導語：放射源(yuan)責任保險(xian)國際情況分析一文(wen)來(lai)源(yuan)于網友上(shang)傳，不代(dai)表本(ben)站(zhan)觀點(dian)，若(ruo)需(xu)要原創文(wen)章可咨詢客(ke)服老師(shi)，歡(huan)迎(ying)參考。

摘要：放射源責任保險是(shi)指在被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人使用放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)(yuan)造成第三(san)者受到(dao)輻射(she)損害或環境污染(ran)，依法(fa)(fa)應負賠償民事(shi)責任(ren)，并(bing)被(bei)提出賠償要求時，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人承(cheng)擔賠償責任(ren)的保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形式。該(gai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種在歐(ou)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)有(you)成熟的應用，本文(wen)旨在深入了(le)解有(you)關國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)在放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)(yuan)責任(ren)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)領域(yu)的實踐經驗，結合對我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)核(he)技術利用領域(yu)法(fa)(fa)規的分析，提出完善相關法(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)度(du)、在高風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)業或企業試點推行(xing)放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)(yuan)強(qiang)制(zhi)責任(ren)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、推行(xing)個性化的保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費率(lv)和保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)限額、適時推行(xing)放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)從(cong)業人員健康損害保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等建議(yi)，為我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)續開展放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)(yuan)責任(ren)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)工作(zuo)提供借(jie)鑒參考。

關鍵(jian)詞：核(he)損害賠償(chang)；放射源；輻(fu)射事故；責任保(bao)險

近年來，我國核技術應用產值年均增長率超過20%，產值已超3000億元。伴隨產業發展，放射源和射線裝置輻射事故時有發生。《核安全與放射性污染防治“十三五”規劃及2025年遠景目標》明確提出“推動高風險放射源輻射安全責任保險試點工作，推動在Ⅲ類以上放射源應用于放射性測井和工業移動探傷領域建立責任保險”。研究放射源責任保險國際情況，不(bu)僅有(you)助于指導我(wo)國(guo)完善相關法律制度，保障從業者和公眾在(zai)遭受輻射(she)損害(hai)時(shi)得到(dao)及(ji)時(shi)的損害(hai)賠償，減少政(zheng)府參與輻射(she)事故善后處理的時(shi)間、人(ren)力(li)和財力(li)，而且對推動我(wo)國(guo)核技(ji)術應用產業與國(guo)際先進(jin)水平接軌(gui)有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)作用。

國外放(fang)射源責任(ren)保(bao)險的現狀(zhuang)

兩(liang)大核(he)損害賠償(chang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)體(ti)系(xi)尚(shang)未對放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)責(ze)任保險(xian)進行(xing)規定目前國(guo)(guo)際上(shang)存在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)大核(he)損害賠償(chang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)體(ti)系(xi)，分別(bie)是聯合國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際原子(zi)能機構（IAEA）牽頭主導的(de)《維也(ye)納(na)公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)》體(ti)系(xi)和(he)歐洲(zhou)經濟合作(zuo)與發展組(zu)織（OECD）牽頭主導的(de)《巴黎公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)》體(ti)系(xi)。該兩(liang)大體(ti)系(xi)適用范(fan)圍均未將放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)包(bao)括在(zai)(zai)內，對于(yu)放(fang)射(she)源(yuan)責(ze)任保險(xian)的(de)相關(guan)規定更多是由各(ge)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)內法進行(xing)約(yue)(yue)定，沒有統一的(de)標(biao)準和(he)范(fan)圍。

歐(ou)洲國家投保放射源責任保險意識較(jiao)強

歐(ou)洲主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)國(guo)家放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)明確、普及(ji)(ji)(ji)率較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)、實踐經(jing)(jing)驗相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)豐(feng)富，政府愿意使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)手段(duan)轉(zhuan)移行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、幫(bang)助監(jian)管職能(neng)轉(zhuan)變。責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)式。責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)意保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)意保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩(liang)種(zhong)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)核(he)(he)安(an)全監(jian)管機(ji)(ji)構(gou)ASN要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)醫(yi)療(liao)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)購(gou)買(mai)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)取任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)意保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式。西班(ban)(ban)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《核(he)(he)能(neng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)25項(xiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)家法(fa)(fa)(fa)令規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)Ⅰ類(lei)(lei)(lei)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)設(she)施(shi)和(he)(he)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)運輸需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)Ⅱ、Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)(lei)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)設(she)施(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)；2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)，西班(ban)(ban)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)公(gong)布(bu)了(le)核(he)(he)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)和(he)(he)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律，并(bing)接受2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)版《巴黎(li)公(gong)約(yue)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)修(xiu)改，《巴黎(li)公(gong)約(yue)》生效(xiao)后(hou)將強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)Ⅱ、Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)(lei)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。斯洛伐(fa)克(ke)2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)470號法(fa)(fa)(fa)案(an)第(di)17章中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)需(xu)(xu)購(gou)買(mai)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)務，并(bing)將購(gou)買(mai)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)方(fang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)許可證審(shen)批及(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)期掛鉤(gou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)管理，2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)126號法(fa)(fa)(fa)案(an)和(he)(he)2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)355號法(fa)(fa)(fa)案(an)通(tong)(tong)過設(she)置(zhi)罰金的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式懲戒未(wei)(wei)按(an)第(di)470號法(fa)(fa)(fa)案(an)購(gou)買(mai)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。捷(jie)(jie)克(ke)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，在(zai)(zai)實際操(cao)作中(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)醫(yi)療(liao)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)，通(tong)(tong)常(chang)私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)醫(yi)療(liao)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)都會購(gou)買(mai)能(neng)夠涵蓋(gai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)來轉(zhuan)移職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)，捷(jie)(jie)克(ke)核(he)(he)共體(ti)(ti)(ti)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)客戶需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)了(le)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)高(gao)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。德國(guo)在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)并(bing)未(wei)(wei)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)購(gou)買(mai)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，但放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)會購(gou)買(mai)此(ci)類(lei)(lei)(lei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。德國(guo)未(wei)(wei)開發(fa)專用(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，通(tong)(tong)常(chang)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)購(gou)買(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)擴展(zhan)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)來完(wan)成投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。比(bi)利時在(zai)(zai)醫(yi)療(liao)、科(ke)學(xue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)密封放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)購(gou)買(mai)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。英國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)客戶需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，提供放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)專門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)和(he)(he)聯合(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)集團(tuan)兩(liang)種(zhong)方(fang)式。法(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務由(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)核(he)(he)共體(ti)(ti)(ti)統一(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。西班(ban)(ban)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)由(you)西班(ban)(ban)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)核(he)(he)共體(ti)(ti)(ti)統一(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)，不(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)境(jing)外分(fen)(fen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。斯洛伐(fa)克(ke)核(he)(he)共體(ti)(ti)(ti)負責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務。瑞士等國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)常(chang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市場(chang)購(gou)買(mai)。責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)范圍及(ji)(ji)(ji)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)。一(yi)(yi)般而(er)言，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)依(yi)照(zhao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)給付(fu)(fu)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)，即在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)范圍內(nei)(nei)給予(yu)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)付(fu)(fu)，不(bu)可能(neng)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)致人(ren)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)金額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)醫(yi)療(liao)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)為(wei)(wei)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)累(lei)計責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)1500萬(wan)歐(ou)元及(ji)(ji)(ji)每(mei)(mei)次(ci)事(shi)故800萬(wan)歐(ou)元，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)身傷亡不(bu)設(she)免賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)。西班(ban)(ban)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)現階(jie)段(duan)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)不(bu)取決(jue)(jue)(jue)于(yu)(yu)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型，而(er)是(shi)取決(jue)(jue)(jue)于(yu)(yu)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)從6000歐(ou)元到(dao)6000000歐(ou)元不(bu)等，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)以(yi)(yi)(yi)總限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5%或600歐(ou)元中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)作為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)免賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)。斯洛伐(fa)克(ke)核(he)(he)共體(ti)(ti)(ti)負責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，通(tong)(tong)常(chang)建議購(gou)買(mai)不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)350000歐(ou)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，但牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)醫(yi)可購(gou)買(mai)不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)50000歐(ou)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)率及(ji)(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)依(yi)據(ju)(ju)。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)高(gao)，而(er)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)千差萬(wan)別，因(yin)此(ci)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)每(mei)(mei)一(yi)(yi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)客體(ti)(ti)(ti)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實地(di)調(diao)查和(he)(he)評估(gu)，單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)獨(du)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)率以(yi)(yi)(yi)降低風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，這(zhe)使(shi)(shi)每(mei)(mei)一(yi)(yi)份保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)專門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，基于(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)質(zhi)、活(huo)度、用(yong)(yong)途(tu)(tu)、是(shi)否移動等多因(yin)素進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)綜合(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。西班(ban)(ban)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)開發(fa)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)設(she)施(shi)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)期間造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)民事(shi)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，此(ci)類(lei)(lei)(lei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)不(bu)同(tong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)設(she)施(shi)考(kao)慮(lv)了(le)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)因(yin)子，射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)(he)電(dian)流指標，核(he)(he)素源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)項(xiang)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)其(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)(tu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)度，直線(xian)加(jia)速器(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)其(qi)(qi)能(neng)量(liang)等級(ji)(ji)；二(er)是(shi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)產(chan)品及(ji)(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)階(jie)段(duan)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)民事(shi)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)前一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，其(qi)(qi)將承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)范圍擴展(zhan)到(dao)了(le)設(she)施(shi)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)、銷售、安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)及(ji)(ji)(ji)維修(xiu)等階(jie)段(duan)，基于(yu)(yu)各個階(jie)段(duan)合(he)同(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)量(liang)預估(gu)一(yi)(yi)個費(fei)率以(yi)(yi)(yi)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)臨時保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)，隨后(hou)在(zai)(zai)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)季(ji)度根(gen)據(ju)(ju)實際年(nian)(nian)(nian)營(ying)(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)調(diao)整；三(san)(san)(san)是(shi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)由(you)于(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)設(she)施(shi)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)或其(qi)(qi)雇員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作失誤或疏忽所(suo)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)損(sun)(sun)害(hai)民事(shi)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，類(lei)(lei)(lei)似于(yu)(yu)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)取決(jue)(jue)(jue)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)購(gou)買(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)（如放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)科(ke)醫(yi)師、醫(yi)生、醫(yi)師、護(hu)士等）。西班(ban)(ban)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均費(fei)率為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1‰～2‰。斯洛伐(fa)克(ke)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)(ju)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)場(chang)所(suo)、遵(zun)章守紀(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)與潛在(zai)(zai)第(di)三(san)(san)(san)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)接觸程度三(san)(san)(san)個因(yin)素進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，共分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)54種(zhong)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)方(fang)式，平均費(fei)率在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1‰～2‰。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作場(chang)所(suo)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)醫(yi)和(he)(he)獸(shou)醫(yi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)X射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)診斷場(chang)所(suo)，探傷和(he)(he)電(dian)離(li)輻射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)技術使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)治(zhi)療(liao)加(jia)速器(qi)中(zhong)子源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，同(tong)位(wei)素使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)場(chang)所(suo)，其(qi)(qi)他(ta)場(chang)所(suo)等；放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遵(zun)章守紀(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)完(wan)全滿足(zu)(zu)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)監(jian)管規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，歷次(ci)監(jian)管檢查結果(guo)非常(chang)好(hao)；二(er)級(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)未(wei)(wei)能(neng)全部(bu)滿足(zu)(zu)，歷次(ci)監(jian)管檢查結果(guo)較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)；無證持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)/射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線(xian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，未(wei)(wei)能(neng)滿足(zu)(zu)一(yi)(yi)級(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)等。我國(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀我國(guo)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)專門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律，僅在(zai)(zai)個別條(tiao)款(kuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，可操(cao)作性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差。“十二(er)五”以(yi)(yi)(yi)來，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)總數逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)增長，較(jiao)(jiao)大級(ji)(ji)別輻射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)事(shi)故時有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)生。一(yi)(yi)旦發(fa)生輻射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)事(shi)故，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)公(gong)眾(zhong)和(he)(he)環境(jing)影響較(jiao)(jiao)大，許多企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔高(gao)昂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染事(shi)故賠(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)金和(he)(he)治(zhi)理費(fei)用(yong)(yong)，瀕(bin)臨破產(chan)，受害(hai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)權益得不(bu)到(dao)充分(fen)(fen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)。

時有發生(sheng)的輻射事故要求(qiu)建立穩(wen)定(ding)的損害賠償(chang)保障機制

2011年以來，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)總數逐年增(zeng)長，平均每(mei)年增(zeng)幅(fu)6％。截至(zhi)2020年12月31日，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)從事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生產、銷售(shou)(shou)、使用(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)位(wei)(wei)素(su)和(he)(he)(he)射(she)(she)(she)(she)線裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)共有8萬(wan)余(yu)家，生產、銷售(shou)(shou)、使用(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)位(wei)(wei)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)近(jin)1萬(wan)家，在(zai)(zai)用(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)近(jin)15萬(wan)枚[1]。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行業分(fen)布(bu)十分(fen)廣泛，涉(she)及醫療、機械制造、探(tan)傷、水泥建(jian)材、冶金(jin)、科研教(jiao)學(xue)等20多個領域(yu)。據統計，2011—2020年，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)共發(fa)生涉(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輻射(she)(she)(she)(she)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)64起，其中(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)1起、較大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)5起、一般事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)58起，事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)類型主要(yao)為(wei)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)丟(diu)(diu)失(shi)、被(bei)盜(dao)、失(shi)控(kong)(kong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)及放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落井事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)，其中(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)南京放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)丟(diu)(diu)失(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)，造成(cheng)1人(ren)(ren)受到超劑量照(zhao)射(she)(she)(she)(she)并引發(fa)急性(xing)(xing)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)病，較大(da)級(ji)別(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)多為(wei)Ⅲ類工(gong)(gong)(gong)業探(tan)傷源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)丟(diu)(diu)失(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)(he)Ⅱ類放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落井失(shi)控(kong)(kong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)。截至(zhi)2018年年底，南京事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠償和(he)(he)(he)治(zhi)療費(fei)用(yong)已高達200萬(wan)元(yuan)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)幣。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)損害(hai)賠償法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)制度建(jian)設尚不(bu)健全(quan)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)現有法(fa)(fa)律中(zhong)(zhong)可作放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)法(fa)(fa)律參考的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)《中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)共和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)污染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)》第五十九(jiu)條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“因放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)污染(ran)造成(cheng)他人(ren)(ren)損害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應當依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)承(cheng)擔民(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任”，《放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)位(wei)(wei)素(su)與射(she)(she)(she)(she)線裝置安(an)全(quan)和(he)(he)(he)防(fang)護條(tiao)例》第六十一條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“因輻射(she)(she)(she)(she)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)造成(cheng)他人(ren)(ren)損害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)承(cheng)擔民(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)(ze)任”。上述法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)僅在(zai)(zai)個別(bie)(bie)條(tiao)款進行規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，多是(shi)原則性(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)和(he)(he)(he)鼓(gu)勵性(xing)(xing)條(tiao)款，可操作性(xing)(xing)較差。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)政(zheng)策制度建(jian)設仍(reng)需大(da)力推進[2]。放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)責(ze)(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作尚未(wei)全(quan)面開(kai)展放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)(yu)一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)身保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)(he)財(cai)產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，它對于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)利(li)(li)益、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)模(mo)式、承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)范(fan)圍、承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)機構、責(ze)(ze)任期限、責(ze)(ze)任限額、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)定(ding)(ding)等一系(xi)列問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厘(li)定(ding)(ding)都是(shi)相對系(xi)統而煩瑣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)[3]，部(bu)(bu)分(fen)問題(ti)還需要(yao)政(zheng)府及有關部(bu)(bu)門引導與配合。對于(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)模(mo)式仍(reng)需探(tan)討，其保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)范(fan)圍尚不(bu)清晰，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)率及定(ding)(ding)價依(yi)(yi)據仍(reng)需深入研究，核技(ji)術利(li)(li)用(yong)企業風險(xian)(xian)防(fang)范(fan)意識(shi)比較薄弱(ruo)，部(bu)(bu)分(fen)企業缺乏社會(hui)責(ze)(ze)任感，不(bu)愿(yuan)意購買(mai)責(ze)(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作環境(jing)和(he)(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)條(tiao)件惡(e)劣(lie)，容易發(fa)生問題(ti)。

我國開(kai)展放射源責任(ren)保(bao)險的建議

《核(he)安(an)全(quan)(quan)與放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)污染防治(zhi)“十三(san)五(wu)”規(gui)劃及2025年(nian)遠(yuan)景目標》中明(ming)確(que)(que)提出(chu)“推(tui)(tui)(tui)動高(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輻(fu)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)安(an)全(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)試(shi)點(dian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，推(tui)(tui)(tui)動在(zai)(zai)Ⅲ類(lei)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)測(ce)井和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)移(yi)(yi)動探(tan)傷領(ling)域(yu)建(jian)立(li)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”。為落實核(he)安(an)全(quan)(quan)“十三(san)五(wu)”規(gui)劃要(yao)(yao)求，探(tan)索(suo)利(li)用(yong)(yong)商業(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)模式(shi)(shi)解決核(he)技術(shu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，亟需(xu)(xu)開展放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輻(fu)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)安(an)全(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)研究工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，開發(fa)并提出(chu)一(yi)套適應(ying)(ying)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)解決方(fang)(fang)(fang)案，建(jian)議(yi)如下(xia)。完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)政府支(zhi)持(chi)是責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)順利(li)推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提條件從(cong)(cong)歐(ou)洲各國(guo)(guo)經驗(yan)(yan)看，完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)政府支(zhi)持(chi)是責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)順利(li)推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提條件。建(jian)議(yi)生態(tai)環境部(bu)(bu)（國(guo)(guo)家核(he)安(an)全(quan)(quan)局(ju)）通過立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)政策引(yin)導等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)明(ming)確(que)(que)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，以(yi)(yi)文件形式(shi)(shi)完善(shan)政策措施，在(zai)(zai)政策上(shang)對(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支(zhi)持(chi)，盡快聯合相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)研究制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)試(shi)點(dian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)指導意(yi)(yi)見，從(cong)(cong)財政和(he)(he)稅務(wu)上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)扶(fu)持(chi)，鼓勵和(he)(he)引(yin)導保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司參與放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；同時(shi)(shi)建(jian)立(li)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，在(zai)(zai)《放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)同位素(su)與射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)線裝置安(an)全(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)防護條例》修訂過程中考慮(lv)對(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輻(fu)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)事故責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)要(yao)(yao)求，或(huo)者(zhe)盡快制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)專門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)損(sun)(sun)害賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，明(ming)確(que)(que)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)要(yao)(yao)求；鼓勵有地方(fang)(fang)(fang)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區率(lv)先開展放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輻(fu)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)事故責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，先行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)先試(shi)，積累(lei)經驗(yan)(yan)。高(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)或(huo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)試(shi)點(dian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)歐(ou)洲國(guo)(guo)家市場保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意(yi)(yi)識普遍較強，會主(zhu)動購買(mai)(mai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。而(er)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)核(he)技術(shu)利(li)用(yong)(yong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)防范(fan)意(yi)(yi)識比較薄弱(ruo)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)經濟(ji)效益(yi)一(yi)般，因此現階段不(bu)具備全(quan)(quan)面推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場基礎，但(dan)如果完全(quan)(quan)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)自愿(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，部(bu)(bu)分企(qi)(qi)業(ye)財力有限(xian)，缺乏社會責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)感，可(ke)能不(bu)愿(yuan)意(yi)(yi)購買(mai)(mai)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。建(jian)議(yi)結(jie)合歐(ou)洲經驗(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情(qing)(qing)(qing)，采(cai)取(qu)自愿(yuan)與強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)模式(shi)(shi)，基于風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)情(qing)(qing)(qing)況，在(zai)(zai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)測(ce)井和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)探(tan)傷領(ling)域(yu)試(shi)點(dian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面可(ke)以(yi)(yi)減少污染者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負擔(dan)，另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護受害者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權益(yi)，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)時(shi)(shi)將企(qi)(qi)業(ye)購買(mai)(mai)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)納入放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)許可(ke)證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)范(fan)圍(wei)。推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)個性(xing)(xing)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)率(lv)和(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)基于“高(gao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、高(gao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)、高(gao)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)付；低風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、低保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)、低賠(pei)(pei)(pei)付”原則，具體厘(li)定(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)率(lv)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)考慮(lv)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程度(du)和(he)(he)最大賠(pei)(pei)(pei)付金額(e)(e)(e)。從(cong)(cong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數量、性(xing)(xing)質、活度(du)、用(yong)(yong)途、是否移(yi)(yi)動、企(qi)(qi)業(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)水平(ping)、企(qi)(qi)業(ye)遵章守紀情(qing)(qing)(qing)況、歷(li)史損(sun)(sun)失(shi)情(qing)(qing)(qing)況、放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)物質使用(yong)(yong)場所等多因素(su)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)綜合定(ding)(ding)價，適時(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)差別費(fei)(fei)率(lv)。研究合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)付不(bu)能取(qu)代污染損(sun)(sun)害賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)，在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)付限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)之外，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)仍需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)承(cheng)擔(dan)不(bu)足部(bu)(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，應(ying)(ying)統籌考慮(lv)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)期間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)累(lei)計最高(gao)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)、每次事故賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)和(he)(he)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自付額(e)(e)(e)等。適時(shi)(shi)推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域(yu)從(cong)(cong)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)健康損(sun)(sun)害保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)目前(qian)核(he)電廠雇員(yuan)已通過放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)雇主(zhu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)獲(huo)得保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，但(dan)大量涉放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)技術(shu)利(li)用(yong)(yong)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)面臨比核(he)電廠雇員(yuan)更(geng)惡劣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)環境和(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，容易(yi)發(fa)生事故，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)關(guan)(guan)注公眾利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)兼顧工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切身利(li)益(yi)。建(jian)議(yi)將放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域(yu)從(cong)(cong)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)職業(ye)健康管理(li)和(he)(he)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)統籌考慮(lv)，形成對(dui)(dui)涉核(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)縫風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)和(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。

參考文獻

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[3]]曲云歡,張月君,李小丁,等.環境污染責(ze)任保(bao)險對(dui)放(fang)射源責(ze)任保(bao)險的啟示[J].環境保(bao)護,2019,47(19):28-30.

作(zuo)者：李小丁 龔宇 鄭潔瑩 白剛 李哲 曲云歡(huan)