[論文(wen)關鍵詞]保險(xian)法告知(zhi)義(yi)務(wu)誠(cheng)實信(xin)用原則(ze)

[論文(wen)摘要(yao)]保險(xian)法上的(de)(de)告知(zhi)義務，是保險(xian)合同(tong)(tong)中非(fei)真(zhen)正義務，但告知(zhi)義務是保險(xian)業合理營運的(de)(de)制(zhi)度基(ji)石(shi)。我(wo)們(men)要(yao)對(dui)保險(xian)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)告知(zhi)義務范圍作(zuo)(zuo)嚴格界定，從而才能減少糾紛(fen)，使之更具(ju)有(you)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)性和實踐(jian)性。

保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)上的(de)告(gao)知(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)指投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在訂(ding)立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同時就與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程度相關的(de)情況(kuang)向保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所做(zuo)的(de)陳述(shu)或說(shuo)明(ming)。其內容(rong)一般包括三(san)個方面:即對事(shi)實的(de)陳述(shu)，對將(jiang)來(lai)事(shi)件(jian)和行為的(de)陳述(shu)，以及對他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)陳述(shu)的(de)轉(zhuan)述(shu)。當(dang)今世(shi)界各國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)立(li)法(fa)都(dou)規(gui)定(ding)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同訂(ding)立(li)時，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或者(zhe)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應當(dang)將(jiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)的(de)有(you)(you)關重要事(shi)項如實告(gao)知(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，這就是(shi)(shi)通(tong)常所說(shuo)的(de)告(gao)知(zhi)義務。我(wo)國(guo)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》第(di)17條第(di)1款確立(li)了(le)告(gao)知(zhi)義務:“訂(ding)立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應當(dang)向投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)說(shuo)明(ming)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同的(de)條款內容(rong)，并可以就保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)或者(zhe)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)有(you)(you)關情況(kuang)提出詢問，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應當(dang)如實告(gao)知(zhi)”。

如(ru)何確(que)定(ding)告(gao)(gao)知范圍的(de)(de)？立法例上有無限告(gao)(gao)知主義(yi)和詢問告(gao)(gao)知主義(yi)之分，無限告(gao)(gao)知主義(yi)要求(qiu)告(gao)(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不以保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)詢問事(shi)項(xiang)為限，必須將(jiang)有關危險的(de)(de)一切情況都如(ru)實告(gao)(gao)知保險人(ren)(ren)(ren);詢問告(gao)(gao)知主義(yi)主張告(gao)(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)只需對保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)詢問如(ru)實回答(da)即可。

目(mu)前我(wo)國大多數(shu)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務人對保(bao)險的(de)專業知(zhi)(zhi)識知(zhi)(zhi)之甚少，而保(bao)險人作為專業人員，精通保(bao)險業務，知(zhi)(zhi)悉(xi)估計危險的(de)各種情況，況且，無限告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)可能在(zai)一定程度上損及商業秘密，所以，在(zai)保(bao)險發(fa)展初期應以采詢問(wen)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)主義(yi)為宜，對雙方當事人也比較(jiao)公(gong)平。否則，如果保(bao)險人怠于調查和詢問(wen)，卻要求(qiu)身為告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務人作漫無邊際的(de)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)，不符(fu)合誠實信用原則的(de)要求(qiu)。

對此，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)《海商(shang)法(fa)》和(he)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)有(you)差別(bie)。《海商(shang)法(fa)》第(di)(di)22條規定(ding):“合同簽訂前，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)應(ying)(ying)當將其知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)在(zai)通(tong)常(chang)業務(wu)中應(ying)(ying)當知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關(guan)影(ying)響(xiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)據以確(que)定(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)費(fei)率或(huo)者確(que)定(ding)是(shi)否同意承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要情況(kuang)，如實(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)者在(zai)通(tong)常(chang)業務(wu)中應(ying)(ying)當知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)沒有(you)詢(xun)問(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)無(wu)需告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”，采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)主(zhu)動告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義，可能(neng)是(shi)基(ji)于海上風(feng)險(xian)不(bu)可預知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)大，危(wei)險(xian)測(ce)定(ding)技(ji)術落后等作出的(de)(de)(de)(de)考慮(lv)，但(dan)隨著現(xian)代(dai)科技(ji)和(he)通(tong)訊的(de)(de)(de)(de)日益(yi)發達，人(ren)(ren)駕御(yu)自(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力已今(jin)非昔比，這種考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎被(bei)大大削弱，詢(xun)問(wen)(wen)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合理性(xing)遭到質疑。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)》第(di)(di)17條第(di)(di)1款(kuan)規定(ding):“訂立保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)應(ying)(ying)當向投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)說明保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同的(de)(de)(de)(de)條款(kuan)內容，并可以就保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)者被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關(guan)情況(kuang)提出詢(xun)問(wen)(wen)，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)應(ying)(ying)當如實(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。

一、我(wo)國旅游保險的現(xian)狀(zhuang)分(fen)析

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近年來,我國旅(lv)游(you)業蓬(peng)勃發(fa)(fa)展,而作(zuo)為旅(lv)游(you)業軟環(huan)境之一(yi)的(de)旅(lv)游(you)保險卻嚴重滯(zhi)后于旅(lv)游(you)業的(de)發(fa)(fa)展,影響(xiang)了(le)旅(lv)游(you)業的(de)法制化(hua)、規范化(hua),對旅(lv)游(you)業的(de)發(fa)(fa)展起(qi)到(dao)了(le)消極作(zuo)用。具體表現如下:

1、旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)過(guo)低(di)。2000年,我(wo)國(guo)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)超過(guo)4000億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),而(er)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru),以(yi)市場份(fen)額最高的(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)人(ren)壽保(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司為例,也僅為5888萬元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。由此(ci)推(tui)(tui)算,中國(guo)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)費(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)不(bu)足(zu)1億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),僅占旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)0.025%。2001年,全國(guo)國(guo)內(nei)出(chu)游(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)數7.84億(yi)(yi)人(ren)次(ci),旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)5566億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),按每人(ren)購買10元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)計算,一(yi)年就該有70多億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)巨額保(bao)費(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru),而(er)實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)費(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)卻只有這一(yi)數字的(de)(de)(de)20%左右。2002年,國(guo)內(nei)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)為3878億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),國(guo)內(nei)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)人(ren)數達(da)8.78億(yi)(yi)人(ren)次(ci)。如果以(yi)現行旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)較(jiao)低(di)價格10元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)推(tui)(tui)算,國(guo)內(nei)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)總收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)可達(da)87.8億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan).可以(yi)清楚(chu)地看出(chu),雖然旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)業收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)近年來(lai)每年都(dou)以(yi)迅猛的(de)(de)(de)勢頭增長(chang),但是旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)卻增長(chang)緩慢,與旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)業的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)不(bu)相協(xie)調,旅(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)還有很大潛力。

2、旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)外保險(xian)(xian)險(xian)(xian)種少，產(chan)品單一。目前我國的(de)(de)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)外險(xian)(xian)險(xian)(xian)種主要有四大類:旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)人(ren)身意(yi)(yi)外傷害(hai)保險(xian)(xian)、旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)意(yi)(yi)外傷害(hai)保險(xian)(xian)、住宿游(you)(you)(you)客(ke)人(ren)身保險(xian)(xian)、旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)救助保險(xian)(xian)。其各(ge)自的(de)(de)內容見(jian)表1。這實際上是以普通的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)外傷害(hai)保險(xian)(xian)來代替旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保險(xian)(xian),旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)保險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)自身定位不清。這些險(xian)(xian)種無法涵蓋旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)中遇到的(de)(de)各(ge)種風(feng)險(xian)(xian),比如(ru)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)中行(xing)李(li)遺失(shi)、證(zheng)件遺失(shi)、因行(xing)李(li)及(ji)證(zheng)件遺失(shi)而引起的(de)(de)額外的(de)(de)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)及(ji)食(shi)宿費用、對(dui)他人(ren)的(de)(de)傷害(hai)及(ji)造成他人(ren)財產(chan)損失(shi)的(de)(de)賠(pei)償責任等。

3、開辦旅游(you)(you)(you)意外保(bao)(bao)險(xian)業(ye)務(wu)的公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)較(jiao)少,且旅游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)業(ye)務(wu)得不(bu)到重(zhong)視。我(wo)國(guo)的旅游(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)有旅行社責任保(bao)(bao)險(xian)和(he)旅游(you)(you)(you)意外保(bao)(bao)險(xian)兩(liang)種,分(fen)別(bie)屬于(yu)財產(chan)險(xian)和(he)壽險(xian),由(you)于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)法律規定財產(chan)險(xian)和(he)壽險(xian)必須由(you)不(bu)同(tong)的公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)經(jing)營,所(suo)以(yi)它們分(fen)屬于(yu)不(bu)同(tong)的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。目前,國(guo)內(nei)只有三家比較(jiao)大型的保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)經(jing)營旅游(you)(you)(you)意外保(bao)(bao)險(xian)業(ye)務(wu)，它們分(fen)別(bie)是太平洋保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、泰康(kang)人壽保(bao)(bao)險(xian)股(gu)份(fen)有限公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、中國(guo)人壽保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。

【摘要】人們(men)對(dui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)專利問題(ti)鮮有(you)關注(zhu)，甚至認(ren)為保(bao)險(xian)(xian)沒有(you)實(shi)現(xian)專利化的(de)(de)(de)可能。事實(shi)上，借助商(shang)(shang)業(ye)方法專利的(de)(de)(de)考量，在(zai)滿(man)足一定要件后(hou)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)是能夠(gou)獲得專利的(de)(de)(de)。尤(you)其在(zai)目前，我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)業(ye)面臨嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)考驗，適時將專利戰(zhan)略納入(ru)國(guo)內(nei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)戰(zhan)略之中，立足于中國(guo)特色的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)方法專利法律制度是比較現(xian)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)選擇。

【關鍵(jian)詞】保(bao)險(xian)；專(zhuan)利(li)；商(shang)業方法(fa)專(zhuan)利(li)；保(bao)險(xian)商(shang)業方法(fa)專(zhuan)利(li)

【正文】

一(yi)(yi)伴隨經濟—社會變遷的(de)大潮，與其(qi)他金(jin)融業(ye)部(bu)門類似，我國的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)也(ye)踏入(ru)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)機遇(yu)[1]與挑戰[2]并存的(de)歷史時段。一(yi)(yi)來(lai)，國內保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)需要(yao)(yao)在多(duo)維度進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)推(tui)進(jin)和(he)深化改革步(bu)伐(fa)，這尤其(qi)集中(zhong)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)場主體和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)監管部(bu)門兩(liang)個(ge)方面(mian)，[3]堪謂任重而道遠；二來(lai)，向來(lai)被視為中(zhong)國金(jin)融市(shi)場對(dui)外(wai)開放的(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)組成部(bu)分(fen)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)場歷經對(dui)外(wai)開放的(de)三個(ge)發展(zhan)階段，許多(duo)實力(li)雄厚、經驗豐(feng)富(fu)、競爭力(li)十足的(de)外(wai)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司蜂擁而入(ru)，已(yi)經對(dui)我國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司構成了強(qiang)大的(de)壓力(li)。[4]作(zuo)為配合我國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)一(yi)(yi)環，《中(zhong)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)發展(zhan)改革報告（1979～2003）》在宏(hong)觀上提出了當前(qian)急待著手的(de)法(fa)律作(zuo)業(ye)，即“制定相關法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)和(he)規(gui)章(zhang)”、“清理修(xiu)改現(xian)有的(de)規(gui)章(zhang)和(he)規(gui)范性文件”、“積極配合國家(jia)司法(fa)機關，加快推(tui)進(jin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)司法(fa)解釋(shi)工作(zuo)”。[5]

就(jiu)保險企(qi)業(ye)而言，制(zhi)定合(he)理(li)的(de)發(fa)展規劃，培育核心競爭力無疑具有舉足輕重的(de)意義。而在我國知識(shi)經濟升溫和法治化高揚(yang)的(de)背景下，適(shi)時把日益風行的(de)“企(qi)業(ye)知識(shi)產權戰略”[6]融入(ru)企(qi)業(ye)整體的(de)戰略決策中(zhong)，[7]使企(qi)業(ye)將知識(shi)產權資(zi)源的(de)創(chuang)造、運用(yong)、保護維系于(yu)與(yu)其(qi)他戰略謀劃的(de)交(jiao)互協調、整合(he)之(zhi)中(zhong)，進(jin)而實現企(qi)業(ye)的(de)最(zui)佳(jia)效益及其(qi)長遠(yuan)發(fa)展，自當是一種理(li)想(xiang)而尚需探尋(xun)的(de)路徑。

依循知識產權的(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)架構以(yi)及(ji)實(shi)務運作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)經驗以(yi)觀，事實(shi)上(shang)，專(zhuan)利戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略與商標(biao)(biao)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略構成了企業知識產權戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)內容(rong)。商標(biao)(biao)或者商標(biao)(biao)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略對于保(bao)險企業而言，并(bing)不(bu)陌生，人們的(de)(de)(de)認識也不(bu)會有多(duo)少偏(pian)差(cha)，那么專(zhuan)利呢？為(wei)了在(zai)企業競(jing)爭中保(bao)持(chi)自己的(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)，日本(ben)特(te)許廳曾(ceng)將專(zhuan)利戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略看作(zuo)是(shi)企業戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略的(de)(de)(de)構成之一，而具體涉(she)及(ji)到保(bao)險業的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)利及(ji)專(zhuan)利戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略時，我們卻(que)能夠發(fa)現里面大有問題。

論(lun)文關(guan)鍵詞：巨災(zai)保險(xian)；國情；體(ti)系

論文提要：我國巨災(zai)風險發生(sheng)頻(pin)繁，損失逐年加(jia)重，而現有(you)的保障體系對災(zai)區(qu)的經(jing)濟補償和(he)人民(min)生(sheng)活的恢復只能是低層次和(he)小范圍的。盡快(kuai)建立符(fu)合我國國情的巨災(zai)保險體制顯得非(fei)常必要。

一、建立巨災保險(xian)制度的(de)急迫性(xing)

2008年我國遭受(shou)了兩次(ci)巨災(zai)，其涉及范圍之廣，涉及人數之多，給人民的(de)生命和財產安全(quan)造(zao)成了嚴重的(de)傷害(hai)。2008年1月(yue)中旬以來(lai)，冰凍雨雪災(zai)害(hai)突襲我國南方，造(zao)成直接(jie)經(jing)濟(ji)損失(shi)達到1，516.5億元，造(zao)成107人死亡(wang)(wang)。于5月(yue)12日發生的(de)汶(wen)川大地震，地震災(zai)害(hai)造(zao)成工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)經(jing)濟(ji)損失(shi)估計超過2，000億元，死亡(wang)(wang)人數截至6月(yue)9日達69，142人。

面(mian)對這(zhe)樣的(de)災(zai)害(hai)，政府及時(shi)撥款(kuan)700多(duo)億(yi)元，社會踴躍捐了300多(duo)億(yi)元，而保(bao)(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司(si)作為社會的(de)穩定器(qi)，在(zai)這(zhe)兩次災(zai)害(hai)中仍然沒有(you)充分發(fa)揮其職能，據中國保(bao)(bao)監會公(gong)(gong)布的(de)數(shu)據，截(jie)(jie)至2008年2月25日，我國保(bao)(bao)險業共接到低(di)溫雨(yu)雪冰(bing)凍災(zai)害(hai)的(de)保(bao)(bao)險報(bao)案(an)(an)95.3萬(wan)件，各商業保(bao)(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司(si)賠(pei)款(kuan)已經超(chao)過16億(yi)元。但與(yu)低(di)溫雨(yu)雪冰(bing)凍災(zai)害(hai)造成的(de)1，516.5億(yi)元的(de)經濟損(sun)失(shi)相(xiang)比(bi)，保(bao)(bao)險行業賠(pei)付(fu)金額所(suo)占比(bi)例約(yue)為1%。而對于發(fa)生在(zai)5月12日的(de)汶川大地(di)震(zhen)，截(jie)(jie)至6月5日，保(bao)(bao)險業共接到地(di)震(zhen)相(xiang)關(guan)保(bao)(bao)險報(bao)案(an)(an)24.9萬(wan)件，已付(fu)賠(pei)款(kuan)2.8億(yi)元，與(yu)所(suo)估(gu)計(ji)的(de)地(di)震(zhen)災(zai)害(hai)造成的(de)2，000億(yi)元的(de)損(sun)失(shi)相(xiang)比(bi)，保(bao)(bao)險行業賠(pei)付(fu)金額0.14%。

保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)的(de)賠(pei)付和(he)實際(ji)巨災損(sun)失(shi)(shi)之間的(de)強烈(lie)的(de)落差是有原因的(de)，我國海嘯(xiao)、地(di)震(zhen)和(he)颶風等(deng)(deng)自然(ran)災害目前(qian)還沒有正式列入(ru)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)范圍內。商業(ye)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)對于(yu)諸如海嘯(xiao)、地(di)震(zhen)和(he)颶風等(deng)(deng)自然(ran)災害采取(qu)“謹慎(shen)”的(de)承保(bao)態(tai)度，多數自然(ran)災害只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)作(zuo)為企業(ye)財產保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)附加險(xian)(xian)(xian)，不(bu)得作(zuo)為主線單(dan)獨(du)承保(bao)。一旦巨災風險(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)發(fa)揮有限的(de)作(zuo)用，大部(bu)分人員和(he)財產損(sun)失(shi)(shi)只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)由政府和(he)社會(hui)來承擔。

1我國農業保險發展現狀

所謂的(de)農業(ye)保(bao)(bao)險，是指對種植業(ye)(農作物)、養殖業(ye)(禽畜)在(zai)生產、哺(bu)育、成(cheng)長(chang)過程中可能(neng)遭到(dao)的(de)自然災害或意外(wai)事(shi)故所造成(cheng)的(de)經(jing)濟損失提(ti)供經(jing)濟保(bao)(bao)障的(de)一種。保(bao)(bao)險機構通過保(bao)(bao)險的(de)形式(shi)，組(zu)織農業(ye)從業(ye)人(ren)員集(ji)體互助，使受損單位(wei)或個人(ren)得到(dao)應有的(de)補償，以便及時(shi)恢復(fu)生產，保(bao)(bao)證農業(ye)生產順利進行(xing)。

 我國農(nong)(nong)業保(bao)險(xian)(xian)是在近二十幾年的(de)時間內才(cai)逐步發(fa)展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)的(de)，雖然發(fa)展(zhan)速(su)度(du)較(jiao)快，但與(yu)(yu)城市保(bao)險(xian)(xian)市場相比(bi)，尤其是與(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)村經(jing)濟的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)及農(nong)(nong)村對保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)需求相比(bi)，農(nong)(nong)村保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)速(su)度(du)卻非常緩(huan)慢，遠遠不(bu)能滿足(zu)“三(san)農(nong)(nong)”發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)需要，在一定程度(du)上制約著農(nong)(nong)村社(she)會的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。目前(qian)，農(nong)(nong)村保(bao)險(xian)(xian)市場存在的(de)主要問題有：

1.1農村保險種類單一

無論是(shi)(shi)從保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司數量還是(shi)(shi)從農(nong)(nong)業(ye)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)品種上來(lai)說，目前的農(nong)(nong)業(ye)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)都(dou)不能(neng)滿足農(nong)(nong)村發(fa)展的需要(yao)。與城鎮居民(min)不同，通常農(nong)(nong)民(min)將財產保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)放在第一位,而(er)將人的身體的保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)放在最后一位，然而(er)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司在險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種開(kai)發(fa)上基本上是(shi)(shi)以自我為(wei)中(zhong)心設(she)計保險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產品,條款(kuan)中(zhong)的投保條件、費(fei)率、可(ke)保范圍(wei)、繳費(fei)方式(shi)等一般都(dou)是(shi)(shi)固定(ding)不變、不可(ke)選擇的,缺(que)乏靈活(huo)性,抗風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)能(neng)力也就較弱,尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)專為(wei)農(nong)(nong)村設(she)計的險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種少,針對性不強(qiang)。

1.2保險費(fei)用標準過高

一、保險業誠信問題存在的原因

保(bao)險誠(cheng)信(xin)問題的(de)出(chu)現,最主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)原因(yin)來(lai)自(zi)于(yu)(yu)人們對于(yu)(yu)保(bao)險的(de)不信(xin)任(ren)。而人們對于(yu)(yu)保(bao)險不信(xin)任(ren)首(shou)先是從人們接觸保(bao)險開始的(de)。從保(bao)險公司的(de)業(ye)務(wu)流(liu)程來(lai)看,主(zhu)要(yao)是保(bao)險人的(de)展業(ye)、簽定保(bao)險合同后(hou)的(de)保(bao)單有效(xiao)期以及理(li)賠(pei)期三個階段。在這(zhe)三個階段中,又以展業(ye)和理(li)賠(pei)最容(rong)易產(chan)生不誠(cheng)信(xin)現象。

(一(yi))保(bao)險人的展業期(qi)

保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)尤(you)其是個人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)展業(ye)是人(ren)(ren)(ren)們接觸保險產(chan)品的(de)(de)第一步。通過展業(ye)這一階段,保險人(ren)(ren)(ren)向客戶介(jie)紹保險公司的(de)(de)產(chan)品和各種保險服務,并盡(jin)力(li)去(qu)促成保險產(chan)品的(de)(de)交易。由于個人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)工作業(ye)績與個人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)傭金有(you)著緊(jin)密的(de)(de)正相關(guan)關(guan)系,所以在這個過程中,不誠信現(xian)象容易產(chan)生(sheng)。產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)原因主要(yao)有(you):

1.保險(xian)人(ren)的專業素質(zhi)不(bu)高。

保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同條款(kuan)涉(she)及許多(duo)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業知識和專(zhuan)業術語,一般(ban)人(ren)很(hen)難看明白,而我國的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)只是(shi)經過(guo)短短的(de)(de)幾(ji)個星期的(de)(de)培訓之后,就上崗進(jin)行展(zhan)業,他們往往對合(he)同條款(kuan)不是(shi)很(hen)熟悉,因(yin)此也(ye)很(hen)難向客戶(hu)解釋(shi)清楚(chu),嚴重的(de)(de)會引起客戶(hu)的(de)(de)誤解,這(zhe)在保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)同糾紛中也(ye)很(hen)常見。

論文(wen)關(guan)鍵詞：農村(cun)養老(lao)保險；研究；改革(ge)；模(mo)式；制度(du)

論文提(ti)要：我國農(nong)村正處于劇(ju)烈的(de)社會轉型期(qi)，農(nong)村原有的(de)養(yang)老保障(zhang)體(ti)系正在被(bei)打破(po)，而新(xin)的(de)保障(zhang)體(ti)系尚未(wei)形成。本(ben)文在此前提(ti)下設計和建立(li)農(nong)村社會保險基本(ben)制度框(kuang)架(jia)，特別是建立(li)農(nong)保可(ke)轉換為城保的(de)通道和機制，對早期(qi)農(nong)村養(yang)老保障(zhang)制度進(jin)行(xing)根本(ben)性改革。

我國農村(cun)正處于劇烈的(de)社會轉(zhuan)型期，農村(cun)原有(you)的(de)養老保障(zhang)體(ti)系正在被打破，而新(xin)的(de)保障(zhang)體(ti)系尚未形(xing)成，農村(cun)大部(bu)分老年人正面臨(lin)著前(qian)所未有(you)的(de)生存困境，他們(men)成為整個社會中(zhong)最邊緣化(hua)和(he)最弱勢的(de)群體(ti)之一，這個群體(ti)的(de)規模越來越大，已經(jing)開始影響農村(cun)社會的(de)穩定(ding)和(he)整個國家經(jing)濟、社會的(de)和(he)諧發展(zhan)。

一(yi)、我國農村社會養(yang)老保險(xian)制度(du)的發展

（一(yi)）農(nong)村養老(lao)保險發展(zhan)現狀評述。1992年《縣級農(nong)村社(she)會養老(lao)保險基本方案(an)》在全國(guo)范圍內開始(shi)推廣，經過十多年的發展(zhan)，無(wu)論在理論上還是在實踐(jian)上都取得(de)了一(yi)定(ding)的成就(jiu)，但與此同時，在實施過程中(zhong)，也出現了一(yi)系列值得(de)關注(zhu)的問(wen)題。

1、農村社會養老(lao)保險(xian)(xian)的(de)覆蓋范圍(wei)小，存在很大的(de)發展(zhan)空(kong)間(jian)。據國家(jia)統(tong)計局最新(xin)數據，截至2006年底，全(quan)國參加各類(lei)農村社會養老(lao)保險(xian)(xian)人(ren)數為5，374萬(wan)人(ren)，其(qi)中(zhong)東部地區的(de)農村社會養老(lao)保險(xian)(xian)制度的(de)覆蓋面已超過60%。參保人(ren)數比2002年的(de)5，462萬(wan)人(ren)有所下降。目前，全(quan)國農村社會養老(lao)保險(xian)(xian)基金滾存結余310億元，分散在1，905個縣市(shi)。

[論文關鍵詞]保險法告知義務(wu)誠(cheng)實信用原則

[論文摘要]保險法上的(de)告(gao)知(zhi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)，是保險合(he)同中非真正義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)，但(dan)告(gao)知(zhi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)是保險業合(he)理營運的(de)制度基石(shi)。我們要對保險合(he)同的(de)告(gao)知(zhi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)范圍(wei)作嚴格界定(ding)，從(cong)而才(cai)能(neng)減少糾(jiu)紛，使之(zhi)更(geng)具有操作性和實踐性。

保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)上(shang)的告(gao)知，是(shi)指投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人在訂立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同時就(jiu)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)程(cheng)度相關的情況(kuang)向(xiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人所(suo)(suo)做的陳述或(huo)說(shuo)(shuo)明。其內容一般包括三個方面:即對事實的陳述，對將(jiang)來事件和行為的陳述，以及對他人陳述的轉(zhuan)述。當今世界各(ge)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)立(li)法(fa)都(dou)規定在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同訂立(li)時，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人或(huo)者被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人應當將(jiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的的有(you)(you)關重要事項如實告(gao)知保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人，這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)通常所(suo)(suo)說(shuo)(shuo)的告(gao)知義(yi)務。我(wo)國《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》第17條(tiao)第1款(kuan)確立(li)了告(gao)知義(yi)務:“訂立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人應當向(xiang)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人說(shuo)(shuo)明保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同的條(tiao)款(kuan)內容，并可以就(jiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的或(huo)者被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人的有(you)(you)關情況(kuang)提出(chu)詢問，投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人應當如實告(gao)知”。

如(ru)何確定告知(zhi)(zhi)范圍的(de)(de)？立(li)法例上有(you)無限告知(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義和詢(xun)問告知(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義之分(fen)，無限告知(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義要求告知(zhi)(zhi)義務人(ren)(ren)不以保險人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)詢(xun)問事項為限，必須將有(you)關危(wei)險的(de)(de)一切(qie)情況都如(ru)實告知(zhi)(zhi)保險人(ren)(ren);詢(xun)問告知(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義主(zhu)張告知(zhi)(zhi)義務人(ren)(ren)只需(xu)對保險人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)詢(xun)問如(ru)實回答即(ji)可。

目前我國大(da)多(duo)數告知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)對保(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)專業(ye)(ye)知(zhi)(zhi)識知(zhi)(zhi)之甚少，而保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)作為專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員，精通保(bao)險(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)，知(zhi)(zhi)悉(xi)估計危險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)各種(zhong)情況，況且，無(wu)限告知(zhi)(zhi)可能在一定程度上損及商業(ye)(ye)秘(mi)密，所以，在保(bao)險(xian)(xian)發(fa)展初期應以采詢問(wen)告知(zhi)(zhi)主義(yi)為宜，對雙(shuang)方當事人(ren)也比較公(gong)平。否則(ze)，如果保(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)怠(dai)于(yu)調查和詢問(wen)，卻(que)要(yao)求(qiu)身為告知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)作漫(man)無(wu)邊際的(de)(de)告知(zhi)(zhi)，不符合誠(cheng)實信用原則(ze)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。

對此，我國(guo)《海商(shang)法》和(he)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法》的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)有差別(bie)。《海商(shang)法》第(di)22條(tiao)規定(ding):“合(he)同(tong)(tong)簽訂前(qian)，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)應當將其(qi)知(zhi)(zhi)道或(huo)在通(tong)(tong)(tong)常業(ye)務中(zhong)應當知(zhi)(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)影響(xiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)據(ju)以確定(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費率或(huo)者(zhe)確定(ding)是否同(tong)(tong)意承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)重要情況(kuang)，如(ru)(ru)實(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)知(zhi)(zhi)道或(huo)者(zhe)在通(tong)(tong)(tong)常業(ye)務中(zhong)應當知(zhi)(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)沒有詢問的(de)(de)(de)，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)無需告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)”，采用的(de)(de)(de)是主(zhu)動告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義，可(ke)(ke)能是基(ji)于(yu)海上風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不可(ke)(ke)預(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)性大，危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測定(ding)技(ji)術落(luo)后等作(zuo)出的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)慮，但隨(sui)著現代科(ke)技(ji)和(he)通(tong)(tong)(tong)訊的(de)(de)(de)日益發達，人(ren)(ren)駕御自然的(de)(de)(de)能力已今非昔(xi)比，這種考(kao)(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎被大大削弱，詢問告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)義存在的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理性遭(zao)到質疑。我國(guo)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法》第(di)17條(tiao)第(di)1款規定(ding):“訂立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)應當向投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)說明保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款內(nei)容(rong)，并可(ke)(ke)以就保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)或(huo)者(zhe)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)情況(kuang)提出詢問，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)應當如(ru)(ru)實(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)”。

論文摘要：

本(ben)文是(shi)(shi)一篇比較系(xi)統地研究、考察、探討(tao)消(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸保(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)有關(guan)問題的論(lun)文。全(quan)文由(you)四(si)個部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)：第(di)(di)(di)(di)一部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸保(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)概說；第(di)(di)(di)(di)二部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)的基本(ben)問題；第(di)(di)(di)(di)三部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸保(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)的風險(xian)及防范；第(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)險(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)制度的完善。

論(lun)(lun)文(wen)第一部分從基本(ben)(ben)內(nei)(nei)(nei)涵、主(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容、法(fa)(fa)律(lv)性(xing)(xing)質以(yi)及(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)特征四個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)對消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)作了(le)概括論(lun)(lun)述。在(zai)(zai)(zai)基本(ben)(ben)內(nei)(nei)(nei)涵方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，著重(zhong)說(shuo)明了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)是(shi)由債務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，以(yi)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款過(guo)程(cheng)中因(yin)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未能如約履行債務(wu)清償而遭受的(de)(de)損失(shi)作為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)，由保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為其(qi)提供風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障的(de)(de)一種保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)。首先，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)涉及(ji)三個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)關(guan)系(xi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，即(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。其(qi)次，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)是(shi)信用，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必須嚴(yan)格(ge)審查被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)財力(li)、資(zi)信、聲譽的(de)(de)好壞以(yi)及(ji)以(yi)往履約歷(li)史等，才能承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。最后，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)產生的(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)償必須由被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)予以(yi)償還(huan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，闡述了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)(ze)任、責(ze)(ze)任免除(chu)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)期限、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)義(yi)務(wu)、賠(pei)(pei)償處(chu)理等主(zhu)要(yao)條(tiao)款。在(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)性(xing)(xing)質方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，首先闡釋了(le)正確(que)認定消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)性(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)意義(yi)，即(ji)(ji)正確(que)認定消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)性(xing)(xing)質不僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)是(shi)一個(ge)民(min)商法(fa)(fa)領(ling)域的(de)(de)理論(lun)(lun)之(zhi)爭，而且是(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)重(zhong)大實踐意義(yi)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)問題。其(qi)次論(lun)(lun)述了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)同(tong)之(zhi)間雖然(ran)具(ju)有(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)相似之(zhi)處(chu)：如二(er)者(zhe)均冠以(yi)“保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”之(zhi)名，二(er)者(zhe)都(dou)具(ju)有(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障功能，二(er)者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)履行上都(dou)具(ju)有(you)(you)或然(ran)性(xing)(xing)等，但是(shi)二(er)者(zhe)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)相似之(zhi)處(chu)僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)是(shi)形似。最后分析了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)同(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)適用目的(de)(de)、內(nei)(nei)(nei)容、責(ze)(ze)任的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)性(xing)(xing)質、運作機制以(yi)及(ji)法(fa)(fa)理構建等方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)諸(zhu)多差異，得出消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)區別之(zhi)處(chu)是(shi)其(qi)本(ben)(ben)質屬性(xing)(xing)、消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)并非擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)結論(lun)(lun)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)要(yao)特征方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，通(tong)過(guo)與(yu)(yu)其(qi)它(ta)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)比(bi)較，說(shuo)明消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)業務(wu)范圍、賠(pei)(pei)償要(yao)求、客戶動機三個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)具(ju)有(you)(you)自己(ji)的(de)(de)獨特特點。

第二部分(fen)(fen)對消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的基(ji)(ji)本問(wen)題作(zuo)了(le)分(fen)(fen)析介紹。首先論(lun)述了(le)消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的基(ji)(ji)本內(nei)涵，即消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)是由債(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)(ren)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，以被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在消(xiao)費(fei)貸(dai)款過程中(zhong)因被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證人(ren)(ren)(ren)未能(neng)如約(yue)履(lv)行債(zhai)務清償(chang)(chang)而(er)遭受的損失作(zuo)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的，由保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為其(qi)提供風(feng)險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障的一種保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。在概括論(lun)述了(le)基(ji)(ji)本內(nei)涵后(hou)，對消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的責任(ren)(ren)范圍(wei)、除外(wai)責任(ren)(ren)、責任(ren)(ren)限額(e)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)、索賠(pei)和(he)理賠(pei)等主(zhu)要合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款作(zuo)了(le)介紹和(he)論(lun)說。在與(yu)(yu)其(qi)它保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的比較中(zhong)，闡述了(le)其(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的具有(you)特殊性、以代(dai)位追償(chang)(chang)原則(ze)作(zuo)為賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)的基(ji)(ji)礎、第三者(zhe)及其(qi)行為必須事先列明三個特征。最(zui)后(hou)總結了(le)消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的聯系與(yu)(yu)區(qu)別，即二者(zhe)標的具有(you)一致(zhi)性、經營基(ji)(ji)礎具有(you)一致(zhi)性；同(tong)(tong)(tong)時二者(zhe)在當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)及關(guan)系人(ren)(ren)(ren)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)承擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)責任(ren)(ren)的條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、性質、追償(chang)(chang)方式、風(feng)險(xian)(xian)程度(du)、業(ye)務職能(neng)方面(mian)也存(cun)在諸多差異。

第三部分(fen)是(shi)消費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)成因考察及防范措(cuo)施的(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)，主要(yao)(yao)著(zhu)力于抵押(ya)(ya)權問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)、個人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用制度問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)、資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)審查問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)以及風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評估(gu)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)四個方(fang)面。首先，關(guan)于抵押(ya)(ya)權問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，主張采取如下兩種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)清除(chu)抵押(ya)(ya)權轉移環節，方(fang)法(fa)一(yi)：變消費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同為消費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同；方(fang)法(fa)二：還(huan)消費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同以其本來(lai)面目，由保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)與投保(bao)人(ren)直接(jie)簽訂(ding)借款所購消費(fei)(fei)(fei)品抵押(ya)(ya)協議，或把它作為相應(ying)消費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同的(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)條款。其次(ci)，關(guan)于個人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用制度問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，在闡(chan)釋(shi)了個人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用制度的(de)(de)空白是(shi)目前(qian)消費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業務發展的(de)(de)瓶頸后，提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)從(cong)(cong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)個人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用記錄、建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)個人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用計(ji)算機聯網查詢(xun)系(xi)統、建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)對(dui)個人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用進行(xing)(xing)調查與評估(gu)的(de)(de)專業性(xing)中(zhong)介機構等方(fang)面嘗試建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)我國個人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用制度。再其次(ci)，關(guan)于資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)審查問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，主張改變目前(qian)由銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)承擔審查義(yi)務的(de)(de)做法(fa)，使(shi)資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)審查義(yi)務回歸保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)。最后，關(guan)于風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評估(gu)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，面對(dui)目前(qian)我國風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評估(gu)系(xi)統欠缺的(de)(de)現實，提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)從(cong)(cong)完善消費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同條款和費(fei)(fei)(fei)率兩個方(fang)面解決這(zhe)一(yi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。

文章(zhang)最后一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)首先從分(fen)(fen)析消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)本身入手，闡述了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)制(zhi)度目前之(zhi)所以(yi)處于尷尬(ga)境地的(de)(de)(de)原因主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)三(san)：第(di)(di)(di)一，消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)不同(tong)(tong)于一般的(de)(de)(de)商業保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)；第(di)(di)(di)二(er)，與銀行(xing)(xing)相比，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司有(you)關債務人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)不對稱性(xing)更為嚴重；第(di)(di)(di)三(san)，我國對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)資金運用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)一定程度上也削弱了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。然后有(you)針對性(xing)地提出(chu)防范信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括：第(di)(di)(di)一，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司要(yao)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)作好被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)調查，有(you)選擇的(de)(de)(de)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)；第(di)(di)(di)二(er)，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必須(xu)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)承擔一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；第(di)(di)(di)三(san)，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)時，必須(xu)履行(xing)(xing)如(ru)實告知的(de)(de)(de)義務，如(ru)果(guo)有(you)隱(yin)瞞(man)、遺漏(lou)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可以(yi)解(jie)除保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)；第(di)(di)(di)四，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)簽訂后，如(ru)果(guo)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應及時通知保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；第(di)(di)(di)五，要(yao)求被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應盡注(zhu)意義務。另(ling)外，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故發(fa)生后，被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應立即通知保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，同(tong)(tong)時還應主(zhu)(zhu)動采(cai)取(qu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)在(zai)各方面(mian)有(you)效(xiao)地配合(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)賠償后，有(you)權(quan)代(dai)位行(xing)(xing)使被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)請求賠償的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利。

論文摘要：

本(ben)文是(shi)(shi)(shi)一篇比較系統地(di)研究、考察、探討消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)有關問(wen)題的論(lun)文。全(quan)文由四個部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成：第(di)一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)概(gai)說；第(di)二(er)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)信(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)的基本(ben)問(wen)題；第(di)三部(bu)(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)的風險(xian)及防范(fan)；第(di)四部(bu)(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費信(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)信(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)制度的完善。

論(lun)文第(di)一部分從基本內(nei)(nei)涵、主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)、法(fa)律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質以(yi)(yi)(yi)及主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)特征(zheng)四個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)對(dui)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)作了(le)(le)概括(kuo)論(lun)述。在(zai)基本內(nei)(nei)涵方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，著重說明(ming)了(le)(le)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)由(you)債務(wu)人投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人在(zai)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)款過程中因被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人未能如(ru)約履行債務(wu)清償(chang)(chang)而遭(zao)受的(de)(de)(de)損失作為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)，由(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人為(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)提供風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障的(de)(de)(de)一種保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。首先(xian)，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)涉(she)及三(san)個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)當事人和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)關(guan)系人，即保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人、投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人和被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人。其(qi)(qi)次，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人必(bi)(bi)須嚴(yan)格(ge)審查(cha)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人的(de)(de)(de)財力、資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、聲譽的(de)(de)(de)好壞以(yi)(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)(yi)往履約歷史等(deng)，才能承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。最后，消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)產生的(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)必(bi)(bi)須由(you)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人予以(yi)(yi)(yi)償(chang)(chang)還。在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，闡(chan)(chan)述了(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任(ren)、責(ze)任(ren)免除、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)期限、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人與被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人義(yi)務(wu)、賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理等(deng)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)條款。在(zai)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，首先(xian)闡(chan)(chan)釋了(le)(le)正確認定(ding)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)，即正確認定(ding)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質不僅僅是(shi)一個民商法(fa)領域的(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)之爭，而且是(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)重大實踐意義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)問題。其(qi)(qi)次論(lun)述了(le)(le)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)之間(jian)雖然具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)似(si)之處(chu)(chu)(chu)：如(ru)二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)均冠以(yi)(yi)(yi)“保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”之名，二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)都具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障功能，二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)履行上都具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)或然性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)，但是(shi)二(er)者(zhe)(zhe)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)似(si)之處(chu)(chu)(chu)僅僅是(shi)形(xing)似(si)。最后分析(xi)了(le)(le)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)適用(yong)目的(de)(de)(de)、內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)、責(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質、運作機(ji)制以(yi)(yi)(yi)及法(fa)理構建等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)存在(zai)諸多差異，得出(chu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)區別之處(chu)(chu)(chu)是(shi)其(qi)(qi)本質屬性(xing)(xing)(xing)、消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)并非擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)結論(lun)。在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)特征(zheng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，通過與其(qi)(qi)它保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)比較，說明(ming)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)業(ye)務(wu)范(fan)圍(wei)、賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)要(yao)求、客(ke)戶動機(ji)三(san)個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)獨特特點(dian)。

第二(er)部分對消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本問題作了(le)分析介紹(shao)。首(shou)先論(lun)述(shu)了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本內涵，即(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)是由債權人(ren)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，以被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)在消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)過程中(zhong)因被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證人(ren)未能(neng)如約履行債務清償(chang)(chang)而(er)遭(zao)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失作為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，由保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)為其提(ti)供風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。在概括論(lun)述(shu)了(le)基本內涵后，對消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)范圍(wei)、除外責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)、責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)限(xian)額、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)、索賠(pei)(pei)和理賠(pei)(pei)等主(zhu)要合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)作了(le)介紹(shao)和論(lun)說。在與其它保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比較中(zhong)，闡述(shu)了(le)其保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)有(you)特殊性(xing)、以代位追(zhui)償(chang)(chang)原則(ze)作為賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎、第三(san)者(zhe)及其行為必(bi)須(xu)事先列明(ming)三(san)個特征。最(zui)后總結了(le)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)與消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系與區別(bie)，即(ji)二(er)者(zhe)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)有(you)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)、經營(ying)基礎具(ju)有(you)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)；同(tong)(tong)時(shi)二(er)者(zhe)在當事人(ren)及關(guan)系人(ren)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)承擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)、性(xing)質、追(zhui)償(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)式、風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程度、業務職(zhi)能(neng)方(fang)(fang)面也存在諸多差(cha)異。

第(di)三部分是消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)成(cheng)因考察及防范措(cuo)施的(de)提出，主要著(zhu)力(li)于(yu)抵押(ya)權問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)、個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)制度(du)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)、資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)審查(cha)(cha)(cha)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)以(yi)及風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)四(si)個(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)面。首(shou)先，關(guan)于(yu)抵押(ya)權問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，主張(zhang)采取如下兩種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)清除抵押(ya)權轉移環節，方(fang)法(fa)一(yi)：變(bian)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)為(wei)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)；方(fang)法(fa)二：還(huan)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)以(yi)其(qi)(qi)本(ben)來面目(mu)，由保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)與(yu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)直接簽(qian)訂借款所購消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)品抵押(ya)協議(yi)，或把(ba)它作(zuo)為(wei)相應消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)必要條(tiao)款。其(qi)(qi)次，關(guan)于(yu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)制度(du)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，在闡釋(shi)了個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)制度(du)的(de)空白是目(mu)前消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)發展的(de)瓶頸(jing)后，提出從建立個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)記(ji)錄、建立個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)計算機聯網(wang)查(cha)(cha)(cha)詢(xun)系統、建立對個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)與(yu)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)專業(ye)性中介機構等方(fang)面嘗試建立我(wo)國個(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)制度(du)。再其(qi)(qi)次，關(guan)于(yu)資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)審查(cha)(cha)(cha)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，主張(zhang)改變(bian)目(mu)前由銀行(xing)承擔審查(cha)(cha)(cha)義務(wu)(wu)的(de)做(zuo)法(fa)，使(shi)資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)審查(cha)(cha)(cha)義務(wu)(wu)回歸保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)。最后，關(guan)于(yu)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，面對目(mu)前我(wo)國風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)系統欠缺的(de)現實，提出從完善消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)條(tiao)款和(he)費(fei)(fei)(fei)率兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)面解決這一(yi)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。

文章最后(hou)(hou)一(yi)部分(fen)首(shou)先從分(fen)析消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)本身入手，闡述(shu)了消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)制(zhi)度目前(qian)之所以處于尷尬境地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)主要有(you)三：第(di)一(yi)，消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)于一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)商業(ye)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)；第(di)二，與銀行相比，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司有(you)關債務人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)資信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)對稱(cheng)性更為嚴重；第(di)三，我國對保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)資金(jin)運用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)一(yi)定程度上也削弱(ruo)了消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貸(dai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。然后(hou)(hou)有(you)針對性地(di)(di)提出防范(fan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)主要包(bao)括：第(di)一(yi)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司要充分(fen)作好(hao)被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)調查，有(you)選擇的(de)(de)(de)承保(bao)(bao)；第(di)二，被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)必須自行承擔(dan)一(yi)部分(fen)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；第(di)三，被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在投保(bao)(bao)時(shi)(shi)，必須履行如(ru)實告知的(de)(de)(de)義務，如(ru)果有(you)隱瞞、遺漏，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)以解除保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)；第(di)四，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)簽訂后(hou)(hou)，如(ru)果危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增加，被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應(ying)及時(shi)(shi)通知保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)；第(di)五，要求被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應(ying)盡注意義務。另外，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故發生后(hou)(hou)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應(ying)立即(ji)通知保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)還(huan)應(ying)主動采取措施(shi)在各方面有(you)效地(di)(di)配合保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在進行賠償后(hou)(hou)，有(you)權代位行使(shi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對被(bei)(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)請求賠償的(de)(de)(de)權利。