導(dao)語：如何才能(neng)寫好一篇美麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)建設文(wen)獻綜(zong)述，這就需要(yao)搜集整理更多的資(zi)料(liao)和(he)文(wen)獻，歡迎閱讀(du)由公務員(yuan)之家整理的十篇范文(wen)，供你借鑒。

篇1

關鍵詞：傳統村落 文化保護 美麗鄉村建設

中圖分類號：K878 TU982.29 文獻標(biao)識碼：A 文章編號：1003-9082（2016）12-0356-02

傳統村落(luo)，通常情況下是指(zhi)形成(cheng)時間較(jiao)早（民(min)國以(yi)前），擁有較(jiao)為豐富歷(li)(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)與自然資(zi)源(yuan)，具有珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、科學、藝(yi)術、社會和(he)經濟價值的(de)(de)聚落(luo)形態。傳統村落(luo)是農耕文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)精髓、民(min)族文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)家園、中華兒(er)女的(de)(de)鄉愁、多彩貴(gui)州的(de)(de)靚(jing)麗名片。因此，對貴(gui)州傳統村落(luo)進行調查研(yan)究，不僅(jin)能(neng)夠傳承鄉土文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)和(he)保存歷(li)(li)史記憶，更是有助(zhu)于實現(xian)(xian)“望得(de)見(jian)山、看得(de)見(jian)水、記得(de)住鄉愁”的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)實生活需求。

一(yi)、貴州傳統(tong)村落(luo)保(bao)護現狀

貴州省共(gong)有426個(ge)(ge)(ge)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)進入(ru)(ru)(ru)中(zhong)國傳統(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)名(ming)(ming)(ming)錄，占全國的(de)16.7%，在全國排(pai)名(ming)(ming)(ming)第二，僅次于云南。2016年11月，住(zhu)房和城鄉建設部(bu)網站公示第四(si)批中(zhong)國傳統(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)名(ming)(ming)(ming)錄，全國1602個(ge)(ge)(ge)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)列(lie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)，貴州省又有120個(ge)(ge)(ge)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)入(ru)(ru)(ru)選。同時(shi)，據貴州省住(zhu)房和城鄉建設廳資(zi)料顯示，貴州省民(min)族村(cun)(cun)(cun)寨(zhai)較多(duo)，50戶以上(shang)的(de)民(min)族村(cun)(cun)(cun)寨(zhai)約有1萬余個(ge)(ge)(ge)。在國家民(min)委2014年的(de)首批340個(ge)(ge)(ge)中(zhong)國少數民(min)族特色村(cun)(cun)(cun)寨(zhai)命名(ming)(ming)(ming)掛牌(pai)名(ming)(ming)(ming)錄中(zhong)，貴州省有62個(ge)(ge)(ge)少數民(min)族特色村(cun)(cun)(cun)寨(zhai)入(ru)(ru)(ru)選，數量全國最多(duo)。

上世紀(ji)80年(nian)(nian)代初，貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)即(ji)著手開展村(cun)寨調查并進(jin)行(xing)(xing)保護試點工作，建(jian)立(li)了一(yi)批露天(tian)民(min)族(zu)民(min)俗博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)。從上世紀(ji)90年(nian)(nian)代開始，貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省傳統村(cun)落(luo)保護與利(li)用工作進(jin)入(ru)國(guo)際化視(shi)域。“1995年(nian)(nian)，中(zhong)國(guo)和挪威學者組成(cheng)的(de)(de)課(ke)題組對貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省民(min)族(zu)村(cun)寨進(jin)行(xing)(xing)實地考(kao)察，擬籌建(jian)一(yi)種新(xin)型(xing)的(de)(de)文(wen)化機(ji)構――生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)。至2005年(nian)(nian)，相繼建(jian)成(cheng)六枝梭(suo)戛生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)、花溪(xi)鎮山布依族(zu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)、錦(jin)屏隆(long)里古城生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)和黎平(ping)堂安侗(dong)族(zu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)，形成(cheng)了獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)群。”[1]但由(you)于(yu)歷史發展，貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)傳統村(cun)落(luo)的(de)(de)分布極不均衡，大部(bu)分集中(zhong)分布在(zai)東(dong)部(bu)地區，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)在(zai)黔東(dong)南(nan)苗族(zu)侗(dong)族(zu)自治(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)西(xi)南(nan)、東(dong)南(nan)部(bu)分地區[2]，同時省內很(hen)多(duo)(duo)市州(zhou)(zhou)并不重傳統村(cun)落(luo)的(de)(de)保護，很(hen)多(duo)(duo)市州(zhou)(zhou)在(zai)美麗鄉村(cun)建(jian)設時只注重形象工程，追求片面發展，對很(hen)多(duo)(duo)村(cun)落(luo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)統一(yi)“穿衣戴帽”，造成(cheng)了村(cun)莊原始風(feng)貌的(de)(de)破壞。

因此(ci)，從總體而言，由于觀念滯(zhi)后、經費投(tou)入不足、管(guan)理不到(dao)位、無(wu)針對性的管(guan)理保護模式(shi)等諸多(duo)方面原因，貴州省(sheng)傳統(tong)村落(luo)(luo)文化保護雖然取得了一(yi)(yi)定成(cheng)績，但大多(duo)數的傳統(tong)村落(luo)(luo)仍(reng)然面臨消亡的危險，進一(yi)(yi)步加強其保護迫在眉睫，刻不容緩(huan)。

二、貴州(zhou)傳統(tong)村落的文化價(jia)值及文化保護

貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)是(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)多(duo)(duo)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)省(sheng)份，少(shao)數民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)主要有苗族(zu)(zu)(zu)、布依族(zu)(zu)(zu)、侗族(zu)(zu)(zu)、土家族(zu)(zu)(zu)、彝族(zu)(zu)(zu)、仡佬族(zu)(zu)(zu)、水族(zu)(zu)(zu)等17個(ge)(ge)(ge)，少(shao)數民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人口約占全省(sheng)總人口的(de)38%。民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)多(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)，使古(gu)(gu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落呈現(xian)出絢麗多(duo)(duo)彩(cai)的(de)文(wen)化特(te)征(zheng)。吳(wu)正光在(zai)(zai)《領略(lve)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)(gu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落古(gu)(gu)韻》[3]一(yi)文(wen)中從自然(ran)環境、歷史流年(nian)、地域特(te)點、民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)特(te)色(se)(se)、美麗外觀、鮮明(ming)個(ge)(ge)(ge)性(xing)、豐富(fu)的(de)內(nei)涵(han)等方面對貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)的(de)古(gu)(gu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落進(jin)行了詳實的(de)描述。吳(wu)正光認為，形成于元明(ming)清時期(qi)的(de)古(gu)(gu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落，尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)少(shao)數民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)寨，如(ru)花溪青巖鎮、開陽馬頭寨、松桃(tao)寨英、雷山西(xi)江(jiang)鎮、錦屏隆里、黎平肇興(xing)村(cun)(cun)(cun)等，是(shi)(shi)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)最具地方特(te)點和民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)特(te)色(se)(se)的(de)古(gu)(gu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落。李曉蘭在(zai)(zai)《新時期(qi)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)傳(chuan)(chuan)統古(gu)(gu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落的(de)保護(hu)與(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)承》一(yi)文(wen)中從“體(ti)現(xian)了人與(yu)自然(ran)和諧相處的(de)生(sheng)態觀念(nian)、地方歷史文(wen)化的(de)結晶與(yu)積(ji)淀、在(zai)(zai)傳(chuan)(chuan)承傳(chuan)(chuan)統文(wen)化的(de)同時還體(ti)現(xian)了一(yi)定的(de)時代意蘊”等三個(ge)(ge)(ge)方面論述了貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)傳(chuan)(chuan)統村(cun)(cun)(cun)落的(de)文(wen)化價值，貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)古(gu)(gu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)落深刻體(ti)現(xian)了貴(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)各族(zu)(zu)(zu)人民(min)(min)的(de)鄉愁與(yu)記(ji)憶。

從目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)現(xian)狀看(kan)來，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)當(dang)中(zhong)，主(zhu)要(yao)包括村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)開發利(li)用兩方(fang)面(mian)。李松在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《多民(min)(min)族地區(qu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)社會發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思考――以貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)荔波水族村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)寨研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)項目為(wei)例》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)者應(ying)以文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)整體(ti)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視(shi)角(jiao)進入(ru)社區(qu)，充分尊(zun)重村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自治能力和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)監督機(ji)制，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)長期(qi)深(shen)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調查(cha)基(ji)(ji)礎上與(yu)(yu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)共(gong)同謀劃社區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。劉(liu)曉曉等(deng)(deng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《基(ji)(ji)于文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)集體(ti)記(ji)憶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)雷(lei)山控拜村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)實踐(jian)》中(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)雷(lei)山控拜村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)以重建村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)集體(ti)記(ji)憶為(wei)核(he)心，開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)記(ji)錄、村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交流學習、鼓藏文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)凝聚(ju)力調查(cha)和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)習等(deng)(deng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)活(huo)動，實現(xian)了民(min)(min)族村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)“活(huo)態(tai)”遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動態(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)了村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生命力。羅(luo)德(de)啟在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《中(zhong)國貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)族村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)利(li)用》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)提(ti)(ti)供了貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)族村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)實踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些具體(ti)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法，認(ren)(ren)為(wei)應(ying)堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)“保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)為(wei)主(zhu)，搶救第一(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針(zhen)和(he)“有效(xiao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、合(he)(he)理(li)利(li)用、加強管理(li)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策，特(te)別(bie)要(yao)注重民(min)(min)族村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)整體(ti)風貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)與(yu)(yu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)旅游相結合(he)(he)。燕海鳴，杜騫在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《社會學視(shi)野下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)以貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)塘都為(wei)例》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)本身并不是終點(dian)，而是為(wei)解決(jue)更(geng)廣義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三農(nong)問題提(ti)(ti)供一(yi)(yi)種途徑，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)不僅要(yao)面(mian)向文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)，更(geng)是為(wei)維系農(nong)業生產(chan)(chan)和(he)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本秩序。蔣盈(ying)盈(ying)、王紅在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《淺(qian)談貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)族村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)景(jing)觀保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)利(li)用――以花溪鎮(zhen)(zhen)山布(bu)依族村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)寨為(wei)案(an)例》中(zhong)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)綜合(he)(he)性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)景(jing)觀，理(li)順體(ti)制，形成合(he)(he)力，推動傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。袁承蔚等(deng)(deng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《新型城鎮(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)背景(jing)下貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)屯(tun)(tun)堡文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)開發》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)屯(tun)(tun)堡文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)開發需要(yao)堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)“以自組織為(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎，他組織為(wei)引導，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)開發并舉，人文(wen)(wen)與(yu)(yu)生態(tai)和(he)諧可(ke)(ke)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總路(lu)徑”，特(te)別(bie)要(yao)注意屯(tun)(tun)堡村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)人文(wen)(wen)與(yu)(yu)自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)諧可(ke)(ke)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。另外，針(zhen)對(dui)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)知識產(chan)(chan)權保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)景(jing)觀和(he)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)(deng)，都有專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)資料(liao)。

三、貴(gui)州傳統(tong)村(cun)落文(wen)化保護(hu)與美(mei)麗(li)鄉村(cun)建設

“美麗(li)鄉(xiang)村”的(de)概念(nian)雖然最早源于浙江省安吉縣，但從2004年(nian)起，貴(gui)州省就按照“生產發展、生活寬裕、鄉(xiang)風文(wen)明、村容整(zheng)潔、管理(li)民(min)主”的(de)要求，扎(zha)實推進社會主義(yi)(yi)新農(nong)村建(jian)設(she)，大力(li)(li)實施(shi)農(nong)村危房改造，著力(li)(li)推廣(guang)起源于遵義(yi)(yi)市余慶縣的(de)“富在(zai)農(nong)家(jia)，學在(zai)農(nong)家(jia)，樂在(zai)農(nong)家(jia)，美在(zai)農(nong)家(jia)”創建(jian)活動，特別是(shi)2013年(nian)以來全(quan)面實施(shi)“小(xiao)康(kang)(kang)路(lu)、小(xiao)康(kang)(kang)水、小(xiao)康(kang)(kang)房、小(xiao)康(kang)(kang)電(dian)、小(xiao)康(kang)(kang)訊、小(xiao)康(kang)(kang)寨(zhai)”基礎設(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)六項行動計劃，打造了(le)(le)“四在(zai)農(nong)家(jia)”這(zhe)一張亮麗(li)的(de)名(ming)片，唱(chang)響了(le)(le)“四在(zai)農(nong)家(jia)?美麗(li)鄉(xiang)村”這(zhe)一享譽全(quan)國的(de)品牌。

據《貴州省推進美麗鄉村小康寨建設兩年綜述》顯示，“十(shi)二五(wu)”時期，僅僅是貴(gui)州的(de)(de)小康寨行(xing)動計(ji)劃就超額完(wan)成目標任(ren)務(wu)，截(jie)至(zhi)2015年(nian)(nian)10月底(di)，全(quan)省累計(ji)完(wan)成投資75.19億元，項目建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)覆蓋(gai)(gai)近2.6萬個自然村(cun)(cun)(cun)寨。[4]李克明在(zai)《貴(gui)州畢節：美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)成功實踐與目標思考(kao)》[5]一(yi)文中(zhong)總結，近幾年(nian)(nian)畢節市(shi)美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)徑，2007至(zhi)2008年(nian)(nian)起步試(shi)點(dian)、擴點(dian)村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊整治(zhi)，2008至(zhi)2009年(nian)(nian)持續抓了(le)(le)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)危房改造，2009至(zhi)2010年(nian)(nian)重點(dian)推(tui)(tui)行(xing)了(le)(le)黔西(xi)北民居改造和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，2010至(zhi)2011年(nian)(nian)重點(dian)推(tui)(tui)行(xing)了(le)(le)“五(wu)園新村(cun)(cun)(cun)”建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，2011至(zhi)2012年(nian)(nian)重點(dian)推(tui)(tui)進了(le)(le)特色小城鎮建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，2013至(zhi)2014年(nian)(nian)重點(dian)推(tui)(tui)進了(le)(le)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)“兩個硬(ying)化(hua)”建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，2014年(nian)(nian)以來(lai)重點(dian)推(tui)(tui)進了(le)(le)通村(cun)(cun)(cun)水泥路(lu)(lu)（油）路(lu)(lu)等(deng)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)及美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)公(gong)（戶）廁和(he)垃圾(ji)池的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)試(shi)點(dian)。作(zuo)(zuo)為“四在(zai)農家?美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)”的(de)(de)發源地，遵(zun)義市(shi)通過(guo)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)努力創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，全(quan)市(shi)農民受(shou)益率達(da)90%以上(shang)。2014年(nian)(nian)，市(shi)啟(qi)動“四在(zai)農家?美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)”升級(ji)(ji)版創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工作(zuo)(zuo)，新增創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)點(dian)322個。其中(zhong)，按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)全(quan)景(jing)域(yu)理念、4A級(ji)(ji)旅游(you)景(jing)區(qu)標準推(tui)(tui)進33個市(shi)級(ji)(ji)精(jing)品(pin)工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)；完(wan)成6條高速公(gong)路(lu)(lu)沿線林業綠化(hua)美(mei)化(hua)景(jing)觀(guan)通道建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，覆蓋(gai)(gai)120個重要景(jing)觀(guan)節點(dian)、面(mian)積為10481畝(mu)，種(zhong)植(zhi)花草點(dian)37個、面(mian)積達(da)3528畝(mu)。因此(ci)，按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)農業部的(de)(de)美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)“十(shi)大(da)模(mo)式”，貴(gui)州美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)模(mo)式側重于生態保護、環(huan)境整治(zhi)、休閑旅游(you)、文化(hua)傳承這四大(da)類。

隨著(zhu)(zhu)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)加(jia)快(kuai)和新農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)推進(jin)，許(xu)多傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)被湮沒在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現代(dai)化(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)大(da)潮(chao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)省自然也不(bu)例(li)外。為此，貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)省接(jie)連出(chu)臺有關(guan)指導意見，專門就加(jia)強傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)保(bao)(bao)護發展(zhan)工(gong)作進(jin)行(xing)部署安排。通過(guo)近幾年(nian)的(de)不(bu)斷努力，保(bao)(bao)護與發展(zhan)初(chu)見成效。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，通過(guo)大(da)力實施(shi)(shi)“四在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)農(nong)家?美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)”基礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)六項行(xing)動計劃(hua)，幫助民族(zu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)寨(zhai)、傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)改善水(shui)電路、排污等基礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)，扶持發展(zhan)綠色有機種養(yang)等傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)產業和傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)手工(gong)業，讓當地(di)群(qun)眾(zhong)過(guo)上有尊嚴的(de)富裕(yu)生(sheng)活(huo)，自覺保(bao)(bao)持傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)生(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)式和生(sheng)產方(fang)式。因此，夏月華在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)做好(hao)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)保(bao)(bao)護工(gong)作》一文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指出(chu)，如果(guo)我們能夠正確處理(li)好(hao)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)化(hua)與現代(dai)化(hua)之問的(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)做到(dao)規劃(hua)有序、措施(shi)(shi)得(de)當，將保(bao)(bao)護的(de)理(li)念(nian)貫穿(chuan)美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，必能使(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)獲得(de)新的(de)發展(zhan)契機。但文(wen)紅《美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)與貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)化(hua)景(jing)觀保(bao)(bao)護利用(yong)》一文(wen)著(zhu)(zhu)眼于(yu)美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)、新型城鎮(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)等背景(jing)，從不(bu)同(tong)角度提出(chu)了(le)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)省村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)化(hua)景(jing)觀的(de)保(bao)(bao)護方(fang)法及開發模式，認為只要在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)技(ji)術和管理(li)模式上創(chuang)新，村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)文(wen)化(hua)景(jing)觀就完全可以助力美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。陶波則(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《六盤(pan)水(shui)“美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)”建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)與“傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)”保(bao)(bao)護》一文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)從六盤(pan)水(shui)當年(nian)“傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)”零記錄(lu)的(de)現狀(zhuang)反思，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“四在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)農(nong)家?美(mei)(mei)麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)”建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)我們應該(gai)把傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)和非物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產的(de)保(bao)(bao)護納入日(ri)程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)小(xiao)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)和鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)拿出(chu)部分資(zi)金用(yong)于(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)保(bao)(bao)護建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，既留住“鄉(xiang)愁”，又留下文(wen)化(hua)。

綜上所(suo)述(shu)，對于(yu)貴州傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)與(yu)美麗(li)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設(she)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)和(he)發展思路(lu)，目(mu)前的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)已有較為清晰的(de)的(de)認識，但仍存在(zai)著研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)區域(yu)不(bu)平衡(heng)、研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)角度不(bu)全面等(deng)各種問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，如對貴州省傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)在(zai)微觀方面的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，已有的(de)文(wen)(wen)獻主(zhu)要(yao)集中在(zai)黔東南州地區，以侗寨(zhai)(zhai)、苗寨(zhai)(zhai)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)占(zhan)據了大多數，而(er)其他集聚地研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)較少[6]，特別(bie)是(shi)對于(yu)銅仁市(shi)(shi)、遵(zun)義市(shi)(shi)、畢節市(shi)(shi)、六盤水市(shi)(shi)等(deng)地的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)較為匱乏(fa)。另(ling)外，針對傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)法規不(bu)完善、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)與(yu)發展體系缺失、物(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產傳(chuan)承(cheng)(cheng)困(kun)難、美麗(li)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設(she)與(yu)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)產業發展、美麗(li)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設(she)對傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)影響、人(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)改善與(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)原始風貌變遷等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)還較為匱乏(fa)。因此，還需進一步研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)的(de)自然和(he)人(ren)文(wen)(wen)環(huan)境(jing)特點、與(yu)村(cun)(cun)民的(de)內在(zai)關聯，協調好(hao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)與(yu)現實生活(huo)的(de)關系，因地制宜，解(jie)決好(hao)傳(chuan)承(cheng)(cheng)和(he)發展問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，真正(zheng)在(zai)下一步美麗(li)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設(she)升(sheng)級改造過(guo)程中促進傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)的(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)。

參考文獻

[1]宋江(jiang).傳(chuan)統村落保護與(yu)發(fa)展的貴州實踐《中國文物報》2015-12-10

[2]佟玉權，龍花樓(lou).貴州民族傳統村落的空間(jian)分(fen)異因(yin)素 《經濟地(di)理(li)》 第35卷第3期(qi) 2015年3月

[3]吳(wu)正光.《中國(guo)文物科學研究》2013年01期(qi) P23-28

[4]《貴州日報》2015-11-28

篇2

建設美麗(li)鄉村，是(shi)促進(jin)農(nong)村經濟社會科學(xue)發展，提升百(bai)姓(xing)生(sheng)活(huo)品質、加(jia)快(kuai)城鄉融合發展的(de)重大舉措。在維吾(wu)爾傳統(tong)人居(ju)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方面，更需要從課題研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)高度來重視(shi)，通過把(ba)握國(guo)內(nei)外研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)現(xian)狀(zhuang)、選題意義、研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)思(si)路、基本觀點、基本內(nei)容、創(chuang)新(xin)價(jia)值(zhi)等環(huan)節(jie)逐一實(shi)現(xian)。以(yi)便更好地對維吾(wu)爾傳統(tong)人居(ju)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)和優秀(xiu)的(de)地方文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)進(jin)行保(bao)護和傳承(cheng)，這既是(shi)當前美麗(li)鄉村建設在文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳承(cheng)方面提出的(de)具體要求，又是(shi)對村落傳統(tong)建筑環(huan)境和非物質文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產或遺存的(de)保(bao)護和傳承(cheng)。

關鍵詞：

維吾爾傳統村落；人居文化；研(yan)究綜(zong)述

多年以(yi)(yi)來，學(xue)界(jie)對(dui)新疆維(wei)吾爾(er)族建(jian)筑(zhu)、民居(ju)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)裝飾(shi)藝術進行(xing)了大(da)量(liang)研(yan)究(jiu)，成(cheng)果卓著。隨(sui)著經濟社會發(fa)展和城鄉一體化(hua)進程加快，以(yi)(yi)前的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)已不(bu)能(neng)完全適應美麗鄉村建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，對(dui)維(wei)吾爾(er)傳統(tong)村落的(de)(de)(de)傳承與(yu)更(geng)新需要借助于由多元因素構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)人居(ju)文化(hua)理(li)論進行(xing)研(yan)究(jiu)，以(yi)(yi)便于更(geng)科學(xue)合理(li)，宜人宜居(ju)。

一、國(guo)內(nei)外研究的現狀評述

當(dang)前(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)社會(hui)(hui)正(zheng)(zheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)歷(li)著(zhu)一個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉巨變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)問題也逐漸受到(dao)(dao)學(xue)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛(fan)關(guan)注(zhu)，對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究最(zui)早可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)追溯到(dao)(dao)20世紀初，不少學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)從(cong)(cong)社會(hui)(hui)學(xue)、歷(li)史學(xue)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)學(xue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)俗學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度進行了(le)研究。改(gai)革開放以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后，隨著(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)速(su)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)快，學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)們開始對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)進行了(le)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究，如工業化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響（Kirkby，1985），又如從(cong)(cong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度去研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展（Marton，2000；Cook，2007）。20世紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)工業化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅速(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展使得(de)傳統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了(le)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)學(xue)、社會(hui)(hui)學(xue)界遂(sui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)工業化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)背景，試圖概括和(he)(he)(he)(he)總(zong)結中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)變(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律和(he)(he)(he)(he)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。美(mei)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)學(xue)家雷德(de)(de)菲爾德(de)(de)（RobertRedfield）在(zai)(zai)《農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)社會(hui)(hui)與(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)》（1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)）一書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)在(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)是“大(da)傳統(tong)(tong)”，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)是“小(xiao)傳統(tong)(tong)”，并且隨著(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)會(hui)(hui)不可(ke)避免地(di)(di)被(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)所(suo)(suo)蠶食和(he)(he)(he)(he)同化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。之后保(bao)羅•奧(ao)利弗（PaulOliver）在(zai)(zai)著(zhu)作(zuo)《房屋與(yu)(yu)社會(hui)(hui)》（1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)了(le)被(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鄉土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)不僅是當(dang)地(di)(di)而(er)且還(huan)是其他地(di)(di)區(qu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)計者(zhe)(zhe)創作(zuo)靈感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)源泉(quan)。可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan)出(chu)從(cong)(cong)麥吉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉一體(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)概念，到(dao)(dao)雷氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)性(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)研究，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及保(bao)羅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鄉土(tu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)與(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等，都是尊重(zhong)(zhong)不同地(di)(di)區(qu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)進行比較研究，注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)對地(di)(di)區(qu)性(xing)整體(ti)共(gong)性(xing)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析，重(zhong)(zhong)視鄉村(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)位和(he)(he)(he)(he)價值。國(guo)內著(zhu)名學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)劉沛林（1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)）提(ti)(ti)出(chu)了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)想，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)真正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舒適(shi)宜人(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)又可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，必(bi)須(xu)有相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)思想作(zuo)指導。院士王小(xiao)東與(yu)(yu)其博(bo)士生(sheng)宋輝（2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)）通(tong)(tong)過對新疆(jiang)喀什老城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)改(gai)造(zao)與(yu)(yu)更新策(ce)略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回顧，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)改(gai)造(zao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)更新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不能忽視現(xian)(xian)(xian)狀環境和(he)(he)(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)變(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)，要(yao)在(zai)(zai)適(shi)應社會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，保(bao)留(liu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)構(gou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)整體(ti)風貌，使特色得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)傳承，風貌得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重(zhong)(zhong)塑。新疆(jiang)師范大(da)學(xue)李群、李文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)浩等（2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)）在(zai)(zai)進行鄯善縣麻扎阿勒迪村(cun)(cun)規(gui)劃設(she)計實(shi)踐時，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)土(tu)民(min)族建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是生(sheng)態(tai)可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)色環保(bao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，代(dai)表著(zhu)新疆(jiang)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)性(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，承載著(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)物質文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)精(jing)神文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)脈。閆飛（2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)）認(ren)為(wei)(wei)當(dang)前(qian)維吾爾族人(ren)(ren)(ren)居聚落(luo)(luo)"空間"模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)跨越了(le)單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)功能劃分，呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)當(dang)地(di)(di)民(min)族人(ren)(ren)(ren)居文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演進，是區(qu)域性(xing)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、社會(hui)(hui)、心理等各類(lei)因子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。綜上所(suo)(suo)述(shu)，在(zai)(zai)新時期學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)們開始從(cong)(cong)百(bai)姓人(ren)(ren)(ren)居生(sheng)活方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度來(lai)研究農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，但多數(shu)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)都只是從(cong)(cong)國(guo)家宏(hong)觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度來(lai)研究，并未重(zhong)(zhong)點關(guan)注(zhu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)變(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心是“人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)目(mu)前(qian)新型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下，要(yao)注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)對百(bai)姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、生(sheng)活方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)察和(he)(he)(he)(he)研究。基于此，本(ben)項目(mu)將以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)新型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)理論政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)為(wei)(wei)基礎，通(tong)(tong)過對維吾爾傳統(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)野(ye)調查(cha)，深入剖析現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)進程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)百(bai)姓在(zai)(zai)勞作(zuo)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、生(sheng)活方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、精(jing)神需求等人(ren)(ren)(ren)居文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)活方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)遷(qian)(qian)，最(zui)終提(ti)(ti)出(chu)符合現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)新疆(jiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)建(jian)(jian)(jian)議。

二、選題的意義

本(ben)選(xuan)題從新(xin)(xin)時(shi)期維(wei)吾(wu)爾(er)(er)傳(chuan)統村(cun)落變遷(qian)視角入手，借鑒相關(guan)學(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)成(cheng)果(guo)，以田(tian)野研(yan)究(jiu)來進一步加(jia)強對維(wei)吾(wu)爾(er)(er)傳(chuan)統村(cun)落人居(ju)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)了解，進而增(zeng)加(jia)對新(xin)(xin)疆鄉土社(she)會結(jie)構(gou)和地域文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)理解。雖然在城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)背(bei)景下關(guan)于(yu)古村(cun)落的(de)(de)(de)保護和民俗生活(huo)方式(shi)有了不少(shao)研(yan)究(jiu)，但有關(guan)現代化(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)設與維(wei)吾(wu)爾(er)(er)傳(chuan)統村(cun)落人居(ju)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)甚少(shao)，因此本(ben)課(ke)題的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)在現代化(hua)(hua)與傳(chuan)統村(cun)落人居(ju)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)方面(mian)具有一定的(de)(de)(de)理論價值。這(zhe)也(ye)會為地方黨(dang)委(wei)、政(zheng)府及(ji)相關(guan)部門在制定和實施新(xin)(xin)時(shi)期建(jian)(jian)設時(shi)提供一定的(de)(de)(de)理論依據。

三、主要(yao)內容，基本思路和方法，主要(yao)觀點

（一）主要內容

第一(yi)部(bu)分：鋪墊性(xing)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。主要陳述研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的背景、基本概念、研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)思路、研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)法和田野(ye)調查概述等。

第二部分：維(wei)吾爾居(ju)民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)方式(shi)變(bian)遷(qian)。通過(guo)各個角度考(kao)察在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)維(wei)吾爾傳統(tong)村落(luo)百姓生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方式(shi)與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)方式(shi)的變(bian)遷(qian)，其中(zhong)主要包括在(zai)家務農、進程務工、農村幫(bang)工和換工習(xi)俗的變(bian)遷(qian)等(deng)問題(ti)的分析。

第三(san)部分(fen)：維(wei)吾爾(er)傳(chuan)統村(cun)(cun)落(luo)人(ren)居環(huan)境建(jian)(jian)設(she)方式變遷。主要是通過田野調(diao)查資料來展(zhan)示，維(wei)吾爾(er)傳(chuan)統村(cun)(cun)落(luo)所(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境、民(min)居建(jian)(jian)筑材料、建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)態、裝飾藝術特色、營造方式、民(min)俗(su)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)變遷等(deng)等(deng)。主要目的(de)(de)(de)在于探討新時期維(wei)吾爾(er)傳(chuan)統村(cun)(cun)落(luo)人(ren)居文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)變遷的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因以及(ji)對現實生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)影響，為(wei)充分(fen)了解村(cun)(cun)落(luo)人(ren)居文(wen)化(hua)(hua)變遷對于現代化(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)意義，需要以多個(ge)維(wei)吾爾(er)傳(chuan)統村(cun)(cun)落(luo)為(wei)“點”，勾連(lian)成“面”來考察更(geng)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)區域，從而在更(geng)為(wei)全面而深入的(de)(de)(de)個(ge)案研究基礎上形(xing)成科(ke)學理論。

第(di)四部分：新時期(qi)(qi)人居(ju)環境建設中精神需求(qiu)的變遷。通(tong)過對(dui)維吾爾傳統村(cun)落里民(min)間游戲(xi)娛樂習(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)和(he)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)的田野(ye)調(diao)查，分析新時期(qi)(qi)人居(ju)環境建設對(dui)百姓精神需求(qiu)和(he)文(wen)化認同的影(ying)響，并提出對(dui)策。

（二）研究思路

本課題(ti)主要以新時期維(wei)吾(wu)爾傳統村落為(wei)研(yan)究對(dui)象，需要在田野作業的基礎上結合相關成果進(jin)(jin)行理(li)論(lun)思考，與(yu)原有研(yan)究結論(lun)進(jin)(jin)行對(dui)話。從問題(ti)導向(xiang)(xiang)、理(li)論(lun)與(yu)實踐(jian)發(fa)展導向(xiang)(xiang)入(ru)手(shou)，結合國內外相關理(li)論(lun)，界定出維(wei)吾(wu)爾族村落人(ren)居(ju)(ju)文化(hua)概念及(ji)內涵；從目標(biao)導向(xiang)(xiang)和人(ren)居(ju)(ju)文化(hua)要素把握(wo)入(ru)手(shou)，對(dui)維(wei)吾(wu)爾族傳統村落現狀進(jin)(jin)行分析，運用多(duo)學科交叉(cha)綜合研(yan)究法，結合國內外人(ren)居(ju)(ju)文化(hua)相關理(li)論(lun)進(jin)(jin)行研(yan)究。

（三）研究方法

1.文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)研究。通過著作研讀和(he)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)檢索，查閱并(bing)認識己有的相關理論和(he)歷史文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)資料(liao)，對(dui)其(qi)進(jin)行系(xi)統性(xing)梳(shu)理，從(cong)而明確(que)合(he)理地界定概念，解(jie)析其(qi)內涵，把握課題研究整體(ti)性(xing)，保證研究具有前瞻性(xing)和(he)創(chuang)新(xin)性(xing)。

2.調查(cha)研(yan)究(jiu)。采用文(wen)(wen)化人類學(xue)的視野及方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，通過實地考察、參與考察、背景分(fen)析等方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，研(yan)究(jiu)各地村民(min)的行為(wei)模(mo)式(shi)，重(zhong)點分(fen)析傳(chuan)統村落形(xing)成背景、形(xing)式(shi)、特征，傳(chuan)統民(min)居(ju)文(wen)(wen)化及其(qi)本質。明確維(wei)吾爾傳(chuan)統村落人居(ju)文(wen)(wen)化變遷的內外(wai)因素(su)及趨勢。

3.多科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)交(jiao)叉綜(zong)合(he)分析。在調查研(yan)(yan)究基礎(chu)上，從多學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，多角度(du)分析村落(luo)發展現狀，以研(yan)(yan)究目標導向和人居環境要(yao)素把握入手，運用社會學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、民(min)族學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、設(she)計學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、建(jian)筑學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等進行交(jiao)叉綜(zong)合(he)研(yan)(yan)究，對維吾爾傳統(tong)村落(luo)人居文化變遷(qian)進行理(li)論探討，科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)合(he)理(li)地(di)提(ti)出建(jian)議和對策。

（四）主要觀點

1.維(wei)(wei)吾爾傳(chuan)統(tong)村(cun)落在(zai)(zai)其生產生活方式(shi)上具有一定的(de)民俗規約性和(he)(he)社會秩序，在(zai)(zai)現代化建設進程中，百姓(xing)賴以生存(cun)的(de)土地(di)，在(zai)(zai)實行(xing)租賃(lin)、承包等方式(shi)不斷(duan)進行(xing)流轉，因此百姓(xing)的(de)勞作模式(shi)發(fa)生了巨變，百姓(xing)在(zai)(zai)失去土地(di)之后，通過(guo)打工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)制作手(shou)工(gong)(gong)藝品維(wei)(wei)持生活，傳(chuan)統(tong)村(cun)落里百姓(xing)之間的(de)幫工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)換(huan)工(gong)(gong)習俗也逐漸(jian)被物質(zhi)化了。

2.新型(xing)城鎮化(hua)是國家(jia)現(xian)代化(hua)發展(zhan)的必(bi)然趨(qu)勢，運用(yong)多學科(ke)交叉綜合分析(xi)與研究，使方法更科(ke)學，成果更具有可(ke)操作(zuo)性(xing)和(he)創新性(xing)，為建設穩定、和(he)諧、繁榮的現(xian)代化(hua)新疆(jiang)做出(chu)應有貢獻。

四、預(yu)期價值：本(ben)課題理(li)論(lun)創新程(cheng)度或實際應用價值

（一）理論創新

1.對維(wei)吾(wu)爾傳統村落人居文化現狀進行實地調研，運用交叉(cha)學(xue)科綜合研究法對深(shen)層原因進行剖(pou)析，判斷未來發展趨勢，探討推動新時(shi)期維(wei)吾(wu)爾傳統村落人居環(huan)境建設發展的實施策(ce)略與(yu)建議。

2.拓(tuo)展(zhan)學術(shu)研究(jiu)的(de)空間，為(wei)新疆建設(she)具(ju)有(you)現代(dai)地域民族特色的(de)人居(ju)環(huan)境提供(gong)創新性理論基礎。

（二）應用價值

1.以理論(lun)研(yan)究為(wei)基礎(chu)，結合現代(dai)化建設(she)中(zhong)的比(bi)較有特點(dian)的維(wei)吾(wu)爾(er)傳(chuan)統村落進行實證研(yan)究，探索理論(lun)在實踐中(zhong)的應用。

2.為(wei)避免維吾(wu)爾傳(chuan)統村落人居文化生態破壞、發展趨同(tong)、場所精神缺失現象提供參(can)考解(jie)決方案。

總之，對維吾爾傳統村(cun)落人居文化的研究(jiu)不是(shi)一朝一夕的事情，更(geng)需要研究(jiu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)者長期堅(jian)持不懈(xie)的努力。學(xue)院南疆住村(cun)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)組同志兩年(nian)多以來的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)、生活、調研等對課題(ti)研究(jiu)的順(shun)利開展，客觀、科學(xue)的研究(jiu)提供了重要保障(zhang)。

作者：王(wang)小(xiao)冬 單位：昌吉學(xue)院

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篇3

關鍵詞：鄭州；休(xiu)閑農業；發(fa)展；對策

休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是貫穿農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村一、二、三產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，融合(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)活和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功能(neng)，緊密(mi)連結(jie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)加(jia)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、服務業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)形(xing)態(tai)和(he)新(xin)型(xing)消費業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)。近年(nian)來，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)快速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)規模日(ri)趨(qu)壯大、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類型(xing)豐富多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)方式逐步轉(zhuan)變、品(pin)牌建(jian)(jian)設不斷推進(jin)(jin)(jin)，已成(cheng)為統籌城鄉發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)具有重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)戰略意義(yi)，是提(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)效益、增加(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民收入的(de)(de)(de)有效途徑(jing)，是增加(jia)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)容量、促進(jin)(jin)(jin)社會和(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)有效渠道，是傳承農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)耕文(wen)明、弘(hong)揚傳統文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)舉措，是保護生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)、建(jian)(jian)設美麗鄉村的(de)(de)(de)有效手段[1-10]。近年(nian)來，專(zhuan)家(jia)學者針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)論述日(ri)益深入增多(duo)(duo)，王(wang)鋆等[11]在(zai)總(zong)結(jie)前(qian)人研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上對(dui)(dui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)定(ding)義(yi)與(yu)(yu)內涵做了充分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)闡釋；楊華(hua)等[12]對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)鄉村旅游概念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)模糊使(shi)用做了辨析(xi)與(yu)(yu)厘(li)定(ding)；李旭東等[13]對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)以及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級提(ti)出(chu)了相應的(de)(de)(de)觀點與(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)策(ce)。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)概念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，有益于(yu)(yu)幫助產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)梳(shu)理(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)思路；針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)對(dui)(dui)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，有利于(yu)(yu)幫助休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)升級，但具體(ti)到區域的(de)(de)(de)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，因(yin)各地自然條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)和(he)社會經濟條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異性，相應研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)報告提(ti)出(chu)對(dui)(dui)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)遷移性較(jiao)差(cha)。王(wang)繼(ji)東等[14-20]對(dui)(dui)鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)表明了鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)優勢與(yu)(yu)劣勢，申(shen)丹萍[21]對(dui)(dui)豐樂農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)供對(dui)(dui)策(ce)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)，但現(xian)有研究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)對(dui)(dui)鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)指導性不夠(gou)清(qing)晰。鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)是河南省(sheng)會，地處中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)地理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)，是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)交通(tong)樞紐城市(shi)(shi)。得益于(yu)(yu)獨特的(de)(de)(de)地理(li)位置，鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)全國(guo)也(ye)越來越有影響力(li)。筆(bi)者通(tong)過這幾年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務工作的(de)(de)(de)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，對(dui)(dui)鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)所轄縣（市(shi)(shi)）區休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)園(yuan)、休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)樂、休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鄉村和(he)國(guo)家(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)公園(yuan)等多(duo)(duo)種經營形(xing)式進(jin)(jin)(jin)行了實地考察，與(yu)(yu)地方主(zhu)管部門、經營者、從業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人員、帶動農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶以及部分(fen)游客進(jin)(jin)(jin)行了深入交流，總(zong)結(jie)當前(qian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)經驗，剖(pou)析(xi)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題，通(tong)過對(dui)(dui)鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)調查分(fen)析(xi)，結(jie)合(he)鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)源優勢，以期解決鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)存(cun)在(zai)問題，針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)鄭(zheng)(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)未來休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)出(chu)相應的(de)(de)(de)意見建(jian)(jian)議(yi)。

1現狀與問題

近年來，鄭州休閑(xian)農(nong)業呈現出良好的發(fa)展(zhan)態勢，尤其是在改(gai)善農(nong)村（莊(zhuang)園）基礎(chu)設施、促進農(nong)業提質增(zeng)效和農(nong)民致富增(zeng)收上取得了(le)顯著的發(fa)展(zhan)成就。但調研組也(ye)發(fa)現，當(dang)前鄭州休閑(xian)農(nong)業發(fa)展(zhan)的發(fa)展(zhan)環境(jing)還(huan)需要凈化，產業內部的一些突出矛盾和問題(ti)仍有待解決(jue)。

1.1主要成就

鄭州休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發展緊扣現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)和生(sheng)態文明兩大主題，依托農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)特色產業(ye)(ye)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)自然資源，立(li)足“溝通城(cheng)鄉、優化生(sheng)態、服務市民、富(fu)裕農(nong)(nong)(nong)民”，以(yi)挖掘農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)文化內涵、改善(shan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)礎設施、促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)提質增(zeng)效為(wei)抓手(shou)，以(yi)理念創(chuang)新、機制創(chuang)新和模式創(chuang)新為(wei)支撐，著(zhu)力繪制“山、河、溝、嶺、原”美(mei)(mei)麗畫(hua)卷(juan)。鄭州休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)已(yi)初步成為(wei)市民休閑旅游目(mu)的地、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民致富(fu)增(zeng)收平臺、都市現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)樣(yang)板，為(wei)建(jian)設“美(mei)(mei)麗鄭州”做出了重要貢(gong)獻[22-27]。

1.1.1產業(ye)規模(mo)壯大，經營(ying)效(xiao)益提高，帶(dai)動能力(li)增強

據統計，截(jie)至2014年底，鄭州市共有休閑(xian)農業(ye)莊園186家（13.33hm2以上規模型(xing)），特色村(cun)18個，年接待游客超過(guo)(guo)1500萬(wan)人次，年營(ying)業(ye)收入(ru)超過(guo)(guo)18億元，帶動5.9萬(wan)農民(min)致富增收。

1.1.2發展類型多(duo)樣，經營主體多(duo)元，投資(zi)渠(qu)道拓(tuo)寬

鄭(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)各(ge)縣（市、區）結合本地的(de)(de)自(zi)然資源(yuan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)資源(yuan)、地理(li)區位、文(wen)(wen)化底蘊，挖掘鄉土文(wen)(wen)化，注(zhu)重(zhong)文(wen)(wen)化創意，創新發(fa)(fa)展模式(shi)(shi)，形成(cheng)了(le)(le)以休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊、休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)園、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)樂、休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)鄉村和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事(shi)節會(hui)活動(dong)(dong)為(wei)主的(de)(de)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經營(ying)形式(shi)(shi)。中牟國家(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)公(gong)園的(de)(de)建成(cheng)已成(cheng)為(wei)鄭(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)新階段(duan)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要標志(zhi)，并豐富了(le)(le)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展類型。近年(nian)來，鄭(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)市大力推動(dong)(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)耕文(wen)(wen)化依托型、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事(shi)節會(hui)帶動(dong)(dong)型、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)景(jing)觀拉動(dong)(dong)型等(deng)(deng)(deng)多樣化模式(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展，逐步形成(cheng)了(le)(le)集(ji)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)觀光、養(yang)生(sheng)度假(jia)、文(wen)(wen)化傳播、科普教育等(deng)(deng)(deng)多功能的(de)(de)產業(ye)(ye)體系。隨著(zhu)社(she)(she)會(hui)資本大量進(jin)入休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)領域，逐步形成(cheng)了(le)(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶、家(jia)庭農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場、專業(ye)(ye)大戶、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)合作社(she)(she)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)化龍頭企業(ye)(ye)等(deng)(deng)(deng)多元化的(de)(de)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)投資格(ge)局。經營(ying)主體呈現出多元化格(ge)局，投資渠道(dao)不斷拓寬(kuan)，融資能力顯著(zhu)增強(qiang)，促進(jin)了(le)(le)鄭(zheng)州(zhou)(zhou)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展水平(ping)穩定(ding)持(chi)續提(ti)升。

1.1.3內涵不斷豐(feng)富(fu)，功能日趨(qu)完善，品牌持續提升

鄭州各類(lei)休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)業經營(ying)主體充分(fen)挖掘中(zhong)原鄉土文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)，展示農(nong)(nong)耕(geng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)，走特色化(hua)(hua)經營(ying)、差(cha)異(yi)化(hua)(hua)發展、人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)創(chuang)(chuang)意的(de)(de)道路，將中(zhong)原地域特色文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、自然景觀(guan)、人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)遺跡等納(na)入到(dao)經營(ying)范疇，使休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)業內(nei)涵逐漸豐富(fu)。通(tong)過大力發展文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、創(chuang)(chuang)意品牌策劃和文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)消費項目開發，鄭州休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)業逐步形成(cheng)了(le)觀(guan)光、游憩(qi)、娛樂、體驗(yan)、科普(pu)、教育和文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)播的(de)(de)綜合(he)體系，不斷提升了(le)產業功能。近年來，惠濟區(qu)的(de)(de)豐樂農(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)、中(zhong)牟弘(hong)億國(guo)際(ji)莊(zhuang)園、新鄭君(jun)源有(you)機農(nong)(nong)場，以及二(er)七區(qu)的(de)(de)“櫻桃節(jie)”，滎(ying)陽的(de)(de)“河陰石榴節(jie)”，中(zhong)牟的(de)(de)“西瓜節(jie)”、新鄭市的(de)(de)“棗(zao)鄉風情(qing)游”等已經成(cheng)為(wei)具有(you)一定的(de)(de)知名度和影響力的(de)(de)休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)業品牌。

1.1.4休閑主題明確(que)，空間布局(ju)優化(hua)，協(xie)調同步發展

2013年，鄭州市(shi)圍繞都(dou)市(shi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)建設(she)規劃(hua)，立足自(zi)然(ran)(ran)、歷(li)史、人文資源優勢(shi)，結合自(zi)然(ran)(ran)稟賦及(ji)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域內(nei)休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)及(ji)非物質文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產資源，按照布局區(qu)(qu)(qu)域化(hua)(hua)、建設(she)規模化(hua)(hua)、主題特色化(hua)(hua)、市(shi)場差(cha)異化(hua)(hua)，規劃(hua)了(le)五(wu)(wu)大休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)示(shi)(shi)范區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)五(wu)(wu)大精(jing)品線路(lu)。2013年以來，每年組織開展(zhan)“走進(jin)鄉村尋夢田(tian)園”系列主題宣傳推介活(huo)動及(ji)休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)星級示(shi)(shi)范創建評定工作(zuo)。鄭州休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發展(zhan)逐步形成了(le)從休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)與鄉村旅游示(shi)(shi)范點、星級示(shi)(shi)范企(qi)業(ye)，到休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)精(jing)品線路(lu)，再到休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)示(shi)(shi)范區(qu)(qu)(qu)的協同發展(zhan)格局，呈(cheng)現(xian)出點線面同步協調發展(zhan)態勢(shi)。

1.2存(cun)在(zai)的主要問題

鄭州(zhou)休閑農業(ye)(ye)蓬勃發展(zhan)的(de)同時，發展(zhan)環境(jing)和產業(ye)(ye)內部(bu)依然存在一些不容忽視的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

1.2.1規模有(you)待(dai)(dai)壯大(da)，結構(gou)有(you)待(dai)(dai)優(you)化，服(fu)務有(you)待(dai)(dai)提升

鄭州休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)如(ru)雨后春筍般(ban)快速發(fa)展，但產(chan)業(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)依(yi)然較(jiao)小，產(chan)品(pin)總量供給(gei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)。2013年(nian)(nian)鄭州常住人(ren)(ren)(ren)口已經(jing)超過900萬(wan)(wan)，若按人(ren)(ren)(ren)均每年(nian)(nian)2次(ci)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)消費計算，休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)市場規(gui)(gui)模(mo)將超過1800萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)次(ci)，而(er)目前年(nian)(nian)接待規(gui)(gui)模(mo)僅為(wei)1500萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)次(ci)，接待能力尚有(you)(you)近300萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)口，如(ru)果再(zai)加上省內(nei)、省外乃至國(guo)外游客，當前鄭州休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)與龐大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場需求仍有(you)(you)較(jiao)大差距，尤其是在(zai)消費旺季，接待能力不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)更為(wei)突出。休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)結(jie)構還(huan)(huan)(huan)存在(zai)著“小、散、低(di)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，產(chan)業(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)水(shui)(shui)平仍然不(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)。當前休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)莊園低(di)水(shui)(shui)平重(zhong)復建設(she)和同(tong)質化(hua)(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)較(jiao)為(wei)嚴重(zhong)，內(nei)部各(ge)(ge)行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)程度不(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)，制約了行業(ye)(ye)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理分工(gong)，各(ge)(ge)個(ge)主(zhu)體(ti)都比較(jiao)重(zhong)視自身內(nei)部資源，但對相互間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分工(gong)協作還(huan)(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠重(zhong)視，多數(shu)未(wei)能形成產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈共生關系，難以獲得專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)分工(gong)效(xiao)率，還(huan)(huan)(huan)會形成同(tong)行業(ye)(ye)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡性競爭[28-29]。服(fu)務(wu)接待水(shui)(shui)平有(you)(you)待提(ti)高(gao)，休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)莊內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導引、休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)息、安全(quan)、衛生、消防、娛樂、餐(can)飲等(deng)服(fu)務(wu)設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)與管理還(huan)(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)完善，從業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員服(fu)務(wu)離專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)水(shui)(shui)平還(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)相當大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距，員工(gong)缺(que)少職業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)育或專門培訓(xun)，餐(can)飲服(fu)務(wu)、客房管理、接待禮儀、導游講解等(deng)水(shui)(shui)平有(you)(you)待提(ti)升[30-32]。

1.2.2產品品位(wei)不高，內容農味不足(zu)，項目(mu)內涵(han)不豐(feng)富(fu)

項目內(nei)容上(shang)農(nong)(nong)耕文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵不(bu)(bu)突出(chu)，中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地域特(te)色、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特(te)色缺(que)乏(fa)，品(pin)味不(bu)(bu)高。農(nong)(nong)莊當中(zhong)較多(duo)效仿西方(fang)都市(shi)風格，讓農(nong)(nong)莊成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)縮(suo)小版的(de)(de)都市(shi)，或(huo)者(zhe)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)土(tu)不(bu)(bu)洋的(de)(de)“混搭”，中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)消失殆(dai)盡。產品(pin)結構單(dan)一，以吃住為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)觀光(guang)型居多(duo)，缺(que)乏(fa)農(nong)(nong)業休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)體驗項目，農(nong)(nong)味嚴重不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)[33]。未能(neng)深入(ru)挖掘(jue)農(nong)(nong)業產業文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)資源，民俗(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵不(bu)(bu)夠，產品(pin)功能(neng)主(zhu)要(yao)以滿(man)足(zu)(zu)游(you)客物(wu)質需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，缺(que)乏(fa)滿(man)足(zu)(zu)精神層面需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)產品(pin)和(he)氛圍(wei)，難以滿(man)足(zu)(zu)游(you)客對(dui)“游(you)”、“娛(yu)”、“養”的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，導致游(you)客停留時(shi)間短，單(dan)體消費少(shao)，對(dui)帶動農(nong)(nong)民致富增收的(de)(de)作用有(you)限(xian)[34-36]。鄭州(zhou)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)業承載著中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)農(nong)(nong)業文(wen)(wen)明，要(yao)能(neng)留得住鄉愁(chou)，就要(yao)使(shi)農(nong)(nong)莊鄉味更香，農(nong)(nong)味更濃。鄭州(zhou)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)民俗(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)豐富多(duo)彩，如豫劇表演、剪紙(zhi)等(deng)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)手(shou)工藝、傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)習俗(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、農(nong)(nong)事節會(hui)等(deng)，但沒有(you)得到很(hen)好的(de)(de)發掘(jue)和(he)利用。滿(man)眼望去(qu)盡是現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)和(he)過分人工化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)觀光(guang)園，看不(bu)(bu)到農(nong)(nong)村的(de)(de)古樸與原(yuan)(yuan)生態、看不(bu)(bu)到農(nong)(nong)村的(de)(de)民風民俗(su)，感受不(bu)(bu)到農(nong)(nong)味[37-42]。

1.2.3項目規(gui)劃滯后，扶持政策不足，規(gui)范亟需出臺

從整(zheng)體上(shang)看，鄭(zheng)州休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)莊園規(gui)劃經(jing)(jing)費(fei)投(tou)入不足(zu)，規(gui)劃質量差，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃與建設(she)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)不協調(diao)，導(dao)致規(gui)劃難以實施(shi)，許(xu)多規(gui)劃僅僅“紙上(shang)畫畫，墻上(shang)掛掛”。部分休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)營者(zhe)缺乏前(qian)期(qi)規(gui)劃論(lun)證，加上(shang)后期(qi)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)跟不上(shang)，導(dao)致部分項目沒有(you)(you)實現合理開(kai)發(fa)，土(tu)地(di)閑(xian)置(zhi)現象比(bi)較普(pu)遍。當前(qian)鄭(zheng)州市財政每年用于(yu)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)扶持資(zi)(zi)金已(yi)達(da)3000萬(wan)元，但(dan)這(zhe)些資(zi)(zi)金對(dui)于(yu)全市的(de)(de)(de)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)主體帶(dai)動還是(shi)有(you)(you)限的(de)(de)(de)。目前(qian)政府和(he)行(xing)業(ye)協會對(dui)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)行(xing)業(ye)標(biao)準和(he)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)有(you)(you)待細(xi)化。由(you)于(yu)缺乏必要的(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)，組織能力及管(guan)理技(ji)能準備不足(zu)，經(jing)(jing)營者(zhe)憑(ping)著自己的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)對(dui)莊園的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)及經(jing)(jing)營管(guan)理做出(chu)決策(ce)，明(ming)顯(xian)跟不上(shang)消費(fei)市場發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)要求，在(zai)充分利用區域優勢資(zi)(zi)源，有(you)(you)效整(zheng)合空間，優化生態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)，彰(zhang)顯(xian)特色方(fang)面比(bi)較滯后。

2發展定位與目標

經過(guo)“十二五”時期的快速(su)發展，鄭州休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)業已經進入(ru)了一個新(xin)的起點上。在(zai)新(xin)常態下，進一步(bu)加快休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)業發展步(bu)伐，不僅要(yao)鞏固產業基礎，解決目(mu)前存在(zai)的問題，還要(yao)進一步(bu)明確未(wei)來發展的戰略定位(wei)，把握發展的基本方(fang)向，樹立清晰(xi)的發展目(mu)標。

2.1戰略定位

鄭州擁有悠久的(de)(de)(de)歷史、燦爛的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)、豐富的(de)(de)(de)地貌、便捷的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通等獨特優勢，根據農業(ye)部提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)“以農為(wei)本、科(ke)學(xue)規劃，因地制宜(yi)、突出(chu)特色，規范管(guan)理、強化(hua)(hua)服務，政(zheng)府引導、多方參(can)與，保(bao)護(hu)環境、持續(xu)發展(zhan)(zhan)”的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)要(yao)求，鄭州應確立“聚傳統(tong)華夏文明，鑄(zhu)休閑農業(ye)輝(hui)煌(huang)”的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)體定位。鄭州休閑農業(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)要(yao)與美麗鄉村建設結(jie)(jie)合(he)，與農業(ye)產業(ye)提(ti)升(sheng)結(jie)(jie)合(he)，與城市(shi)和諧發展(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)(jie)合(he)，與農民增收致富結(jie)(jie)合(he)，要(yao)成為(wei)建設美麗鄉村的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)基礎，實現(xian)農業(ye)現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)抓手，推進新型(xing)城鎮化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)手段(duan)，全面建成小康社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)保(bao)障(zhang)[43-46]。

2.2總體思路

按照鄭州休閑農業(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)總體定(ding)位，依據“以農耕(geng)文化為(wei)(wei)(wei)魂，以美麗田園為(wei)(wei)(wei)韻(yun)，以生態農業(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基，以創(chuang)新創(chuang)造為(wei)(wei)(wei)徑，以古樸村落為(wei)(wei)(wei)形，以強村富民為(wei)(wei)(wei)本”發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)總體思路，對(dui)(dui)鄭州市不(bu)(bu)同(tong)地區(qu)(qu)、不(bu)(bu)同(tong)休閑農業(ye)企業(ye)所(suo)擁(yong)有的(de)人文歷史文化和自(zi)然(ran)風貌進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)深入研究、挖(wa)掘、整理(li)，對(dui)(dui)產業(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)依托(tuo)的(de)區(qu)(qu)域經濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平和農業(ye)產業(ye)特(te)點(dian)等進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)摸查，對(dui)(dui)現有的(de)經營項目進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)合理(li)分類，統(tong)籌考慮，確定(ding)每(mei)種類型的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)定(ding)位和建(jian)設重點(dian)，科學規(gui)劃，有序推進(jin)(jin)(jin)[16,18-19,47-54]。

2.2.1以(yi)農(nong)耕文(wen)化為魂

要(yao)加強中(zhong)原(yuan)農業文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產的(de)(de)發掘(jue)保(bao)護。中(zhong)原(yuan)農耕文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)中(zhong)華傳(chuan)統(tong)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)部分，是(shi)主(zhu)導(dao)鄭州休(xiu)閑農業發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)靈魂(hun)(hun)所在。要(yao)提高保(bao)護意識，完善保(bao)護機制，深挖科學內涵，著力發掘(jue)保(bao)護好祖先留下的(de)(de)寶貴財富，找出統(tong)攝休(xiu)閑農業發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之魂(hun)(hun)、趣味(wei)之魂(hun)(hun)。

2.2.2以田園(yuan)風(feng)光為韻

要進一步(bu)加(jia)強(qiang)保護(hu)建(jian)設，把美麗(li)田園納入基(ji)本農(nong)田或永久農(nong)田，加(jia)以珍惜和保護(hu)。強(qiang)化動(dong)態管(guan)理，把創建(jian)過程(cheng)(cheng)與美麗(li)田園的(de)(de)打(da)造相(xiang)結合，真正使(shi)那(nei)些田園美、山水美、人(ren)文(wen)美的(de)(de)典型在(zai)休閑(xian)農(nong)業發展過程(cheng)(cheng)中凸顯出來。

2.2.3以生(sheng)態(tai)農業(ye)為基

要把休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業發展與(yu)生態保(bao)護有機結合(he)，推(tui)進農(nong)村資源環境的(de)保(bao)護利用。相互依存(cun)、相生共榮的(de)好環境，天(tian)人共美、各美其美的(de)好生態，天(tian)藍地(di)凈(jing)、山青水(shui)綠(lv)的(de)和諧(xie)美，是鄭州(zhou)休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業賴以生存(cun)發展的(de)根(gen)本所在。

2.2.4以創(chuang)新創(chuang)造為(wei)徑

要(yao)提(ti)高農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)領域(yu)的創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)意與設計水(shui)平，推進農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)與文化(hua)、科技、生態、旅游(you)的融合。針對鄭州休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)中存在的服務功能單一、經營(ying)形式雷(lei)同、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)意人才缺乏等(deng)問題(ti)，要(yao)切實引導休閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經營(ying)主體提(ti)高創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)意策劃(hua)水(shui)平，扎實推進創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)意農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的策劃(hua)設計。

2.2.5以古樸村落(luo)為形(xing)

要(yao)以美麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)建設為抓手，切實(shi)推進古(gu)樸(pu)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)的(de)保(bao)護開發工作。古(gu)樸(pu)村(cun)(cun)落(luo)凝(ning)聚著古(gu)人“天人合一”的(de)智(zhi)慧(hui)，不(bu)僅有美學價值，而且是鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)文明的(de)載體，是休(xiu)閑農業的(de)軟實(shi)力，對(dui)完善(shan)美麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)建設規(gui)劃、提高城市建設水(shui)平具有重要(yao)意義。

2.2.6以強村富民為(wei)本(ben)

要以壯大村(cun)集體(ti)經濟和促進農(nong)民致富增收為發展休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)的根本目(mu)的，著力壯大休(xiu)閑鄉(xiang)村(cun)實(shi)力，大力發展農(nong)家樂集群。在保障鄉(xiang)村(cun)集體(ti)權益和確保農(nong)民主體(ti)地位不變的前提下，有序引入社會資本，推(tui)動當地休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)和鄉(xiang)村(cun)旅游的提檔升(sheng)級。

2.3發展目標

堅持把農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)文(wen)化遺(yi)產、歷史(shi)古村(cun)(cun)古寨(zhai)、特(te)色民(min)居(ju)民(min)俗等作為歷史(shi)文(wen)化資源和(he)景(jing)觀(guan)資源加(jia)(jia)以開發(fa)(fa)利(li)用，實(shi)現在發(fa)(fa)掘中保護(hu)、在利(li)用中傳承的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)則，保護(hu)古建筑、原(yuan)(yuan)生態(tai)，著重突(tu)出中原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)化特(te)色，合理規劃(hua)建設，使(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)生活、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)生態(tai)和(he)自然山水、文(wen)化傳承相協(xie)調，逐步(bu)打造“河南休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)先行區(qu)”和(he)“全國休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)示范區(qu)”。未(wei)來休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)要通過穩步(bu)擴大產業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規模，著力提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)產品品位，加(jia)(jia)強休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)各(ge)業(ye)態(tai)有機整合，推進休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)與(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)一、二、三(san)產業(ye)融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)產業(ye)價值，帶動(dong)鄉村(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)致富增(zeng)收(shou)[55-59]。

2.3.1產業規模(mo)持續擴大

通過推進農村一(yi)、二、三產業(ye)(ye)融合發展，促進休閑(xian)農業(ye)(ye)與其他產業(ye)(ye)的(de)聯結(jie)，使發展類型更加豐(feng)富，經營項目更加多樣，促進產業(ye)(ye)規模持續擴(kuo)大，加速(su)休閑(xian)農業(ye)(ye)實體和(he)一(yi)定規模以(yi)上的(de)休閑(xian)農業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)數量增(zeng)加，實現(xian)接待人次(ci)和(he)經營收入持續增(zeng)長。

2.3.2產業結構不斷優化

建設一批規模大(da)、產業(ye)基礎強、服務(wu)功能全(quan)、經(jing)營效益(yi)好、游客(ke)滿意(yi)度高的(de)休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)星級示范點；形(xing)成在全(quan)國范圍(wei)內(nei)具有較高知名(ming)度的(de)休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)片；實現休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)的(de)規范經(jing)營、科學發展(zhan)，促進鄭州農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村經(jing)濟更好發展(zhan)。

2.3.3區域布局更趨合理

結合區(qu)位、資源稟賦、歷(li)史文化(hua)等(deng)(deng)條件，鄭州各種休閑農業發展類型因地制宜，由城市郊(jiao)區(qu)和名勝景區(qu)周邊向(xiang)傳統農區(qu)等(deng)(deng)適宜區(qu)域(yu)發展，形成(cheng)獨具特色的中原休閑農業集(ji)群發展格(ge)局。

2.3.4農民(min)收入不斷(duan)增(zeng)加

休閑農(nong)(nong)業是(shi)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)就業增收的重要產(chan)業。通過提(ti)升產(chan)業的帶動能力和輻(fu)射(she)能力，促進農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)就業增收，實(shi)現直接從事休閑農(nong)(nong)業經營的農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)收入(ru)比本(ben)地一般農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)高(gao)出一倍以上，收入(ru)增長(chang)速度(du)明顯(xian)高(gao)于本(ben)地一般農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)收入(ru)增長(chang)平均速度(du)。

3發展思路與(yu)重點任務

在未(wei)來(lai)發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)，鄭州休閑(xian)農業建設要(yao)穩步(bu)提升休閑(xian)農園(yuan)，規(gui)范發(fa)(fa)展休閑(xian)農莊，大力發(fa)(fa)展農家(jia)樂集(ji)聚(ju)村。

3.1穩步提升休閑農園

針對休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)園建設(she)和發展(zhan)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)較低的現實，要(yao)圍繞休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)、養生、度(du)假功(gong)能(neng)，開展(zhan)園區的規劃與建設(she)，提(ti)升建園水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、景觀水(shui)(shui)平(ping)和服務水(shui)(shui)平(ping)。一是壯大(da)規模(mo)，凸顯特(te)色。采用(yong)新(xin)品種(zhong)新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)，開展(zhan)特(te)色農(nong)產品的種(zhong)植和生產加工，做大(da)規模(mo)，形成特(te)色鮮明的景觀，為(wei)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)園經營提(ti)供(gong)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)種(zhong)植基(ji)礎。二(er)是優化(hua)(hua)(hua)布(bu)局，美(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)環(huan)(huan)境。重(zhong)點圍繞休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)功(gong)能(neng)優化(hua)(hua)(hua)園區空間布(bu)局，形成曲徑通(tong)幽的休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)體(ti)驗環(huan)(huan)境，打造休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的農(nong)業(ye)(ye)園區。三是完善(shan)設(she)施(shi)，拓(tuo)展(zhan)服務。完善(shan)園區休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)服務設(she)施(shi)，拓(tuo)展(zhan)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)功(gong)能(neng)，提(ti)高服務水(shui)(shui)平(ping)，強化(hua)(hua)(hua)包裝宣傳為(wei)切入點，充實和提(ti)升休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)觀光、農(nong)事體(ti)驗、科普教育、娛樂(le)健身、度(du)假養生等休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)內容(rong)，為(wei)休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)提(ti)供(gong)多(duo)重(zhong)便(bian)利(li)[60]。

3.2規范發(fa)展休閑農(nong)莊(zhuang)

針對休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)無(wu)序發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)致(zhi)(zhi)富和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)不力(li)(li)的(de)現實，要以(yi)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)為(wei)(wei)重點(dian)(dian)(dian)，加強(qiang)(qiang)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)的(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。一是(shi)嚴格準入(ru)(ru)機(ji)制和(he)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)。嚴格執(zhi)行資(zi)源利用和(he)環(huan)境保(bao)護、規(gui)(gui)劃建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)、產業要素(su)配置、安全(quan)和(he)衛生(sheng)管(guan)理(li)、組織機(ji)構設(she)(she)(she)置等方(fang)面的(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)要求，嚴格休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)準入(ru)(ru)機(ji)制。以(yi)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)星級評定為(wei)(wei)抓手(shou)，加強(qiang)(qiang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)標準和(he)服(fu)務水平(ping)要求，規(gui)(gui)范(fan)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)和(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，確(que)保(bao)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)的(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)經營和(he)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。二是(shi)以(yi)市場(chang)為(wei)(wei)導向(xiang)提(ti)高競爭(zheng)(zheng)能(neng)力(li)(li)。堅持(chi)(chi)現代(dai)市場(chang)機(ji)制驅動(dong)(dong)，提(ti)高休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)的(de)自我發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)能(neng)力(li)(li)，要重點(dian)(dian)(dian)加強(qiang)(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)景(jing)區(qu)化(hua)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)和(he)特(te)色化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，切實增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)的(de)市場(chang)競爭(zheng)(zheng)能(neng)力(li)(li)。三是(shi)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)輻射(she)能(neng)力(li)(li)。強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)力(li)(li)，以(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)企業為(wei)(wei)核心，以(yi)周邊(bian)生(sheng)產基(ji)地為(wei)(wei)支撐(cheng)，打造“企業+基(ji)地+農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶”的(de)聯動(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)模式，形(xing)成休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)與周邊(bian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村之(zhi)間較強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)產業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)聯結機(ji)制，帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)周邊(bian)地區(qu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)致(zhi)(zhi)富[61-63]。休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)莊(zhuang)通過創意、創新(xin)可(ke)以(yi)圍(wei)繞某一主題，人為(wei)(wei)創建(jian)(jian)出一個可(ke)供游樂的(de)景(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。如“看(kan)漲臺”、“點(dian)(dian)(dian)將臺”、“官渡之(zhi)戰古戰場(chang)”、“朝陽溝(gou)原(yuan)形(xing)遺址”等吸引游人前往。

3.3大力(li)發(fa)展農(nong)家樂(le)集聚村(cun)

針(zhen)對農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)樂(le)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)嚴重滯(zhi)后(hou)的(de)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)，要進(jin)一步鼓勵(li)(li)農(nong)民合理開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)自(zi)(zi)有資源，加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)經營條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)環境建(jian)設(she)，增強(qiang)規(gui)(gui)范服(fu)務(wu)意(yi)識，提高品質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)品位。一是(shi)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)政策(ce)扶(fu)助和(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)劃引導。通(tong)過(guo)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)資源開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀建(jian)設(she)，為(wei)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)樂(le)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)提供更多文化(hua)(hua)(hua)創(chuang)(chuang)意(yi)元素。二是(shi)加(jia)(jia)速集(ji)(ji)中布局。圍(wei)(wei)(wei)繞(rao)重點(dian)(dian)景(jing)(jing)(jing)區、道路等，開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)集(ji)(ji)中布局，推進(jin)積聚(ju)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，放大休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)積聚(ju)效應(ying)。三(san)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)規(gui)(gui)范引導。結合農(nong)業部《農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)樂(le)設(she)施與服(fu)務(wu)規(gui)(gui)范》，加(jia)(jia)快制定鄭(zheng)州(zhou)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)樂(le)（休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)）發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)(gui)范和(he)(he)星(xing)級評定標準，推進(jin)建(jian)設(she)和(he)(he)服(fu)務(wu)標準化(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)設(she)，促進(jin)規(gui)(gui)范發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，鼓勵(li)(li)農(nong)民在(zai)更高水(shui)平上實(shi)現(xian)(xian)致富增收(shou)[64-67]。鄭(zheng)州(zhou)農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)樂(le)集(ji)(ji)聚(ju)村(cun)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)理念可以(yi)借鑒臺灣(wan)民宿的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)經驗，重點(dian)(dian)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)繞(rao)無(wu)景(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)旅(lv)游進(jin)行。所謂無(wu)景(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)旅(lv)游，就是(shi)游客到(dao)了一個陌生的(de)地(di)方(fang)并不會(hui)去逛(guang)景(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)，而是(shi)一種(zhong)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)、自(zi)(zi)愿、自(zi)(zi)助、自(zi)(zi)由的(de)休(xiu)閑(xian)游。現(xian)(xian)代人旅(lv)游更注重品質(zhi)(zhi)、休(xiu)閑(xian)、舒適、靈活(huo)，更講究精神內涵，更愿意(yi)彰顯個性和(he)(he)獨立，不愿扎(zha)堆(dui)，不愿走形式。圍(wei)(wei)(wei)繞(rao)這一特點(dian)(dian)，農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)樂(le)可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)創(chuang)(chuang)意(yi)、創(chuang)(chuang)新，圍(wei)(wei)(wei)繞(rao)某一主(zhu)題人為(wei)創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)出一個可供游樂(le)的(de)地(di)點(dian)(dian)。可供借鑒的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新、創(chuang)(chuang)意(yi)形式主(zhu)要有以(yi)下幾種(zhong)。

3.3.1改造老房子

基本原則是“一切皆可為我所用，沒(mei)有(you)一件廢物”。老(lao)房(fang)子(zi)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)稀(xi)少，老(lao)房(fang)子(zi)本身(shen)就是稀(xi)缺的旅游(you)資源。因此，保留老(lao)房(fang)子(zi)的外貌，賦(fu)予(yu)它(ta)現代化的內涵，這是吸引游(you)客的一個(ge)重點。

3.3.2展(zhan)示(shi)老(lao)物件(jian)

基本(ben)原(yuan)則(ze)是“一切皆可為我(wo)所用，這里有(you)你想(xiang)不到(dao)的稀罕物”。收(shou)集(ji)各(ge)種(zhong)農村(cun)以(yi)前使(shi)用過的生活用品(pin)、娛樂用品(pin)、農具工具、牲畜(chu)用品(pin)，開(kai)設老物件展(zhan)覽館。

3.3.3演示老手(shou)藝

基本原則(ze)是“一(yi)(yi)切皆可(ke)為我所用，這些都不僅出現在回(hui)憶(yi)中”。貫(guan)穿(chuan)農(nong)村生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活的老(lao)手藝，如榨油、打(da)鐵、織(zhi)布(bu)(bu)、點豆(dou)腐、納(na)鞋底(di)、剪紙(zhi)、剃頭、捏面(mian)人、糊燈籠(long)、補鍋、修傘(san)、染布(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)及各種(zhong)編織(zhi)刺繡(xiu)、傳統(tong)小吃、木工(gong)(gong)、泥瓦工(gong)(gong)等，都應(ying)當(dang)挖掘開(kai)發進(jin)行(xing)展示體(ti)驗。為了增(zeng)加體(ti)驗活動(dong)，增(zeng)強互動(dong)性、參與性、娛樂性，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)現場展示，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)傳授(shou)體(ti)驗。一(yi)(yi)個農(nong)村老(lao)人就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)操(cao)作幾(ji)十(shi)樣手藝，如果老(lao)手藝過(guo)于偏門，先找懂行(xing)的農(nong)村老(lao)人培訓，然后讓企業員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)代(dai)為傳授(shou)。

4對策措施

4.1完善休(xiu)閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業扶持政策體系設立(li)專項扶持資金，重點用于(yu)(yu)(yu)休(xiu)閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業莊(zhuang)園(yuan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)樂(le)特(te)色(se)村(cun)基礎服務設施(shi)提升和精品(pin)線(xian)路(lu)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事節會(hui)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)宣傳(chuan)推(tui)介工作(zuo)。項目建設補助資金主(zhu)要分(fen)兩塊(kuai)，一是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要用于(yu)(yu)(yu)休(xiu)閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業莊(zhuang)園(yuan)的(de)(de)基礎設施(shi)、鄉村(cun)民俗展覽館、公(gong)共衛生(sheng)間(jian)(jian)、果(guo)蔬花卉廊亭(ting)、標識標牌等建設；二是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)樂(le)特(te)色(se)村(cun)中農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)樂(le)外部(bu)的(de)(de)環境(jing)整(zheng)治、美化綠化，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)樂(le)內部(bu)即餐廳、客(ke)房、衛生(sheng)間(jian)(jian)、廚(chu)房間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)改造(zao)(zao)，消防(fang)、安(an)全(quan)設施(shi)的(de)(de)建設等。三(san)是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要用于(yu)(yu)(yu)全(quan)市休(xiu)閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業品(pin)牌的(de)(de)宣傳(chuan)、精品(pin)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事節會(hui)打造(zao)(zao)等活(huo)動(dong)。

4.2制定(ding)休(xiu)閑農業(ye)(ye)(ye)準(zhun)(zhun)入機(ji)制和服務(wu)規范標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)根據(ju)各(ge)區(qu)（縣）發(fa)展(zhan)實(shi)際，制定(ding)休(xiu)閑農業(ye)(ye)(ye)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)準(zhun)(zhun)入標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)[68-70]。通過項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)，從運行(xing)(xing)機(ji)制、經營(ying)場所、接待(dai)設(she)施(shi)、內部規章制度、會計核算、人力資源(yuan)、安(an)全生(sheng)產(chan)、環境保護、服務(wu)質量(liang)等多(duo)個方面，加強(qiang)對休(xiu)閑農業(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)主體行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的管理(li)，做好對休(xiu)閑農業(ye)(ye)(ye)星級評定(ding)、財政專(zhuan)項(xiang)資金扶持項(xiang)目(mu)的立(li)項(xiang)審批、指(zhi)導協(xie)調、組(zu)織驗收、監督(du)管理(li)等工作。加強(qiang)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)律和服務(wu)組(zu)織建設(she)，鼓(gu)勵(li)發(fa)展(zhan)協(xie)會等中介組(zu)織和農民(min)旅游專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)合作社(she)，發(fa)揮社(she)團組(zu)織作用，規范競爭行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，促進休(xiu)閑農業(ye)(ye)(ye)良性發(fa)展(zhan)。

4.3加強(qiang)對休(xiu)閑(xian)農業(ye)(ye)經(jing)營(ying)者和從業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)培(pei)訓(xun)。加強(qiang)人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)訓(xun)，提高從業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)素質，逐步把從業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)培(pei)養成(cheng)(cheng)具有現(xian)代經(jing)營(ying)理(li)念、善于經(jing)營(ying)管理(li)、掌(zhang)握服務技能和營(ying)銷手段的(de)新型實(shi)用(yong)人(ren)才(cai)。組織基層管理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)和經(jing)營(ying)者到臺(tai)灣等(deng)休(xiu)閑(xian)農業(ye)(ye)發達地(di)區進行實(shi)地(di)參觀考察，拓寬視野(ye)，增長(chang)見識，推動鄭州休(xiu)閑(xian)農業(ye)(ye)創特色、上臺(tai)階，早(zao)日(ri)成(cheng)(cheng)為河南省乃至全國現(xian)代農業(ye)(ye)發展和美(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)村建設(she)的(de)典范。

作(zuo)者:朱(zhu)桂霞 史(shi)亞軍 單位:鄭州(zhou)市農業技術推廣中心(xin) 北京農學院都市農業研究(jiu)所(suo)

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篇4

【關鍵詞】特色小鎮；東(dong)大鎮；低碳旅游

0 前言

旅游特(te)色小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)作(zuo)為(wei)供給側結(jie)構性改革的新實踐和旅游二次創業的推動力(li)，越(yue)來越(yue)受到政府和市場的關注，城郊旅游小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)作(zuo)為(wei)旅游小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)開(kai)發(fa)最為(wei)活躍的類型之(zhi)一，具有(you)(you)極(ji)大的發(fa)展(zhan)潛力(li)。浙江是特(te)色小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)的發(fa)源地(di)，享(xiang)譽(yu)全國的有(you)(you)互(hu)聯網小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、夢想小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、基金小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、云棲小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)等，是規劃與設(she)計領域的一種創新品類。和“互(hu)聯網+”一樣，“特(te)色小(xiao)(xiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)+”與“一鎮(zhen)(zhen)+一業”日后一定會成為(wei)中國和部分地(di)區傳統產(chan)業結(jie)構轉型升級的容器(qi)和利器(qi)。

東(dong)大(da)鎮(zhen)隸屬于(yu)陜西省(sheng)西安(an)市長安(an)區，距(ju)城區21千(qian)米，處(chu)在城鄉接合部，鎮(zhen)內(nei)地熱資源豐富，景點有(you)溫(wen)泉浴、高冠峪瀑布和(he)祥(xiang)峪旅游度假區等，秀(xiu)麗(li)的(de)自然風光、深(shen)厚的(de)人文(wen)歷史和(he)顯著的(de)區位優(you)勢彰(zhang)顯著東(dong)大(da)鎮(zhen)旅游業的(de)獨特魅(mei)力。借鑒浙江省(sheng)特色小鎮(zhen)打造經驗，依據自身資源優(you)勢，以(yi)“特色小鎮(zhen)”理念引領東(dong)大(da)鎮(zhen)旅游發展，在今后一段時期內(nei)將(jiang)具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)的(de)實(shi)踐意(yi)義。

1 相關研究綜述

目(mu)前(qian)國內學(xue)者對(dui)低碳(tan)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)較多，蔡(cai)萌，汪宇明指(zhi)出(chu)低碳(tan)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)：一種新的(de)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)(fang)式，為生態文(wen)明新時代背景下的(de)可(ke)持續旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)(fang)式提(ti)供了(le)新的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)指(zhi)向。王潤等(deng)以福建省平潭島(dao)為規劃案例，從(cong)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)交通、旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)住宅、旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)活動等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面闡述(shu)，說明了(le)低碳(tan)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)規劃設計的(de)要點。丁金華，陳雅B，胡中(zhong)慧(hui)，韓雨薇(wei)以黎里鎮朱家灣村(cun)為例，在低碳(tan)理念的(de)指(zhi)導(dao)下，從(cong)自然景觀、聚居空間和行為模式三(san)方(fang)(fang)面梳理低碳(tan)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)與鄉(xiang)村(cun)景觀更新的(de)關系。李小明等(deng)對(dui)江蘇(su)省丹(dan)陽市飛(fei)達村(cun)低碳(tan)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)社區(qu)的(de)構建進(jin)行了(le)研(yan)究(jiu)。陳方(fang)(fang)麗，王錦良對(dui)浙江溫(wen)州低碳(tan)小鎮建設探析(xi)，提(ti)出(chu)生態、生產、生活“三(san)生融合”的(de)先(xian)進(jin)理念。眾多學(xue)者的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)對(dui)本研(yan)究(jiu)提(ti)供了(le)豐富(fu)的(de)理論(lun)支撐和實踐指(zhi)導(dao)。

2 浙江特(te)色(se)小鎮案(an)例分析

浙(zhe)江(jiang)省特色小(xiao)鎮(zhen)建設啟動于2015年(nian)，同年(nian)6月公布(bu)了第一批37個(ge)省級特色小(xiao)鎮(zhen)名單(dan)。截止(zhi)到目前，共(gong)有(you)79個(ge)特色小(xiao)鎮(zhen)列入省級創(chuang)建名單(dan)，51個(ge)特色小(xiao)鎮(zhen)列入培(pei)訓名單(dan)，江(jiang)南藥鎮(zhen)、遠洋(yang)漁業(ye)小(xiao)鎮(zhen)、寵物(wu)小(xiao)鎮(zhen)、和合小(xiao)鎮(zhen)等等都是(shi)浙(zhe)江(jiang)特色小(xiao)鎮(zhen)的(de)典型代表。

浙(zhe)江省的(de)特(te)(te)色(se)小鎮既非(fei)行(xing)政區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)概(gai)(gai)念，也非(fei)產業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)概(gai)(gai)念，而(er)是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)對獨立(li)于(yu)市區(qu)(qu)，以“特(te)(te)色(se)”為引領，將“特(te)(te)色(se)”產業(ye)(ye)化(hua)，將小鎮旅游(you)化(hua)，走(zou)“特(te)(te)色(se)產業(ye)(ye)+旅游(you)”的(de)發展之路，綜(zong)合(he)考慮生產、生活、環境(jing)因素的(de)具有社區(qu)(qu)功能的(de)平(ping)臺和區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)。在特(te)(te)色(se)小鎮建設中產業(ye)(ye)定位突出特(te)(te)色(se)，資源特(te)(te)色(se)、產業(ye)(ye)特(te)(te)色(se)、文(wen)化(hua)特(te)(te)色(se)是(shi)(shi)其立(li)足點；功能定位突出聚合(he)，功能聚合(he)并非(fei)簡(jian)單相(xiang)加，而(er)是(shi)(shi)深挖、延伸、融合(he)產業(ye)(ye)功能、文(wen)化(hua)功能、旅游(you)功能和社區(qu)(qu)功能；建設風格突出精(jing)美，根據(ju)小鎮的(de)地(di)形地(di)貌、環境(jing)特(te)(te)征和歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)規劃打造精(jing)而(er)美的(de)小鎮。

3 東大鎮低碳(tan)旅游(you)小鎮打造(zao)的可行性(xing)分(fen)析

東(dong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鎮(zhen)(zhen)特色小鎮(zhen)(zhen)打造首先具(ju)有(you)資(zi)源可(ke)行性。東(dong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鎮(zhen)(zhen)地(di)熱(re)資(zi)源豐富(fu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)多屬于(yu)(yu)第四系孔隙地(di)下熱(re)水類型(xing)，富(fu)含S、Zn、Ca、K、Si等元(yuan)素，具(ju)有(you)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)醫療效果[1]，東(dong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鎮(zhen)(zhen)溫泉旅游(you)已經具(ju)有(you)了(le)一(yi)定(ding)規(gui)模和知(zhi)名度(du)(du)，東(dong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)度(du)(du)假(jia)區(qu)是關(guan)中七大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)溫泉度(du)(du)假(jia)區(qu)之(zhi)一(yi)[2]。另外東(dong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鎮(zhen)(zhen)環(huan)境優(you)美，眾多景點分布其(qi)(qi)(qi)中。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次具(ju)有(you)區(qu)位可(ke)行性。東(dong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鎮(zhen)(zhen)位于(yu)(yu)秦嶺(ling)北部，距(ju)離西安(an)(an)城區(qu)僅(jin)21公里，經西太路(lu)、西灃路(lu)都(dou)可(ke)半(ban)小時到達。以歷史文(wen)化著(zhu)稱(cheng)的(de)西安(an)(an)市(shi)長期以來吸引了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量游(you)客前往(wang)，但分析其(qi)(qi)(qi)旅游(you)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)發現(xian)歷史文(wen)化古(gu)跡觀(guan)光游(you)是其(qi)(qi)(qi)主線，溫泉休閑度(du)(du)假(jia)類產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)和低(di)碳產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)是其(qi)(qi)(qi)短板，東(dong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鎮(zhen)(zhen)低(di)碳旅游(you)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)開發可(ke)以和西安(an)(an)現(xian)有(you)旅游(you)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)形成有(you)效互補。

筆者運用田野調查法，多次(ci)走(zou)訪東(dong)大(da)(da)鎮，通過訪談法和問卷調查法，調查低碳(tan)(tan)旅(lv)游(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品開發(fa)(fa)的(de)現(xian)狀，了解社(she)區居民對低碳(tan)(tan)旅(lv)游(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)期望。實(shi)地調查發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，東(dong)大(da)(da)鎮在低碳(tan)(tan)旅(lv)游(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品開發(fa)(fa)方面有(you)一定(ding)成(cheng)效，例(li)如，開發(fa)(fa)了以高(gao)冠瀑布為代表的(de)徒(tu)步運動產(chan)(chan)(chan)品、不(bu)同季節的(de)果蔬(shu)采摘(zhai)活動等(deng)。雖然東(dong)大(da)(da)鎮低碳(tan)(tan)旅(lv)游(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品開發(fa)(fa)取(qu)得(de)了一定(ding)成(cheng)績，但其低碳(tan)(tan)旅(lv)游(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品還有(you)很大(da)(da)的(de)提升空間。

4 東(dong)大鎮低(di)碳小鎮旅游產品開發的建議

4.1 重點低碳養生旅游產品

以低碳養(yang)生為主題(ti)，充分(fen)利(li)用美(mei)麗清純的(de)(de)自(zi)然風(feng)光，開展徒步、山(shan)地(di)自(zi)行(xing)車、溫(wen)泉、SPA等項目，不(bu)僅有(you)多(duo)樣化的(de)(de)養(yang)生形(xing)式，而且周(zhou)圍炫(xuan)彩(cai)奪目的(de)(de)花卉景觀也是(shi)一道(dao)(dao)美(mei)麗的(de)(de)風(feng)景線。另外(wai)，沿(yan)著山(shan)體(ti)修建有(you)氧運(yun)(yun)動步道(dao)(dao)和(he)自(zi)行(xing)車道(dao)(dao)，方便游客(ke)進行(xing)運(yun)(yun)動鍛煉(lian)和(he)游客(ke)旅游活動的(de)(de)開展，讓游客(ke)體(ti)驗負氧離(li)子“空氣維生素”的(de)(de)獨特健(jian)身效果(guo)。以東大鎮地(di)形(xing)特征為依(yi)托，分(fen)區域分(fen)季節種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)花卉，營(ying)造陽光花海的(de)(de)浪漫氛圍。在花帶中設置(zhi)各種(zhong)(zhong)材(cai)質、形(xing)態、顏色各異的(de)(de)綠(lv)道(dao)(dao)慢行(xing)系統，形(xing)成(cheng)意(yi)境深遠風(feng)景道(dao)(dao)。另外(wai)，當(dang)前營(ying)養(yang)豐富和(he)美(mei)味(wei)可口(kou)的(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)價值凸現、需求加大，野(ye)(ye)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)已經成(cheng)為一種(zhong)(zhong)綠(lv)色健(jian)康(kang)的(de)(de)飲(yin)食(shi)風(feng)尚，因此可以設置(zhi)有(you)機蔬菜(cai)(cai)(cai)和(he)野(ye)(ye)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)基地(di)，也提倡游客(ke)選擇當(dang)地(di)綠(lv)色蔬菜(cai)(cai)(cai)，減少食(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)送造成(cheng)的(de)(de)高(gao)碳排。

同r可在(zai)本鎮建(jian)(jian)設(she)各種的(de)(de)森(sen)林(lin)公園(yuan)、濕地公園(yuan)、升(sheng)級改造(zao)精品(pin)(pin)景(jing)區(qu)旅(lv)游基(ji)礎設(she)施、 構建(jian)(jian)生態廊道、綠色鄉村(cun)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)生態環境(jing)保(bao)護體系工程，策劃以低能(neng)耗(hao)、低耗(hao)損(sun)為主的(de)(de)低碳旅(lv)游活(huo)動(dong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，大力(li)開發山地生態游、珍(zhen)禽觀賞游、休(xiu)閑(xian)度假(jia)游、溫泉游、鄉風民俗(su)游、健身養(yang)生游等低碳旅(lv)游產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)。

4.2 全方(fang)位建設低碳體驗環境

在低(di)碳(tan)(tan)體(ti)驗環境營造(zao)上(shang)，東大鎮(zhen)(zhen)還可建(jian)設(she)生(sheng)態(tai)停車場，生(sheng)態(tai)廁所，新能源汽車加油(you)站、太陽能科(ke)普園、低(di)碳(tan)(tan)生(sheng)態(tai)民居、風(feng)能游(you)樂園、低(di)碳(tan)(tan)產業園區、低(di)碳(tan)(tan)社(she)區以(yi)及夜景照明采用(yong)LED 的低(di)碳(tan)(tan)旅游(you)吸引物。同時優化城鎮(zhen)(zhen)布局，改善(shan)交(jiao)通、電力、通訊等基礎設(she)施，建(jian)立低(di)碳(tan)(tan)、生(sheng)態(tai)、高效的基礎設(she)施體(ti)系，為東大鎮(zhen)(zhen)旅游(you)經(jing)濟可持(chi)續發展提(ti)供保(bao)障(zhang)。

4.3 培育低碳生活方式

低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)代(dai)表著更(geng)健康、更(geng)自(zi)然、更(geng)安(an)全(quan)、更(geng)環保的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)，同時也(ye)是(shi)一種低(di)(di)成本、低(di)(di)代(dai)價(jia)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)不僅(jin)是(shi)旅游行為，也(ye)是(shi)一項符(fu)合時代(dai)潮流(liu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)。低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)小鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)建設不僅(jin)是(shi)東(dong)(dong)大(da)鎮(zhen)旅游的(de)(de)轉型發展，也(ye)是(shi)東(dong)(dong)大(da)居(ju)民生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)改變(bian)，低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)小鎮(zhen)在推進(jin)節能減排的(de)(de)技(ji)術創新，更(geng)應引(yin)導當地(di)居(ju)民和旅游者培育新的(de)(de)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。如從西安(an)到東(dong)(dong)大(da)鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)公交車(che)可(ke)(ke)“森林”搬進(jin)車(che)廂，呼吁(yu)選擇低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)環保綠色的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)出入東(dong)(dong)大(da)鎮(zhen)。東(dong)(dong)大(da)鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)街道上可(ke)(ke)貼(tie)寫(xie)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)宣傳標語。對社(she)區低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)積極踐行者給予(yu)物質和精神激(ji)勵(li)。

4.4 規(gui)劃引領，科學發(fa)展

旅(lv)游發(fa)展規(gui)劃先(xian)行，東大鎮旅(lv)游開(kai)發(fa)不(bu)能任(ren)其(qi)發(fa)展，科學(xue)系統的規(gui)劃不(bu)僅能夠有效地(di)指導產業(ye)布局、設(she)施建設(she)、市場開(kai)發(fa)，而且可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)開(kai)發(fa)過程(cheng)中少走彎路。東大鎮的低碳(tan)旅(lv)游規(gui)劃應該(gai)綜合考慮產業(ye)布局、城(cheng)建、土(tu)地(di)利用、基礎設(she)施建設(she)、園林(lin)綠化、環境保護等多方面，從而達到多規(gui)合一。

4.5 產業延展(zhan)，市場運作

東大鎮應圍繞低碳旅游產(chan)業(ye)(ye)大力拓展上下(xia)游產(chan)業(ye)(ye)，以形成(cheng)完成(cheng)的產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)條(tiao)，形成(cheng)“低碳主題(ti)，旅游為(wei)主，產(chan)業(ye)(ye)完備(bei)”的局面。政府、企業(ye)(ye)各司(si)其(qi)職，政府通(tong)過(guo)(guo)制定規劃、政策等手段對產(chan)業(ye)(ye)進(jin)行宏觀(guan)把控(kong)，企業(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)市場(chang)行為(wei)策劃產(chan)品(pin)、開發市場(chang)，并注重龍頭企業(ye)(ye)集團的積極培育，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)土地(di)使用、投融資(zi)、人才引進(jin)、稅(shui)收等一系(xi)列優惠措施，積極發揮龍頭企業(ye)(ye)集團在(zai)特色小(xiao)鎮打(da)造過(guo)(guo)程中的作用。

4.6 制(zhi)度(du)保障，激勵開發

在(zai)東大鎮(zhen)低(di)碳(tan)旅游(you)開發(fa)(fa)過程(cheng)中，政(zheng)府應轉變(bian)角(jiao)色(se)，做企業和(he)(he)(he)(he)市場的(de)服務者，圍(wei)繞(rao)小鎮(zhen)開發(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)定包括土(tu)地(di)、稅(shui)收(shou)、人才、環保、市場監管等一系列的(de)政(zheng)策和(he)(he)(he)(he)措施(shi)，確保旅游(you)開發(fa)(fa)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)有序開展。另外，設立(li)低(di)碳(tan)旅游(you)開發(fa)(fa)獎(jiang)勵(li)(li)基(ji)金和(he)(he)(he)(he)市場開發(fa)(fa)專項基(ji)金，對在(zai)旅游(you)開發(fa)(fa)過程(cheng)中的(de)先進工(gong)作單(dan)位和(he)(he)(he)(he)個人給予資(zi)金獎(jiang)勵(li)(li)；并制(zhi)(zhi)定市場開發(fa)(fa)資(zi)金補貼方案，對企業進行形象樹(shu)立(li)、廣告宣傳、營銷(xiao)活(huo)動(dong)進行資(zi)金補貼。

【參考文獻】

[1]蔡萌，汪(wang)宇明(ming).低(di)碳(tan)旅(lv)游(you)：一(yi)種新的(de)旅(lv)游(you)發展方式[J].旅(lv)游(you)學刊，2010（1）：13-17.

[2]王潤，劉家明，田大江.基于低碳(tan)理念的(de)旅(lv)游規劃設(she)計研究――以福建省平潭島為(wei)例[J].旅(lv)游論(lun)壇，2010（2）：168-172.

[3]丁金A，陳雅B，胡中慧，韓(han)雨薇(wei).低碳旅游需(xu)求視角(jiao)下的鄉村景觀更新(xin)規劃(hua)――以黎里鎮朱家灣村為例[J].規劃(hua)師，2016（1）：51-56.

[4]李小明，張兆干，林超利.基(ji)于低(di)碳經濟背景(jing)下低(di)碳旅游社區的構建(jian)研究――以江蘇(su)省丹陽市飛(fei)達村為例(li)[J].河(he)南(nan)科學，2010（5）：626-630.

[5]陳(chen)方麗，王錦良(liang).浙江溫州基于“三生融合”理念的低碳小鎮建設(she)探析[J].小城鎮建設(she)，2013，7：66-69.

篇5

關鍵詞：美學農(nong)業；休閑農(nong)業；聯系；區(qu)別(bie)

中圖分(fen)類號：f323 文獻標識碼：a doi編碼：10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2013.05.008

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)悄(qiao)然興起于21世紀初[1-7]。筆者認為，美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)指的(de)(de)(de)是以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)動(dong)植物及其賴以生存和發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)土地、田(tian)園、水域和環(huan)境，乃至(zhi)整(zheng)個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村地區（包括農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村地區的(de)(de)(de)道路、城鎮、集市、村莊(zhuang)、廠礦(kuang)和自(zi)(zi)然環(huan)境等）為載體，進(jin)(jin)行農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)主體革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)對象(xiang)革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)工具革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)技能革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)過程(cheng)革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)產品(pin)革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)觀念(nian)革(ge)命，既(ji)運用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產技術(shu)，又運用美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)藝術(shu)手(shou)法，既(ji)生產農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)物質產品(pin)，又生產農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)審(shen)美(mei)(mei)(mei)產品(pin)，特別是通(tong)過田(tian)園景觀化(hua)、村莊(zhuang)民俗化(hua)、自(zi)(zi)然生態化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)實現，促進(jin)(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村經濟發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)一種農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)[7]。美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)與(yu)休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)既(ji)有(you)聯系，也有(you)區別。

1 聯(lian)系——休閑農(nong)業是(shi)美學農(nong)業的始(shi)作俑者

1.1 休閑農業的開(kai)拓性(xing)引發(fa)了美學農業的革(ge)命性(xing)

種(zhong)稻(dao)(dao)，生(sheng)產稻(dao)(dao)谷；養豬(zhu)，生(sheng)產豬(zhu)肉。這(zhe)就(jiu)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。準確地說，自從(cong)新(xin)石(shi)器時代以(yi)來，人類所從(cong)事的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)，所開拓的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，都是利用(yong)水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)、甘蔗和(he)豬(zhu)、牛等農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)動植物(wu)的(de)生(sheng)理機(ji)能(neng)(neng)，通過與土壤、氣候、水(shui)和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)等農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)自然資源的(de)作用(yong)，生(sheng)產可滿(man)足人類營養、品(pin)嘗(chang)和(he)原(yuan)料需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)稻(dao)(dao)谷、蔗料和(he)豬(zhu)肉、牛肉等農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)。

然而，自(zi)從20世紀30年代以來，一種新型的農(nong)業(ye)形(xing)態，即利用田園(yuan)景觀、自(zi)然生態和環境資(zi)源(yuan)，結(jie)合農(nong)業(ye)生產、農(nong)民活動、農(nong)村文化和農(nong)家生活，發(fa)展觀光、休閑(xian)、旅游，從意大利、奧(ao)地利始發(fa)，逐漸擴展到歐美，乃至世界。我國則于20世紀90年代開始發(fa)展。這一農(nong)業(ye)形(xing)態就(jiu)是休閑(xian)農(nong)業(ye)[8]。

休(xiu)閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)業突破(po)了傳統農(nong)(nong)(nong)業的局限(xian)，將農(nong)(nong)(nong)業功能(neng)從原先只生產可滿足(zu)人類營養、品嘗(chang)和(he)原料(liao)需求的農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品中拓(tuo)展(zhan)開來，拓(tuo)展(zhan)到觀(guan)光、休(xiu)閑、旅(lv)游的層面，拓(tuo)展(zhan)到生產農(nong)(nong)(nong)業精神(shen)產品。這意(yi)味(wei)著農(nong)(nong)(nong)業具有多功能(neng)性；這更(geng)意(yi)味(wei)著農(nong)(nong)(nong)業的多功能(neng)性有待于人們的發現(xian)和(he)利用，或者可以說，呼喚著新的農(nong)(nong)(nong)業形態(tai)的產生、形成和(he)發展(zhan)。

呼之而出的(de)自然是(shi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)但繼承了休(xiu)閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)多功能(neng)拓展，而且(qie)將(jiang)這一(yi)拓展擴(kuo)充到農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)各(ge)個層面，并(bing)將(jiang)引發(fa)一(yi)場全新的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)革命(ming)，即農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)革命(ming)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)象(xiang)革命(ming)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工具(ju)革命(ming)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)革命(ming)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)程革命(ming)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)革命(ming)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)念革命(ming)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)革命(ming)，指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)將(jiang)具(ju)有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)素(su)(su)質(zhi)、形(xing)成(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)思維和(he)從(cong)事(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)改變為(wei)(wei)(wei)具(ju)有(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)素(su)(su)質(zhi)、形(xing)成(cheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)思維和(he)從(cong)事(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)象(xiang)革命(ming)，指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)將(jiang)僅(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)糧(liang)食(shi)、糖(tang)料(liao)、蔬菜和(he)水果等農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)物(wu)質(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)土壤、氣候、水和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)等自然資源，改變為(wei)(wei)(wei)既生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)物(wu)質(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，又(you)通過(guo)其各(ge)要素(su)(su)的(de)“宜人”外觀(guan)，及其按照美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)規律的(de)排列與(yu)組合，形(xing)成(cheng)足(zu)以(yi)喚起人們審美(mei)(mei)(mei)情趣(qu)、愉(yu)悅人們審美(mei)(mei)(mei)心(xin)理、滿足(zu)人們審美(mei)(mei)(mei)需求(qiu)的(de)田園景觀(guan)，并(bing)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)（或勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)）一(yi)起構(gou)成(cheng)和(he)諧的(de)統一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)（或勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)）從(cong)事(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)（工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)）的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活環境。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工具(ju)革命(ming)，指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)將(jiang)僅(jin)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)（或勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)）手腳延伸，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)象(xiang)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)鋤頭等各(ge)種工具(ju)和(he)設施(shi)，改變為(wei)(wei)(wei)既作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)（或勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)）手腳延伸，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)象(xiang)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，又(you)具(ju)有(you)給(gei)(gei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)（或勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)）在(zai)(zai)外觀(guan)上(shang)以(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)感(gan)，在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)上(shang)以(yi)舒適，并(bing)能(neng)夠(gou)與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)象(xiang)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)起構(gou)成(cheng)和(he)諧的(de)統一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)革命(ming)，指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)將(jiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)準化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術等，通過(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工具(ju)，僅(jin)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)象(xiang)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術、方法(fa)和(he)理論(lun)，改變為(wei)(wei)(wei)既作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)對(dui)象(xiang)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，又(you)以(yi)文(wen)字簡明化、表格化、圖(tu)形(xing)化、公式化、文(wen)藝化和(he)美(mei)(mei)(mei)學(xue)化等最簡單、易懂、易識(shi)、易操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)形(xing)式形(xing)成(cheng)、存在(zai)(zai)，且(qie)能(neng)給(gei)(gei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)（或勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、使(shi)用(yong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)）帶來(lai)愉(yu)悅的(de)心(xin)理感(gan)受。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)程革命(ming)，指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)將(jiang)付出體(ti)(ti)(ti)力、精力、物(wu)力和(he)時間(jian)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，交(jiao)換農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，滿足(zu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活需求(qiu)

實現享受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過程，改(gai)(gai)變為鍛煉身(shen)體(ti)、表現能力、增長(chang)知識、彰顯健美(mei)、愉悅(yue)心情、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，豐富(fu)生(sheng)活(huo)內容，享受生(sheng)命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過程。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)革命，指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)僅(jin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)糧(liang)食(shi)等農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，改(gai)(gai)變為既生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，又使其在(zai)營養(yang)豐富(fu)、品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優(you)良、衛(wei)生(sheng)安全和(he)口感(gan)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，具有能夠反映這些標準、統(tong)一(yi)(yi)、美(mei)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)觀(guan)，且通過美(mei)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、健美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植株(zhu)、美(mei)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田園以及民俗化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)村莊和(he)生(sheng)態化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)審美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)念革命，指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是將把農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)認(ren)為是一(yi)(yi)種生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，滿足人(ren)類(lei)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)認(ren)識，改(gai)(gai)變為這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識：農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是一(yi)(yi)種生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，還(huan)是一(yi)(yi)種生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)審美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)；它是生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，是豐富(fu)生(sheng)活(huo)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，是人(ren)類(lei)價值體(ti)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，是人(ren)與自然構(gou)成(cheng)和(he)諧統(tong)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)[9]。

1.2 休閑農(nong)業的(de)景觀性(xing)奠定(ding)了美(mei)學(xue)農(nong)業的(de)審美(mei)性(xing)

眾所周知(zhi)，休閑(xian)農業的(de)最(zui)大(da)特點是具有景(jing)觀性(xing)，通過田(tian)園景(jing)觀的(de)營造，招徠游客。使(shi)用物理的(de)方(fang)法(fa)，將傳統(tong)的(de)圓形(xing)西瓜(gua)、橢圓形(xing)西瓜(gua)做成(cheng)方(fang)形(xing)西瓜(gua)；利用光線的(de)作用，將蘋果做成(cheng)帶有“福”、“喜”字的(de)圖案；運用棚(peng)架(jia)的(de)搭建，將葉、花、果顏色不同的(de)作物及(ji)其品種組合成(cheng)各種圖案，如蔬菜迷(mi)宮等。

休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)性奠定了(le)美(mei)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)性。筆者定義的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)指的(de)(de)是以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)動(dong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)及其(qi)賴以生(sheng)存和(he)(he)(he)發展的(de)(de)土(tu)地、田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)、水域(yu)和(he)(he)(he)環(huan)境(jing)，乃至整個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)地區（包括農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)地區的(de)(de)道路(lu)、城鎮、集市、村(cun)莊(zhuang)、廠礦和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)環(huan)境(jing)等）為(wei)載體，進行農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)主(zhu)體革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)對象革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)工(gong)具革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)技能革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)過程革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)革(ge)命、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)觀(guan)(guan)念革(ge)命。通過載體各(ge)構成要素的(de)(de)各(ge)自(zi)(zi)“宜人(ren)”外觀(guan)(guan)及其(qi)按(an)照美(mei)學規律合理地排列(lie)和(he)(he)(he)組(zu)合創造農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)美(mei)，特別是通過田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)化(hua)(hua)、村(cun)莊(zhuang)民(min)俗(su)化(hua)(hua)、自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)實現，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出來的(de)(de)既能滿(man)足人(ren)們(men)物(wu)質需求(qiu)，又能滿(man)足人(ren)們(men)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)需求(qiu)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、村(cun)莊(zhuang)民(min)俗(su)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)又可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、作物(wu)植(zhi)(zhi)株審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)科普審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)休驗審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)養生(sheng)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)(he)(he)田(tian)(tian)(tian)園(yuan)生(sheng)活審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)[10]。 1.3 休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)旅(lv)游性拉動(dong)了(le)美(mei)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)全面性

休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)將農(nong)業(ye)與旅游(you)業(ye)結(jie)合起來[11]，開展農(nong)業(ye)旅游(you)，并使農(nong)業(ye)在旅游(you)經濟的驅動(dong)下蓬(peng)勃發展。據(ju)報道，2010年全國(guo)共有“農(nong)家(jia)樂”150 萬(wan)(wan)家(jia)，規模休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)園區(qu)接(jie)近(jin)2萬(wan)(wan)個，帶動(dong)農(nong)民1 500萬(wan)(wan)人，接(jie)待(dai)國(guo)內外游(you)客4億(yi)人次，休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)營業(ye)額超1 200億(yi)元。這表(biao)明休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)不(bu)但具(ju)有旅游(you)性(xing)，而且是一個如日中天的朝(chao)陽產業(ye)。

在休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業旅(lv)游性的(de)拉動(dong)下，美(mei)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)業將(jiang)這一旅(lv)游元素推向各個層面，包括農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品、作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)植(zhi)(zhi)株、田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)景觀(guan)(guan)、田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)科普(pu)(pu)、田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)驗(yan)、田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)養生(sheng)和(he)村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)民俗(su)、自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品大(da)小(xiao)、長短(duan)、色彩(cai)和(he)造型(xing)來(lai)(lai)形(xing)成(cheng)市(shi)場(chang)；作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)植(zhi)(zhi)株，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)植(zhi)(zhi)株的(de)葉色、花色、果(guo)色、高低、造型(xing)和(he)群(qun)體(ti)組合來(lai)(lai)形(xing)成(cheng)市(shi)場(chang)；田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)景觀(guan)(guan)，以(yi)(yi)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)載體(ti)，以(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業動(dong)、植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基調，田(tian)(tian)、林、水、電、路(lu)協調統一，在農(nong)(nong)(nong)業物(wu)質產品的(de)追求中(zhong)凸顯農(nong)(nong)(nong)業審美(mei)產品，從而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)風光(guang)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業景觀(guan)(guan)市(shi)場(chang)；田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)科普(pu)(pu)，以(yi)(yi)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)載體(ti)，用農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產及其(qi)過(guo)(guo)程、行為(wei)(wei)(wei)、工具來(lai)(lai)普(pu)(pu)及農(nong)(nong)(nong)業知識的(de)科普(pu)(pu)活(huo)動(dong)方式(shi)來(lai)(lai)形(xing)成(cheng)市(shi)場(chang)；田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)驗(yan)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)在田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)進行農(nong)(nong)(nong)業勞(lao)動(dong)，獲取農(nong)(nong)(nong)業勞(lao)動(dong)知識，體(ti)驗(yan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業勞(lao)動(dong)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)生(sheng)活(huo)方式(shi)來(lai)(lai)形(xing)成(cheng)市(shi)場(chang)；田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)養生(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)活(huo)空(kong)間，以(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)事(shi)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)活(huo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)活(huo)內容，以(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)經濟發展為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)活(huo)目(mu)標，形(xing)成(cheng)回歸自(zi)(zi)然(ran)、享受生(sheng)命(ming)、修身(shen)養性、度假休(xiu)閑(xian)、健(jian)康身(shen)體(ti)、治療疾病(bing)、頤養天年的(de)一種生(sheng)活(huo)方式(shi)市(shi)場(chang)；村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)民俗(su)，以(yi)(yi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)載體(ti)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)民俗(su)文化的(de)傳承、保(bao)護和(he)弘揚(yang)形(xing)成(cheng)市(shi)場(chang)；自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)，以(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)地(di)區的(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)資源為(wei)(wei)(wei)載體(ti)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)景觀(guan)(guan)和(he)人文景觀(guan)(guan)的(de)保(bao)護和(he)利用來(lai)(lai)形(xing)成(cheng)市(shi)場(chang)[10]。

2 區(qu)別——美學農(nong)業是休閑農(nong)業的掘墓人(ren)

2.1 美學農業的鄉(xiang)村行政區(qu)域性突破了休閑農業開發區(qu)域的局限性

從上述定(ding)義可知，美學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)以(yi)整個(ge)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)為載(zai)體(ti)，即(ji)以(yi)組(zu)成農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)的(de)三(san)大塊(kuai)——田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)、村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)和(he)自然為載(zai)體(ti)，特別是(shi)美學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)園(yuan)區，更(geng)是(shi)以(yi)鄉村(cun)(cun)的(de)整個(ge)行政區域為載(zai)體(ti)，并以(yi)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)景(jing)觀化、村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)民俗化和(he)自然生(sheng)態化為目標[12]。所(suo)謂田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)景(jing)觀化，指的(de)是(shi)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)不但生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)糧食(shi)、糖(tang)料、蔬(shu)菜和(he)水果等農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)物質(zhi)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，而(er)且(qie)通過(guo)美觀的(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)、健(jian)美的(de)植株(zhu)和(he)美化的(de)田(tian)(tian)園(yuan)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)審美產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，形成

足以引起人(ren)們審(shen)美(mei)情(qing)趣、愉悅人(ren)們審(shen)美(mei)心理、滿足人(ren)們審(shen)美(mei)需求的(de)景(jing)觀。所謂村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)民(min)俗化(hua)，指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)村(cun)(cun)容(rong)村(cun)(cun)貌(mao)的(de)整治(zhi)必須富有地方特(te)(te)色、民(min)俗特(te)(te)色，寓現(xian)(xian)念于民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)之中，既實現(xian)(xian)村(cun)(cun)容(rong)村(cun)(cun)貌(mao)的(de)整治(zhi)，又使民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)得以傳承，還(huan)使村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)各具(ju)特(te)(te)色，千姿百態。所謂自然(ran)(ran)生態化(hua)，指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)和田(tian)園(yuan)四周的(de)自然(ran)(ran)資源得到妥善(shan)的(de)保護，自然(ran)(ran)生態環境達到良性循(xun)環的(de)程(cheng)度，并與村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)和田(tian)園(yuan)構成和諧的(de)統(tong)一體(ti)[13]。

這就是美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的鄉村(cun)(cun)行(xing)政區域性。美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的這一(yi)特(te)點意(yi)味著(zhu)美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)以全方位(wei)的姿(zi)態發展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、建(jian)設農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)，因(yin)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)都由田園(yuan)、村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)和自然(ran)3大塊(kuai)構成；美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的這一(yi)特(te)征意(yi)味著(zhu)美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)突破了休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)開(kai)發區域的局限性，因(yin)為(wei)大部分休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)都幾乎沒(mei)有同時以田園(yuan)、村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)、自然(ran)為(wei)載體，因(yin)此可(ke)以說，美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)彌補了休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在開(kai)發區域上的局限性，使農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)得以全面、完全的發展(zhan)。

2.2 美學農業(ye)的(de)民俗文化主題性否(fou)定了休閑農業(ye)開發(fa)主題的(de)隨意性

美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)業(ye)在(zai)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)、特別(bie)是在(zai)園區(qu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)，是以民(min)俗(su)(su)(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)，準(zhun)確(que)地說，是以當地典型(xing)的(de)(de)民(min)俗(su)(su)(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。一般來說，民(min)俗(su)(su)(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)包括產(chan)(chan)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、特產(chan)(chan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、生態文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、建筑文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、歷史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、名人(ren)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)民(min)俗(su)(su)(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)類型(xing)。因(yin)此，以當地典型(xing)的(de)(de)民(min)俗(su)(su)(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，并(bing)將(jiang)所(suo)選擇、確(que)定的(de)(de)民(min)俗(su)(su)(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)元素有(you)(you)機地融(rong)入所(suo)有(you)(you)或主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)項目中(zhong)[12]。廣東省徐(xu)聞(wen)縣是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)菠(bo)(bo)蘿第(di)一縣，不但歷史長，而且面積大(da)、產(chan)(chan)量高、品(pin)質優。1860年開始引(yin)種，現(xian)分(fen)布(bu)于曲界、錦和(he)(he)、前(qian)山、下洋、下橋(qiao)、和(he)(he)安(an)、龍(long)塘、新寮(liao)和(he)(he)南山等(deng)9個鄉鎮，面積1.4萬(wan)hm2，總(zong)產(chan)(chan)41萬(wan) t，產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)7億多元，素有(you)(you)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)菠(bo)(bo)蘿之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”之(zhi)(zhi)稱，菠(bo)(bo)蘿果(guo)大(da)、形美(mei)、汁多、肉(rou)香、可(ke)(ke)口、質優，早在(zai)20世(shi)紀50年代(dai)就(jiu)享譽東南亞，先后(hou)榮獲中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)業(ye)博(bo)覽會(hui)名牌(pai)(pai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際農(nong)業(ye)博(bo)覽會(hui)名牌(pai)(pai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)家a級綠(lv)色產(chan)(chan)品(pin)稱號(hao)。因(yin)此，若在(zai)徐(xu)聞(wen)縣，特別(bie)是在(zai)其主(zhu)產(chan)(chan)地——曲界鎮建設(she)(she)美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)業(ye)園區(qu)，就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)考慮建設(she)(she)以菠(bo)(bo)蘿文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)業(ye)園區(qu)，并(bing)將(jiang)菠(bo)(bo)蘿文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)進行(xing)抽(chou)象(xiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、藝術化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、符號(hao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理，變成(cheng)具(ju)有(you)(you)抽(chou)象(xiang)性、藝術性的(de)(de)菠(bo)(bo)蘿文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)符號(hao)，然后(hou)將(jiang)其有(you)(you)機地融(rong)入園區(qu)各功能區(qu)和(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)或主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)建設(she)(she)項目中(zhong)，隨著(zhu)園區(qu)的(de)(de)建成(cheng)，一個以菠(bo)(bo)蘿文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)主(zhu)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)業(ye)園區(qu)就(jiu)凸現(xian)出(chu)來了。

美學農(nong)業(ye)(ye)以民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)為(wei)主題，準(zhun)確地(di)說，以當地(di)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)為(wei)主題，意(yi)味(wei)著當地(di)的(de)(de)美學農(nong)業(ye)(ye)、特(te)別是美學農(nong)業(ye)(ye)園區(qu)(qu)具(ju)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)性和(he)不可(ke)替性。如上面提到(dao)的(de)(de)以菠蘿(luo)(luo)文(wen)化(hua)為(wei)主題建設(she)起(qi)來的(de)(de)美學農(nong)業(ye)(ye)園區(qu)(qu)，其(qi)(qi)他地(di)區(qu)(qu)、包括其(qi)(qi)他非菠蘿(luo)(luo)主產區(qu)(qu)都不可(ke)復制，即(ji)使復制，也會失(shi)去民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)和(he)美學農(nong)業(ye)(ye)意(yi)義。這樣(yang)意(yi)味(wei)著全(quan)國(guo)各地(di)發(fa)展(zhan)起(qi)來的(de)(de)美學農(nong)業(ye)(ye)，特(te)別是建設(she)起(qi)來的(de)(de)美學農(nong)業(ye)(ye)園區(qu)(qu)將(jiang)各具(ju)當地(di)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)特(te)色，從而(er)使廣(guang)大鄉村成(cheng)為(wei)千姿(zi)百(bai)態(tai)的(de)(de)美麗(li)家園。

休(xiu)閑農業(ye)在建(jian)設中、即(ji)使在園(yuan)區建(jian)設中，開發的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)往往是(shi)隨意的(de)(de)，抑或(huo)是(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)，抑或(huo)是(shi)以(yi)某一不具有(you)(you)(you)當地典型產(chan)業(ye)文化的(de)(de)作(zuo)物為主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)（如(ru)西瓜主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)公(gong)園(yuan)等），抑或(huo)僅考慮(lv)藝術性。即(ji)使是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)局(ju)限于主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)或(huo)個(ge)別項目(mu)中，抑或(huo)處于淺(qian)層的(de)(de)文化開發、利用(yong)上。這樣，發展(zhan)的(de)(de)休(xiu)閑農業(ye)、建(jian)設的(de)(de)休(xiu)閑農業(ye)園(yuan)區自(zi)然不具有(you)(you)(you)典型性，或(huo)者可以(yi)說，具有(you)(you)(you)復(fu)制性。這就是(shi)目(mu)前各地發展(zhan)的(de)(de)休(xiu)閑農業(ye)、建(jian)設的(de)(de)休(xiu)閑農業(ye)園(yuan)區十分雷(lei)同的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)原因。

由此可見，美學(xue)農(nong)業的主題性(xing)不(bu)但賦予美學(xue)農(nong)業、特別是美學(xue)農(nong)業園區之靈魂，而且(qie)否定了休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業開(kai)發主題的隨意性(xing)，彌補(bu)了休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業的缺(que)憾，引(yin)導休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業朝著美學(xue)農(nong)業的方(fang)向發展。

2.3 美學農(nong)業(ye)的生產生活實物性(xing)糾正了(le)休閑農(nong)業(ye)開發建設的非農(nong)性(xing)

美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)業(ye)和(he)(he)(he)(he)休(xiu)(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)都具有(you)(you)審(shen)美(mei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、娛(yu)(yu)樂(le)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)旅游(you)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。但是，美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)業(ye)所(suo)發展的(de)農(nong)業(ye)動(dong)植物，如(ru)(ru)水稻(dao)、甘(gan)蔗和(he)(he)(he)(he)蔬菜等(deng)作(zuo)物，香(xiang)蕉、荔枝和(he)(he)(he)(he)龍眼等(deng)水果(guo)，木麻黃(huang)、桉樹和(he)(he)(he)(he)大王椰等(deng)樹木，豬、牛和(he)(he)(he)(he)羊等(deng)牲畜，雞、鵝和(he)(he)(he)(he)鴨等(deng)家禽(qin)，魚、蝦和(he)(he)(he)(he)蟹等(deng)水產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品。不(bu)(bu)但具有(you)(you)審(shen)美(mei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、娛(yu)(yu)樂(le)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)旅游(you)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，而且(qie)仍然追求高產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)優(you)質，水稻(dao)仍在追求產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量10 500，12 000 kg·hm-2，甚至13 500，15 000 kg·hm-2；所(suo)建設的(de)農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設施，如(ru)(ru)溝(gou)渠、田園道路、林帶、棚架、機井和(he)(he)(he)(he)田園房(fang)屋等(deng)，不(bu)(bu)但具有(you)(you)審(shen)美(mei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、娛(yu)(yu)樂(le)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)旅游(you)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，而且(qie)具有(you)(you)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，作(zuo)為生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)之所(suo)需，有(you)(you)利(li)于生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)之發展。同時，美(mei)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)業(ye)不(bu)(bu)設置、建設純粹為了審(shen)美(mei)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、娛(yu)(yu)樂(le)、旅游(you)的(de)非生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)項目或設施，如(ru)(ru)乘(cheng)涼用的(de)亭子、觀(guan)光用的(de)觀(guan)光臺和(he)(he)(he)(he)游(you)泳池等(deng)。 然而，休(xiu)(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)

卻往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)同，所發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)動植物，不(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)追求高產(chan)優(you)質(zhi)，而且不(bu)(bu)考慮正常產(chan)量，甚(shen)至僅將其作為(wei)審美(mei)、文(wen)化(hua)、娛(yu)樂和旅(lv)游(you)的(de)(de)(de)對象(xiang)；所建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)設(she)(she)施，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)考慮實用性和是否有(you)利于農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)甚(shen)至僅僅作為(wei)審美(mei)、文(wen)化(hua)、娛(yu)樂和旅(lv)游(you)的(de)(de)(de)對象(xiang)；更有(you)甚(shen)的(de)(de)(de)，還往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)建(jian)設(she)(she)上面(mian)提到的(de)(de)(de)非生產(chan)性項目或設(she)(she)施。休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)開(kai)發(fa)建(jian)設(she)(she)上存在(zai)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)非農(nong)(nong)(nong)性，或者可以(yi)說，在(zai)很大(da)程度上已經背離了農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)和其發(fa)展(zhan)方向。

因此，發(fa)展(zhan)美學(xue)農(nong)業(ye)，通過其生產生活的實物(wu)性，可極好地糾正休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)開發(fa)的非農(nong)性，遏制其對農(nong)業(ye)的背離，回歸到農(nong)業(ye)的發(fa)展(zhan)方向上(shang)。

2.4 美(mei)學農(nong)業的(de)生活目標質量性(xing)超越(yue)了休閑(xian)農(nong)業開發目的(de)的(de)經(jing)濟性(xing)

從經(jing)濟的角度(du)來看，美學農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)與休閑農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)一樣(yang)，生產(chan)的農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)質產(chan)品也追(zhui)求(qiu)產(chan)量、產(chan)值、效益；營造的農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)景觀也用來開發、旅(lv)游和(he)贏利(li)。美學農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)與休閑農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)一樣(yang)，都具有經(jing)濟性。

然而(er)，美學農(nong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)終極目標卻不(bu)是(shi)(shi)經濟指標，而(er)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活質(zhi)量，準確(que)地說，其營造的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業景觀(guan)，也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)健美植株、美化(hua)田園和民(min)俗化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)村莊、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然，并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)為了旅(lv)游(you)，游(you)客，農(nong)業審(shen)美產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)市、銷售(shou)，而(er)主要是(shi)(shi)為了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)本身，為了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)者生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)營造，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)富，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)來說，是(shi)(shi)為了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)者生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)。

而(er)休閑農(nong)業(ye)則不(bu)(bu)同，其終極(ji)目標是(shi)農(nong)業(ye)與旅(lv)游(you)業(ye)的(de)結(jie)合(he)，是(shi)利用(yong)農(nong)業(ye)來(lai)發展(zhan)旅(lv)游(you)業(ye)，是(shi)農(nong)業(ye)經(jing)濟與旅(lv)游(you)經(jing)濟的(de)結(jie)合(he)，是(shi)既創造農(nong)業(ye)產(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)，又創造旅(lv)游(you)產(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)[14]；或(huo)者可以說，其利用(yong)的(de)田園景觀(guan)、自然生(sheng)(sheng)態和環境資源，結(jie)合(he)的(de)農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、農(nong)民活(huo)(huo)(huo)動、農(nong)村文(wen)化和農(nong)家生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)，主要是(shi)通過游(you)客的(de)旅(lv)游(you)需求(qiu)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)需求(qiu)來(lai)實現(xian)產(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)、盈利，而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)為了(le)(le)自身的(de)審美需求(qiu)、文(wen)化需求(qiu)、娛樂需求(qiu)，一句(ju)話，為了(le)(le)的(de)仍然是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)數(shu)量，而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)質量。

因此可以說，美學(xue)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)的層次更(geng)高(gao)，超越了(le)休閑(xian)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)，回歸了(le)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)的本質，實現了(le)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)的生產生活一(yi)體化。

參考文獻：

[1] 馮葒.農業美學的跋[j].北京農學院學報(bao)，1998（2）：105-108.

[2] 羅凱.建(jian)設(she)雷州半(ban)島南亞熱(re)帶農(nong)業示范區中的(de)美(mei)學(xue)問題探討[j].熱(re)帶農(nong)業科學(xue)，2000（5）：50-53.

[3] 陳(chen)望衡.一種嶄新的農業(ye)理念——農業(ye)美學[j].湖(hu)南社(she)會科學，2004（3）：7-9.

[4] 張敏.農(nong)業景觀中(zhong)的生產性(xing)與審美性(xing)的統(tong)一[j].湖南社(she)會(hui)科學，2004（3）：10-12.

[5] 陳李波.我們要(yao)建設什么(me)樣的農業景(jing)觀？——城鄉景(jing)觀邊(bian)界模糊及其應對[j].湖南社(she)會科(ke)學，2004（3）：13-16.

[6] 趙紅梅.建設嶄新的鄉村生活方式[j].湖南(nan)社會科學，2004（3）：17-20.

[7] 羅凱.農業美學初探(tan)[m].北京(jing)：中(zhong)國輕(qing)工(gong)業出版社，2007.

[8] 呂明偉(wei)，孫雪，張媛.休閑農業(ye)(ye)規劃設計與(yu)開發[m].北京(jing)：中國(guo)建筑工業(ye)(ye)出版(ban)社，2010.

[9] 羅凱.農(nong)(nong)(nong)業美學(xue)，一場全(quan)新(xin)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業革命[j].農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品加工·創新(xin)版(ban)，2010（1）：73-77.

[10] 羅凱.基于農(nong)業設計目的的農(nong)業審美產品市(shi)場研究[j].南方農(nong)村，2012（3）：22-25.

[11] 馮英.加快休(xiu)閑農(nong)業(ye)建設 促進(jin)農(nong)村經濟發展[j].內蒙古農(nong)業(ye)科技，2011（5）：12-13，18.

[12] 羅凱.美(mei)學農業(ye)園(yuan)區建設模(mo)式研究[j].農產品(pin)加工·創新版，2010（11）：71-76.

篇6

關鍵詞：應用型人才；混(hun)合式教學；多維賦能(neng)；《中國建筑史(shi)》

1問題的提出

《中國建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史》屬建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)理(li)(li)論課(ke)程，為(wei)檢驗教學(xue)(xue)(xue)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)之一。課(ke)程內(nei)容(rong)涵蓋建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝、文史、藝術諸多(duo)方(fang)(fang)面知識(shi)，擁有理(li)(li)論、實踐兩大教學(xue)(xue)(xue)體系(xi)。一是(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)理(li)(li)論課(ke)，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生系(xi)統(tong)(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)理(li)(li)論，了(le)(le)解和掌(zhang)握中國建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)歷史發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈絡、特點和成就(jiu)(jiu)，培養(yang)其社會責任、創新意識(shi)和人文修養(yang)等綜(zong)合素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)；二是(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)實踐課(ke)，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生學(xue)(xue)(xue)習建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)營建(jian)(jian)(jian)技藝，初步(bu)掌(zhang)握本土建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類型及其建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)方(fang)(fang)式，具備分析(xi)、評(ping)價、借(jie)鑒我國傳統(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)典型實例構(gou)造(zao)方(fang)(fang)式和創作(zuo)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，進而提升其建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)和實際動手水平。當下，隨(sui)著建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行業(ye)與學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，各高校的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦學(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)針、培養(yang)目標(biao)、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)模式、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)評(ping)估(gu)也隨(sui)之發(fa)生了(le)(le)變化。地(di)方(fang)(fang)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)型本科(ke)(ke)院校，尤其需要(yao)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)注重(zhong)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)培養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)程教學(xue)(xue)(xue)改革(ge)，培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生正確地(di)、創造(zao)性(xing)地(di)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)理(li)(li)論知識(shi)解決具體實際問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)[1]。顯然，傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中國建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史教學(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)容(rong)、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法、教學(xue)(xue)(xue)效果大多(duo)難以達到(dao)課(ke)程所制定的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)型人才培養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)與要(yao)求。鑒于此，“教育(yu)觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要(yao)轉變，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)由(you)重(zhong)知識(shi)走向重(zhong)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)”[2]，課(ke)程賦能(neng)(neng)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)改革(ge)也勢在(zai)必行。

2“多(duo)維(wei)賦能”的課程教學(xue)改革與實踐(jian)

2.1“多維賦能(neng)”教學模式(shi)

地方高校應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)型人才培(pei)養，就(jiu)(jiu)是要使學(xue)(xue)生“獲得發展(zhan)(zhan)自身、奉(feng)獻社會、造(zao)福人民的能力”[3]；堅持知行合(he)一(yi)、學(xue)(xue)以致用(yong)(yong)。所謂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)“賦(fu)能”，意即培(pei)養能力。就(jiu)(jiu)建筑學(xue)(xue)人才培(pei)養來說，即要著力賦(fu)予學(xue)(xue)生活(huo)學(xue)(xue)活(huo)用(yong)(yong)建筑史論，具備高階(jie)思維、綜合(he)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)、動手(shou)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)、創(chuang)新創(chuang)造(zao)、適應(ying)(ying)社會等能力，踐(jian)行“德育為先、能力為重、全(quan)面(mian)發展(zhan)(zhan)”[3]的現代教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育理念(nian)。《中(zhong)國建筑史》教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)“多維賦(fu)能”何以可能？改革(ge)實際探索表明：在教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)目(mu)標賦(fu)能、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容賦(fu)能、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方法賦(fu)能、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)實踐(jian)賦(fu)能、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)評價賦(fu)能等方面(mian)均可有所作(zuo)(zuo)為，并收到預期成(cheng)效(xiao)。

2.2“多(duo)維賦能”教學改革(ge)與實(shi)踐

2.2.1教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)目標賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)《國(guo)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)長期教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育改(gai)(gai)革(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)(gui)劃綱要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)（2010—2020）》指(zhi)(zhi)出：要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)“堅(jian)持能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)。優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)結(jie)構(gou)、豐富(fu)社(she)會實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)。”2018版《全國(guo)高(gao)等(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)估(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)件(jian)》也明確(que)了建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)(shi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育必(bi)須(xu)達(da)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)掌握中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)史(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，熟(shu)悉(xi)各(ge)個歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)時(shi)期建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、特(te)點和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因，熟(shu)悉(xi)當代(dai)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)及(ji)(ji)(ji)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)人(ren)物與(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)熟(shu)悉(xi)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺產保護(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)既存建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)與(yu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)原則，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠進行(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)查、測繪(hui)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)初步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)或(huo)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)設(she)(she)(she)計。課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)立足應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)人(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)，多(duo)(duo)維(wei)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)目標定(ding)位上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)功夫，使建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)本(ben)(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)人(ren)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)達(da)到(dao)預定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畢業(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。2.2.2教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)(shi)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)必(bi)修和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)選(xuan)(xuan)修兩個部分(fen)(fen)(fen)。內(nei)(nei)容(rong)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)通(tong)過專題(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)來承擔，以(yi)此加(jia)強(qiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)專業(ye)關(guan)聯(lian)(lian)性(xing)(xing)、提(ti)升教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計劃靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)目標多(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)，擴大教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資源開放性(xing)(xing)[4]，達(da)到(dao)多(duo)(duo)維(wei)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效率要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)如(ru)下(xia)(xia)(xia)5個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)：第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)：砥礪前(qian)(qian)行(xing)(xing)——中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)(shi)序(xu)言。從(cong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)(shi)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)性(xing)(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)，到(dao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)演變規(gui)(gui)律，綜(zong)(zong)(zong)述厚(hou)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)，進而汲取(qu)前(qian)(qian)人(ren)經(jing)驗，激(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好奇心(xin)、求(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)欲(yu)、責任感(gan)(gan)；開啟活學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)(shi)論(lun)(lun)至建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)意識(shi)。第(di)(di)二(er)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)念(nian)、特(te)征(zheng)、演變、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)達(da)。分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)棟(dong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)宇——中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)特(te)征(zheng)、源廣流長——古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)概況、天人(ren)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)——建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意匠(jiang)3個專題(ti)。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)先(xian)線(xian)上(shang)(shang)預習(xi)(xi)(xi)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)線(xian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)講授(shou)(shou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)研(yan)討(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法。課后(hou)(hou)(hou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)梳理(li)(li)、拓展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)，繪(hui)制知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)點譜系(xi)(xi)圖表(biao)(biao)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體架構(gou)、相(xiang)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)邏輯結(jie)構(gou)圖文(wen)(wen)(wen)表(biao)(biao)達(da)。第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)例與(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值。分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)匠(jiang)人(ren)營(ying)國(guo)、鄉土中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)、廟(miao)堂(tang)高(gao)遠、華夏(xia)瑰寶、咫(zhi)尺山(shan)林5個專題(ti)。內(nei)(nei)涵認(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)體驗、分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)與(yu)解碼、轉(zhuan)譯與(yu)思(si)(si)(si)辨，并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)安(an)排學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城紹(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)列古(gu)(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)調(diao)(diao)查，提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值認(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)度。第(di)(di)四階(jie)(jie)段(duan)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)土營(ying)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)技藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解讀(du)與(yu)體驗。古(gu)(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)法”——宋、清建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)做法專題(ti)，在(zai)(zai)史(shi)(shi)論(lun)(lun)講授(shou)(shou)、研(yan)討(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)安(an)排學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)搭(da)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)若干典型(xing)古(gu)(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)撰寫小論(lun)(lun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)，并(bing)(bing)交(jiao)流、分(fen)(fen)(fen)享(xiang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)手(shou)(shou)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果與(yu)心(xin)得(de)體會。第(di)(di)五階(jie)(jie)段(duan)：近代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形式和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)思(si)(si)(si)潮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承、革(ge)新以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)土重(zhong)(zhong)構(gou)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)近代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)“西風(feng)(feng)東漸(jian)”建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)思(si)(si)(si)潮開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)課前(qian)(qian)線(xian)上(shang)(shang)導(dao)(dao)讀(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)課堂(tang)討(tao)論(lun)(lun)，探究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)理(li)(li)念(nian)及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)營(ying)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)技藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西方(fang)(fang)理(li)(li)念(nian)融合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當代(dai)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。課后(hou)(hou)(hou)布置建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)小設(she)(she)(she)計作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，將古(gu)(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)思(si)(si)(si)想和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)技藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)當代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指(zhi)(zhi)標，最后(hou)(hou)(hou)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)享(xiang)、討(tao)論(lun)(lun)、評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)設(she)(she)(she)計作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)，同(tong)步(bu)師(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)反思(si)(si)(si)。在(zai)(zai)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)設(she)(she)(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，引(yin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)現(xian)場考(kao)(kao)察(cha)、制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、設(she)(she)(she)計；文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻檢索(suo)、論(lun)(lun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)寫作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、圖文(wen)(wen)(wen)表(biao)(biao)達(da)等(deng)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，把更(geng)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)訓練融入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)到(dao)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)并(bing)(bing)向(xiang)提(ti)升應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。與(yu)此同(tong)時(shi)，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)還自(zi)(zi)然融入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)思(si)(si)(si)政元(yuan)素(su)進行(xing)(xing)德育賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，突(tu)出思(si)(si)(si)想引(yin)領和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，探索(suo)立德與(yu)樹人(ren)、育人(ren)與(yu)立才相(xiang)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)路徑(jing)[5]。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)融入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)央(yang)視欄目國(guo)家(jia)寶藏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“樣式雷”視頻，探討(tao)“工匠(jiang)精神”；融入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)梁思(si)(si)(si)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、林徽因發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)唐代(dai)佛光寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，探討(tao)“家(jia)國(guo)情懷”；尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)訓練的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)走(zou)進古(gu)(gu)(gu)村(cun)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)街(jie)(jie)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)鎮(zhen)，自(zi)(zi)覺成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)者、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承者、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新者。2.2.3教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)課程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)線(xian)上(shang)(shang)+線(xian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)混合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)式教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式，契合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)人(ren)才培(pei)養(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)，以(yi)解決實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)問題(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)導(dao)(dao)向(xiang)，以(yi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)會適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)取(qu)向(xiang)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法改(gai)(gai)革(ge)[6]。依托超(chao)星(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)通(tong)平臺①，整(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)了線(xian)上(shang)(shang)+線(xian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)資源，改(gai)(gai)變單一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)史(shi)(shi)論(lun)(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)形式，融入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)歷(li)(li)史(shi)(shi)街(jie)(jie)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、美(mei)麗(li)鄉村(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)與(yu)鄉村(cun)振興(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)案(an)例講授(shou)(shou)，同(tong)時(shi)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)調(diao)(diao)研(yan)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型(xing)制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、地(di)(di)域(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)計等(deng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)，有(you)效賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)予學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)階(jie)(jie)思(si)(si)(si)維(wei)、綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、動(dong)(dong)(dong)手(shou)(shou)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。就(jiu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)而言，改(gai)(gai)革(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)別(bie)注重(zhong)(zhong)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)幾個方(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)，培(pei)養(yang)(yang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)人(ren)才：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)法，在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)引(yin)導(dao)(dao)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，通(tong)過學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)線(xian)上(shang)(shang)線(xian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)查詢(xun)資料、選(xuan)(xuan)擇學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)、整(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)信(xin)息資源、研(yan)討(tao)交(jiao)流，提(ti)升專業(ye)高(gao)階(jie)(jie)思(si)(si)(si)維(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)團隊(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)選(xuan)(xuan)擇成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員組建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)團隊(dui)，以(yi)團隊(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)形式進行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)關(guan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察(cha)調(diao)(diao)研(yan)、研(yan)討(tao)交(jiao)流、設(she)(she)(she)計制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)示(shi)，培(pei)養(yang)(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)團隊(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)精神、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)思(si)(si)(si)維(wei)、項目集體攻關(guan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)；三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)任務驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)法，任務驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)除了增加(jia)課堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)以(yi)外，還課內(nei)(nei)課外聯(lian)(lian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，借助第(di)(di)二(er)課堂(tang)有(you)效補充，鼓勵學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參加(jia)各(ge)類競賽、比賽，開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)（圖1）。2.2.4教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)高(gao)校的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)轉(zhuan)變觀念(nian)、勇于(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新。不(bu)以(yi)卷面(mian)考(kao)(kao)試(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)標準，把教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)納入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)范圍。改(gai)(gai)進結(jie)果評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、健全綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，積極探索(suo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)(zi)身能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)縱(zong)向(xiang)進步(bu)與(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增值評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)[7]。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)強(qiang)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，則十分(fen)(fen)(fen)有(you)利(li)于(yu)提(ti)升專業(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)效果和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)水平。首先(xian)，個性(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)助力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)人(ren)才培(pei)養(yang)(yang)，開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)域(yu)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)計實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，從(cong)選(xuan)(xuan)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新性(xing)(xing)、理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、繪(hui)圖質量、語言表(biao)(biao)達(da)、視頻效果等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)計能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)進行(xing)(xing)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)考(kao)(kao)核(he)。基(ji)于(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)(zi)我發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)諸多(duo)(duo)個性(xing)(xing)差異，個性(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，幫助學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)興(xing)(xing)(xing)趣(qu)、挖(wa)掘潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)特(te)長、大膽創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新。其(qi)次(ci)，全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縱(zong)向(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)課內(nei)(nei)課外、線(xian)上(shang)(shang)線(xian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)進行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，具有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)(xing)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)求(qiu)知(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常性(xing)(xing)、訓練的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)律性(xing)(xing)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)態(tai)性(xing)(xing)，其(qi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)身蘊(yun)含(han)著各(ge)種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長，這就(jiu)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縱(zong)向(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，在(zai)(zai)線(xian)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)指(zhi)(zhi)導(dao)(dao)、課內(nei)(nei)外能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓、地(di)(di)域(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)素(su)批判、設(she)(she)(she)計創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新思(si)(si)(si)維(wei)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)均可有(you)所作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。再次(ci)，開放式激(ji)(ji)勵評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。激(ji)(ji)勵評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)門藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術，特(te)別(bie)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)與(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、師(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)領導(dao)(dao)之(zhi)間開放式互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。激(ji)(ji)勵評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量，強(qiang)調(diao)(diao)“以(yi)德為(wei)(wei)(wei)先(xian)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)、全面(mian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，堅(jian)持面(mian)向(xiang)人(ren)人(ren)、因材施(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、知(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”[8]；而開放式相(xiang)互(hu)激(ji)(ji)勵評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，可創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)設(she)(she)(she)出學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)感(gan)(gan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)信(xin)感(gan)(gan)，進而形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“比學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)趕(gan)幫超(chao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)氛圍。

3實際成(cheng)效與問題反(fan)思

篇7

一、“逆城市化”是(shi)城市化的派生(sheng)物(wu)

“逆(ni)(ni)城市化(hua)(hua)”，究(jiu)(jiu)竟(jing)是(shi)個別現象(xiang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)普(pu)遍(bian)現象(xiang)？究(jiu)(jiu)竟(jing)是(shi)偶然現象(xiang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)必然現象(xiang)？究(jiu)(jiu)竟(jing)是(shi)城市化(hua)(hua)的(de)最(zui)后階(jie)(jie)段，還(huan)(huan)(huan)是(shi)城市化(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)到(dao)一定(ding)階(jie)(jie)段后派生出來的(de)新現象(xiang)？如(ru)何描述和(he)鑒定(ding)“逆(ni)(ni)城市化(hua)(hua)”，關系到(dao)我國(guo)城市化(hua)(hua)如(ru)何持續(xu)發展(zhan)和(he)新農村(cun)如(ru)何建設。

 1976年，美國地(di)(di)(di)理學家j.l.berng首先(xian)提出(chu)(chu)了(le)“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”(counter-urbanization)這一(yi)概念，他(ta)描述的是發(fa)(fa)達(da)國家城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)的新特點：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)會的人口重心(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)生變化(hua)(hua)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)會的經(jing)濟活(huo)動和政(zheng)治影響(xiang)力(li)(li)也(ye)由城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)向(xiang)外圍地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)轉移。之后(hou)不(bu)少(shao)學者將(jiang)“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”看成(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“空心(xin)(xin)化(hua)(hua)”。如(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)山大學城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)規(gui)劃(hua)系教授劉琦在(zai)(zai)批評城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建設時指出(chu)(chu)：中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)畢竟是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)，承載著這個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)(hua)，而沒有(you)歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是缺乏原動力(li)(li)的。但是，在(zai)(zai)很多城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，都曾經(jing)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)過(guo)“空心(xin)(xin)化(hua)(hua)”的情況(kuang)。這種現(xian)象(xiang)在(zai)(zai)歐洲(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)表現(xian)得最為明顯(xian)。結果(guo)造成(cheng)了(le)逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)，老城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)變得冷冷清清，經(jing)濟衰落，嚴重影響(xiang)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的可持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。[3]還有(you)學者將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的異化(hua)(hua)視為“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”，如(ru)江蘇省社(she)(she)科院(yuan)經(jing)研所(suo)所(suo)長葛守昆認為，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)已出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)異化(hua)(hua)——‘逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)’現(xian)象(xiang)，如(ru)單純的經(jing)濟增(zeng)長、土地(di)(di)(di)的浪費、環境的污染、貧(pin)富(fu)差距(ju)、不(bu)安全感等”[4]，因而需要“警惕‘逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)’”。

本文認為：美(mei)國(guo)學著(zhu)(zhu)j.l.berng關于“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”的(de)認識開拓了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)研究(jiu)的(de)新領域。但(dan)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”不是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)無節制拓展，不是(shi)“窮(qiong)人住在(zai)擁擠(ji)的(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中心，富人住在(zai)清靜(jing)的(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)郊區”，不是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)政治、經濟、文化(hua)(hua)等功能隨著(zhu)(zhu)富人的(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)而轉(zhuan)移(yi)，導致城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空心化(hua)(hua)。“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)發展到一定階段(duan)后的(de)派生物(wu)。

經(jing)濟學(xue)家茅于軾先(xian)生(sheng)在《城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規模的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟學(xue)分析》一(yi)文中從成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)與(yu)收益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)分析了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)、壯大(da)和分化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)。茅于軾先(xian)生(sheng)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，當城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規模發展(zhan)到(dao)邊際(ji)效益(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)零甚至(zhi)為(wei)(wei)負數(shu)后必然形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)遞增與(yu)分化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)對流(liu)趨(qu)勢。[5]城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)正是(shi)這(zhe)樣。任(ren)何優質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西(xi)都(dou)有它的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)、相對性(xing)(xing)。由于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)斷地聚集(ji)資源和產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，到(dao)一(yi)定程度(du)后，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)(jian)就會接近飽和。新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)資源和產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)擠(ji)進(jin)大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空間(jian)(jian)有限，在這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)下，曾經(jing)優質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)資源、優勢的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)就可能(neng)異化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)累(lei)贅(zhui)，要(yao)么(me)提(ti)高(gao)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)資源和產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，要(yao)么(me)“吐(tu)故(gu)納(na)新(xin)(xin)”，分流(liu)傳統的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)資源和產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。理智的(de)(de)(de)選擇是(shi)“吐(tu)故(gu)納(na)新(xin)(xin)”，是(shi)“分流(liu)”。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)進(jin)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)不(bu)(bu)斷提(ti)高(gao)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規模發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)邊際(ji)效益(yi)(yi)必將為(wei)(wei)零甚至(zhi)為(wei)(wei)負數(shu)。這(zhe)類“吐(tu)故(gu)”現(xian)(xian)象，就是(shi)“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”。“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”是(shi)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)進(jin)程中必然出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，而且，隨著信息化(hua)(hua)、生(sheng)態化(hua)(hua)時(shi)代以(yi)及汽(qi)車時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)到(dao)來，人(ren)(ren)們(men)生(sheng)活與(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)(jian)差距大(da)大(da)縮短(duan)，“吐(tu)故(gu)”還不(bu)(bu)僅表現(xian)(xian)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)傳統產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)轉移，還包括一(yi)些新(xin)(xin)興產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)完全安排在小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)和鄉村，如村鎮(zhen)旅游產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)異軍突(tu)起，人(ren)(ren)們(men)從著重欣賞城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)繁華轉移到(dao)著重欣賞鄉村的(de)(de)(de)寧靜(jing)。

“吐故(gu)”是(shi)(shi)為了“納新”。“吐故(gu)”與“納新”在同(tong)時進行，都是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)現象。如果說“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)一(yi)定區域的(de)優質資源(yuan)、產(chan)(chan)業(ye)和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)口(kou)向城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)聚集，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)大前提。那么，“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”則(ze)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)一(yi)些(xie)傳統功(gong)能(neng)、優質資源(yuan)以及人(ren)口(kou)向衛星城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及村鎮分(fen)(fen)流(liu)。這(zhe)些(xie)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)流(liu)不同(tong)于(yu)(yu)國家的(de)政(zheng)策性安排，如我國20世紀60-70年(nian)(nian)代“知識(shi)青(qing)年(nian)(nian)上山下鄉運動”、“三線建設”，如國家政(zheng)策取向的(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)支持(chi)農村、工業(ye)反哺(bu)農業(ye)”。“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)自身(shen)發(fa)展到一(yi)定階段(duan)遭(zao)遇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)能(neng)老化(hua)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)結構(gou)不合理和(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空間壓力(li)增大等問題(ti)后，基于(yu)(yu)可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)展的(de)需要而(er)(er)必然出現的(de)功(gong)能(neng)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)、產(chan)(chan)業(ye)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)口(kou)分(fen)(fen)流(liu)。因(yin)而(er)(er)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”并非阻(zu)止“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”的(de)繼續推進。恰恰相反，“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”有助(zhu)于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)優化(hua)、產(chan)(chan)業(ye)結構(gou)優化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)空間壓力(li)減輕，有助(zhu)于(yu)(yu)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”的(de)可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)展。

由(you)此，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)關系(xi)是：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)水平(ping)越高，“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”趨(qu)勢越強。既(ji)然“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)些傳統功(gong)能(neng)(neng)和(he)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)解及人口(kou)分(fen)(fen)流(liu)，因(yin)而“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是周邊(bian)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大機遇。誰(shui)與“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”趨(qu)勢對接(jie)(jie)，誰(shui)就抓住了周邊(bian)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)和(he)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機遇。利(li)用“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”趨(qu)勢發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)和(he)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)此基礎上發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)和(he)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)將成(cheng)為中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自我優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、減輕空間(jian)(jian)壓力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣闊(kuo)平(ping)臺，促(cu)使(shi)中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)(jian)結構更加合理，產(chan)業(ye)(ye)優(you)勢更加突(tu)出(chu)，聚集效(xiao)應(ying)和(he)帶動效(xiao)應(ying)更加強大。由(you)此形(xing)成(cheng)中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與中(zhong)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)、鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)彼(bi)此之間(jian)(jian)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)呼應(ying)、優(you)勢互補、良性循環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一(yi)體”發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)新(xin)格局，使(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)得以在(zai)(zai)(zai)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格局里(li)持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。因(yin)此，認識到“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是客觀規律，當城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規模面(mian)臨邊(bian)際效(xiao)益為零甚至為負數時，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)和(he)調整城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)結構上著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)，應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)疏(shu)通(tong)“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”渠道，主動地(di)安排和(he)促(cu)使(shi)部分(fen)(fen)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)和(he)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)向有條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)轉移上著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這個大背(bei)景下(xia)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本思路：一(yi)是對接(jie)(jie)中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，接(jie)(jie)應(ying)“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”潮(chao)流(liu)上，二是強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)特有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天然優(you)勢、歷史優(you)勢，創(chuang)造新(xin)優(you)勢，為吸留“逆(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”潮(chao)流(liu)創(chuang)造條(tiao)件。

二、“逆城市化”是(shi)村鎮(zhen)發展(zhan)的重大機遇

綜觀城(cheng)市(shi)化發展的歷史，我們可以清楚(chu)地看到城(cheng)市(shi)化向城(cheng)鄉一體化發展的必然趨勢。

英國(guo)是(shi)工業(ye)革(ge)命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發源地(di)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)、工業(ye)化(hua)走在(zai)世界前(qian)列(lie)，同時也最早面臨城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)病問(wen)題(ti)，如(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)率一度最高(gao)、大(da)工業(ye)一度最集中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)敦是(shi)出(chu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“霧都”。1898年(nian)(nian)，針對(dui)英國(guo)日愈(yu)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)病，英國(guo)人(ren)霍(huo)(huo)華(hua)德(de)發表了(le)具有劃時代價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專著《明(ming)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)園城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)》。霍(huo)(huo)華(hua)德(de)認為，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)本身(shen)具有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸引人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁力(li)導致城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)人(ren)口聚集，而(er)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)對(dui)人(ren)口聚集的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承載力(li)總會(hui)有限，因而(er)需(xu)要從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)和(he)農(nong)村(cun)相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度來(lai)管(guan)理(li)(li)土地(di)，解決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發展問(wen)題(ti)。霍(huo)(huo)華(hua)德(de)從城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)協調的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度重新闡釋了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，把(ba)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)與外(wai)圍鄉(xiang)村(cun)當(dang)作一個(ge)整體(ti)(ti)來(lai)分析，對(dui)資金來(lai)源、土地(di)分配、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)財政收(shou)支和(he)田(tian)園城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)管(guan)理(li)(li)、人(ren)口密度、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)綠化(hua)帶等問(wen)題(ti)提出(chu)了(le)自己獨到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見(jian)解，對(dui)后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規劃與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發展產生(sheng)了(le)深刻影響。霍(huo)(huo)華(hua)德(de)倡(chang)導用城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新社會(hui)結構形態來(lai)取代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)對(dui)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)社會(hui)形態。后來(lai)學者尊稱霍(huo)(huo)華(hua)德(de)為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發展轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論奠基人(ren)。1946年(nian)(nian)，著名(ming)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)論家l．芒福德(de)稱贊霍(huo)(huo)華(hua)德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“田(tian)園城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)”思想(xiang)是(shi)二十世紀(ji)初與發明(ming)飛機并列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩項最偉大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發明(ming)[6]。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)理(li)(li)念第一次提了(le)出(chu)來(lai)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)在(zai)這里轉了(le)一個(ge)彎。由此，我(wo)們可以把(ba)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)念和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉折(zhe)點定位(wei)于(yu)19世紀(ji)末20世紀(ji)初。

雖然霍華(hua)德的(de)(de)(de)田(tian)園(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)對克服大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)弊(bi)病起到了(le)一(yi)定作(zuo)用，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)這些理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)思想主要還是(shi)(shi)(shi)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規劃和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)中(zhong)化解自身的(de)(de)(de)弊(bi)病，對大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)病難以根(gen)(gen)治(zhi)。在此基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)，1930年代(dai)(dai)(dai)，美國學者(zhe)、設(she)計大師(shi)賴(lai)特出(chu)(chu)版了(le)《消失(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》、《寬闊的(de)(de)(de)田(tian)地(di)》兩(liang)部代(dai)(dai)(dai)表作(zuo)品(pin)。我們從這兩(liang)部書的(de)(de)(de)名字就(jiu)可以窺見賴(lai)特對傳統(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)(li)(li)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)顛覆。他(ta)在《消失(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》書中(zhong)指出(chu)(chu)：現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)背離了(le)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)愿(yuan)望(wang)，也(ye)不能(neng)(neng)適應現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)生活需要，因而(er)(er)需要將其取消，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)取消大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。他(ta)認為：反映人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)愿(yuan)望(wang)、適應現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)生活需要的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，將是(shi)(shi)(shi)與古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或任何現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)差異很大的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)所(suo)不在而(er)(er)又(you)以無(wu)所(suo)在，以致我們根(gen)(gen)本(ben)不會把它當作(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來看待。賴(lai)特在《寬闊的(de)(de)(de)田(tian)地(di)》中(zhong)正式提出(chu)(chu)廣畝(mu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)想。基(ji)本(ben)理(li)(li)(li)念(nian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分散(san)于(yu)廣畝(mu)大地(di)，人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)擁有一(yi)片自然”。 賴(lai)特的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)被稱(cheng)之為“廣畝(mu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)想”，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向鄉(xiang)村擴散(san)，把集中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)新分散(san)在地(di)區性農業網(wang)格之上(shang)(shang)。相比之下，賴(lai)特提出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)“廣畝(mu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)想”，從人(ren)(ren)與自然的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然聯(lian)系的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)能(neng)(neng)出(chu)(chu)發，滿足了(le)人(ren)(ren)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)異化（弊(bi)病）中(zhong)對克服異化和(he)追(zhui)求本(ben)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)需求，因而(er)(er)更能(neng)(neng)被人(ren)(ren)們所(suo)接受。

緊(jin)接著(zhu)，與賴特幾乎(hu)同時(shi)代(dai)(dai)并同樣(yang)享譽世(shi)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)名學(xue)者、美(mei)國劉易斯(si)·芒福德(de)發(fa)表了(le)巨著(zhu)《城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)史：起(qi)源、演(yan)變和(he)前景》（the city in history:its origins,its transformation and its prospects），以(yi)革(ge)命(ming)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姿(zi)態(tai)提(ti)出“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)統(tong)籌(chou)(chou)(chou)發(fa)展(zhan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)觀。芒福德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)統(tong)籌(chou)(chou)(chou)發(fa)展(zhan)思(si)想(xiang)，是從對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)與人(ren)(ren)類命(ming)運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注出發(fa)，對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、人(ren)(ren)工(gong)環境和(he)歷史文明進(jin)行(xing)了(le)深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論探索，認為自然(ran)環境比人(ren)(ren)工(gong)環境更重(zhong)要。后工(gong)業社會加重(zhong)了(le)人(ren)(ren)與自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾。人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)屬性(xing)與自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)突等(deng)問題(ti)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)進(jin)程中(zhong)突顯出來。我(wo)們說(shuo)芒福德(de)之所(suo)以(yi)是以(yi)革(ge)命(ming)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姿(zi)態(tai)提(ti)出解(jie)決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)問題(ti)，還因為他率(lv)先把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)加劇了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對立上升到(dao)了(le)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度，所(suo)以(yi)要從制(zhi)度安排的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度來解(jie)決人(ren)(ren)與自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對立和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對立，重(zhong)建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平衡，使全(quan)部居民(min)在任何一(yi)個地方享受到(dao)同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活質(zhi)量。因而芒福德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)統(tong)籌(chou)(chou)(chou)發(fa)展(zhan)思(si)想(xiang)，包(bao)括了(le)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治中(zhong)心功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分解(jie)，通過分散權力來建造(zao)許(xu)多新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心，形成(cheng)一(yi)個更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)統(tong)一(yi)體(ti)。可見，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)統(tong)籌(chou)(chou)(chou)發(fa)展(zhan)”完善了(le)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)”思(si)想(xiang)。20世(shi)紀50年代(dai)(dai)以(yi)后，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論和(he)實踐在歐(ou)美(mei)發(fa)達(da)國家(jia)有了(le)長足發(fa)展(zhan)。如托馬斯(si)和(he)庫恩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)地域(yu)結構思(si)想(xiang)，如日本學(xue)者岸根卓郎提(ti)出“自然(ran)—空間—人(ren)(ren)類系統(tong)”模式(shi)。[7]

對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)理(li)論發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)回顧(gu)，不難看出(chu)，整個20世紀的(de)(de)一(yi)百年間(jian)，引領(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)理(li)論發(fa)(fa)(fa)展創新(xin)的(de)(de)學說(shuo)呈現出(chu)與20世紀前的(de)(de)“大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”理(li)論漸行漸遠。這些大師們，憑借(jie)自(zi)己在理(li)論界的(de)(de)權威影響，深刻地改變了傳統(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)由“大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)”轉向(xiang)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉一(yi)體化(hua)”，更加注重(zhong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展對(dui)農村(cun)的(de)(de)牽動和影響。實踐表明，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉一(yi)體化(hua)”，疏(shu)通了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)瓶頸，為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)的(de)(de)可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展開創了新(xin)天地。

回顧發達國家城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)清(qing)楚地看到：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)經(jing)(jing)歷了(le)(le)三(san)個(ge)(ge)時(shi)期(qi)，形成了(le)(le)三(san)種方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)：第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)時(shi)期(qi)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)然形成階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，可(ke)(ke)追溯(su)到城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)誕(dan)生(sheng)之日起(qi)(qi)，到18世紀(ji)英(ying)國工(gong)業(ye)(ye)革命(ming)和(he)(he)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)出現為(wei)止(zhi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)很(hen)漫長(chang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)順(shun)其(qi)自(zi)(zi)然，特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)依從政治、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、商貿乃至軍(jun)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)需要(yao)(yao)來發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；第(di)二個(ge)(ge)時(shi)期(qi)是(shi)(shi)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，可(ke)(ke)從18世紀(ji)英(ying)國工(gong)業(ye)(ye)革命(ming)出現起(qi)(qi)，到19世紀(ji)末霍華(hua)德發表(biao)《明天的(de)(de)(de)(de)田園城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)》。由于(yu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)需要(yao)(yao)以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)基礎和(he)(he)吸納大(da)(da)(da)(da)量農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)勞(lao)力，人(ren)口(kou)和(he)(he)產業(ye)(ye)源源不斷地向(xiang)(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“單(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)”匯集(ji)，創造了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)批特大(da)(da)(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”，特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)依從經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)需要(yao)(yao)促使農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)資源“單(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)”向(xiang)(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)聚集(ji)；第(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)時(shi)期(qi)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，20世紀(ji)初開始起(qi)(qi)步。由于(yu)“單(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)”聚集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”所積(ji)累的(de)(de)(de)(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)病”和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)矛盾已經(jing)(jing)導致這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)不可(ke)(ke)持(chi)續，在新的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)理念的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響下，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)開始將(jiang)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)納入自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)系(xi)統(tong)，出現“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”與(yu)“農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源優勢、發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)優勢雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)流。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”。特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”與(yu)“農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)”有(you)機(ji)地構成一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)，資源優勢、發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)優勢“雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)流”。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)流”，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面“大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”還在推進，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”趨勢也更加(jia)(jia)強勁，大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些功(gong)能和(he)(he)產業(ye)(ye)、人(ren)口(kou)向(xiang)(xiang)周遍村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮轉移(yi)。在這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水平(ping)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家有(you)機(ji)地利(li)用了(le)(le)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)力量來促進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)甚至是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮和(he)(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，既緩解了(le)(le)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”越(yue)積(ji)越(yue)多、越(yue)積(ji)越(yue)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)病，又(you)使中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)甚至小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮、鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)發生(sheng)深刻變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，逐步形成了(le)(le)產業(ye)(ye)呼(hu)應(ying)、優勢互補(bu)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)區(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會統(tong)籌發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)格局。可(ke)(ke)見，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是(shi)(shi)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)”雙(shuang)向(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)”。在“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曾經(jing)(jing)輝煌有(you)加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心功(gong)能、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心功(gong)能、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心功(gong)能以(yi)及居住功(gong)能、休閑娛(yu)樂等功(gong)能紛紛向(xiang)(xiang)有(you)條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮及鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)分(fen)(fen)解。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能分(fen)(fen)解和(he)(he)人(ren)口(kou)分(fen)(fen)流，為(wei)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”、“鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)都市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”提(ti)供了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件、機(ji)遇和(he)(he)能量。

美(mei)國著名城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟學(xue)家阿(a)瑟·奧利(li)沙文(wen)在其《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟學(xue)》為(wei)我們記(ji)述(shu)了始于(yu)(yu)20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)中(zhong)期大城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)趨勢減弱(ruo)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些具體數據。奧利(li)沙文(wen)寫(xie)道：（世(shi)(shi)界(jie)）“中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人口(kou)(kou)(kou)百(bai)分(fen)比(bi)從1948年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)64%下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)39%。制(zhi)造業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)百(bai)分(fen)比(bi)從67%下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)45%。貿易與服(fu)(fu)務(wu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)更大：中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)批發業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)百(bai)分(fen)比(bi)從92%下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)49%，零售業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)百(bai)分(fen)比(bi)從75%下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)48%；服(fu)(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)百(bai)分(fen)比(bi)從85%下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)52%。”[8]在美(mei)國，制(zhi)造業(ye)(ye)城(cheng)郊(jiao)化(hua)始于(yu)(yu)1948年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)造業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)份額從1948年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)約(yue)2/3下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)為(wei)足一(yi)(yi)(yi)半(ban)。同時，人口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)郊(jiao)化(hua)趨勢也突(tu)出，居住(zhu)在中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)區(qu)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人口(kou)(kou)(kou)，從1948年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)約(yue)三分(fen)之二下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)五分(fen)之二以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)。伴隨著制(zhi)造業(ye)(ye)城(cheng)郊(jiao)化(hua)、人口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)郊(jiao)化(hua)是零售商的(de)(de)城(cheng)郊(jiao)化(hua)。中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)零售所占比(bi)重從1948年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)2/3下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)不到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)半(ban)。由于(yu)(yu)數字(zi)信(xin)息的(de)(de)迅猛發展，帶(dai)來了寫(xie)字(zi)樓就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)城(cheng)郊(jiao)化(hua)。20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)早期以(yi)(yi)前(qian)，寫(xie)字(zi)樓仍(reng)定位(wei)于(yu)(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)居多(duo)，自20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)起，城(cheng)郊(jiao)辦公(gong)空(kong)間以(yi)(yi)較快的(de)(de)比(bi)率增(zeng)長(chang)，僅70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)間，美(mei)國城(cheng)郊(jiao)寫(xie)字(zi)樓就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)比(bi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)城(cheng)區(qu)寫(xie)字(zi)樓就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)長(chang)快7倍多(duo)（116%比(bi)15%），芝加哥大城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地區(qu)城(cheng)郊(jiao)寫(xie)字(zi)樓空(kong)間在1980年(nian)(nian)到(dao)1987年(nian)(nian)間翻了兩倍多(duo)，城(cheng)郊(jiao)占的(de)(de)總寫(xie)了樓空(kong)間從29%增(zeng)加到(dao)38%[9]。

盡管百年來(lai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)達(da)的(de)(de)(de)國家城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)水平仍(reng)在(zai)不斷提高，如(ru)今(jin)已經(jing)突破城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)率75%（2005年）的(de)(de)(de)水平，根本原因是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)推進方式轉向“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體化(hua)(hua)”，利(li)用了“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)”力(li)量優化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)功(gong)能和(he)發(fa)(fa)展鄉(xiang)村。20世紀中(zhong)期以后，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體化(hua)(hua)”成為(wei)發(fa)(fa)達(da)國家的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍選擇：城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)徑(jing)轉變(bian)為(wei)優化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)功(gong)能和(he)調整城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)產業結構和(he)疏通“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)”渠(qu)道，主(zhu)動地安排和(he)促(cu)使部分(fen)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)功(gong)能和(he)產業向有條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)村鎮(zhen)轉移。這個時期是(shi)村鎮(zhen)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)金期。由“大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)”向“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體化(hua)(hua)”這一美麗的(de)(de)(de)轉身，既破解(jie)了治理“大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)病”的(de)(de)(de)難題(ti)，促(cu)使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)更加穩健地可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展，又注重(zhong)了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)發(fa)(fa)展對農(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)帶動和(he)利(li)用農(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展來(lai)支撐(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)差距(ju)逐漸縮小。

三、典型案例(li)：“逆城市化”助推村鎮發展

布蘭桑鎮（city of branson，missouri）是位于美(mei)國中西部(bu)密蘇里州的內陸(lu)小鎮，人口僅7500人，面積(ji)約30平方公里。20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代開始出現主題公園(yuan)和(he)劇院(yuan)，到(dao)2006年(nian)，該(gai)鎮擁有3座主題公園(yuan)、49座劇院(yuan)、10座博物(wu)館(guan)，以及眾(zhong)多的購物(wu)中心、高爾(er)夫(fu)球(qiu)場、餐廳等。2005年(nian)接待游(you)客720萬人次，旅游(you)年(nian)收入超(chao)過10億美(mei)元，稅收0.7億美(mei)元，提(ti)供就(jiu)業(ye)崗(gang)位10萬個，成為(wei)美(mei)國中西部(bu)以適宜人居(ju)和(he)休閑(xian)度假而聞名的城鎮。[10]

一(yi)個內陸小鎮，能夠造(zao)就(jiu)超過本地人口10倍以上的(de)就(jiu)業(ye)崗位，形成巨大的(de)旅游度假消(xiao)費市(shi)場(chang)，其(qi)中的(de)奧妙究竟在哪(na)里呢？

首先，布蘭(lan)桑走了(le)一條(tiao)完全不同于中(zhong)國大陸以(yi)(yi)轉移(yi)農村剩余(yu)勞力(li)(li)的(de)(de)小城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)發展(zhan)道(dao)路。布蘭(lan)桑的(de)(de)發展(zhan)興盛，主要(yao)是依(yi)托眾多主題公園、劇院、博物(wu)館，以(yi)(yi)及購(gou)物(wu)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)、高爾夫球場、餐廳等，這些(xie)都是傳統意(yi)義上中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)優勢(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)。這些(xie)原本屬于中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)才有的(de)(de)優勢(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)，小城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)無法(fa)通過自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)量來創造，只能在吸(xi)引中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)優勢(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)上著力(li)(li)。可見，布蘭(lan)桑市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)興盛，走了(le)一條(tiao)吸(xi)引中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)優勢(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)之路。由于這些(xie)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)優勢(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)到來，布蘭(lan)桑鎮(zhen)跨(kua)越式地提(ti)升(sheng)了(le)吸(xi)引消費(fei)的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)和自(zi)身(shen)消費(fei)水平。

第(di)二，自(zi)(zi)然(ran)優(you)勢(shi)和(he)歷史優(you)勢(shi)固然(ran)重要，但并(bing)非(fei)所(suo)有(you)地方都具(ju)有(you)得天獨厚(hou)的(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)優(you)勢(shi)和(he)深厚(hou)的(de)歷史文化遺傳(chuan)。布蘭(lan)桑鎮(zhen)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)資源稟賦(fu)一(yi)般，歷史文化遺產(chan)一(yi)般，能(neng)夠創(chuang)下年接待(dai)度(du)(du)假游(you)客720萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)次的(de)奇跡，成為(wei)以家(jia)庭(ting)度(du)(du)假為(wei)核心的(de)世界(jie)級旅游(you)城(cheng)市，是找(zhao)準了自(zi)(zi)身發展的(de)定位——針對具(ju)有(you)普(pu)遍性、時代性的(de)消(xiao)費需求(qiu)，創(chuang)造新的(de)人(ren)(ren)文優(you)勢(shi)。可見，發展小城(cheng)鎮(zhen)，事在人(ren)(ren)為(wei)，關鍵在于(yu)發展理念。

第三，布蘭桑鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)興盛依托(tuo)于(yu)傳統中(zhong)心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)優(you)勢資(zi)源的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)移。20世紀(ji)60年代正(zheng)是全美放棄“大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化”，中(zhong)心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)優(you)勢資(zi)源及(ji)(ji)產(chan)業(ye)向村鎮(zhen)轉(zhuan)移，即“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化”勢頭(tou)強勁的(de)(de)時期。布蘭桑鎮(zhen)能夠(gou)迅速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)興盛，正(zheng)是抓住了中(zhong)心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)優(you)勢資(zi)源及(ji)(ji)產(chan)業(ye)“分(fen)化”的(de)(de)機遇。可(ke)見(jian)，中(zhong)心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)優(you)勢資(zi)源及(ji)(ji)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)分(fen)解勢頭(tou)，是小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)巨大(da)力量。

成都(dou)(dou)是中國西(xi)南特大中心(xin)城市(shi)(shi)。成都(dou)(dou)城市(shi)(shi)化(hua)速度(du)(du)超(chao)過全國平(ping)均速度(du)(du)，特別是進入(ru)21世紀，成都(dou)(dou)的(de)城市(shi)(shi)化(hua)率以年(nian)均2個百(bai)分點的(de)速度(du)(du)躍(yue)進，2005年(nian)，按常住(zhu)人口計算，成都(dou)(dou)的(de)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)率達到49.7%[11]。同時，成都(dou)(dou)中心(xin)城區（二環路以內）人口密度(du)(du)超(chao)過平(ping)方公里2萬人，是全市(shi)(shi)人口平(ping)均密度(du)(du)的(de)25倍[12]，城市(shi)(shi)發(fa)展與人口、土(tu)地(di)、環境的(de)矛盾(dun)突顯。這些矛盾(dun)蘊涵(han)著強烈(lie)的(de)“逆城市(shi)(shi)化(hua)”沖動，成都(dou)(dou)“逆城市(shi)(shi)化(hua)”流(liu)動特別活躍(yue)。主要表現在：

1.經濟中心(xin)功能分(fen)解，機械制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)外遷(qian)。成(cheng)都(dou)是國家(jia)“一五”期間(jian)就確立了(le)的(de)(de)西南工業(ye)(ye)重(zhong)(zhong)鎮，有比較雄(xiong)厚的(de)(de)工業(ye)(ye)基礎。成(cheng)都(dou)東(dong)城(cheng)區的(de)(de)機械制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)對工業(ye)(ye)gdp的(de)(de)貢獻(xian)率一度高達70%以上。隨著(zhu)城(cheng)市化進程加快，這(zhe)些曾(ceng)經輝煌、曾(ceng)經作為(wei)城(cheng)市經濟的(de)(de)支(zhi)柱企(qi)業(ye)(ye)迅(xun)速(su)衰(shuai)落為(wei)城(cheng)市發(fa)展的(de)(de)累贅(zhui)。進入21世紀，成(cheng)都(dou)根據(ju)城(cheng)市發(fa)展的(de)(de)需(xu)要，實施了(le)城(cheng)市東(dong)區重(zhong)(zhong)工業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)調遷(qian)計(ji)劃(hua)。截止2006年(nian)底，城(cheng)東(dong)200多個大中型企(qi)業(ye)(ye)全部(bu)向郊縣或(huo)有條件的(de)(de)村鎮整(zheng)體(ti)搬遷(qian)。

2.文(wen)化(hua)中心(xin)功能(neng)分解，一些文(wen)化(hua)教育(yu)(yu)體育(yu)(yu)娛樂(le)優質(zhi)資(zi)源突圍(wei)。成(cheng)都(dou)是四川(chuan)省省會城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)、國務(wu)院首批公布的(de)(de)(de)歷史文(wen)化(hua)名城(cheng)(cheng)，歷史上形成(cheng)了(le)一大(da)(da)(da)(da)批文(wen)化(hua)教育(yu)(yu)體育(yu)(yu)優質(zhi)資(zi)源。隨著城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發展，這些位居中心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)區的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)優質(zhi)資(zi)源難(nan)以(yi)就(jiu)地(di)(di)擴(kuo)張，紛紛突圍(wei)。如四川(chuan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)新校區選(xuan)擇(ze)了(le)雙(shuang)(shuang)流(liu)(liu)縣(xian)(xian)白家鎮；如新落成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)國際會展中心(xin)毗鄰雙(shuang)(shuang)流(liu)(liu)縣(xian)(xian)華陽鎮[13]；如大(da)(da)(da)(da)型文(wen)化(hua)娛樂(le)項目(mu)“極地(di)(di)海(hai)洋公園”落戶雙(shuang)(shuang)流(liu)(liu)縣(xian)(xian)萬安(an)鎮；如特色鮮明、蜚聲海(hai)內外的(de)(de)(de)“建(jian)(jian)川(chuan)（抗戰）博物館”建(jian)(jian)在大(da)(da)(da)(da)邑縣(xian)(xian)安(an)仁鎮。這些文(wen)教體娛重(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)項目(mu)向周邊地(di)(di)區擴(kuo)散，極大(da)(da)(da)(da)地(di)(di)改變(bian)了(le)成(cheng)都(dou)文(wen)化(hua)功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)布局。

3，消費(fei)功能分解，“農(nong)(nong)家(jia)樂(le)(le)”成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為城(cheng)(cheng)市居民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)消費(fei)熱點。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)被譽(yu)為中國“農(nong)(nong)家(jia)樂(le)(le)”的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)源(yuan)地。20世紀90年代，郫縣(xian)農(nong)(nong)科村(cun)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)就在自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)家(jia)院壩里接待星(xing)期天和節假日(ri)從城(cheng)(cheng)里來的(de)(de)(de)客人(ren)，聲名遠(yuan)揚。之(zhi)(zhi)后“農(nong)(nong)家(jia)樂(le)(le)”在廣袤的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)平原雨(yu)后春筍般層出不窮，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)旅游一大亮點。再(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)后成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)錦江區三圣(sheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)綻放“五朵金(jin)花”，集觀光經濟、休閑經濟、體(ti)驗經濟為一體(ti)，蜚聲海內(nei)外，標志成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)“農(nong)(nong)家(jia)樂(le)(le)”發(fa)(fa)(fa)展到新的(de)(de)(de)境界(jie)，吸引城(cheng)(cheng)市居民(min)(min)消費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)能力增強。“農(nong)(nong)家(jia)樂(le)(le)”發(fa)(fa)(fa)展升級的(de)(de)(de)歷程反映(ying)了中心城(cheng)(cheng)區人(ren)們對自(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)求，對鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)人(ren)與自(zi)(zi)然和諧(xie)環境的(de)(de)(de)向往。

4.居(ju)住功(gong)能分解，人口(kou)(kou)向(xiang)(xiang)城郊和(he)小城鎮轉(zhuan)移。隨著城市(shi)的快(kuai)速發(fa)展帶來了人們居(ju)住成本、生(sheng)活成本加(jia)重和(he)人的自然天性與大(da)(da)自然的隔(ge)離，中心(xin)城區(qu)居(ju)民越來越向(xiang)(xiang)往村鎮的低成本居(ju)住、低成本生(sheng)活和(he)對(dui)大(da)(da)自然的擁抱。城鄉結合(he)地(di)段，甚至(zhi)遠郊，開始出(chu)現(xian)優(you)于城市(shi)中心(xin)地(di)段的大(da)(da)樓盤(pan)，顯示出(chu)中心(xin)地(di)段的人群開始向(xiang)(xiang)城市(shi)周邊轉(zhuan)移。在(zai)成都(dou)，不僅近郊有(you)高(gao)檔(dang)樓盤(pan)，如(ru)雙(shuang)流萬安鎮的“麓山國際(ji)社區(qu)”、 溫江萬春鎮的“芙蓉古鎮”，甚至(zhi)遠郊也出(chu)現(xian)吸(xi)引中心(xin)城區(qu)人口(kou)(kou)居(ju)住的特大(da)(da)樓盤(pan)，如(ru)都(dou)江堰市(shi)青(qing)城山鎮等(deng)系(xi)列高(gao)檔(dang)樓盤(pan)拔(ba)地(di)而(er)起。這些表明(ming)人們居(ju)住選擇(ze)的郊區(qu)化趨向(xiang)(xiang)。

這(zhe)4大趨(qu)勢，無論是機械制(zhi)造(zao)業外遷、文教體娛優質資(zi)源突圍，還(huan)是城(cheng)市居(ju)(ju)民消(xiao)費(fei)、居(ju)(ju)民居(ju)(ju)住的郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)化趨(qu)向，與阿瑟·奧(ao)利(li)沙文在《城(cheng)市經(jing)濟學》一書(shu)所記述的20世紀60年(nian)代起發生在美國的制(zhi)造(zao)業城(cheng)郊(jiao)(jiao)化、人口城(cheng)郊(jiao)(jiao)化、零售(shou)商(shang)的城(cheng)郊(jiao)(jiao)化等趨(qu)勢很相似，這(zhe)些趨(qu)勢均(jun)是村鎮(zhen)發展的巨大力量和重大機會。

這些(xie)趨勢表明成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)已經(jing)處(chu)在一(yi)(yi)個重大(da)(da)(da)變化(hua)的(de)關鍵時(shi)期，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)所帶來(lai)的(de)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)”沖動(dong)非常強(qiang)(qiang)勁，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)村鎮(zhen)渴(ke)望(wang)有(you)重大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。是(shi)繼續走城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)分割和城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)對立的(de)單(dan)向城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)之路，還(huan)是(shi)抓住(zhu)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)”沖動(dong)非常強(qiang)(qiang)勁的(de)機遇，走城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)體的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)新路？成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)選擇(ze)了后(hou)者(zhe)。2004年(nian)(nian)2月，成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)順應城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)的(de)規律，不失時(shi)機提(ti)出實施(shi)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)”發(fa)(fa)(fa)展戰略，努(nu)力形(xing)成(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)與(yu)農村、工業與(yu)農業的(de)互動(dong)，形(xing)成(cheng)有(you)機的(de)內循環，為(wei)優(you)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)資(zi)源(yuan)配置創(chuang)造條(tiao)件。經(jing)過(guo)近3年(nian)(nian)的(de)努(nu)力，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)”迅速提(ti)升了成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)水平，使成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)農民(min)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產、生(sheng)(sheng)活和居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)方式發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)巨大(da)(da)(da)改(gai)變。生(sheng)(sheng)產方式的(de)改(gai)變，主要反(fan)映(ying)為(wei)“土地(di)(di)向規模經(jing)營集中”，發(fa)(fa)(fa)展現(xian)代農業。居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)活方式的(de)改(gai)變，主要反(fan)映(ying)為(wei)“農民(min)向集中居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)區集中”，整合土地(di)(di)資(zi)源(yuan)。最能體現(xian)成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)村都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)”水平的(de)是(shi)成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)遍(bian)地(di)(di)開(kai)花的(de)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村旅(lv)游(you)業和觀光農業。2006年(nian)(nian)，國家旅(lv)游(you)局(ju)高度贊揚成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展鄉(xiang)(xiang)村旅(lv)游(you)，認為(wei)成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)把鄉(xiang)(xiang)村旅(lv)游(you)納入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)規劃(hua)統一(yi)(yi)布局(ju)，納入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)產業統一(yi)(yi)推進，納入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)建設統一(yi)(yi)配套，值得借鑒。[14] 成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村旅(lv)游(you)，特別是(shi)“農家樂(le)”，在全國獨樹一(yi)(yi)幟，足以表明“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)”給成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)農民(min)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產、生(sheng)(sheng)活和居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)方式所帶來(lai)的(de)巨大(da)(da)(da)變化(hua)。

“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體(ti)化(hua)(hua)”促成(cheng)了(le)成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)的(de)“大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”向“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)”轉(zhuan)變。政府順應“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”趨(qu)勢，鼓(gu)勵、支持就引導(dao)一些(xie)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)產業(ye)(ye)向有條件的(de)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)轉(zhuan)移，并確立了(le)13個優先發展(zhan)(zhan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)，使(shi)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)發展(zhan)(zhan)突飛猛進。小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)正(zheng)在成(cheng)為新(xin)興產業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)高地(di)(di)、投資的(de)重點、新(xin)的(de)經濟增長(chang)(chang)點和(he)吸(xi)納勞(lao)動力的(de)洼地(di)(di)。同(tong)(tong)時，“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體(ti)化(hua)(hua)”為解決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)(zhan)難題創新(xin)了(le)方式(shi)，著力于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)產業(ye)(ye)結(jie)構(gou)調整(zheng)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)產業(ye)(ye)升級，有力地(di)(di)促進了(le)成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)跨越式(shi)發展(zhan)(zhan)。這(zhe)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)功能更(geng)強(qiang)、人居環境更(geng)佳、投資環境更(geng)優的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)已受到國(guo)內外越來越頻繁(fan)的(de)追捧(peng)。推進“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體(ti)化(hua)(hua)”以來，成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)速(su)度(du)加快，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)率年均增長(chang)(chang)兩個百分點，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過全國(guo)同(tong)(tong)年平均水平。2005年度(du)中國(guo)200城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)競爭力排(pai)名，成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)居27位(wei)[15]。2007年2月，成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)與(yu)大(da)連(lian)、杭州被評為首批“中國(guo)最佳旅游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)”。這(zhe)一切表明，疏通“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”潮流，不僅(jin)有助于村鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)發展(zhan)(zhan)，而且有助于優化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)功能和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)產業(ye)(ye)結(jie)構(gou)，確保城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)可持續發展(zhan)(zhan)。

四、啟示與經驗

促(cu)進(jin)村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，普遍使用的(de)力(li)量有兩類：一類是(shi)依靠村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)自身(shen)的(de)實(shi)力(li)，即(ji)依靠村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)經濟的(de)自然增長和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)人口轉移(yi)。一類是(shi)依靠政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)支持，即(ji)“城(cheng)(cheng)市支持農(nong)(nong)村(cun)，工業反哺農(nong)(nong)業”。結合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達國家城(cheng)(cheng)市化(hua)(hua)演變的(de)歷史(shi)和(he)(he)成都推進(jin)“城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體化(hua)(hua)”的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)，表明發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)還有一股力(li)量，那就是(shi)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市化(hua)(hua)”的(de)力(li)量。由于“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市化(hua)(hua)”是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市化(hua)(hua)后期(qi)基于解決空間壓力(li)和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市病的(de)需要所進(jin)行的(de)自身(shen)結構調整和(he)(he)自身(shen)功能優化(hua)(hua)而(er)向小城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)和(he)(he)鄉(xiang)村(cun)擴散和(he)(he)延(yan)伸的(de)規律性趨勢，所以，借助“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市化(hua)(hua)”的(de)力(li)量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)，是(shi)促(cu)使鄉(xiang)村(cun)和(he)(he)小城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)現跨越式發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)捷徑和(he)(he)必(bi)然選擇(ze)，也是(shi)保證(zheng)城(cheng)(cheng)市化(hua)(hua)持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)最佳選擇(ze)。

剖析上(shang)述(shu)典型案例，不難發現在“逆(ni)城市(shi)化(hua)”趨勢影響下鄉鎮(zhen)發展的一(yi)些新動向、新特點(dian)、新啟示、新經驗。

1.“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)”趨勢(shi)(shi)是(shi)促使村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)跨(kua)越式發展(zhan)(zhan)的巨(ju)大力(li)(li)量。那些(xie)(xie)正在發生跨(kua)越式變化(hua)(hua)的村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)，其主導(dao)力(li)(li)量并非村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)自身，而(er)是(shi)中心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的一些(xie)(xie)功(gong)能分解、產(chan)業轉移和人口(kou)的分流(liu)在發揮主要作用。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)水平越高，逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)沖動(dong)越明(ming)顯(xian)。逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)趨勢(shi)(shi)終將縮小中心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)與(yu)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)的現代化(hua)(hua)差(cha)距。“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)”潮流(liu)流(liu)到(dao)哪里，那里的村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)發展(zhan)(zhan)就加快。認識到(dao)這(zhe)一點特別重要。因為“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)”趨勢(shi)(shi)和所蘊(yun)涵的能量長期(qi)被我們(men)所忽視，拘泥于就村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)發展(zhan)(zhan)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)。

2.交(jiao)通、電信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)發達是“逆城(cheng)市化”得以暢流的(de)(de)(de)基本物質條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。交(jiao)通、電信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)發達為消除(chu)城(cheng)鄉之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)隔離創造了可能(neng)。比如，高質量的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市道路向(xiang)鄉鎮延伸，公用及(ji)家(jia)用汽車的(de)(de)(de)普及(ji)，滿足了城(cheng)市人回歸自然的(de)(de)(de)天性需要；比如，電信(xin)、光纖向(xiang)鄉鎮延伸，增強了促使(shi)一些城(cheng)市傳統產業(ye)及(ji)一些新興產業(ye)（如知識經(jing)濟(ji)、文化產業(ye)等(deng)）向(xiang)有條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)鄉鎮轉移的(de)(de)(de)物質條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。

3.村鎮發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)著力(li)點(dian)是，對接(jie)中心(xin)城市，創造吸(xi)留(liu)“逆(ni)城市化”力(li)量的(de)條件。所(suo)謂吸(xi)留(liu)“逆(ni)城市化”力(li)量，就是小城鎮的(de)規劃、建設、發展(zhan)(zhan)應(ying)注(zhu)重(zhong)與中心(xin)城市“對接(jie)”，重(zhong)在吸(xi)引中心(xin)城市的(de)人(ren)流(liu)(liu)、物流(liu)(liu)和產(chan)(chan)業流(liu)(liu)，提高(gao)小城鎮的(de)吸(xi)引消費的(de)能(neng)力(li)和消費力(li)，為二(er)三產(chan)(chan)業的(de)蓬勃發展(zhan)(zhan)奠(dian)定(ding)堅(jian)實而深厚(hou)的(de)基礎。

4.“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”出(chu)現了兩種方(fang)式(shi)(shi)：漸(jian)(jian)進式(shi)(shi)與跳躍式(shi)(shi)。進入新世(shi)紀，隨(sui)著(zhu)諸(zhu)如(ru)數字產業等(deng)新興產業的(de)(de)興起(qi)，隨(sui)著(zhu)諸(zhu)如(ru)電(dian)子信息技術的(de)(de)普及，加上道(dao)(dao)路和(he)交通工具(ju)的(de)(de)發達，極大地(di)改變了人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)和(he)生活方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。由此，“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”的(de)(de)流向(xiang)和(he)承載條(tiao)(tiao)件都呈現出(chu)一(yi)些(xie)新的(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)。20世(shi)紀之(zhi)前的(de)(de)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”基本路徑是漸(jian)(jian)進式(shi)(shi)衍射，相似于城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規模(mo)擴展。而新世(shi)紀的(de)(de)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”，在保留漸(jian)(jian)進式(shi)(shi)衍射的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，還出(chu)現跳躍式(shi)(shi)——突破空間(jian)距離(li)的(de)(de)跡(ji)象。比(bi)如(ru)，高(gao)檔樓(lou)(lou)盤(pan)，原本應建在中心城(cheng)(cheng)區附近，如(ru)今，在遠離(li)中心城(cheng)(cheng)區，但道(dao)(dao)路寬暢、自然條(tiao)(tiao)件好，或歷史文化(hua)底蘊深(shen)厚的(de)(de)村鎮(zhen)，高(gao)檔樓(lou)(lou)盤(pan)比(bi)比(bi)皆是。這些(xie)主要(yao)吸引成功人(ren)士入住的(de)(de)高(gao)檔樓(lou)(lou)盤(pan)，將極大地(di)提高(gao)所在地(di)的(de)(de)消費能力和(he)消費水平，極大地(di)刺(ci)激第(di)三產業的(de)(de)發展。

由(you)于跳躍式現象(xiang)的(de)(de)出現，開拓了(le)利(li)用“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”發(fa)展(zhan)鄉村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)新視點。承(cheng)接“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”潮(chao)(chao)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)可(ke)能(neng)此起彼伏，即使(shi)是(shi)(shi)離(li)中(zhong)(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)最近(jin)的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)，也(ye)可(ke)能(neng)曇花(hua)一現，“三(san)十年河(he)東，四十年河(he)西”。“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”的(de)(de)跳躍式流(liu)(liu)動，結束(shu)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)周邊村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)“守株(zhu)待兔”坐享(xiang)“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”成果的(de)(de)歷史，同時也(ye)給(gei)遠離(li)中(zhong)(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)吸留“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”潮(chao)(chao)流(liu)(liu)和利(li)用“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”能(neng)量創(chuang)造了(le)平等的(de)(de)機遇。“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”潮(chao)(chao)流(liu)(liu)如何(he)流(liu)(liu)？流(liu)(liu)向哪里？道(dao)路、交(jiao)通不再是(shi)(shi)首(shou)要問題。首(shou)要問題是(shi)(shi)這個村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)吸留“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件如何(he)。各地村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)紛紛亮出底牌，強化(hua)特(te)有的(de)(de)天然(ran)優勢(shi)(shi)、歷史優勢(shi)(shi)和創(chuang)造新優勢(shi)(shi)，其實就是(shi)(shi)在創(chuang)造吸留“逆(ni)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)”的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件，創(chuang)造能(neng)夠承(cheng)接中(zhong)(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)功能(neng)分解和產業結構調整(zheng)所需(xu)要的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件。

2005年(nian)，中國城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)率達(da)到43%的(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping)，總(zong)體上(shang)進(jin)入(ru)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”后期，“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”趨勢明顯增(zeng)大。但43%僅僅是一個平(ping)均值(zhi)，由于中國“發展(zhan)很不平(ping)衡”的(de)(de)格(ge)局沒有(you)重大改變，因而必須針對特(te)定地區的(de)(de)發展(zhan)實際，選擇(ze)不同的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)方式(shi)。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”水(shui)平(ping)低的(de)(de)地方，重點仍然是強化(hua)(hua)中心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)聚(ju)集效應；“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”水(shui)平(ping)高的(de)(de)地方，則應該(gai)關注(zhu)“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”現象(xiang)和趨勢，利用“逆城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)能(neng)量發展(zhan)村(cun)鎮。

中國已經進入(ru)“以人(ren)為(wei)(wei)本、科學發展(zhan)(zhan)”的(de)時(shi)代(dai)。在這個時(shi)代(dai)，面臨(lin)種種“城市(shi)病”，促(cu)使人(ren)們(men)的(de)生活(huo)和居(ju)住(zhu)觀念(nian)發生重大變化(hua)——中心(xin)(xin)城市(shi)并非是(shi)所有人(ren)居(ju)住(zhu)和生活(huo)的(de)最(zui)佳地點(dian)。人(ren)們(men)親近自然的(de)天性和對歷(li)史(shi)文化(hua)的(de)認同與融入(ru)，帶來了人(ren)們(men)對水泥空間的(de)“反叛(pan)”和對返樸(pu)歸(gui)真的(de)向往。這些(xie)生存(cun)觀念(nian)、生活(huo)觀念(nian)的(de)重大變化(hua)作為(wei)(wei)“逆城市(shi)化(hua)”的(de)“元(yuan)動(dong)力”，不僅推動(dong)著大城市(shi)產業(ye)結(jie)構的(de)調整和優化(hua)，而(er)且也促(cu)使了中心(xin)(xin)城區人(ren)們(men)的(de)生存(cun)、生活(huo)、消(xiao)費向外(wai)“突圍”，為(wei)(wei)村鎮(zhen)發展(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)供了歷(li)史(shi)性的(de)機(ji)會。

主要參考文獻：

姜愛林：中國城鎮化理(li)論研究回顧與述(shu)評。城市規劃匯刊2002年(3).

葉(xie)裕民(min)：中國城市(shi)化之(zhi)路：經濟支持與制度(du)創新[m]。北京：商務印(yin)書館，2001.

顧朝林：經濟全球化(hua)與中(zhong)國城市發展(zhan)：跨世紀(ji)中(zhong)國城市發展(zhan)戰(zhan)略研究[m]。北京(jing)：商(shang)務印書館，2000。

劉伯霞：中國城(cheng)鄉(xiang)一體(ti)化(hua)的(de)發展背景和城(cheng)鄉(xiang)關系現狀分析。

第3屆“城市競爭力國際論壇”主題演(yan)講：“城鄉一體的中國城市化道路”。

 [美(mei)]阿瑟·奧沙(sha)利文：城市經濟學(xue)。北(bei)京，中信(xin)出版社，2003.

約翰(han)·奈斯(si)比特：大趨勢：改變我們生活(huo)的十個新方向。北京，中國社會科學出版(ban)社，1984.

[英]霍華德：明(ming)天的田園城(cheng)市。北京，人民出版社，2003.

[芬(fen)蘭]伊(yi)里(li)爾·沙里(li)寧：城市：它的發(fa)展(zhan)、衰敗和未來。北京，中國建筑工(gong)業出版社，1986.

[美]麥克(ke)·哈格(ge)：設計結合自(zi)然。北京，中國(guo)建(jian)筑工業出版社，1992.

注釋：

[1]專(zhuan)家們對我國城(cheng)市化(hua)中(zhong)暴露出來的問題歸納為城(cheng)市的“生長、生活、生態(tai)”的不和諧。見《中(zhong)國城(cheng)市化(hua)的三(san)個不和諧音(yin)》。記者黃庭(ting)鈞、儲國強、胡梅娟。新華社北京（2006年(nian)）11月28日專(zhuan)電(dian)。

[2]王(wang)旭《“逆城市化”論(lun)質疑(yi)》。學(xue)術批(pi)評網2002年11月21日。

[3] 《廣州：城規重大調整 “中部(bu)”不(bu)能不(bu)管》。《南方日報》2006年10月10日。

[4] 《百名學者研討城市化(hua)發展 呼吁警惕(ti)“逆城市化(hua)”》。新華網江(jiang)蘇頻道2006年2月(yue)26日報道。

[5]茅于軾《城(cheng)市(shi)規模的經濟學分析》。“天(tian)益社區(qu)”bbs. tecn.cn/viewthread.php?tid=144792

[6] 見l．芒福德為1943年再(zai)版(ban)《明天的(de)(de)田園(yuan)城市》所(suo)作的(de)(de)序《田園(yuan)城市思(si)想和(he)現代城市規(gui)劃》。

[7] 1.1—1.2對西(xi)方(fang)國家城市理論的(de)評述參考(kao)了李泉(quan)的(de)研究成果《中外(wai)城鄉關(guan)系(xi)問題研究綜(zong)述》。

[8] [美]阿瑟·奧沙利文：《城市經(jing)濟學》。中信出版社，第(di)245頁。

[9] [美]阿瑟·奧沙(sha)利文：《城市經濟(ji)學》。中(zhong)信出版社，第256-260頁。

[10] 見成(cheng)都市對外(wai)文(wen)(wen)化交流協會《小城創造(zao)的奇跡》。《2006年成(cheng)都文(wen)(wen)化產業發(fa)展報告》。四(si)川(chuan)人民出版社2006年10月(yue)出版。

[11] 成都(dou)市市長(chang)葛紅林在(zai)《成都(dou)市2006 政府工(gong)作報告》（2006年(nian)2月(yue)15日）中說(shuo)： 2005年(nian)，“按(an)常住人口計(ji)算(suan)的城鎮(zhen)化(hua)率預計(ji)為59.9%，比(bi)2000年(nian)提高6.2個百(bai)分(fen)點(dian)。”

[12] 《加快成都城(cheng)市化對策研究》。《天府早報》2003年8月25日(ri)。

[13] 2005年9月24日，國(guo)際(ji)攝影藝(yi)術聯(lian)合會(hui)(hui)在新國(guo)際(ji)會(hui)(hui)展(zhan)中(zhong)心(xin)舉辦了第28屆(jie)國(guo)際(ji)攝影展(zhan)，吸(xi)引了大量中(zhong)心(xin)城區的人們前來觀賞。