職工基本養老金待遇差距測度研究

時間(jian):2022-06-01 14:55:09

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職工基本養老金待遇差距測度研究

摘要:采用基尼系數、十等分組法和泰爾指數等方法對某大型國有企業職工基本養老金差(cha)距(ju)及成(cheng)因進(jin)行研究,通過分析表明,企業(ye)內部養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金差(cha)距(ju)要(yao)小于地區(qu)城鎮職(zhi)工(gong)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金差(cha)距(ju)總體水平(ping);企業(ye)內部養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金差(cha)距(ju)受地區(qu)內部以及地區(qu)之間影(ying)響,局部地區(qu)之間的(de)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金差(cha)距(ju)貢獻率更大(da);當(dang)(dang)前大(da)型國有企業(ye)內部養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金差(cha)距(ju)較小是由于歷(li)史(shi)原因影(ying)響較大(da),未來企業(ye)內部基本養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金差(cha)距(ju)將逐漸擴大(da);當(dang)(dang)前養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金收入(ru)差(cha)距(ju)偏大(da),應適(shi)當(dang)(dang)增加低收入(ru)人群的(de)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)金收入(ru)。

關鍵詞:大型國有建(jian)筑企業;基本(ben)養(yang)老保險金;地區差別;基尼系數;泰爾指數

1997年,為了在全國范圍內統一實施基本養老保險制度,國家制定和頒布了《國務院關于建立統一的企業職工基本養老保險制度的決定》,建立了兼顧不同類型退休人員的養老保險待遇確定機制,以保障企業職工退休后的基本生活需要。社會保障制度作為收入再分配手段之一,必須兼顧“公平與效率”。然而,由于地區自然資源、經濟發展程度、人口結構差異以及政策偏好差異等原因,實際存在因參保地域不同以及企業性質不同、行業不同、退休時間不同,造成的養老金待遇差距過大(da)(da)和(he)(he)分配不(bu)公問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)[1]。例如,2002—2011年,中國第90分位(wei)數的(de)戶均養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)入(ru)是第10分位(wei)數的(de)戶均養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)入(ru)的(de)7倍左右[2]。過大(da)(da)的(de)養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)入(ru)差(cha)距(ju)(ju)以及(ji)部(bu)(bu)門、城鄉之間(jian)的(de)不(bu)平(ping)等嚴重影響(xiang)退休職工(gong)的(de)幸(xing)福(fu)感(gan)。當前(qian),就中國養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)入(ru)宏觀不(bu)平(ping)等問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti),尤(you)其是區域之間(jian)、性別之間(jian)的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)探討(tao)較(jiao)多,實(shi)際上,退休職工(gong)養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)距(ju)(ju)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)不(bu)僅存在(zai)于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)行業(ye)和(he)(he)地(di)區之間(jian),即(ji)使同(tong)(tong)一行業(ye)、同(tong)(tong)一地(di)區之間(jian)也存在(zai)類似(si)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。本文立足某企(qi)(qi)業(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)退休職工(gong)的(de)微觀視角,就基(ji)本養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)實(shi)際差(cha)距(ju)(ju)進(jin)(jin)行研(yan)究(jiu)。由于同(tong)(tong)一企(qi)(qi)業(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)退休職工(gong)工(gong)作(zuo)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)、工(gong)作(zuo)年限和(he)(he)工(gong)作(zuo)經歷(li)比(bi)較(jiao)相(xiang)似(si),且(qie)相(xiang)互(hu)認識和(he)(he)了解,更容(rong)易相(xiang)互(hu)比(bi)較(jiao),養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)距(ju)(ju)過大(da)(da)更容(rong)易引(yin)起收(shou)入(ru)不(bu)公平(ping)感(gan),而且(qie)有(you)(you)悖于社會公平(ping)基(ji)本原(yuan)則(ze)和(he)(he)不(bu)利于企(qi)(qi)業(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)管理。因(yin)此,對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)基(ji)本養老(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)距(ju)(ju)及(ji)其成因(yin)進(jin)(jin)行研(yan)究(jiu)具(ju)有(you)(you)一定參考(kao)價值。

一、當前國內企業退休職工基本養老金差距現狀

當前(qian),就(jiu)國(guo)(guo)民收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)配(pei)與(yu)居(ju)民收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)深入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru),針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)退休(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)方面研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)則相對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少。李(li)實(shi)等(deng)(deng)[2]調查(cha)分(fen)析2002年(nian)、2013年(nian)和(he)(he)(he)2018年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)家庭(ting)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)數(shu)據表(biao)明(ming),2002—2018年(nian)我國(guo)(guo)家庭(ting)個人養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)以及家庭(ting)人均養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)均呈持續擴大態勢(shi)。例如,2002年(nian)個人養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)為(wei)0.4241,2013年(nian)達(da)0.4639,2018年(nian)達(da)到(dao)(dao)0.5237,其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)是低收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)組收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)份(fen)額下降和(he)(he)(he)高收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)組收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)份(fen)額上升,最低收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)份(fen)額從2002年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4.04%下降到(dao)(dao)2018年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2.01%,而(er)最高收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)份(fen)額從2002年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)17.64%上升到(dao)(dao)2018年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)21.09%。同樣(yang),家庭(ting)人均養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)也表(biao)現(xian)出類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。李(li)實(shi)等(deng)(deng)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)表(biao)明(ming),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)影響因(yin)素(su)有受教育程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)、人口(kou)年(nian)齡結構、地區(qu)和(he)(he)(he)性(xing)(xing)別(bie)等(deng)(deng),同時(shi),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)居(ju)民養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)不僅(jin)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)縱向(xiang)(xiang)失(shi)衡(heng)也存(cun)在(zai)(zai)橫向(xiang)(xiang)失(shi)衡(heng)[3],不僅(jin)離退休(xiu)人員(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)間(jian)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)不斷(duan)(duan)(duan)擴大,同時(shi)不同特征離退休(xiu)人員(yuan)(yuan)組之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)同樣(yang)不可忽視。當前(qian),我國(guo)(guo)企(qi)業(ye)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)地區(qu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)非常突(tu)出。蘇(su)宗敏[4]將我國(guo)(guo)大陸(lu)地區(qu)劃分(fen)為(wei)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)北等(deng)(deng)經濟區(qu)域,對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)2002—2012年(nian)人均養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)水(shui)平和(he)(he)(he)地區(qu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)異進(jin)行比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),顯示國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)人均養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)分(fen)配(pei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)均低于(yu)0.2,但(dan)區(qu)域內(nei)(nei)分(fen)配(pei)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),東(dong)(dong)北地區(qu)歷年(nian)人均養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)分(fen)配(pei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)在(zai)(zai)0.5以上,已超過公(gong)認的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.4收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)配(pei)警戒線,屬于(yu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)懸(xuan)殊地區(qu);中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)歷年(nian)人均養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)分(fen)配(pei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)在(zai)(zai)0.4—0.5之(zhi)間(jian),屬于(yu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大區(qu)域;東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)在(zai)(zai)0.2左右。企(qi)業(ye)退休(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一顯著(zhu)特征是性(xing)(xing)別(bie)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。詹鵬[5]基(ji)(ji)(ji)于(yu)2015年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)健康與(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)追蹤(zong)調查(cha)數(shu)據對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)別(bie)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)來(lai)源進(jin)行了分(fen)析,研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)現(xian),男(nan)性(xing)(xing)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)人養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)約(yue)為(wei)女性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1.9倍(bei),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)退休(xiu)前(qian)工(gong)(gong)資是引(yin)起(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)別(bie)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)因(yin)素(su),貢(gong)獻(xian)率(lv)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)53%和(he)(he)(he)19%,養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)參與(yu)分(fen)布差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)異和(he)(he)(he)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)受益程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)異。劉淑娜(na)[6]基(ji)(ji)(ji)于(yu)2013年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)居(ju)民收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)調查(cha)數(shu)據計(ji)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)總體基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)為(wei)0.199,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)別(bie)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)為(wei)0.108,性(xing)(xing)別(bie)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)貢(gong)獻(xian)54.3%。同時(shi),認為(wei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)如果(guo)按(an)照收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)配(pei)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷(duan)(duan)(duan)標準來(lai)衡(heng)量,基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)低于(yu)0.2,說明(ming)當前(qian)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)分(fen)配(pei)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)很(hen)小(xiao)。但(dan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬于(yu)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)再分(fen)配(pei)范疇,養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)分(fen)配(pei)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)本質(zhi)上就(jiu)要(yao)求保持在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低水(shui)平,養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷(duan)(duan)(duan)標準應該更加(jia)嚴格(ge)。養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)具有調節收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、促進(jin)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)公(gong)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)觀(guan)職(zhi)能和(he)(he)(he)內(nei)(nei)在(zai)(zai)要(yao)求。國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保險(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推進(jin),擴大了我國(guo)(guo)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆蓋面。但(dan)是,不同人群(qun)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)別(bie)明(ming)顯,如城(cheng)(cheng)鄉居(ju)民養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保險(xian)、農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保險(xian)、城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)企(qi)業(ye)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保險(xian),以及機關事業(ye)單位養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng),分(fen)層化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)起(qi)(qi)(qi)到(dao)(dao)逆向(xiang)(xiang)再分(fen)配(pei)效(xiao)應[7]。劉渝琳等(deng)(deng)[8]通過2001—2007年(nian)我國(guo)(guo)人均社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)支出額,計(ji)算得出我國(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保險(xian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)為(wei)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本上維持在(zai)(zai)0.36的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平,2007年(nian)小(xiao)幅降至0.3211,認為(wei)我國(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系數(shu)值較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高,但(dan)呈不斷(duan)(duan)(duan)縮小(xiao)趨(qu)勢(shi)。我國(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)建設主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市,農(nong)村發(fa)展相對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)滯后(hou)。在(zai)(zai)完善基(ji)(ji)(ji)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)居(ju)民群(qun)體社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)保險(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),需加(jia)強針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)農(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)建設工(gong)(gong)作,加(jia)大政府對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)。

二、企業職工基本養老金差距的測度

目前,測(ce)量(liang)國民(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)差(cha)(cha)距的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主要(yao)有基(ji)(ji)尼系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、變異(yi)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、十等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)[9,10],其中(zhong)采用比(bi)(bi)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)有兩類,一(yi)是(shi)以(yi)洛倫茲曲線為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)尼系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa);二是(shi)以(yi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),如泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。基(ji)(ji)尼系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)能從(cong)總(zong)體上反(fan)映總(zong)體收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)程(cheng)度(du),但無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測(ce)度(du)群體之(zhi)間(jian)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)程(cheng)度(du)以(yi)及(ji)絕對數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)額,如果要(yao)全面了解收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況(kuang),就必須結合收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)各(ge)(ge)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)及(ji)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)次數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)列等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)指(zhi)標。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此,本(ben)(ben)(ben)文采用十等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。十等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)以(yi)了解不同(tong)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)之(zhi)間(jian)代際代內再(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)效(xiao)應,而泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在測(ce)量(liang)不同(tong)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)群時(shi)不僅(jin)能夠(gou)測(ce)度(du)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)內差(cha)(cha)距,還能夠(gou)測(ce)度(du)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)間(jian)差(cha)(cha)距。基(ji)(ji)尼系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)表(biao)達式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):式(shi)中(zhong),Wi和(he)(he)Pi是(shi)將基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)由低(di)到(dao)高排序(xu),計算第i組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)占(zhan)總(zong)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重和(he)(he)第i組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)人口(kou)(kou)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)占(zhan)總(zong)人口(kou)(kou)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重。十等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)將職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)按(an)從(cong)低(di)到(dao)高順序(xu)排隊,按(an)照(zhao)人口(kou)(kou)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),然(ran)后分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)計算各(ge)(ge)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)累加值(zhi)和(he)(he)平均值(zhi)。該方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)能夠(gou)簡單明了地(di)(di)(di)反(fan)映居(ju)民(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)兩極(ji)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況(kuang),且可(ke)從(cong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)上表(biao)明高收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)(he)低(di)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)距大小。式(shi)中(zhong),TI為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)(ji)于人口(kou)(kou)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)總(zong)體泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),n是(shi)總(zong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),Si為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)占(zhan),S為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)總(zong)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin),Pi為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)占(zhan)全體職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)比(bi)(bi)例;P為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)統計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)退(tui)休(xiu)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。式(shi)中(zhong),TIj為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)某(mou)地(di)(di)(di)區泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),Sj與Pj為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在某(mou)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)總(zong)額和(he)(he)該地(di)(di)(di)區退(tui)休(xiu)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),Sji和(he)(he)Pji為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)某(mou)地(di)(di)(di)區內某(mou)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)與養(yang)老(lao)(lao)金(jin)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)比(bi)(bi)值(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)與地(di)(di)(di)區職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)值(zhi),j=1,2,3為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)參與統計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區。

三、企業內部職工基本養老金差距及成因分析

以(yi)下(xia)就國內(nei)(nei)某大(da)(da)型建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)情況進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)析。該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)(zong)部(bu)位于(yu)中部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)市,在(zai)廣東(dong)(dong)省和北(bei)京(jing)市有下(xia)屬分(fen)(fen)支(zhi)單位。以(yi)2017年(nian)(nian)該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實際退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)析對象(xiang)。從圖1可(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian),(1)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)險基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.9,低于(yu)0.1,說(shuo)(shuo)明總(zong)(zong)體(ti)而言國有大(da)(da)型企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)當前(qian)退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)險差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)低于(yu)全(quan)國和所(suo)屬地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水平;同(tong)時說(shuo)(shuo)明,如(ru)果(guo)采用(yong)統(tong)一政策,在(zai)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金再分(fen)(fen)配效應作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)較(jiao)(jiao)好抑制養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)。(2)即使企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao),但與(yu)全(quan)國基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)險基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)分(fen)(fen)布類似,企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)也存在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)別(bie)問題,且趨(qu)勢基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)一致,即發達(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)更小(xiao)(xiao),中部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)更大(da)(da)。從圖2可(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian),企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金高收(shou)入(ru)(ru)組是(shi)(shi)低收(shou)入(ru)(ru)組的(de)(de)1.8倍(bei),平均(jun)(jun)每(mei)月每(mei)人(ren)相差(cha)(cha)(cha)2017元(yuan)。盡管總(zong)(zong)體(ti)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao),但高收(shou)入(ru)(ru)組比(bi)低收(shou)入(ru)(ru)組的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)偏大(da)(da)。三(san)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)如(ru)圖3—圖5所(suo)示。三(san)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金最(zui)高收(shou)入(ru)(ru)組與(yu)最(zui)低收(shou)入(ru)(ru)組的(de)(de)比(bi)例分(fen)(fen)別(bie)是(shi)(shi),洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)1.92倍(bei),人(ren)均(jun)(jun)2140元(yuan),北(bei)京(jing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)1.55和1665元(yuan),廣東(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)1.50和1295元(yuan)。洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)市退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金人(ren)均(jun)(jun)差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資比(bi)廣東(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)高30%。這個現象(xiang)顯然是(shi)(shi)不(bu)合理的(de)(de)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)定(ding)量評價(jia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)間(jian)差(cha)(cha)(cha)別(bie)以(yi)及地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)別(bie)對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)影(ying)響,采用(yong)泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行評價(jia),計算得到的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金總(zong)(zong)體(ti)泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.018,其構成情況如(ru)圖6所(suo)示。洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.008219,廣東(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.002444,北(bei)京(jing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.001565,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)貢(gong)(gong)獻率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)69.76%,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)間(jian)差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)泰(tai)(tai)爾(er)指(zhi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.0053,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)間(jian)差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)貢(gong)(gong)獻率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)30.24%。可(ke)(ke)(ke)見(jian),對于(yu)該大(da)(da)型建筑企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)而言,與(yu)國內(nei)(nei)總(zong)(zong)體(ti)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)分(fen)(fen)布不(bu)同(tong),企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)主要(yao)原因(yin),其中,洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)貢(gong)(gong)獻率(lv)最(zui)大(da)(da)。以(yi)下(xia)重(zhong)點(dian)就洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)原因(yin)進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)析。洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)險差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)主要(yao)原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)近年(nian)(nian)來新退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)逐(zhu)漸拉(la)大(da)(da)。將2017年(nian)(nian)在(zai)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)按(an)照退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)年(nian)(nian)份分(fen)(fen)別(bie)進(jin)行基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)計算,得出2000年(nian)(nian)退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.069,2005年(nian)(nian)退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.127,2010年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.130,2015年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.218,2016年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0.215。如(ru)前(qian)所(suo)述,與(yu)公(gong)認的(de)(de)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)警戒(jie)值0.4不(bu)同(tong),退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)金基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尼(ni)(ni)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)達(da)到0.2實際是(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de),而且從趨(qu)勢看,未來退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金的(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)會越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),退(tui)(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)時間(jian)對養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金差(cha)(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)影(ying)響如(ru)圖7所(suo)示。

四、結論

本文對某(mou)大(da)型(xing)國(guo)有(you)建筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)退(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)基本養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)以(yi)及成(cheng)因(yin)(yin)(yin)進行分析和評價,主要(yao)(yao)結論如(ru)下。1.總體(ti)而(er)言(yan),企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)(yao)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)區(qu)城鎮(zhen)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)總體(ti)水平(ping)(ping),同一企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)無論如(ru)何選擇退(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)時(shi)(shi)待遇(yu)領(ling)取地(di)(di),其工(gong)(gong)作時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)資執行的(de)(de)均為企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)標準,即收(shou)入差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)不大(da),退(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)后(hou)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)主要(yao)(yao)是受待遇(yu)領(ling)取地(di)(di)的(de)(de)社平(ping)(ping)工(gong)(gong)資及歷年(nian)(nian)繳(jiao)(jiao)費(fei)(fei)基數(shu)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。2.企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)主要(yao)(yao)受地(di)(di)區(qu)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)及地(di)(di)區(qu)之(zhi)間差(cha)(cha)異(yi)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。與地(di)(di)區(qu)城鎮(zhen)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)基本養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)總體(ti)統計水平(ping)(ping)不同,對于(yu)(yu)(yu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)而(er)言(yan),局部(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)貢獻率更(geng)大(da),這可能與不同地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員構成(cheng)有(you)關。就(jiu)該企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)而(er)言(yan),因(yin)(yin)(yin)總部(bu)(bu)(bu)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)洛陽市(shi),而(er)河(he)南省參保人(ren)(ren)(ren)員管理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員、技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)高,在職(zhi)時(shi)(shi)收(shou)入遠高于(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren),管理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員、技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員繳(jiao)(jiao)費(fei)(fei)基數(shu)均接近或(huo)達到(dao)繳(jiao)(jiao)費(fei)(fei)基數(shu)上限(xian),是造成(cheng)河(he)南省養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)高于(yu)(yu)(yu)其他省市(shi)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)。3.當(dang)前,大(da)型(xing)國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)實際上受歷史原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)(yin)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da),未來(lai)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)將(jiang)逐漸(jian)擴大(da),應(ying)引起足夠重視。河(he)南省養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)計發辦(ban)法中過渡(du)性(xing)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)所占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)重較(jiao)(jiao)大(da),早期退(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員由于(yu)(yu)(yu)視同繳(jiao)(jiao)費(fei)(fei)年(nian)(nian)限(xian)長,同一企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)退(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao);隨著視同繳(jiao)(jiao)費(fei)(fei)年(nian)(nian)限(xian)的(de)(de)逐漸(jian)減(jian)少,過渡(du)性(xing)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)占(zhan)比(bi)(bi)隨之(zhi)減(jian)少,未來(lai)退(tui)休(xiu)(xiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)將(jiang)逐漸(jian)增(zeng)大(da)。4.對于(yu)(yu)(yu)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)低(di)收(shou)入家(jia)庭(ting)而(er)言(yan),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)是主要(yao)(yao)收(shou)入來(lai)源,低(di)收(shou)入人(ren)(ren)(ren)群對養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)入更(geng)為敏(min)感(gan)。當(dang)前養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)入差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)(ju)偏大(da),應(ying)適當(dang)增(zeng)加低(di)收(shou)入人(ren)(ren)(ren)群的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)收(shou)入。

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作者:任鴻飛 單位:中鐵隧道局集團社(she)保(bao)中心(xin)