you)效應(ying)。解決(jue)這一(yi)問題的(de)(de)措施(shi)則是(shi)“庇古稅”,即(ji)政(zheng)府(fu)部(bu)門(men)動用財政(zheng)撥款對正(zheng)(zheng)外(wai)部(bu)效應(ying)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產者提供一(yi)部(bu)分的(de)(de)補貼(tie),從(cong)而彌補該(gai)生(sheng)產者在生(sheng)產正(zheng)(zheng)外(wai)部(bu)效應(ying)時未能(neng)獲得卻應(ying)該(gai)獲得的(de)(de)收益,這樣,就能(neng)夠實現(xian)正(zheng)(zheng)外(wai)部(bu)效應(ying)的(de)(de)內在化(hua)。

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2.2 空間(jian)相互(hu)作用(yong)理論

空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經典理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)之(zhi)一,該理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)假(jia)設(she)(she)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)各個(ge)設(she)(she)施(shi)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)存(cun)在(zai)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),從而將空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)上彼此分離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)各個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)施(shi)組合成(cheng)具有特色功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體。傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)又稱城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun),主要(yao)指城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、區域(yu)(yu)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互(hu)左右。隨著理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深入(ru)與(yu)發(fa)展,空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)不再僅僅局限于城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、區域(yu)(yu)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),而是(shi)(shi)擴大到了城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)施(shi),比如城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共設(she)(she)施(shi)、商業設(she)(she)施(shi)、文化休閑設(she)(she)施(shi)、醫院、學校、政府(fu)機構、交通(tong)系(xi)統、住宅(zhai)等(deng)等(deng)。空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),在(zai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)內容(rong)上表現在(zai)各個(ge)要(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交換(huan)上,如物質資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交換(huan)、能(neng)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交換(huan)、人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)通(tong)、信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳播,資(zi)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增值(zhi)等(deng)等(deng)。

 由于(yu)城(cheng)市內部各個(ge)設施的相(xiang)互(hu)關(guan)系錯(cuo)綜(zong)復(fu)雜(za),定性分析難以從千頭萬緒中(zhong)找到線索,因(yin)此(ci),有(you)必要建立數(shu)學模(mo)型對空間相(xiang)互(hu)作用進(jin)行(xing)分析。在空間相(xiang)互(hu)作用理論中(zhong),存在多種數(shu)學模(mo)型,功能各異(見表 2.1),本(ben)文從實際應用出發(fa),選取了賴(lai)利—康弗斯模(mo)型進(jin)行(xing)本(ben)文的實證研究。

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3 國內外軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)建設與沿線(xian)房地產(chan)良性互動的經驗 ............ 14

3.1 國外城市軌道(dao)交通建設與房地產良性互動情況 ........... 14

3.2 國內城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交通建設與(yu)房地產良性互(hu)動情(qing)況 ........ 16

4 城市軌道交通系統對房地產開發的(de)帶動作用(yong) ..................... 20

4.1 城市軌道(dao)交通顯著地改善了沿線(xian)房地產項目的可達性 .............. 20

4.2 城市(shi)軌道交通營造高(gao)密度的沿(yan)線土地開發模(mo)式 ................ 20

5 房地(di)產開(kai)發對城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)的影響 ...................... 23

5.1 房地產(chan)開發(fa)在城市軌道交通(tong)外部效(xiao)應內部化過程(cheng)中的(de)作用 .............. 23

6 城市軌(gui)道交通與房地產良性互動模式的構(gou)建:犀浦(pu)案例(li)

6.1 犀浦軌道(dao)交通站點介紹

犀(xi)浦(pu)(pu)(pu)鎮位于成都(dou)市西郊的郫(pi)縣縣城(cheng)東部,與成都(dou)市高(gao)新技(ji)術開發區和金牛區東南相鄰(lin),距離城(cheng)區約(yue)(yue)(yue) 7 公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),距離郫(pi)縣縣城(cheng)約(yue)(yue)(yue) 11 公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。犀(xi)浦(pu)(pu)(pu)鎮面積(ji)達 28 平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),總人(ren)(ren)口(kou)為 6 萬人(ren)(ren),行政關系上(shang)管轄(xia) 18 個村,設置(zhi)五個居委(wei)會。犀(xi)浦(pu)(pu)(pu)鎮毗鄰(lin)成都(dou)高(gao)新技(ji)術開發西區,多達上(shang)百家(jia)國內外(wai)大(da)(da)中型企(qi)業入(ru)駐該地,同(tong)時,犀(xi)浦(pu)(pu)(pu)鎮附近有著西南交通大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、電子科技(ji)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、四川外(wai)國語(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院、西華大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等多所高(gao)等院校(xiao),因此該鎮吸引了大(da)(da)批流動人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(以(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生和企(qi)業員工主體)。據統計,截止 2013 年,犀(xi)浦(pu)(pu)(pu)鎮流動人(ren)(ren)口(kou)總數約(yue)(yue)(yue)為 28萬人(ren)(ren),是本地居民的四倍之多。

犀浦鎮作為成都重要的(de)經濟開發區(qu)(qu)和(he)大(da)學(xue)教(jiao)育區(qu)(qu),具備(bei)一(yi)定程度(du)的(de)經濟基礎(chu)(chu)和(he)豐富(fu)的(de)人(ren)才資源。城鎮內基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)施建設(she)比較完備(bei),交通條件便(bian)利,由于外來(lai)流動人(ren)口較多,而且人(ren)口成分以(yi)高(gao)薪階層白(bai)領(ling)和(he)大(da)學(xue)學(xue)生(sheng)為主(zhu),具備(bei)較強的(de)消(xiao)費能力。

犀(xi)(xi)浦(pu)軌(gui)道(dao)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是成都(dou)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie) 2 號線(xian)(xian)西北方向(xiang)終點,2012 年 9 月 16 日,成都(dou)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie) 2 號線(xian)(xian)一(yi)期(qi)工(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)開始運營,犀(xi)(xi)浦(pu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)屬于二期(qi)工(gong)程(cheng),于 2013 年 6 月 8 日正式運營。目前成都(dou)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie) 6 號線(xian)(xian)正在規劃當中(zhong),犀(xi)(xi)浦(pu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)也將成都(dou)成都(dou)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie) 6 號線(xian)(xian)的換乘(cheng)點。此(ci)外,犀(xi)(xi)浦(pu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)還擔負著鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)交通的樞紐重(zhong)任,是成灌快(kuai)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)沿線(xian)(xian)的站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)點之一(yi)。城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與快(kuai)速(su)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)合二為一(yi),這使得犀(xi)(xi)浦(pu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的客(ke)流量相當之大。

可見,犀浦鎮(zhen)在(zai)教育、經濟、交通方(fang)面區位優勢明顯,在(zai)西南各鎮(zhen)中具有(you)較強(qiang)的發展(zhan)潛力。成(cheng)都市政府計劃以成(cheng)灌快鐵和地鐵二號線作為交通樞紐(niu)站,努力將(jiang)犀浦鎮(zhen)打(da)造成(cheng)突出商(shang)(shang)業(ye)功能,兼顧(gu)其(qi)他功能,以商(shang)(shang)務辦(ban)公、商(shang)(shang)貿、房地產、服(fu)務創業(ye)行業(ye)為主打(da)的成(cheng)都西部高端商(shang)(shang)務

休閑功能區。 ...................

7 結論

7.1 本文的(de)主要研究成(cheng)果(guo)

本文針(zhen)對城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)與(yu)沿(yan)線(xian)房地產開發良性(xing)互動進行了(le)相(xiang)對深入透徹的(de)(de)研究。在(zai)城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)與(yu)沿(yan)線(xian)地產開發的(de)(de)良性(xing)互動中,“良性(xing)”指積(ji)極的(de)(de),起到推動作用的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian);而(er)“互動”則(ze)重在(zai)強調相(xiang)互作用。一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian),城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)的(de)(de)建設與(yu)運營推動了(le)沿(yan)線(xian)房地產業的(de)(de)發展(zhan),而(er)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian),沿(yan)線(xian)房地產業的(de)(de)開發也反(fan)過(guo)來促進了(le)城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)提高了(le)利潤(run)空間。本文的(de)(de)主(zhu)要研究成果與(yu)如下:

首先,本(ben)文綜述(shu)了國內(nei)外學者對城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與土地(di)(di)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)、城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與房地(di)(di)產(chan)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)主要(yao)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)成果,軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與土地(di)(di)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)主要(yao)集中在(zai)土地(di)(di)使用(yong)(yong)性質變(bian)遷以及(ji)土地(di)(di)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)力度上,而軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)與房地(di)(di)產(chan)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)則主要(yao)集中在(zai)應用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)數學模型,對房地(di)(di)產(chan)增值現象進行實證研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)上。

其次(ci),本(ben)文(wen)(wen)對相(xiang)關(guan)概念(城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通、房地產(chan))進行(xing)了嚴(yan)格(ge)界(jie)定(ding),并簡要介紹了本(ben)文(wen)(wen)所(suo)應(ying)用的外(wai)部效應(ying)理(li)論、空(kong)間相(xiang)互作用理(li)論以(yi)及特(te)征價格(ge)理(li)論。同時,本(ben)文(wen)(wen)根據(ju)犀浦站(zhan)案例的相(xiang)關(guan)特(te)點,選(xuan)(xuan)取了合適的模(mo)型(本(ben)文(wen)(wen)選(xuan)(xuan)取了康弗斯模(mo)型)進行(xing)實證研究。

第三(san),本文總結(jie)了國(guo)內(nei)外軌(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)與(yu)房地產良性互動的先(xian)進經驗,國(guo)外以美(mei)國(guo)、日本為例,國(guo)內(nei)以重(zhong)慶地鐵六號線冉家壩(ba)軌(gui)道(dao)站(zhan)和廣州地鐵三(san)號線為例,分析了良性互動的作用模式以及各種其中存在的問題。

篇6

關鍵詞:城市;軌(gui)道(dao)交通;管理(li);問(wen)題

中圖分(fen)類號(hao)(hao):U213.2文獻標識碼(ma): A 文章編號(hao)(hao):

引言

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)相(xiang)對于其(qi)他公共交通(tong)(tong)具有運量(liang)大(da)、速度快、污染少、安(an)全舒適及運行(xing)與地面交通(tong)(tong)互不干擾的(de)(de)特點(dian)。同時,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)在(zai)引導城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市合理布(bu)局(ju)、促進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市經(jing)濟健康發(fa)展(zhan)、提高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市交通(tong)(tong)資源分(fen)配的(de)(de)公平(ping)性等方面具有不可替(ti)代(dai)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。但(dan)是,由于軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)具有技術復雜、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)難度大(da)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)大(da)、工(gong)(gong)期長而緊迫(po)及不可預見因素多等建設特點(dian),基礎設施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建設質量(liang)管理水平(ping)越來(lai)越被人(ren)們(men)關注。然而近來(lai)在(zai)建設施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中頻繁出現工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事故,造成了很大(da)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟損失。其(qi)中有施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)設計的(de)(de)原因,但(dan)更多的(de)(de)要歸結為建設管理方面的(de)(de)因素。

1. 我(wo)國(guo)城市軌道交通(tong)建設(she)中存在的管理問題

1.1城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通提(ti)供主體不明

自(zi)我國開(kai)始建設(she)(she)城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通以來,政(zheng)(zheng)府一直采取行政(zheng)(zheng)壟斷生產的(de)模(mo)式,隨(sui)著財政(zheng)(zheng)資金捉襟見(jian)肘以及社(she)會對基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施提供數量(liang)和質量(liang)的(de)要求的(de)增加,政(zheng)(zheng)府將城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通建設(she)(she)作為基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施引入(ru)了市(shi)場(chang)機制(zhi)。緩解(jie)了政(zheng)(zheng)府財政(zheng)(zheng)壓力,順應(ying)了經濟(ji)發展,但(dan)是在這(zhe)場(chang)市(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)體制(zhi)改革中,政(zheng)(zheng)府缺乏一種(zhong)對城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通最原本(ben)的(de)認識,即(ji)它的(de)基本(ben)經濟(ji)屬性,應(ying)采取怎樣的(de)方式來配置資源。

正是由于對城市軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)提供主體這個問題上的不明,造成了目前(qian)我國軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)建設(she)運(yun)營管理等一系(xi)列后續問題上的認識(shi)不清。

1.2城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通建設體制落后

長期(qi)以來(lai),我國(guo)政(zheng)府基本包攬了城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設資金的(de)(de)(de)(de)籌集使(shi)用(yong),建造完(wan)(wan)成后的(de)(de)(de)(de)日常運營和維(wei)護管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作。因此,造成了城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通工程建設項目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)一(yi)直(zhi)以來(lai)采取建設單(dan)位(wei)自籌自建自管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式。雖然國(guo)家計(ji)委頒發(fa)有關規定,實(shi)(shi)施項目(mu)法人責任(ren)制和業主(zhu)與監理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監理(li)(li)制,但是工程招投(tou)標并未完(wan)(wan)全實(shi)(shi)行(xing)公(gong)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)監理(li)(li)制。

主要(yao)是(shi)由于(yu)我國(guo)實(shi)行(xing)了(le)項目法(fa)人(ren)責任制后(hou),但(dan)是(shi)最后(hou)政府部門來組建了(le)項目法(fa)人(ren),它(ta)并未改變傳統的項目承擔單(dan)位進行(xing)自行(xing)管理(li)的方式(shi)。這種管理(li)模(mo)式(shi)雖(sui)然(ran)從表面上顯示的是(shi)建設和管理(li)分(fen)離型方式(shi),但(dan)是(shi)實(shi)質上卻出現了(le)權(quan)責不清、功能職責錯位、權(quan)力(li)高(gao)度集中等問(wen)題。

1.3城市軌道交通投資、融資體系不完善

因(yin)為我國早期的(de)(de)(de)大部分的(de)(de)(de)城市軌道交通(tong)建(jian)設工程是(shi)由政府包辦,沿用計劃經濟的(de)(de)(de)模式,投資來(lai)自(zi)政府財政劃撥(bo),就沒有必要談起投資回報和融資還貸。雖然上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)城市軌道交通(tong)建(jian)設是(shi)在改革(ge)開放以后,但(dan)是(shi)其投融資渠道還是(shi)政府投資為主的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)一投融資方式。

但是隨(sui)著國民對(dui)基礎設(she)施(shi)在(zai)數(shu)量上的(de)加(jia)大和質(zhi)量上要求的(de)提(ti)高,基礎建(jian)設(she)的(de)投(tou)資需求大大增加(jia),造成我(wo)國財政經濟(ji)壓力不斷增大,政府對(dui)于城市軌(gui)道交通建(jian)設(she)的(de)投(tou)資降(jiang)低。因此目前(qian),這(zhe)種單一(yi)的(de)投(tou)融資渠(qu)道已經無法(fa)滿(man)足城市發展(zhan)對(dui)軌(gui)道交通的(de)需求。

1.4城市軌道交(jiao)通(tong)運營管理機制(zhi)落后

同樣由于政府對于大(da)多數城市(shi)軌道交通(tong)建設(she)運營和(he)管理各個環(huan)節的包辦,顯現出(chu)了(le)企業國營化的缺(que)陷:產(chan)權不夠(gou)明晰,經營者不負責其資產(chan)的保值(zhi)與(yu)增值(zhi)。這種傳統的從頭至尾的政府包辦模式,勢必造成(cheng)了(le)工(gong)程成(cheng)本的失調、工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員服(fu)務(wu)意識低(di)下、手續(xu)審批程序繁瑣(suo)以及各項工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)效率偏低(di)的一系列問題。

城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)作為社(she)會的公共產(chan)品,在其提供方(fang)(fang)式(shi)中(zhong)可以(yi)把(ba)權責(ze)利能夠細分(fen)的部分(fen)讓給(gei)市(shi)場來進行運(yun)作以(yi)提高(gao)整體效率。因此,在城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)的改革發(fa)展過程中(zhong),租賃經營、委托經營或特許(xu)權經營等方(fang)(fang)式(shi)是未來城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)運(yun)營的發(fa)展方(fang)(fang)向。

2. 城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交通建設發展的管理(li)策略

2.1城市軌(gui)道交通融資模(mo)式改革(ge)

耗費資(zi)金大是(shi)城市軌道(dao)交通的(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)經濟(ji)屬性,這也決定了其(qi)融(rong)資(zi)方式(shi)是(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)約其(qi)提供數(shu)量的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素。因此,形成(cheng)以(yi)政(zheng)府財(cai)政(zheng)資(zi)金無償投(tou)(tou)入為(wei)主的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)觸資(zi)體制(zhi)(zhi)、以(yi)政(zheng)府為(wei)主導(dao)的(de)(de)負債型投(tou)(tou)融(rong)資(zi)體制(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)主體多元(yuan)化,對(dui)軌道(dao)交通項(xiang)目進行商業化運作的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)融(rong)資(zi)體制(zhi)(zhi)三種機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)有(you)機(ji)結合的(de)(de)模式(shi)。

在第一種模式下(xia),項目建設所需的資(zi)金(jin)完(wan)全由(you)政府財政投入,投資(zi)結構單一,操作成本(ben)低(di);第二種融資(zi)模式籌措資(zi)金(jin)操作簡便(bian),資(zi)金(jin)充足、到位快(kuai);前(qian)兩種模式沒有在本(ben)質上解決資(zi)金(jin)來(lai)源問題(ti),應進行投資(zi)主體(ti)多元化、引進私人資(zi)本(ben)的融資(zi)模式改革。

2.2城市軌道交通建設模式改革(ge)

為了保證項(xiang)(xiang)目公(gong)司提供軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)設(she)(she)質量,必須把(ba)地(di)方政府組建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)指揮部的(de)(de)(de)監管職能(neng)和項(xiang)(xiang)目公(gong)司對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)調(diao)度結(jie)合起來,建(jian)設(she)(she)指揮部委托(tuo)模(mo)式(shi)和建(jian)設(she)(she)指揮部CM結(jie)合模(mo)式(shi)。這(zhe)種(zhong)結(jie)合模(mo)式(shi)即為項(xiang)(xiang)目公(gong)司通(tong)過社會公(gong)開招標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)選(xuan)擇項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)筑總工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)司,由(you)中標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)集團來負責城市軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)詳細的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)任務和計劃進程(cheng)(cheng),同時(shi)(shi)由(you)政府工(gong)(gong)作人員組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)設(she)(she)指揮部平時(shi)(shi)在項(xiang)(xiang)目公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)委托(tuo)下(xia)對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)日常過程(cheng)(cheng)進行監督,并(bing)協調(diao)建(jian)設(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)中各部門工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)關系。

項目公司建(jian)設(she)與政(zheng)府監管(guan)結合的模式(shi)為軌道交通多元化(hua)融資建(jian)管(guan)分離模式(shi)下對(dui)增加市場機制引入和強化(hua)政(zheng)府監管(guan)之間的協調(diao)提供指(zhi)導(dao),以促(cu)經軌道交通建(jian)設(she)的數量(liang)和質(zhi)量(liang)以滿(man)足(zu)地區經濟發展的需要。

2.3城市軌(gui)道交通運(yun)營管理模式改(gai)革

為(wei)(wei)解決軌道交通(tong)目前(qian)(qian)發展的(de)困境(jing),必須打破現(xian)有(you)的(de)政(zheng)府獨(du)家投資和壟(long)斷經(jing)營(ying)的(de)局面,通(tong)過引(yin)入適(shi)度(du)競(jing)爭,提(ti)(ti)高經(jing)營(ying)和管理的(de)效率(lv),提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)城(cheng)市軌道交通(tong)自(zi)身的(de)盈(ying)利能力。其中前(qian)(qian)償(chang)模式和后(hou)補償(chang)模式結合我國(guo)當前(qian)(qian)設施(shi)多元化(hua)市場(chang)融資的(de)實際,克服了(le)保固(gu)定回報(bao)率(lv)政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)難點,進行了(le)大量創(chuang)新(xin),具(ju)有(you)一定優點和適(shi)用(yong)性,為(wei)(wei)打破壟(long)斷、建立(li)適(shi)度(du)競(jing)爭的(de)運營(ying)格局提(ti)(ti)供了(le)可(ke)操作(zuo)的(de)模型,對于壟(long)斷經(jing)營(ying)條件(jian)下政(zheng)府如何建立(li)科學合理的(de)補貼機制也具(ju)有(you)現(xian)實意(yi)義(yi)。

同時,應在經(jing)營方法上進(jin)行一定的(de)改革。如:對(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)承諾轉讓交通(tong)沿線一定面積的(de)土地開發權、增加(jia)沿線房(fang)產的(de)土地出讓金等(deng)。

結論

綜上所述,城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)是一個(ge)城市現代化(hua)發展的(de)必(bi)然趨勢(shi),保證(zheng)其建設運(yun)營管(guan)理的(de)安全(quan)(quan),是關(guan)注的(de)重點。由于一些管(guan)理問題的(de)存在,阻礙著城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)的(de)健(jian)康穩定發揮,因此,應針對(dui)建設、融資、運(yun)營管(guan)理等方面(mian)的(de)落(luo)后(hou)問題進行有(you)效的(de)改革,從而(er)把國(guo)內城市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)工程建設成一種安全(quan)(quan)、準時、便(bian)捷、環保、節能、低維護的(de)新型骨干交(jiao)通(tong)方式。

參考文獻:

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[3]李(li)養平.對(dui)城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)設(she)發(fa)展(zhan)和管理的認識與思考[J].市(shi)政技術(shu),2009增刊(2).

篇7

[關鍵詞]專業(ye)定(ding)位 行業(ye)現狀(zhuang) 職業(ye)崗位 課程(cheng)標準開發(fa) 學生就業(ye)

[中圖(tu)分類號(hao)(hao)]G717 [文獻(xian)標識(shi)碼(ma)]A [文章(zhang)編號(hao)(hao)]1009-5349(2014)11-0151-02

現(xian)代中國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)正進入(ru)一個(ge)(ge)快速發展時期(qi),體現(xian)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口和經濟快速增長(chang)以及政(zheng)府公(gong)(gong)共(gong)政(zheng)策(ce)實施的強力(li)推動。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)在(zai)(zai)2020年(nian)(nian)規劃(hua)(hua)新(xin)增5569公(gong)(gong)里(li),根據我(wo)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)平均每公(gong)(gong)里(li)所需人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)數為(wei)50―80人(ren)(ren)(ren)計算(suan),10年(nian)(nian)內城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)行業(ye)所需人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)數為(wei)28―45萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),這樣每年(nian)(nian)平均新(xin)增就(jiu)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)數為(wei)2.8―4.5萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),運營(ying)(ying)管理人(ren)(ren)(ren)才占1/3。由此可見,運營(ying)(ying)管理人(ren)(ren)(ren)才在(zai)(zai)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)行業(ye)中每年(nian)(nian)需求量大約(yue)為(wei)0.9―1.5萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。根據城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)最新(xin)規劃(hua)(hua),目前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)內地共(gong)有47個(ge)(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)了總數超過300條(tiao)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)線路,未來總里(li)程將超過1萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)里(li)。因此,城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)運營(ying)(ying)管理人(ren)(ren)(ren)才,在(zai)(zai)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)行業(ye)的基(ji)層(ceng)崗(gang)位(wei)都是大量急缺(que)。

一、城市軌道交通(tong)的發(fa)展趨勢

在(zai)國家規劃的“十二五”中強調(diao)了兩個重點問題:一是民(min)(min)生,二是發展。隨著城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)人口的增(zeng)長,道路擁擠(ji)、車輛堵塞、交(jiao)通秩序(xu)混亂的現(xian)象是每(mei)個大(da)(da)中城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)將面臨的嚴峻問題,解決交(jiao)通擁堵則成為每(mei)個大(da)(da)中城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的重要民(min)(min)生問題。軌道交(jiao)通以(yi)其(qi)快速、大(da)(da)運量、污染小、效率高、運行時間(jian)穩定、乘(cheng)坐安全等(deng)優點成為城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通的主體。

表(biao)1 長春市軌道交通發展及運(yun)營情況表(biao)

這些數據充分說明了(le)軌道(dao)交通的飛(fei)速發展,而隨之(zhi)帶(dai)來的人才需求量也大幅增加。

2015年,長春(chun)輕(qing)軌1號線(xian)將開通試(shi)運營,計劃全線(xian)開通17個車(che)站,按(an)每個輕(qing)軌車(che)站配(pei)備(bei)站務(wu)以及票務(wu)人(ren)員20名,則(ze)就需340名左右(you)。此外,還將需求大量(liang)站務(wu)人(ren)員在3號線(xian)和4號線(xian)。

把握地方(fang)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)營的發(fa)展機(ji)遇,2011年1月,長(chang)(chang)春(chun)職(zhi)(zhi)業技(ji)術學(xue)院與長(chang)(chang)春(chun)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通集團(tuan)有限公(gong)司成功簽約,確(que)定(ding)了長(chang)(chang)期合作的伙伴關系。2010年,長(chang)(chang)春(chun)職(zhi)(zhi)業技(ji)術學(xue)院將為長(chang)(chang)春(chun)軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通集團(tuan)有限公(gong)司訂單培養供(gong)電與維(wei)修專(zhuan)業100名學(xue)生,到2015年,將在城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通車輛維(wei)修、城市軌道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通控制、城市軌道(dao)票務(wu)、站務(wu)等專(zhuan)業為企業輸(shu)送大批(pi)高(gao)技(ji)能人才。

二、城市軌道交通(tong)特(te)點

1.政府(fu)主導型為主。當前規(gui)(gui)劃建(jian)設(she)城市軌道交通的(de)(de)基本是由(you)政府(fu)出面規(gui)(gui)劃負責進行(xing)的(de)(de),在建(jian)設(she)中也是由(you)政府(fu)組(zu)織負責資金的(de)(de)籌措,工(gong)程的(de)(de)實施和建(jian)成后(hou)的(de)(de)運營工(gong)作。

2.軌道交通線路(lu)既沒(mei)有(you)(you)形成(cheng)網絡,也未(wei)和現有(you)(you)的公交系(xi)(xi)統,大(da)交通系(xi)(xi)統形成(cheng)聯系(xi)(xi),無縫連(lian)接的綜合運輸體系(xi)(xi),基本上是單線路(lu)方式行駛。

3.軌道交通(tong)關鍵技術和設備需求主(zhu)要是靠從國(guo)外引進,軌道交通(tong)車輛(liang)和信(xin)號在國(guo)產(chan)化(hua)方面沒有突破性進展(zhan),國(guo)產(chan)化(hua)率比較(jiao)低(di)。

4.從(cong)資金角度上來(lai)分(fen)析市(shi)場上融資的少,主要來(lai)源(yuan)于政府財政。

三、企(qi)業調(diao)研的主(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)容

序號 就業崗位(wei) 職業面向(xiang)

四(si)、城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通行業和企業專家訪談的主要內容

培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)案(an)是實施人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)的綱,是人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)的頂層設(she)計,為使所制定的2013版城市(shi)軌道運營管理專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)案(an)能有效(xiao)實現培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao),體(ti)現高素質(zhi)技能型人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)途徑(jing),專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)團隊采(cai)用訪談、網絡交流、專(zhuan)題研討、問卷(juan)等形(xing)式(shi),廣泛征(zheng)求(qiu)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)專(zhuan)家意(yi)見(jian)。專(zhuan)家從(cong)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)目標(biao)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)模式(shi)、課程體(ti)系(xi)、實踐(jian)環節、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)方(fang)向(xiang)等方(fang)面(mian)提出了許(xu)多(duo)指(zhi)導性意(yi)見(jian),保證(zheng)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)案(an)的科學性和合理性。

五、城市軌道(dao)交通現狀(zhuang)及發展

隨著城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通的迅猛發展,城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通行(xing)業在管理(li)、技(ji)術、技(ji)能人(ren)才上都很短缺(que),在規劃、建設、運(yun)營、經營等(deng)各環節都缺(que)乏高(gao)素質的群(qun)體,對(dui)相關崗位需(xu)求旺盛。

長(chang)(chang)春市在城(cheng)市總(zong)體規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)交(jiao)通綜合規(gui)劃(hua)中確定:市區基本建(jian)立(li)以(yi)快(kuai)速(su)(su)路、快(kuai)速(su)(su)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通和快(kuai)速(su)(su)公(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)通為(wei)(wei)骨(gu)干。長(chang)(chang)春市編制了《城(cheng)市快(kuai)速(su)(su)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通線(xian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)》,主要是(shi)根據城(cheng)市總(zong)體規(gui)劃(hua)來(lai)確定的(de)。長(chang)(chang)春市城(cheng)市軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)通線(xian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)由(you)5條放射線(xian)為(wei)(wei)地鐵(tie)線(xian)(1、2、5、6、7號線(xian))和2條半環線(xian)為(wei)(wei)輕軌線(xian)(3、4號線(xian))組成放射式的(de)線(xian)網(wang)(wang)。線(xian)網(wang)(wang)總(zong)長(chang)(chang)度256.9公(gong)里(li)(li),中心(xin)(xin)城(cheng)區線(xian)網(wang)(wang)密度為(wei)(wei)0.38公(gong)里(li)(li)/平方公(gong)里(li)(li),核心(xin)(xin)城(cheng)區線(xian)網(wang)(wang)密度為(wei)(wei)1.18公(gong)里(li)(li)/平方公(gong)里(li)(li)。

按鐵(tie)路勞資部門的勞動定額計算(suan),軌道交通(tong)的職(zhi)工(gong)配置為每公里16名職(zhi)工(gong),按技能型人才占職(zhi)工(gong)的2/3計算(suan),屆時僅長春軌道交通(tong)集團(tuan)就需技能型人才1909人。加上吉(ji)林省十(shi)二五規劃(hua)中要實現“市(shi)市(shi)通(tong)高鐵(tie)、縣縣通(tong)鐵(tie)路”的規劃(hua)目標,必將帶(dai)來(lai)對(dui)軌道交通(tong)專業人才的強(qiang)勁需求。

六、學(xue)校畢業生從業的(de)崗(gang)位(wei)群及崗(gang)位(wei)分析

本(ben)專業(ye)主要培(pei)養學生(sheng)熟(shu)練運(yun)用軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通車(che)站設(she)備設(she)施(shi),掌握軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通行車(che)組(zu)織、客(ke)(ke)運(yun)組(zu)織及服(fu)務(wu)等方面專業(ye)知識(shi),具備客(ke)(ke)運(yun)組(zu)織與服(fu)務(wu)、接發(fa)列(lie)車(che)、調(diao)車(che)及列(lie)車(che)調(diao)度指揮(hui)能(neng)力,具有一定創新能(neng)力和良好的職業(ye)道(dao)德(de)的高素(su)質技(ji)能(neng)型專業(ye)人才。

根據(ju)調研,企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)反映目前畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)生能(neng)(neng)力與企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)要求的差距有(you):忠(zhong)誠度(du)和專一性、吃苦(ku)耐勞精神、分(fen)析批評(ping)能(neng)(neng)力、解(jie)決(jue)問題(ti)的能(neng)(neng)力、高(gao)效(xiao)工(gong)(gong)作和有(you)效(xiao)工(gong)(gong)作的能(neng)(neng)力、獨(du)立工(gong)(gong)作能(neng)(neng)力、團隊(dui)合(he)作能(neng)(neng)力等。因此(ci),建議學(xue)校(xiao)應該積極采取措施(shi),主動適應企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的要求,加強學(xue)生綜合(he)素質和能(neng)(neng)力的培(pei)養,使我(wo)們培(pei)育出來(lai)的學(xue)生能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)盡快為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和社會做(zuo)出自(zi)己的貢獻。

七、企業調研分析

結(jie)(jie)合專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)調研(yan)(yan)分析結(jie)(jie)果,由學院領導、企業(ye)(ye)(ye)工程(cheng)師(shi)和(he)(he)(he)一(yi)線教(jiao)師(shi)組成的教(jiao)學工作委(wei)員會,結(jie)(jie)合學院和(he)(he)(he)本專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的師(shi)資狀況、實驗實訓條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)(he)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)規劃,調研(yan)(yan)結(jie)(jie)果的基礎研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)討論,確(que)定(ding)本專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)方向、人才培養目標(biao)和(he)(he)(he)人才規格標(biao)準。

調研中(zhong)總結(jie)企(qi)業(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工主(zhu)要(yao)由四(si)部分(fen)(fen)組成:一是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)級管理人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan);二是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)層管理人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和技術人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan);三是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)級技能人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan);第四(si)部分(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)普通工人(ren)和后勤(qin)保(bao)障人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。高(gao)(gao)等職業(ye)院校(xiao)主(zhu)要(yao)培養的就是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)技能人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。先進制(zhi)造技術企(qi)業(ye)這部分(fen)(fen)人(ren)才的比例(li)越(yue)高(gao)(gao),其企(qi)業(ye)運營成本越(yue)低,效益效率越(yue)高(gao)(gao)。

綜上,把(ba)本專(zhuan)業的發展(zhan)方向定位(wei)在服務(wu)于軌道(dao)交通運營行業和軌道(dao)車(che)輛生產行業,培(pei)養高素質(zhi)技(ji)術應用型(xing)人才。

八、結論

隨著城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)快速發(fa)展,軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)類人(ren)才需(xu)求量的(de)(de)不斷高漲,各(ge)校(xiao)紛紛開辦城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)運營(ying)管理專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye),主要是順應(ying)了市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)需(xu)求。依據國際城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)行業(ye)(ye)對人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)配備標準,每一公里軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)線路(lu),至少需(xu)要60名(ming)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan);每開通(tong)(tong)(tong)一條(tiao)地鐵線路(lu),約需(xu)要各(ge)類專(zhuan)門(men)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)1000余人(ren)。由此可(ke)見,城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)類職業(ye)(ye)人(ren)才的(de)(de)巨大需(xu)求量。

【參考文獻】

[1]慕威.城市軌道交通運營管理專業崗位能力與(yu)課程設置的分析研(yan)究(jiu)[J].中國科教創新導刊,2011(31).

[2]招曉(xiao)菊,李健藝,葛李.高(gao)職城市軌(gui)道交通(tong)運營管理(li)專業人才培(pei)養模式探索[J].職業教育研(yan)究,2011(4).

[3]徐淑華(hua),馬艷,劉華(hua)波.校企聯合探索人(ren)才培養新模(mo)式[J].實(shi)驗室(shi)研究(jiu)與探索,2008(12).

[4]姚麗.高(gao)技能人才隊伍的建設[J].中國有色金(jin)屬(shu),2010

篇8

關鍵詞:城市(shi)規模;軌道交通;交通接駁

Abstract: In recent years, with the increasing expansion of the urban scale, the process of urbanization in China is rapidly increasing. As the blood vessels of the city, the urban traffic problem has drawn increasingly more attention. Urban rail transit system as the city's largest transportation system, how to dea1 the connection relationship with the citie’s other transport systems is one of the important criterions to reflect the level of the urban transportation system.

Keywords: The size of city; Rail traffic; Transport interchange

中圖(tu)分類號:U213.2文獻標識(shi)碼: A 文章編號:

1 概述

近年(nian)來,隨(sui)著城(cheng)市(shi)規模的(de)日益擴張,我國(guo)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)化進程急(ji)速加劇(ju)。作為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)血管,城(cheng)市(shi)交通(tong)(tong)問題越(yue)來越(yue)引起人們的(de)重視(shi)。而城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)系(xi)統作為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)最(zui)大的(de)交通(tong)(tong)系(xi)統,如何處理好(hao)其(qi)與(yu)其(qi)城(cheng)市(shi)他交通(tong)(tong)系(xi)統的(de)接駁是體現(xian)該城(cheng)市(shi)交通(tong)(tong)體系(xi)水平的(de)重要標準之一。本文針對城(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)(tong)系(xi)統與(yu)其(qi)他交通(tong)(tong)系(xi)統的(de)接駁設計做一些探討和研究。

2 城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交通系統與城(cheng)市(shi)規(gui)劃的關(guan)系

從構成(cheng)來看,城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)包(bao)含城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)總體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)詳細規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)總體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)包(bao)含了城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交通規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),而城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)詳細規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)包(bao)含了沿線(xian)地區的規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)控制(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)軌道(dao)(dao)交通站(zhan)點(dian)地區規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)設計,以上兩個內容是(shi)構成(cheng)軌道(dao)(dao)交通的主(zhu)體。由此可見(jian)軌道(dao)(dao)交通規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)是(shi)密不可分的。見(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)(dao)交通規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)構成(cheng)關系(xi)圖。

2.1 與城市總體(ti)規劃的(de)關系

城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)總體(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)屬于城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)宏觀戰略部分(fen)。在總體(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中(zhong),城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)隸屬于城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua),其對城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)發展的(de)(de)(de)影響、對中(zhong)心(xin)區集聚(ju)的(de)(de)(de)促(cu)進,都必(bi)須(xu)結合在總體(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中(zhong),而不是(shi)單獨(du)列出,也就是(shi)說(shuo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)與各分(fen)項的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)互為因果,兩者是(shi)不可(ke)分(fen)隔(ge)的(de)(de)(de)。

2.2 與城市詳細規劃的關系

城(cheng)市詳(xiang)細規劃包含了軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通沿線(xian)地區的規劃控制(zhi)與軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通點地區規劃設計,控制(zhi)性詳(xiang)細規劃對于軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通沿線(xian)的強度(du)控制(zhi),有(you)助于從客觀反映出軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通的社會效(xiao)益(yi),外(wai)部收(shou)益(yi)內部化(hua),將是城(cheng)市軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通的未來發展的重要方向

所以一(yi)個(ge)成功(gong)的城市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃,必(bi)然(ran)要有一(yi)個(ge)優秀的城市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交通規(gui)(gui)劃,而一(yi)個(ge)優秀的城市(shi)(shi)軌道(dao)交通規(gui)(gui)劃,必(bi)然(ran)要有一(yi)個(ge)便利的交通接(jie)駁規(gui)(gui)劃設計(ji)。由此(ci)可見軌道(dao)交通的接(jie)駁設計(ji),無論是從(cong)哪個(ge)角度來講,都是至關重(zhong)要的。

3 接(jie)駁方式的研究

本次研究(jiu)的(de)主線:通過劃(hua)分出從不(bu)同等級的(de)換(huan)乘(cheng)車站,對其所需要(yao)的(de)換(huan)乘(cheng)方(fang)式的(de)角度出發進行(xing)研究(jiu)。

首先(xian)是通(tong)過城市規(gui)劃(hua)中對不同(tong)車(che)站(zhan)的功能(neng)定位,以(yi)及(ji)周邊環境劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)車(che)站(zhan)的等級,然后(hou)針對不同(tong)的車(che)站(zhan)所吸(xi)引的乘客范(fan)圍進行分(fen)(fen)類,最后(hou)對不同(tong)的換乘方式做簡(jian)要的分(fen)(fen)析,得出(chu)結(jie)論。

3.1交(jiao)通(tong)樞紐等級劃分

綜(zong)合(he)(he)分(fen)析(xi)站(zhan)點(dian)周邊的(de)用地功能(neng)、道路交通(tong)功能(neng)及軌(gui)道交通(tong)線網規劃(hua)(hua)等多(duo)方(fang)面因(yin)素(su),將(jiang)軌(gui)道交通(tong)站(zhan)點(dian)的(de)交通(tong)功能(neng)劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)為三級: 大型(xing)綜(zong)合(he)(he)樞(shu)紐(niu)站(zhan)、 樞(shu)紐(niu)站(zhan)、一般換乘站(zhan)等。

3.1.1大型綜合(he)樞紐站

大型(xing)綜合樞紐(niu)站(zhan)是市內外交通轉換關鍵節(jie)點(dian),應滿(man)足(zu)以(yi)下(xia)條件。

(1)站(zhan)點(dian)銜接(jie)方式應包括對(dui)外交(jiao)(jiao)通和市內交(jiao)(jiao)通,機(ji)動化銜接(jie)換乘方式不(bu)少于5種。

(2)與其他交通方式換乘不低于5萬(wan)人次/d。

(3)所在地(di)(di)區為市級對外(wai)交(jiao)通中心(xin),周邊用(yong)地(di)(di)以交(jiao)通設施用(yong)地(di)(di)為主。(如(ru)上海紅(hong)橋(qiao)樞紐站、北(bei)京(jing)機(ji)場樞紐等)

3.1.2樞紐站

樞紐(niu)站具有很(hen)強的(de)客流吸引力和較(jiao)強的(de)交通轉換(huan)能力,須滿足(zu)以下(xia)條(tiao)件(jian)。

機動化交通(tong)銜(xian)接換乘方(fang)式種(zhong)類不(bu)(bu)少于(yu)4種(zhong),或者銜(xian)接方(fang)式種(zhong)類為3種(zhong),但與常規(gui)公交換乘比例總和不(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)30%。

與(yu)其他交通方式的換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)不低(di)于(yu)(yu)5萬人次(ci)/d,或(huo)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)低(di)于(yu)(yu)5萬人次(ci)/d但大于(yu)(yu)4萬人次(ci)/d, 且與(yu)常規公交換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不低(di)于(yu)(yu)1.5萬人次(ci)/d,或(huo)與(yu)小(xiao)汽車停車換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不低(di)于(yu)(yu)300輛/d。

所在地區為(wei)行(xing)政區中心、城市(shi)副中心、重(zhong)點發展片區中心等,周邊具(ju)有較高的人口密度(du)。根據客流性質,可將其細分為(wei)對外交(jiao)通換乘(cheng)樞(shu)紐(niu)、市(shi)內公交(jiao)換乘(cheng)樞(shu)紐(niu)和P+R停(ting)車換乘(cheng)樞(shu)紐(niu)。(如北京宋家(jia)莊站(zhan))

3.1.3一般站換乘站

一(yi)般(ban)換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)站為分級體系中的最底層,通常其客(ke)流換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)規模相對(dui)較小(xiao),或銜(xian)接換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)式相對(dui)簡(jian)單,客(ke)流集(ji)散(san)以步行及非機動車方(fang)(fang)式為主。該類(lei)(lei)站點與其他(ta)交通方(fang)(fang)式的換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)規模通常小(xiao)于(yu)5萬(wan)人次/d,或其他(ta)機動化換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)(fang)式種類(lei)(lei)小(xiao)于(yu)4種。

3.2 城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通客(ke)流吸(xi)引范圍分(fen)析(xi)

按照軌(gui)道交通不同銜接(jie)方式對應軌(gui)道交通站點吸(xi)引客流性質的服務(wu)范圍,將其(qi)分為(wei)近、中、遠三(san)層(ceng)乘客服務(wu)圈。

3.2.1近距離乘客服務圈

近(jin)距離乘(cheng)客服務圈:是軌道交(jiao)通車站(zhan)直接服務區,以(yi)軌道交(jiao)通站(zhan)點為(wei)中心大致(zhi)500~800m范圍的步行圈,也是軌道交(jiao)通客流集(ji)散的主要區域,客流以(yi)步行為(wei)主。

3.2.2中距離乘客服務圈

中(zhong)距離乘(cheng)客服務圈:以軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)站(zhan)點為中(zhong)心大致3km自(zi)行車(che)(che)出行圈,換(huan)乘(cheng)方(fang)式(shi)以生態(tai)型(xing)、健康換(huan)乘(cheng)方(fang)式(shi)為主。我國(guo)素有“自(zi)行車(che)(che)王國(guo)”之稱,而(er)天津的自(zi)行車(che)(che)比例更是位于我國(guo)城市(shi)前列,鑒(jian)于這一特點,天津軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)銜接也必須(xu)考慮“自(zi)行車(che)(che)-軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)”這一換(huan)乘(cheng)需(xu)求(qiu)。

3.2.3遠(yuan)距離(li)乘(cheng)客服務圈(quan)

遠(yuan)距離乘(cheng)(cheng)客服務圈(quan)。以軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)站(zhan)(zhan)點為中(zhong)心(xin)2~5km為機(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)的(de)出行服務圈(quan),換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)方式以公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)私家車(che)(che)(che)(che)為主,輔(fu)以出租車(che)(che)(che)(che)換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng),此服務圈(quan)內應充(chong)分考慮停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)(ParkRail),這種P+R系統將換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)站(zhan)(zhan)建成立體換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)心(xin),其(qi)間分層布設了各類(lei)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)方式的(de)換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)設施(shi),包括(kuo)聯系不同(tong)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)線路上落客站(zhan)(zhan)、小(xiao)(xiao)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場之(zhi)間的(de)便(bian)捷通(tong)道(dao)及(ji)自動(dong)電梯等。城市(shi)在市(shi)區一些站(zhan)(zhan)點配建公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)站(zhan)(zhan)場和(he)(he)小(xiao)(xiao)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場,為進入(ru)市(shi)區小(xiao)(xiao)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)換(huan)乘(cheng)(cheng)提供(gong)方便(bian),同(tong)時達(da)到控(kong)制(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)汽車(che)(che)(che)(che)進城,緩解市(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)區的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)壓力。

3.3與其他(ta)交通形(xing)式的接駁分析

通過綜合分析,與軌道交(jiao)通的(de)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)接駁主(zhu)要分為以下幾類。與公共(gong)汽車(che)的(de)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)、與出租車(che)的(de)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)、與私家車(che)的(de)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)、與自行車(che)的(de)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)、與步行的(de)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘(cheng)等幾大類。

篇9

關鍵詞 城市軌道;地鐵客流;疏導(dao)

中圖分類號U41 文(wen)獻(xian)標識(shi)碼 A 文(wen)章編號 1674-6708(2014)121-0122-02

0引言

地鐵(tie)作為一種重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)工(gong)具,其承(cheng)載著沉(chen)重(zhong)(zhong)的客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)集散(san)任(ren)務。地鐵(tie)通(tong)常要(yao)將客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)集散(san)點連接起(qi)來,例(li)如商(shang)業中心、主干道(dao)、火車站和汽車站等等。隨著城(cheng)市規(gui)模的不(bu)斷(duan)擴大和城(cheng)市人口的不(bu)斷(duan)增(zeng)加(jia),城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)將面臨越(yue)來越(yue)重(zhong)(zhong)的客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)壓力(li),在特殊時(shi)期客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量甚至會超(chao)過(guo)地鐵(tie)設施的承(cheng)受限度。因此,要(yao)提高城(cheng)市軌(gui)(gui)道(dao)交通(tong)的運營(ying)(ying)(ying)效率和質量,就必須(xu)對(dui)客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進行(xing)有效的疏導,減少客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量對(dui)地鐵(tie)運營(ying)(ying)(ying)的影響,保障地鐵(tie)運營(ying)(ying)(ying)的安全、正點、舒(shu)適和快(kuai)捷。

1 客流及其(qi)相關概念

1.1 客流(liu)的概念(nian)

所謂(wei)的(de)客(ke)流(liu),指的(de)是(shi)在一個單位的(de)時(shi)間里,城市軌道交通線路(lu)上的(de)乘客(ke)數(shu)量,這就包括了乘客(ke)的(de)流(liu)動人(ren)數(shu)和方向。客(ke)流(liu)是(shi)對乘客(ke)的(de)數(shu)量和空間位移的(de)一個表現,可以是(shi)實際客(ke)流(liu)也可以是(shi)預測客(ke)流(liu)。

1.2 客(ke)流疏導的概(gai)念

由于地鐵(tie)的客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)量通常都比較大,特別是(shi)在客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)高峰階(jie)段,而地鐵(tie)又要保證其運營(ying)的快(kuai)速(su)和(he)準時,因此需要對客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)量進(jin)行合理的疏(shu)導(dao)。所謂的客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)疏(shu)導(dao)是(shi)通過對地鐵(tie)相關設備和(he)設施的合理布置(zhi),開分流(liu)(liu)或者引導(dao)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu),對客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)運送進(jin)行疏(shu)導(dao)。

在城市軌道交(jiao)通中(zhong),對(dui)客(ke)流(liu)疏導的主要形式是分(fen)析地鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)(che)站(zhan)的設施、設備和空間(jian),對(dui)客(ke)流(liu)量進行(xing)預測,然后再制定相應的方(fang)(fang)案(an),包括對(dui)乘客(ke)從進站(zhan)到換乘,再到下車(che)(che)和出站(zhan)整個過程的疏導。方(fang)(fang)案(an)中(zhong)還要對(dui)地鐵(tie)(tie)的人員組織、車(che)(che)站(zhan)的行(xing)車(che)(che)和票(piao)務設備以及導向標識(shi)等進行(xing)安排[1]。

2 城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通客流疏導(dao)的(de)原(yuan)則和影響(xiang)因素

2.1 客流疏導的原則

城市軌道交通(tong)中(zhong)客流疏導的(de)根本原則(ze)就(jiu)是(shi)保證乘(cheng)客的(de)安(an)全運(yun)送(song),盡量使(shi)客流運(yun)送(song)過(guo)程(cheng)安(an)全、便利、舒適(shi),并且(qie)能夠及時疏散客流高峰(feng)。此外,還要考(kao)慮城市軌道交通(tong)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)效(xiao)益(yi),盡量使(shi)客流量達到(dao)地鐵承受能力(li)的(de)最佳狀(zhuang)態,并不(bu)斷降(jiang)低運(yun)送(song)和服務成本。如(ru)果出現客流高峰(feng),要能夠有(you)效(xiao)的(de)控制車站的(de)人

流量。

2.2 客流疏導的影響因(yin)素(su)

影響地鐵車站的(de)客流疏導的(de)因素(su)包括以下幾個:車站的(de)出入口(kou)及通道(dao)通過(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li),一般(ban)來說這(zhe)二(er)者都要(yao)(yao)由客流量來決(jue)定,為了保障(zhang)運輸安全(quan),便于進行消防疏散,每個地鐵車站的(de)出入口(kou)通道(dao)都不能(neng)(neng)(neng)少于兩個。站廳和(he)站臺的(de)容納(na)率要(yao)(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠符合(he)客流通過(guo)(guo)的(de)需要(yao)(yao),乘降設備(bei)要(yao)(yao)有(you)足夠的(de)通過(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li),自動售票及檢票設備(bei)都要(yao)(yao)具備(bei)一定的(de)通過(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。最重要(yao)(yao)的(de)是地鐵列車要(yao)(yao)有(you)足夠的(de)輸送能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)[2]。

3 城市(shi)軌道交通客流疏導(dao)的具體措(cuo)施

3.1 采取科學合理的客流運營調整(zheng)程序

現(xian)在大客(ke)(ke)(ke)流在城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通當中出現(xian)的(de)(de)越來(lai)越頻繁,要提高城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通的(de)(de)運(yun)營效率(lv)和(he)質量,就必須對(dui)客(ke)(ke)(ke)流進行(xing)有(you)效的(de)(de)疏導,減少客(ke)(ke)(ke)流量對(dui)地鐵運(yun)營的(de)(de)影響,在這個過(guo)程中可(ke)以采(cai)取科學合理(li)的(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)(ke)流運(yun)營調整程序(xu)進行(xing)疏導。

首先(xian)當城市軌道交通中出現大(da)客(ke)流(liu)的(de)時(shi)候,有(you)(you)關部(bu)門應該將相關信(xin)息通過(guo)短信(xin)等平臺(tai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)及時(shi)的(de),向全程各站(zhan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)及時(shi)的(de)通知(zhi),同時(shi)還要采取(qu)(qu)積極(ji)有(you)(you)效的(de)措施(shi)向車(che)站(zhan)的(de)乘客(ke)及時(shi)的(de)軌道運(yun)營部(bu)門了解到(dao)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)信(xin)息,與軌道公安局取(qu)(qu)得及時(shi)的(de)聯系,從而(er)將車(che)站(zhan)客(ke)流(liu)疏導工作做好(hao)[3]。

如(ru)果(guo)(guo)遇到(dao)非(fei)常(chang)緊急(ji)(ji)的(de)情(qing)況,就(jiu)必須(xu)(xu)要(yao)向公司的(de)監督站(zhan)進行(xing)(xing)匯報,并且還要(yao)以(yi)實際的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)情(qing)況作為根(gen)據(ju),適時的(de)下達(da)AFC系統降低模式(shi)以(yi)及封站(zhan)處理(li)等命令(ling)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)在(zai)軌道交通乘換(huan)(huan)(huan)車的(de)時候出現客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)流(liu)高峰,鄰線調度(du)員必須(xu)(xu)要(yao)進行(xing)(xing)相互(hu)之間(jian)的(de)配合工(gong)作,從而(er)保證對客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)流(liu)高峰的(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)疏導。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)車站(zhan)的(de)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)流(liu)數量仍然在(zai)不(bu)斷的(de)增長當中,就(jiu)必須(xu)(xu)要(yao)對相鄰的(de)換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘站(zhan)進行(xing)(xing)及時的(de)通知,開始準備執行(xing)(xing)“換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘站(zhan)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)流(liu)組織(zhi)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)預案”。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)車站(zhan)的(de)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)流(liu)出現較高的(de)比例,而(er)且無(wu)法在(zai)短(duan)時間(jian)內實施(shi)有效(xiao)(xiao)疏導的(de)時候,必須(xu)(xu)要(yao)馬上對“換(huan)(huan)(huan)乘站(zhan)客(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)流(liu)組織(zhi)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)預案”進行(xing)(xing)下達(da),并予以(yi)嚴格執行(xing)(xing)[4]。

3.2 采(cai)取科學合理的(de)行車組織對策

城市軌道交(jiao)通部門必(bi)須(xu)要對(dui)自身的(de)(de)運(yun)輸潛力進行不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)挖掘,不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)促進上(shang)限運(yun)能(neng)的(de)(de)增加;除此之(zhi)外,各個(ge)線路(lu)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)中(zhong)心還應(ying)采取靈活的(de)(de)處理方式,對(dui)列車資源進行充分的(de)(de)利用(yong),采用(yong)靈活科學的(de)(de)調度方式,從而使(shi)客流(liu)高峰(feng)時(shi)期的(de)(de)客運(yun)壓力能(neng)夠得到有效的(de)(de)緩解,其(qi)中(zhong)主要包括以(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)方面的(de)(de)行車組織

措施。

1)對(dui)備用車進(jin)行及時的(de)使用。控制中心應該以(yi)現場的(de)客流狀況(kuang)作為根據,對(dui)高(gao)峰(feng)時段(duan)的(de)備用車上(shang)限運(yun)輸進(jin)行靈(ling)活的(de)安排(pai)。需(xu)要綜合(he)考慮是否是換乘站(zhan)、站(zhan)臺大(da)小(xiao)以(yi)及車站(zhan)客流等各種情況(kuang),最終對(dui)備用車的(de)投入服務站(zhan)點進(jin)行確定;

2)針對空客車進行(xing)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)。由于備用車受到數量方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)限制,因此針對換乘站等具有(you)較大的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)峰時(shi)段客流與運能矛盾的(de)(de)(de)地區采取對空客車進行(xing)合(he)理組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)進行(xing)緩解。

3)對(dui)行(xing)車(che)交路進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)靈活的(de)(de)調整。在一些(xie)線路當中(zhong)可能會存在著不(bu)均勻的(de)(de)各區段客(ke)流,因(yin)此(ci)控制中(zhong)心可以利用對(dui)部分列車(che)行(xing)車(che)交路方式進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)靈活的(de)(de)調整,將部分列車(che)經中(zhong)間折(zhe)返站(zhan)折(zhe)返小(xiao)交路運行(xing)。這樣就能夠(gou)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)高峰區段行(xing)車(che)密度(du)方式的(de)(de)加大,從(cong)而對(dui)高峰區段客(ke)流進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)有效的(de)(de)疏導。

4)對列(lie)車的(de)越站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)進行(xing)有效的(de)組(zu)織。如果有對乘客(ke)人身(shen)安全(quan)造成危害的(de)不可控的(de)局面出現(xian)(xian)(xian)在換乘車站(zhan)的(de)時(shi)候(hou),控制中心就必須要對列(lie)車的(de)越站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)進行(xing)有效的(de)組(zu)織,防止車站(zhan)站(zhan)臺(tai)在乘客(ke)下車的(de)時(shi)候(hou)受(shou)到(dao)較大(da)沖擊的(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象出現(xian)(xian)(xian)。由于乘客(ke)服(fu)務(wu)會受(shou)到(dao)列(lie)車越站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)較大(da)影(ying)響,而且采(cai)取列(lie)車越站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)方式無法對站(zhan)臺(tai)乘客(ke)進行(xing)實際運(yun)輸,因此除非遇到(dao)緊急(ji)的(de)情況,否則不能夠(gou)輕易采(cai)取這種措施(shi)[5]。

3.3 城(cheng)市軌道交通客流疏(shu)導方(fang)式的(de)組(zu)合運用

將單個(ge)區(qu)域中對(dui)地鐵(tie)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)疏(shu)導的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)組合運用,就可(ke)以建立起一個(ge)完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)疏(shu)導方(fang)案(an)。地鐵(tie)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)疏(shu)導方(fang)案(an)首(shou)先要對(dui)出(chu)入口扶梯(ti)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)設(she)置,采用上(shang)下全開的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法來對(dui)進(jin)(jin)出(chu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)梳(shu)理(li),并在(zai)進(jin)(jin)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)前(qian)(qian)緩沖進(jin)(jin)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)。其次(ci),在(zai)閘機前(qian)(qian)放置必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)離(li)(li)設(she)施,使進(jin)(jin)出(chu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)分(fen)離(li)(li),從而形成專門的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)和出(chu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)。在(zai)TVM前(qian)(qian)方(fang)設(she)置伸縮(suo)欄桿(gan),將進(jin)(jin)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)和購(gou)票客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)分(fen)離(li)(li)開來。對(dui)于站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)廳(ting)通往站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)扶梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向要合理(li)設(she)置,以免進(jin)(jin)出(chu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉。客(ke)(ke)流(liu)(liu)很容易(yi)在(zai)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)廳(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非付費區(qu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)交叉,此時可(ke)以在(zai)此配備一個(ge)向導人員。可(ke)以在(zai)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)外平(ping)臺(tai)位置設(she)置預(yu)制票點,以滿足(zu)部分(fen)乘客(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)購(gou)票需求[6]。

3.4 對(dui)城(cheng)市軌道交通車站(zhan)客流的疏導方法(fa)

車站(zhan)是客(ke)(ke)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個集散(san)(san)點,地鐵要加強與其他城市交通方式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)接,以(yi)(yi)提高(gao)對(dui)車站(zhan)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)散(san)(san)能力。與地鐵車站(zhan)進行連(lian)(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)交通方式(shi)(shi)還有(you)很(hen)多(duo),只要對(dui)這(zhe)些方式(shi)(shi)利(li)用得(de)當,就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)減少(shao)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)在(zai)地鐵車站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滯留時間,從而促進整個地鐵客(ke)(ke)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)散(san)(san)。要盡量使(shi)乘(cheng)客(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)線(xian)(xian)路簡(jian)單明確,地鐵與其他交通工具(ju)之間能夠順(shun)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)接,降(jiang)低(di)換乘(cheng)沖突(tu),并將車輛流(liu)動(dong)線(xian)(xian)與乘(cheng)客(ke)(ke)流(liu)動(dong)線(xian)(xian)分離開來,以(yi)(yi)提高(gao)安全(quan)性。在(zai)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施過程中,需(xu)要對(dui)具(ju)有(you)動(dong)態(tai)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)車流(liu)組織以(yi)(yi)及人(ren)流(liu)組織進行充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)考慮(lv),合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布置設計(ji)靜(jing)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)停車場地,同時還要采取有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制性管(guan)理(li)措施,最終使(shi)城市軌道客(ke)(ke)流(liu)得(de)到有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)導[7]。

4結論

地鐵(tie)作為(wei)一(yi)種重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通工(gong)具(ju),在人們的(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)當(dang)中發揮著越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),在地鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)過程中,大客流(liu)(liu)(liu)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)頻繁,因(yin)此(ci)如何對客流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)行(xing)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)導(dao)(dao)(dao),是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通繼續發展的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個關鍵(jian)性問題。面對著軌(gui)道交通當(dang)中出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)客流(liu)(liu)(liu)高峰,可以通過采取(qu)科學合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)客流(liu)(liu)(liu)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)調整程序、采取(qu)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)車組(zu)織對策(ce)、對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通客流(liu)(liu)(liu)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)方式進(jin)行(xing)組(zu)合(he)運(yun)(yun)用(yong)以及(ji)有(you)效(xiao)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通車站客流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi),從(cong)而全面對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通中的(de)(de)(de)客流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)導(dao)(dao)(dao),最終保障地鐵(tie)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)安全、正點、舒適、快捷。

參考文獻

[1]薛亮,劉小(xiao)玲.城(cheng)市軌道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)客流灰色預測法應用[J].交(jiao)通(tong)科技(ji)與(yu)經濟,2011(2).

[2]施泉,吳中,毛榮(rong)昌(chang).軌道交通客流(liu)預測四階段法的改進(jin)[J].城市(shi)軌道交通研(yan)究,2012(9).

[3]Brian L. Smith,Michael J. Demetsky. Traffic Flow Forecasting:Comparison of Modeling Approaches[J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering ,2013(4)

[4]史晟,楊(yang)超.基于出(chu)行方式鏈的城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)客(ke)流分析(xi)方法(fa)[J].城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)研究,2011(1).

[5]梁(liang)青槐.城市(shi)軌(gui)道(dao)交(jiao)通(tong)客流(liu)預測問題分析(xi)及(ji)建議[J].都(dou)市(shi)快軌(gui)交(jiao)通(tong),2011(1).

篇10

關鍵詞:城市軌(gui)道(dao)交通;建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目;經營管(guan)理;風險(xian)管(guan)控

一、前言

城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)建設(she)周期(qi)長、施(shi)工(gong)難度大(da),受環境、施(shi)工(gong)人員、資(zi)金等多方面因素的(de)(de)影響,存在(zai)較大(da)的(de)(de)不確定(ding)性(xing)。為了有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)提高城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)建設(she)質量(liang)和管理(li)效(xiao)果,我們應(ying)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)分(fen)析存在(zai)的(de)(de)風險以(yi)及風險可(ke)能導致的(de)(de)不良后果,并制定(ding)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)防治措施(shi)。這對(dui)于城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)而(er)言至關重要。為此,我們應(ying)當(dang)認真梳理(li)城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)經(jing)營管理(li)與風險防控的(de)(de)具體內容,并制定(ding)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)措施(shi),保證城市(shi)軌(gui)(gui)道交(jiao)通(tong)建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)經(jing)營管理(li)取得積極(ji)效(xiao)果,并在(zai)風險防控上達到預期(qi)目(mu)標。

二(er)、城市軌(gui)道交通建(jian)設(she)項目存在的主(zhu)要風險

1.環境風險

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)首(shou)先存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)。由于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)是(shi)地(di)(di)下施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),在地(di)(di)下施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)當中(zhong)會(hui)遇到(dao)地(di)(di)質(zhi)因(yin)(yin)素(su)以及(ji)諸多(duo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)難點(dian),同時(shi)(shi)還要(yao)(yao)(yao)防范地(di)(di)下施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)對(dui)地(di)(di)上(shang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑造成不(bu)利(li)影響。在整個施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)當中(zhong),既要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)性(xing),同時(shi)(shi)也要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效性(xing),還要(yao)(yao)(yao)在具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)保(bao)證(zheng)不(bu)對(dui)周邊(bian)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)污染。所(suo)有(you)(you)這些(xie)因(yin)(yin)素(su)加(jia)在一起形成了(le)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)累積(ji),如果不(bu)能(neng)夠(gou)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決(jue)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)并預防環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian),那么(me)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)在建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)當中(zhong)就非常(chang)容(rong)易出現施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)問題,對(dui)后續施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)和整個施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)性(xing)和有(you)(you)效性(xing)都會(hui)造成不(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。從目(mu)(mu)(mu)前城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)來(lai)看,環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)已經(jing)得到(dao)了(le)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視。在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)之前首(shou)先要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)評價,等環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)評價達(da)標之后才能(neng)夠(gou)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)。與此同時(shi)(shi),還要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)因(yin)(yin)素(su)、地(di)(di)上(shang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、周邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評估(gu),防止(zhi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生。從這一點(dian)來(lai)看,環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)是(shi)導致城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)出現問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)一環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan),只(zhi)有(you)(you)做(zuo)好環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識別和防范,才能(neng)夠(gou)保(bao)證(zheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)序進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。

2.施工風險

城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通建設項目(mu)都處于地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周期長,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難度大(da),并(bing)且(qie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)采用的(de)(de)(de)盾構(gou)結構(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法較(jiao)為復雜,產生的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)也相對(dui)較(jiao)大(da)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實際施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong),如(ru)果不能(neng)做好設備的(de)(de)(de)銜接(jie)和人員的(de)(de)(de)合理安排(pai),那(nei)么地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)挖掘施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)貫通施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序容易出現較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。因此,我們(men)應當(dang)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之前(qian)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)類別(bie)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)內容和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)所(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果都進行有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)研究并(bing)制定詳細的(de)(de)(de)應對(dui)策略(lve),防(fang)止施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)發生,并(bing)通過有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)夠(gou)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)最低。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實際的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong),通過施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)范以及施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)合理管控(kong),使整個城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通建設項目(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)管控(kong)之下(xia)(xia),保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)夠(gou)得到(dao)降(jiang)(jiang)低。從目(mu)前(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)市軌(gui)道交通建設項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程來看,因為對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)到(dao)位,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)整個的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管控(kong)過程當(dang)中(zhong)制定了有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)應對(dui)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),保(bao)證(zheng)了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)所(suo)降(jiang)(jiang)低,做到(dao)了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)管控(kong),避免對(dui)整個施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)造成不良影(ying)響。

3.資金風險

由于城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通建(jian)設項目施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)難(nan)度大(da),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期長,對(dui)(dui)資(zi)金(jin)的(de)需(xu)求量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較大(da),同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)由于在(zai)具體施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)一(yi)些意外情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),比如地(di)下挖(wa)掘過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遇到(dao)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)土(tu)層地(di)段(duan),或者(zhe)在(zai)地(di)下開挖(wa)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與其他的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)線發生(sheng)干(gan)擾,需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)線進行改造(zao)或者(zhe)在(zai)開發過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)地(di)上(shang)建(jian)筑造(zao)成了不良的(de)影(ying)響,需(xu)要采取有效的(de)措施(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)地(di)上(shang)建(jian)筑進行加(jia)固(gu)。所有這些臨時(shi)(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)內容都會(hui)(hui)給整(zheng)(zheng)個軌(gui)道交通建(jian)設項目帶(dai)來不利的(de)影(ying)響。一(yi)旦工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)發生(sheng)了增(zeng)加(jia),相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)而言整(zheng)(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)投資(zi)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)不足,只有增(zeng)加(jia)資(zi)金(jin)預算(suan)才能(neng)夠(gou)保(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有序進行。那么這些臨時(shi)(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內容由于存在(zai)不確定(ding)性,因(yin)此整(zheng)(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)金(jin)存在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)風險。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)由于整(zheng)(zheng)個資(zi)金(jin)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)較大(da),并且在(zai)資(zi)金(jin)需(xu)求的(de)每個階段(duan)對(dui)(dui)資(zi)金(jin)的(de)需(xu)求量(liang)(liang)也存在(zai),那么在(zai)資(zi)金(jin)撥付(fu)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)容易出(chu)現(xian)資(zi)金(jin)撥付(fu)不到(dao)位,或者(zhe)臨時(shi)(shi)資(zi)金(jin)不足的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),導致(zhi)現(xian)場停工(gong)(gong)(gong)。因(yin)此,在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)軌(gui)道交通建(jian)設項目推(tui)進過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)應當(dang)提前做好(hao)預算(suan),保(bao)證(zheng)預算(suan)充(chong)足,同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)根(gen)據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)確保(bao)每個階段(duan)的(de)資(zi)金(jin)都能(neng)夠(gou)準時(shi)(shi)準確撥付(fu)到(dao)位。

三(san)、城市軌道交通建設項目經營管(guan)理與風險管(guan)控的側重點

1.對存在(zai)風險進行有效(xiao)的識別

城市軌道交通建設項目在(zai)(zai)經(jing)營管理與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),首(shou)先(xian)就(jiu)應(ying)當(dang)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)識(shi)別(bie),我們(men)不但(dan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)認(ren)識(shi)到(dao)存在(zai)(zai)哪些風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)?還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)認(ren)識(shi)到(dao)這(zhe)些風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)所帶來(lai)的(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)害及后(hou)(hou)果。只(zhi)有(you)認(ren)真分(fen)(fen)(fen)析了(le)(le)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei),并對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)識(shi)別(bie),才能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)保(bao)證風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控(kong)措施合理到(dao)位(wei)。在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)識(shi)別(bie)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)采取(qu)(qu)了(le)(le)以(yi)下幾種(zhong)方式:首(shou)先(xian),要(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)類(lei)別(bie),根據(ju)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)類(lei)別(bie)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen),同時還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)位(wei)置和(he)環節有(you)清晰的(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi);其次,還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)等級進(jin)行(xing)(xing)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen),在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等級劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據(ju)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)造成的(de)(de)不同危(wei)(wei)害以(yi)及風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)所帶來(lai)的(de)(de)損失(shi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen),保(bao)證風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)等級劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)合理準確有(you)效(xiao),提(ti)高(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別(bie)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)性;最(zui)后(hou)(hou),在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別(bie)過(guo)程(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據(ju)每一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei),不同風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)類(lei)別(bie)所劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等級是不同的(de)(de),具(ju)體(ti)應(ying)當(dang)按照風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別(bie),使(shi)整個風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別(bie)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)準確有(you)效(xiao)。在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別(bie)過(guo)程(cheng)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)配套有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)措施,使(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別(bie)之后(hou)(hou)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)采取(qu)(qu)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)措施予以(yi)消除,保(bao)證風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別(bie)和(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)對(dui)措施能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)對(dui)應(ying)。

2.做好(hao)風險(xian)評(ping)估和(he)災害(hai)評(ping)估

風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)一環,風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)對(dui)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類別(bie)和(he)(he)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度進(jin)行有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),而(er)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)對(dui)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可能(neng)(neng)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)進(jin)行有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。通過災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)對(dui)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類以(yi)及(ji)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度進(jin)行更科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)價,使整個風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)更加科(ke)學有效。之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)因為(wei)城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通建設(she)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)性(xing)。由于城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通建設(she)項目(mu)(mu)整個施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)流程相對(dui)復雜(za),在(zai)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程當(dang)(dang)中可能(neng)(neng)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意外因素也比較多(duo),整個施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資金管控、環境評(ping)(ping)價、災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)預防和(he)(he)經營管理都是(shi)必不可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分。只有認識到風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing),才(cai)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)根據風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類別(bie)進(jin)行有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。那(nei)么在(zai)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)過程當(dang)(dang)中,首先就應(ying)當(dang)(dang)參照其(qi)他城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗以(yi)及(ji)城(cheng)市軌(gui)道交(jiao)通建設(she)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失情況進(jin)行風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)預估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),使風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)貼近(jin)工(gong)程實(shi)際(ji),避免風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與實(shi)際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程不符造(zao)成(cheng)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)脫離實(shi)際(ji);其(qi)次根據災(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)制定相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)滿足施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)。

3.找準主要(yao)風險點

在城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)經(jing)營管(guan)理和風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)當中(zhong),主要(yao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)別(bie)至關重要(yao)。因為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)不可能對所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工環(huan)節(jie)以及(ji)經(jing)營管(guan)理環(huan)節(jie)進(jin)行細致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)(kong),雖然在整體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層面(mian)(mian)上能夠進(jin)行覆(fu)蓋,但是在管(guan)理重點上還(huan)是有(you)(you)所(suo)區分。那么,主要(yao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點就成為(wei)了城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)經(jing)營管(guan)理和風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)當中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)一環(huan)。那么在實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)當中(zhong)就應當根據城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際情(qing)況(kuang),對存在風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)節(jie)和部位進(jin)行有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)估,并且按(an)照風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類別(bie)以及(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)點所(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災(zai)害(hai)情(qing)況(kuang)進(jin)行有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)估。使整個的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估能夠更加科學(xue)有(you)(you)效,整個的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)預估達到預期目(mu)標(biao),從(cong)整個風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估過(guo)程(cheng)來(lai)看,主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)集(ji)中(zhong)在環(huan)境風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、施工風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和資金(jin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)這(zhe)幾個方面(mian)(mian)。只有(you)(you)保證這(zhe)幾個方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估不存在問題(ti),那么城市(shi)軌道(dao)交(jiao)通建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營管(guan)理和風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)控(kong)(kong)才(cai)能夠取得積極效果,在管(guan)理過(guo)程(cheng)當中(zhong)才(cai)能夠更加科學(xue)有(you)(you)效。

四、城市軌道交通(tong)建設項目經營(ying)管理(li)與風險管控的(de)具體措施(shi)

1.結合工程實際,對風險種類(lei)進行歸類(lei)

在(zai)實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控過程當(dang)(dang)中,我們應(ying)當(dang)(dang)根據(ju)工程實際(ji)對(dui)空(kong)間種(zhong)類(lei)進行(xing)(xing)歸類(lei),例如環境風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存(cun)在(zai)地上風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)地下風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。在(zai)地下風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中存(cun)在(zai)盾構(gou)施(shi)(shi)工風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)支(zhi)撐施(shi)(shi)工風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)貫通施(shi)(shi)工風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)多個(ge)種(zhong)類(lei)。通過對(dui)這些風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)劃(hua)分(fen)和(he)歸類(lei),我們才(cai)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)保(bao)證(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控措施(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)落實到(dao)(dao)位,并(bing)且(qie)達到(dao)(dao)預期目標。與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi),在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)當(dang)(dang)中,我們還(huan)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)對(dui)每一(yi)個(ge)施(shi)(shi)工細節進行(xing)(xing)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)把控,保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)工細節能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)達到(dao)(dao)預期目標,同(tong)時(shi)解(jie)決施(shi)(shi)工工序與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)類(lei)劃(hua)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),使(shi)(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)劃(hua)分(fen)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)更加(jia)科學有(you)效。在(zai)具體的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工過程當(dang)(dang)中,使(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)類(lei)劃(hua)分(fen)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工工序進行(xing)(xing)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)結合,解(jie)決施(shi)(shi)工工序的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),使(shi)(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)工程的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)得到(dao)(dao)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)降低。按(an)照目前(qian)城市軌(gui)道交通進行(xing)(xing)程度來看,風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)歸類(lei)至關(guan)重要(yao),在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)劃(hua)分(fen)中,主要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)以(yi)(yi)下幾(ji)類(lei):第(di)一(yi),可識(shi)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),第(di)二,隱(yin)藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),第(di)三,可控的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。只有(you)做好這些風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)劃(hua)分(fen),才(cai)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控過程準確(que)到(dao)(dao)位,最終在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控過程當(dang)(dang)中才(cai)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)達到(dao)(dao)最佳效果。所以(yi)(yi),風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)歸類(lei)是做好風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)措施(shi)(shi)。

2.根據風(feng)險(xian)類別,做好(hao)風(feng)險(xian)辨識

基于城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通建(jian)設項(xiang)目的(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊性(xing)(xing),對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)分類之(zhi)后,我們(men)(men)就應當對(dui)(dui)每(mei)一(yi)種風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)不但(dan)要(yao)認清楚風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存(cun)在的(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei),也(ye)是對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)所造成(cheng)危害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)一(yi)種有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)認定,通過風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi),能(neng)夠保證(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控到位(wei),同時也(ye)能(neng)夠提(ti)高風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管控的(de)(de)整(zheng)體效(xiao)(xiao)果。那么(me)在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)過程當中(zhong),我們(men)(men)要(yao)按(an)照風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)類別、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存(cun)在的(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei)以(yi)及風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可能(neng)發生的(de)(de)環節進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)評估。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)過程當中(zhong),我們(men)(men)要(yao)根據成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)經驗,在了解(jie)城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通施工(gong)特(te)(te)點的(de)(de)基礎上進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)。主要(yao)包含(han)幾種因素:風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)應當對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)整(zheng)體情況進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi),風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)應當對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可能(neng)出現和造成(cheng)的(de)(de)危害(hai)(hai)進(jin)行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi),應當根據風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)具(ju)體情況以(yi)及風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出現的(de)(de)概率有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi),使(shi)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)能(neng)夠符合城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通建(jian)設項(xiang)目的(de)(de)實(shi)際,保證(zheng)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)能(neng)夠準(zhun)確有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)。只有(you)做到以(yi)上這些(xie)措(cuo)施,才能(neng)夠保證(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)達到預期目標,提(ti)高風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)性(xing)(xing),保證(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)辨(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)識(shi)(shi)能(neng)夠具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)針對(dui)(dui)性(xing)(xing),有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)解(jie)決城(cheng)市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通施工(gong)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題。

3.制定有針對性的風(feng)險(xian)防控措施,做到(dao)防患于(yu)未然(ran)

基于(yu)對(dui)城市軌道交通施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)解(jie),風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)我(wo)們應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)從(cong)以下幾個(ge)(ge)方(fang)面入(ru)手(shou),首先我(wo)們應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)根據(ju)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)(lei)(lei)和風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)(lei)別(bie)制(zhi)定風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)(yu)案(an)(an)(an),使(shi)(shi)整個(ge)(ge)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)(yu)案(an)(an)(an)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)(lei)別(bie)和種類(lei)(lei)(lei)進行(xing)優(you)化銜(xian)接,使(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識別(bie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)相(xiang)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)。其(qi)次,在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)按照風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)所造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失以及(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai),制(zhi)定對(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)措施(shi),使(shi)(shi)整個(ge)(ge)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)具(ju)有(you)(you)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)針對(dui)性(xing)和干預(yu)(yu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力,例如環境風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),我(wo)們應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)提前做(zuo)好環境評價。在(zai)(zai)確保(bao)環境評價通過(guo)之后才能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)進行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。除此(ci)之外在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)以及(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)及(ji)問(wen)題(ti)制(zhi)定施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)(yu)案(an)(an)(an),使(shi)(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)通過(guo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)(yu)案(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式得到(dao)(dao)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)置和解(jie)決;一旦出現(xian)事(shi)故(gu)或出現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題(ti)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)依據(ju)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)(yu)案(an)(an)(an)進行(xing)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)置,保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)性(xing)和安全性(xing)。在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)按照風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)類(lei)(lei)(lei)別(bie)以及(ji)整個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情況進行(xing)資金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)估和預(yu)(yu)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)定,保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資金(jin)預(yu)(yu)算能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)滿(man)足(zu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)需要。在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決資金(jin)不足(zu)或者(zhe)資金(jin)短缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),使(shi)(shi)整個(ge)(ge)資金(jin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)最低,同時通過(guo)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi),避免資金(jin)浪(lang)費,使(shi)(shi)整個(ge)(ge)資金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)相(xiang)對(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying),保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每一分錢都能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)劃撥到(dao)(dao)位。

五、結論

通(tong)過(guo)(guo)本文(wen)的(de)分(fen)析可(ke)知,在(zai)城市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)設(she)(she)項目(mu)(mu)過(guo)(guo)程當(dang)(dang)中(zhong),經(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理和風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防控至關(guan)重要(yao)。在(zai)具(ju)體(ti)的(de)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理過(guo)(guo)程當(dang)(dang)中(zhong),應當(dang)(dang)對風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)防控有足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)認識,并(bing)且(qie)根據經(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理實際和風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)種類(lei)的(de)特點進(jin)行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)辨識、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)類(lei)以及風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)應對措施(shi)的(de)制定(ding)。整個風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)控能(neng)夠(gou)科(ke)學有效保證風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)控達到預期(qi)目(mu)(mu)標,使(shi)有效的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)控能(neng)夠(gou)更好的(de)為項目(mu)(mu)服務(wu),解決項目(mu)(mu)施(shi)工過(guo)(guo)程當(dang)(dang)中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)存在(zai)問題(ti);使(shi)城市(shi)(shi)軌道建(jian)設(she)(she)項目(mu)(mu)能(neng)夠(gou)得到有效的(de)開(kai)展,并(bing)且(qie)在(zai)開(kai)展過(guo)(guo)程當(dang)(dang)中(zhong)滿(man)足(zu)實際需要(yao);推動城市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)設(she)(she)項目(mu)(mu)有序進(jin)行,讓城市(shi)(shi)軌道交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)設(she)(she)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)開(kai)展不受風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)影響。

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