摘要:《關(guan)于(yu)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)鄉(xiang)村振興(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略(lve)的(de)(de)意(yi)見》要求(qiu)在鄉(xiang)村振興(xing)(xing)(xing)中堅持(chi)(chi)農(nong)民(min)主體(ti)地位(wei)，激發農(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)積極(ji)性(xing)、主動性(xing)和創造性(xing)。實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)民(min)培育(yu)工(gong)(gong)程作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)鄉(xiang)村振興(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略(lve)的(de)(de)任務，也應(ying)(ying)該(gai)堅持(chi)(chi)農(nong)民(min)主體(ti)地位(wei)，發揮農(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)主體(ti)性(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)用。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)民(min)培育(yu)與(yu)農(nong)民(min)啟(qi)蒙(meng)是相輔相成、雙向互促(cu)、并(bing)行不悖的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。因此，新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)時代實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)民(min)培育(yu)工(gong)(gong)程，應(ying)(ying)該(gai)重視農(nong)民(min)啟(qi)蒙(meng)，并(bing)將其滲透(tou)、溶入(ru)培育(yu)過程始終。在新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)民(min)培育(yu)過程中應(ying)(ying)該(gai)堅持(chi)(chi)“有蒙(meng)共啟(qi)”的(de)(de)原則，努力(li)將實(shi)(shi)現鄉(xiang)村全面振興(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)現代農(nong)業、民(min)主政治(zhi)、鄉(xiang)村文(wen)化、生態文(wen)明、社會保障等新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)時代的(de)(de)思想觀念傳輸給農(nong)民(min)，從而實(shi)(shi)現新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業農(nong)民(min)培育(yu)與(yu)農(nong)民(min)啟(qi)蒙(meng)的(de)(de)雙贏(ying)，有力(li)推進鄉(xiang)村振興(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略(lve)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)。

關鍵詞:鄉村振興；主體性；新型職業農民(min)培育；農民(min)啟蒙

報(bao)告提(ti)出，農(nong)(nong)業、農(nong)(nong)村、農(nong)(nong)民問(wen)(wen)題(ti)是關系國(guo)計民生的(de)(de)根本性(xing)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，必須始終把解決(jue)好(hao)“三農(nong)(nong)”問(wen)(wen)題(ti)作(zuo)為全黨工作(zuo)重中(zhong)之重。[1]為了推動新(xin)時(shi)代(dai)“三農(nong)(nong)”問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)有(you)力解決(jue)，中(zhong)央開始部署實施鄉村振興戰(zhan)略(lve)，著力推進農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村現(xian)代(dai)化，實現(xian)新(xin)時(shi)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)業全面升(sheng)級、農(nong)(nong)村全面進步(bu)、農(nong)(nong)民全面發展的(de)(de)宏偉藍圖。

一、問題的提出

繼黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略之后，中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)、國(guo)務院緊接著將《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見(jian)》（以(yi)下(xia)簡稱(cheng)《意見(jian)》）作(zuo)為2018年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)一(yi)號(hao)文件。《意見(jian)》首(shou)(shou)次(ci)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)“堅(jian)持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)，明確(que)要(yao)(yao)求“充分尊重(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)意愿(yuan)(yuan)，切實(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在(zai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)用(yong)”。[2]堅(jian)持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，應該有(you)(you)兩個維度。第(di)一(yi)個維度是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)推進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)(bu)力(li)(li)量(liang)而(er)言(yan)，即(ji)各級政府、資(zi)本市場(chang)與(yu)(yu)社(she)會(hui)力(li)(li)量(liang)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)主(zhu)(zhu)觀武斷，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)政治(zhi)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)強制性(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)設(she)計美(mei)(mei)(mei)好生(sheng)活，而(er)要(yao)(yao)尊重(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意愿(yuan)(yuan)，充分聽取農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見(jian)，想(xiang)他(ta)們(men)之所想(xiang)、急他(ta)們(men)之所急，以(yi)得到農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)最大程(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擁護，這(zhe)樣(yang)才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)調(diao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)，堅(jian)持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)真正得以(yi)落實(shi)(shi)(shi)。第(di)二個維度是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)推進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)(bu)力(li)(li)量(liang)即(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)而(er)言(yan)，廣大農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)要(yao)(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)在(zai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)用(yong)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)必須(xu)跳(tiao)出(chu)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來習以(yi)慣之的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、等待、消極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)維窠(ke)臼，正確(que)認識(shi)國(guo)家(jia)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于(yu)為自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)美(mei)(mei)(mei)好生(sheng)活，從而(er)積極(ji)(ji)、主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)參與(yu)(yu)到鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)，充分發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)精神。如(ru)果說外部(bu)(bu)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)量(liang)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)(xiang)對容(rong)(rong)易堅(jian)持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)，那(nei)么(me)，對于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)而(er)言(yan)，真正將振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)作(zuo)為自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)(ye)投身(shen)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，積極(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)性(xing)(xing)作(zuo)用(yong)則(ze)(ze)相(xiang)(xiang)對而(er)言(yan)要(yao)(yao)困難得多(duo)。因(yin)(yin)為，當前廣大農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)受到國(guo)家(jia)、市場(chang)、社(she)會(hui)、歷史(shi)以(yi)及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)因(yin)(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，其(qi)市場(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、政治(zhi)參與(yu)(yu)意識(shi)、價(jia)值選擇能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)、審(shen)美(mei)(mei)(mei)境(jing)界(jie)提(ti)(ti)升等還比較欠缺(que)，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)制約著農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)。因(yin)(yin)此，在(zai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)充分調(diao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)億萬農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)、主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)性(xing)(xing)，首(shou)(shou)先應該積極(ji)(ji)提(ti)(ti)升農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)，提(ti)(ti)升他(ta)們(men)建設(she)現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)、參與(yu)(yu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)治(zhi)理(li)、繁(fan)榮農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)文化、保護生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)、建設(she)美(mei)(mei)(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、追求美(mei)(mei)(mei)好生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)、主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)性(xing)(xing)，真正發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)其(qi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)量(liang)。那(nei)么(me)，如(ru)何(he)塑造(zao)(zao)和(he)(he)提(ti)(ti)升農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)？這(zhe)一(yi)追問(wen)則(ze)(ze)邏輯地(di)(di)指向(xiang)了農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)。目前學界(jie)還鮮有(you)(you)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)”這(zhe)一(yi)提(ti)(ti)法。從中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)話語而(er)言(yan)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)當然(ran)地(di)(di)落在(zai)社(she)會(hui)精英(ying)、知識(shi)精英(ying)身(shen)上，跟普通大眾尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)好像沒什(shen)么(me)關(guan)(guan)系。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)常常扮演的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)被(bei)迫(po)害、被(bei)拯救、被(bei)號(hao)召、被(bei)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)、被(bei)建設(she)、被(bei)代言(yan)、被(bei)救濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色，很(hen)少有(you)(you)將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)與(yu)(yu)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)相(xiang)(xiang)聯系，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)”這(zhe)一(yi)概念。但是(shi)(shi)，從鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略而(er)言(yan)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)現(xian)代化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵在(zai)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，如(ru)果農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)擺(bai)脫“被(bei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色，缺(que)乏獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)思(si)考和(he)(he)價(jia)值選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)(xing)，則(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)其(qi)偉(wei)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)性(xing)(xing)，從而(er)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)全(quan)面振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。因(yin)(yin)此，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)于(yu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)言(yan)則(ze)(ze)顯得尤為緊迫(po)。什(shen)么(me)是(shi)(shi)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)”？所謂農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)，即(ji)是(shi)(shi)指農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷突破既有(you)(you)“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)見(jian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛，敢(gan)于(yu)運(yun)用(yong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)性(xing)(xing)進行(xing)獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)思(si)考和(he)(he)批(pi)判(pan)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)覺認知自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)狀(zhuang)態、確(que)認自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值認同方(fang)式，逐漸確(que)立(li)(li)起自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，從而(er)對現(xian)代化形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正確(que)認識(shi)并(bing)努力(li)(li)投身(shen)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)享(xiang)受現(xian)代化文明成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。[3]農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)“啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”，或者(zhe)說，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)簡單地(di)(di)等同于(yu)“啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”，而(er)是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)逐步發(fa)(fa)現(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)身(shen)、確(que)立(li)(li)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態發(fa)(fa)展過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)從“不(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)”走向(xiang)“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“祛魅”過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)、從“不(bu)(bu)(bu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)由”走向(xiang)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)由”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。由此可見(jian)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心內容(rong)(rong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)問(wen)題(ti)，提(ti)(ti)升農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)必須(xu)取徑(jing)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)之途。只(zhi)有(you)(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)，才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)立(li)(li)，才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)用(yong)，也(ye)才(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為未來美(mei)(mei)(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建設(she)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)源。鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)離不(bu)(bu)(bu)開(kai)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)支(zhi)撐(cheng)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)造(zao)(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、匯聚更(geng)多(duo)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)土(tu)(tu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)”積極(ji)(ji)投身(shen)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)大事業(ye)(ye)。新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)培育(yu)(yu)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)培育(yu)(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)未來，是(shi)(shi)為建設(she)美(mei)(mei)(mei)麗(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)培養、造(zao)(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)更(geng)多(duo)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)土(tu)(tu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)途徑(jing)。《意見(jian)》明確(que)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)將培育(yu)(yu)新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)作(zuo)為造(zao)(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)土(tu)(tu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)(shou)要(yao)(yao)任務，大力(li)(li)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)本，積極(ji)(ji)破解振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)瓶頸(jing)制約。作(zuo)為實(shi)(shi)(shi)施鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)任務，新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)培育(yu)(yu)必然(ran)瞄準廣大在(zai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)務農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)針對現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)科技文化需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)培訓，使他(ta)們(men)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)具備現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)所要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)素質(zhi)；通過(guo)(guo)(guo)全(quan)力(li)(li)打造(zao)(zao)“職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”這(zhe)個“新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)”，使“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為有(you)(you)尊嚴、有(you)(you)地(di)(di)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、有(you)(you)吸引力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)。既然(ran)新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培育(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對象相(xiang)(xiang)同、內容(rong)(rong)吻(wen)合、目標明確(que)，這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)引發(fa)(fa)出(chu)下(xia)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)：在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略中(zhong)(zhong)，新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)培育(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蒙(meng)(meng)究竟(jing)是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么(me)關(guan)(guan)系？如(ru)何(he)以(yi)提(ti)(ti)升農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)為中(zhong)(zhong)心，協調(diao)處理(li)好二者(zhe)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系，從而(er)切實(shi)(shi)(shi)為鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)支(zhi)撐(cheng)？

二、新型職業農(nong)民培育與農(nong)民啟(qi)蒙的(de)關(guan)系厘清

一、呼瑪縣新型農民培養過程中面臨(lin)的問題

經(jing)(jing)費(fei)投入(ru)(ru)(ru)不(bu)足，工作(zuo)難(nan)以(yi)推動。近年(nian)來(lai)，資(zi)(zi)金(jin)匱乏一(yi)直是(shi)制約農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)發(fa)展的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因(yin)素(su)。政府投入(ru)(ru)(ru)在農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)中雖然占(zhan)有很大比(bi)例，然而財政預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)內農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)經(jing)(jing)費(fei)占(zhan)整個預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)內教育經(jing)(jing)費(fei)的(de)份額增長(chang)緩(huan)慢，國家對(dui)農(nong)業(ye)財政預(yu)(yu)(yu)算(suan)總額比(bi)例偏小，而用(yong)于(yu)農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的(de)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)更是(shi)寥(liao)寥(liao)無幾。由于(yu)農(nong)業(ye)是(shi)弱質產(chan)業(ye)，用(yong)于(yu)農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的(de)經(jing)(jing)費(fei)基本(ben)上依賴政府撥款，地方政府和農(nong)民(min)(min)自身(shen)對(dui)農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)投入(ru)(ru)(ru)十分(fen)有限，加之，國家對(dui)農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的(de)政策不(bu)配套(tao)，缺(que)乏相應的(de)激勵機制，各種外援資(zi)(zi)金(jin)、民(min)(min)間(jian)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)無法有效投入(ru)(ru)(ru)農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)規(gui)模難(nan)以(yi)適應發(fa)展的(de)需要(yao)。

二、呼瑪縣培養新型農民應采取的(de)措(cuo)施

（一(yi)(yi)）、樹(shu)立(li)“發(fa)(fa)(fa)展農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)理念，完善新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)政策體系。這是(shi)(shi)呼瑪縣(xian)新(xin)(xin)(xin)時期農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)素(su)質全(quan)面提升的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度支撐。培(pei)育(yu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)要從提高(gao)認(ren)識(shi)入(ru)手(shou)，從完善政策入(ru)手(shou)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)要樹(shu)立(li)“發(fa)(fa)(fa)展農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)理念。必(bi)須(xu)充分認(ren)識(shi)到農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)新(xin)(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)建設中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值和(he)作(zuo)用(yong)，堅持(chi)把培(pei)育(yu)造就(jiu)(jiu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)，提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)整體素(su)質作(zuo)為(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略任(ren)務來抓，從促進(jin)“人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面發(fa)(fa)(fa)展”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度出發(fa)(fa)(fa)，對農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)進(jin)行人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)(zi)源開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)，促進(jin)人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)(zi)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累和(he)釋放，推進(jin)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)工(gong)程，把農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)這一(yi)(yi)巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)(zi)源潛勢(shi)轉化(hua)為(wei)人(ren)力(li)(li)資(zi)(zi)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)。二是(shi)(shi)加強(qiang)對新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領導(dao)。在(zai)(zai)目前(qian)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)勞動(dong)力(li)(li)素(su)質培(pei)訓和(he)轉移就(jiu)(jiu)業組(zu)織領導(dao)網絡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，整合資(zi)(zi)源、強(qiang)化(hua)領導(dao)，將新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)納入(ru)各級黨委、政府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)規劃(hua)，進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)健全(quan)縣(xian)鄉（鎮）、村(cun)(cun)三(san)級組(zu)織服(fu)務體系，切(qie)實擔負起新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)建設和(he)管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重任(ren)。

（二）、加快農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)步伐，加速(su)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村基礎設施建設。這是(shi)(shi)呼瑪縣新(xin)時期(qi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)素質全面提(ti)升的(de)(de)(de)(de)堅實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質基礎。任何事物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)離不開(kai)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質保障。新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)同樣如此。農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)(shi)相輔相成的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。一方面農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)主(zhu)體，其素質的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高、技能的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)升能夠為(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)供(gong)宏(hong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人才(cai)支撐和(he)智力保障；另一方面農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)又是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)社會實(shi)踐(jian)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)“主(zhu)戰(zhan)場”，其自(zi)(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)也(ye)同樣會反作用(yong)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)我發(fa)展(zhan)，既(ji)為(wei)(wei)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全面發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)供(gong)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質基礎，又為(wei)(wei)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)創新(xin)提(ti)供(gong)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)“舞臺”。

（三(san)）、不斷(duan)(duan)培育農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)主體(ti)意識，提(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)組(zu)織化(hua)(hua)程度(du)。當前，必須(xu)不斷(duan)(duan)地強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)這種主體(ti)意識，并(bing)通過(guo)有(you)效途徑將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)組(zu)織起來，共同(tong)在改變自己命運(yun)和(he)建設(she)社會主義(yi)新農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)以及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)建設(she)過(guo)程中，進行創(chuang)造性的(de)(de)(de)勞動，不斷(duan)(duan)提(ti)升和(he)實現自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)社會價(jia)值(zhi)和(he)自我價(jia)值(zhi)。一是(shi)不斷(duan)(duan)培養農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)文(wen)明(ming)意識。引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)成為(wei)有(you)理(li)想、講道德(de)、有(you)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、守紀(ji)律的(de)(de)(de)具有(you)現化(hua)(hua)文(wen)明(ming)意識的(de)(de)(de)新型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)。二(er)是(shi)不斷(duan)(duan)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)競(jing)爭(zheng)意識。加強(qiang)對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)經濟知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)教育培訓，提(ti)高他們融入市(shi)場(chang)、參與競(jing)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)意識和(he)能(neng)力。三(san)是(shi)不斷(duan)(duan)提(ti)升農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)自我組(zu)織能(neng)力，提(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)在市(shi)場(chang)經濟中的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織化(hua)(hua)程度(du)。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)是建(jian)設新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)主體(ti)。實現(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)，需要(yao)培養造就(jiu)千(qian)千(qian)萬(wan)萬(wan)高(gao)素(su)質的(de)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)。當前我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)勞動力(li)平均受(shou)教(jiao)育(yu)年限較短，整(zheng)體(ti)素(su)質不(bu)高(gao)。依托產業發展對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)開(kai)展農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業實用技術培訓和職業技能培訓，同時積極引導和教(jiao)育(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)遵紀守法、提高(gao)修養、崇尚(shang)科學(xue)、移(yi)風易俗，使之成為(wei)“有文化(hua)、懂(dong)技術、會經營”的(de)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)，為(wei)推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)產業結構調(diao)整(zheng)，加快農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業產業化(hua)進程，增加農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)收(shou)入提供智力(li)支持和人才保(bao)障。這是新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)建(jian)設最(zui)本質、最(zui)核(he)心的(de)內容，也是最(zui)為(wei)迫切的(de)要(yao)求。

（一）培(pei)育(yu)新型農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)是(shi)社(she)會主義(yi)新農(nong)(nong)村建設的重要基礎。農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)知識化進程(cheng)的快(kuai)慢，在(zai)很大程(cheng)度上決(jue)定著(zhu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)和農(nong)(nong)村現代化發(fa)展的步(bu)伐，決(jue)定著(zhu)我國經濟社(she)會發(fa)展第三步(bu)戰略目標的實現。正因為(wei)如此，總理曾(ceng)明確(que)指出，我國農(nong)(nong)村全面建設小康社(she)會根本在(zai)于提高農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)素(su)質(zhi)。

（二）培(pei)育新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)民是統籌城鄉經(jing)濟社(she)會發展(zhan)的(de)必然要(yao)求。提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民素質，是促進傳統農(nong)(nong)(nong)業向現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業轉(zhuan)變(bian)，從(cong)根本上(shang)解決“三(san)農(nong)(nong)(nong)”問題(ti)的(de)關鍵所在，是加快轉(zhuan)移農(nong)(nong)(nong)村富(fu)余勞動力、推進工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)和城鎮化(hua)(hua)、將人(ren)口壓(ya)力傳化(hua)(hua)為人(ren)力資源優(you)勢的(de)重要(yao)途徑，也是促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)村經(jing)濟社(she)會協(xie)調(diao)發展(zhan)的(de)重要(yao)舉措。建設新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村，必須(xu)全面提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民素質，包括(kuo)文化(hua)(hua)素質、科技(ji)素質、人(ren)文素質。

（三(san)）培(pei)育新型農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)是增加農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)收(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)途徑(jing)。大量的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)科技成果最終要(yao)被(bei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)所掌(zhang)握，才能(neng)轉化成為現實(shi)生產力。廣泛開展(zhan)各種形式的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)實(shi)用技術培(pei)訓、職業(ye)技能(neng)培(pei)訓、勞(lao)動力轉移培(pei)訓，是農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)增加收(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)途徑(jing)。

培(pei)育新型(xing)農(nong)民(min)，要切實組織(zhi)實施好各項(xiang)新型(xing)農(nong)民(min)培(pei)訓工程(cheng)。一是綠色證書工程(cheng)。二是青年農(nong)民(min)科技培(pei)訓工程(cheng)。三是新型(xing)農(nong)民(min)創業培(pei)植(zhi)工程(cheng)。四是農(nong)村勞動力轉移就業培(pei)訓“陽(yang)光工程(cheng)”。

河北藁城，“農(nong)民田間學(xue)校”的(de)學(xue)員(yuan)在(zai)觀察西(xi)紅柿的(de)生長情況.

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)是(shi)我縣(xian)(xian)新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村建(jian)設的主體(ti)，培(pei)(pei)養(yang)有文化、懂技術、會經(jing)營的新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，提(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的整體(ti)素質(zhi)，是(shi)建(jian)設新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村的重要(yao)(yao)(yao)目(mu)標和基礎(chu)保障(zhang)，培(pei)(pei)育新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)是(shi)我縣(xian)(xian)當前及今(jin)后較長(chang)時間(jian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的重要(yao)(yao)(yao)任(ren)務，也是(shi)擺在我縣(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教育中(zhong)亟待解決的重大課題(ti)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)此(ci)項工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的前提(ti)必(bi)須要(yao)(yao)(yao)了解農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)對(dui)(dui)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)情況。因此(ci)，為進一步推(tui)進我縣(xian)(xian)新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)這項民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生工(gong)(gong)程實施工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，深入(ru)了解我縣(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)對(dui)(dui)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的實際需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，便(bian)于更進一步提(ti)高(gao)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)效果(guo)，按照省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)委《關于開(kai)展(zhan)2012年新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生工(gong)(gong)程培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)調(diao)查工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的通知》文件(jian)精神，開(kai)展(zhan)2012年新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)調(diao)研工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)：

一、總體部署

我縣農(nong)委高度重視此次(ci)調查、摸(mo)(mo)底工作(zuo)，接通(tong)知后由縣農(nong)委牽頭(tou)召(zhao)集農(nong)機局、畜牧獸醫站(zhan)、水(shui)產(chan)站(zhan)、農(nong)村(cun)能源辦公室(shi)等與培訓工作(zuo)密(mi)切(qie)相關的行(xing)業部(bu)門相關負責人(ren)，召(zhao)開(kai)會議(yi)并(bing)部(bu)署任(ren)務。要求各行(xing)業依據自(zi)身職(zhi)能，圍繞我縣“三農(nong)”工作(zuo)重點(dian)，結合我縣主(zhu)導產(chan)業和特色產(chan)業，依托鄉（鎮(zhen)）和村(cun)組深入農(nong)戶進行(xing)調查摸(mo)(mo)底，廣泛征詢(xun)村(cun)干(gan)部(bu)和農(nong)民(min)對培訓產(chan)業（專業）、內容、時間和方式方法的意見和建議(yi)，切(qie)實摸(mo)(mo)清培訓需(xu)求人(ren)群和數(shu)量，確保上報材料(liao)真實、準確。

二、調查目的

通(tong)過調(diao)查(cha)，摸清我(wo)縣新(xin)(xin)型農民培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓需(xu)求(qiu)情(qing)況，為我(wo)縣2012年新(xin)(xin)型農民培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓民生工程的申報(bao)、具體實施(shi)方案(an)提(ti)供依據，以實現培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓需(xu)求(qiu)與供給有效對(dui)(dui)接(jie)，提(ti)高培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓的針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)性和(he)實效性，推(tui)動(dong)新(xin)(xin)型農民培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓工作科(ke)學發(fa)展，為我(wo)縣農業(ye)(ye)全面轉型和(he)農業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)結構(gou)調(diao)整提(ti)供人才支撐。

三(san)、調查(cha)對象及(ji)方式(shi)

摘(zhai)要:新(xin)型(xing)職業農(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)培(pei)育(yu)具有一定(ding)的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)意義，對海南省新(xin)型(xing)職業農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)進(jin)行分析，綜合實(shi)際(ji)狀(zhuang)況探討分析新(xin)型(xing)職業農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)政策扶持體(ti)系的(de)(de)戰略(lve)(lve)選(xuan)擇模(mo)式，基于社會、經(jing)濟以及海南省實(shi)際(ji)狀(zhuang)況，探究了海南省新(xin)型(xing)職業農(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)育(yu)政策扶持體(ti)系的(de)(de)完善策略(lve)(lve)與手段。

關鍵詞(ci):新型職業(ye)農民(min)；培(pei)育政(zheng)策(ce)扶持體系；海南省

新(xin)(xin)型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)的培(pei)(pei)育(yu)就是在(zai)特定的政(zheng)策扶持(chi)引導下(xia)，利用信息技術手段以(yi)及(ji)其他輔助工具，通過多樣化(hua)的培(pei)(pei)育(yu)方式提(ti)升(sheng)農(nong)民(min)的知(zhi)識、技能以(yi)及(ji)現代觀念，轉變傳統(tong)的農(nong)業(ye)(ye)方式，提(ti)升(sheng)農(nong)民(min)的綜合(he)素質(zhi)能力，為新(xin)(xin)農(nong)村(cun)建(jian)設(she)與(yu)發展培(pei)(pei)育(yu)出(chu)具有(you)較高科技文化(hua)素質(zhi)能力、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產技能以(yi)及(ji)具有(you)現代經營(ying)管理能力的新(xin)(xin)型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)。培(pei)(pei)育(yu)新(xin)(xin)型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)，可(ke)以(yi)為新(xin)(xin)農(nong)村(cun)的建(jian)設(she)奠(dian)定基礎。

1海南省新型(xing)職業農民(min)培(pei)育(yu)政策扶(fu)持體系戰略模式

1.1強化(hua)(hua)頂(ding)層設(she)(she)計。新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培育(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)重(zhong)視政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)與(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)層設(she)(she)計，提(ti)供有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)障(zhang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。基(ji)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)需求，分析(xi)社(she)會(hui)及(ji)文化(hua)(hua)需求、制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)等(deng)因素，以(yi)我(wo)國(guo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)為(wei)基(ji)本導向，培育(yu)(yu)出具(ju)有(you)(you)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)能(neng)力(li)(li)、技(ji)術能(neng)力(li)(li)、經營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)，將(jiang)其作為(wei)改善農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)堅力(li)(li)量，突破傳統城鄉二元經濟(ji)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)約，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城鄉一體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)下(xia)，要(yao)(yao)推動(dong)(dong)城鄉公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)一體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，提(ti)升(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)環境以(yi)及(ji)社(she)會(hui)氛圍，吸引(yin)具(ju)有(you)(you)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識、科技(ji)能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青年農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)[1]。實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)生產(chan)(chan)、經營(ying)以(yi)及(ji)服(fu)務(wu)。1.2制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培育(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)以(yi)及(ji)社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助下(xia)，對社(she)會(hui)資(zi)源(yuan)進行整合，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)激勵等(deng)方式扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培訓(xun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。加強政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)(yu)(yu)約束(shu)力(li)(li)量，解(jie)決土地、資(zi)金(jin)等(deng)要(yao)(yao)素對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約束(shu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)影響。要(yao)(yao)改善新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成長以(yi)及(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)環境，制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)優惠政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)融信貸、保(bao)險、財政(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)領(ling)域(yu)基(ji)于(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，綜合新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)經營(ying)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)階段，配(pei)套完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)重(zhong)點(dian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)教育(yu)(yu)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)合之下(xia)，構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培育(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)資(zi)格(ge)認證以(yi)及(ji)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)準入以(yi)及(ji)退出制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，保(bao)障(zhang)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合法權益，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)優惠政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，加強對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，完(wan)善新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)服(fu)務(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)海(hai)南(nan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。1.3推動(dong)(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)升(sheng)級。農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)具(ju)有(you)(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)主動(dong)(dong)性(xing)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培育(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)扶(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)基(ji)礎(chu)，對此在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)要(yao)(yao)將(jiang)推動(dong)(dong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)創(chuang)造性(xing)作為(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)調整發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)思(si)路，以(yi)人(ren)為(wei)本，以(yi)海(hai)南(nan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)自由貿(mao)易(yi)實(shi)(shi)驗區(qu)和(he)自由貿(mao)易(yi)港為(wei)契機，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)(yu)(yu)集(ji)成，改革聯動(dong)(dong)模式，為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)奠(dian)定(ding)基(ji)礎(chu)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳統生產(chan)(chan)保(bao)障(zhang)性(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉變(bian)為(wei)競爭(zheng)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)模式。在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)系(xi)統，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)精(jing)致化(hua)(hua)、精(jing)準化(hua)(hua)以(yi)及(ji)精(jing)品化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，拓展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功能(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)范圍，提(ti)升(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)出率，形(xing)成具(ju)有(you)(you)海(hai)南(nan)熱(re)帶(dai)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高產(chan)(chan)、高質、高效農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，提(ti)升(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭(zheng)能(neng)力(li)(li)[2]。

2海南省(sheng)新型(xing)職業(ye)農(nong)民培育政(zheng)策扶持(chi)體系的完善(shan)策略與手段

一、思想和鄧小平理論(lun)關于農民教育的(de)思想

1．關(guan)于農(nong)民教育的(de)思想

(1)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題是(shi)教(jiao)育(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)。新中國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立前夕(xi)，發表《論(lun)(lun)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專政(zheng)》一文，第(di)一次提出(chu)了(le)“嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題是(shi)教(jiao)育(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)名(ming)論(lun)(lun)斷，深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)地闡述(shu)了(le)教(jiao)育(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要性(xing)和重(zhong)(zhong)要性(xing)。這一思(si)(si)想(xiang)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)育(yu)思(si)(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導方針。在不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)作中，從不同角度(du)深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)地分(fen)析了(le)教(jiao)育(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)對中國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)革(ge)命乃(nai)至整(zheng)個社會主(zhu)義建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。他從農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史和階(jie)(jie)(jie)級(ji)局限性(xing)出(chu)發，強調農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要性(xing)。井岡山革(ge)命斗(dou)爭時(shi)期，就深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)分(fen)析了(le)中國(guo)(guo)特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會環境和歷(li)史條件，提出(chu)了(le)必須通過經常性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬克思(si)(si)主(zhu)義、無產(chan)階(jie)(jie)(jie)級(ji)意(yi)識教(jiao)育(yu)來克服農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)和小資產(chan)階(jie)(jie)(jie)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狹隘性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)毛病。這也是(shi)我(wo)黨(dang)在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)成(cheng)員占大多數的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)能保持黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無產(chan)階(jie)(jie)(jie)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命性(xing)和黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)純潔(jie)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要保證所在。

(2)農(nong)(nong)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)實(shi)踐相(xiang)結(jie)(jie)合。農(nong)(nong)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)實(shi)踐相(xiang)結(jie)(jie)合，是(shi)農(nong)(nong)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)思(si)想的(de)基本(ben)原則(ze)。抗(kang)戰時期，由于國民(min)黨(dang)反(fan)(fan)動派與(yu)日(ri)本(ben)帝國主義的(de)封(feng)鎖(suo)，陜甘寧(ning)邊(bian)區(qu)經(jing)濟(ji)非常困難，那時的(de)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)以(yi)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)促(cu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)助教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)主張。其間(jian)，他還提(ti)(ti)出(chu)為農(nong)(nong)民(min)編《莊稼識字》等讀(du)本(ben)，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)在邊(bian)區(qu)的(de)中(zhong)小學都應該開設農(nong)(nong)業(ye)常識課，使教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)更能反(fan)(fan)映農(nong)(nong)村、農(nong)(nong)民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)需要。建國后，他進一步深化了(le)“教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)相(xiang)結(jie)(jie)合”的(de)內涵。1958年1月，他總結(jie)(jie)了(le)我國廣大師(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)行(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)勞動與(yu)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)相(xiang)結(jie)(jie)合方面的(de)創造性的(de)經(jing)驗(yan)，開始提(ti)(ti)倡(chang)半工半讀(du)。

(3)在農(nong)民教(jiao)(jiao)育形(xing)式(shi)上，主(zhu)張應采取靈活(huo)多樣、符(fu)合(he)農(nong)民生(sheng)活(huo)實際的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)對農(nong)民進行教(jiao)(jiao)育。在他的(de)(de)這一思想的(de)(de)指導(dao)下，抗(kang)日戰爭時期各(ge)抗(kang)日根據地(di)紛紛興起了(le)民辦村學的(de)(de)高潮，冬學、讀(du)報識字組、夜校(xiao)、民教(jiao)(jiao)館(guan)等如雨后春筍般地(di)涌現。要(yao)創造(zao)符(fu)合(he)農(nong)民生(sheng)活(huo)方(fang)式(shi)和便于(yu)農(nong)民學習科技文(wen)化的(de)(de)新的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)，創造(zao)農(nong)民自己的(de)(de)學校(xiao)和適合(he)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育模式(shi)。

(4)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教育應(ying)基于農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的自(zi)覺和自(zi)愿。一貫(guan)強調應(ying)根據農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的自(zi)覺和自(zi)愿來進(jin)行農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教育。在領導根據地農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)開展文化教育時，他就認為農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教育應(ying)貫(guan)徹群(qun)眾需要與自(zi)愿的原則。農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)是(shi)(shi)革(ge)命的動(dong)力所(suo)在，農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)和農(nong)(nong)村(cun)問(wen)題(ti)要發揮和調動(dong)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的主(zhu)動(dong)性和積極性。農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教育特別要注意(yi)這一點(dian)，根據馬克思(si)主(zhu)義唯物(wu)主(zhu)義的觀點(dian)“外因通過內因起(qi)作用”，教育的問(wen)題(ti)其(qi)實就是(shi)(shi)思(si)想的轉變問(wen)題(ti)，如果采取強制性的政策，農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)會有抵觸(chu)情緒(xu)，效果將不會很(hen)理想。

培養新(xin)農民建設新(xin)農村

同志們：

剛才，聽了幾位(wei)同(tong)志(zhi)的(de)(de)發言，很(hen)受啟發。這幾位(wei)同(tong)志(zhi)介紹的(de)(de)經驗都很(hen)好(hao)，值(zhi)得借鑒和推廣。蔣(jiang)美蘭同(tong)志(zhi)的(de)(de)發言，反映(ying)了地方政(zheng)府對農(nong)民(min)教育培訓和農(nong)廣校事業的(de)(de)重(zhong)視與支(zhi)持；亓紅延同(tong)志(zhi)的(de)(de)發言，反映(ying)了基層(ceng)同(tong)志(zhi)對教育培訓的(de)(de)需求，也反映(ying)了廣大農(nong)民(min)對農(nong)廣校工(gong)作的(de)(de)認可；吉林省雙(shuang)遼(liao)市(shi)和山東招遠市(shi)農(nong)廣校的(de)(de)做法(fa)和經驗也值(zhi)得大家借鑒。

這些(xie)年來，農廣校的(de)同(tong)志們，特別是長期工作(zuo)在(zai)基層一線的(de)廣大(da)教師，辛(xin)勤(qin)工作(zuo)，無私奉(feng)獻(xian)，為(wei)農業和農村經濟的(de)發展培養了大(da)量人才(cai)，做出(chu)了重要貢(gong)獻(xian)。在(zai)此(ci)，我代(dai)表(biao)農業部、代(dai)表(biao)杜(du)青林部長，對大(da)家表(biao)示(shi)衷(zhong)心感(gan)謝，對工作(zuo)在(zai)農民(min)教育(yu)培訓戰線的(de)同(tong)志們，表(biao)示(shi)親切地慰問。下(xia)面，利(li)用這個(ge)機會(hui)，我也作(zuo)個(ge)發言，講(jiang)三點意見。

一、培養新(xin)型農民是建設新(xin)農村的重要保(bao)證

黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十六屆五中(zhong)全會(hui)提(ti)出了建(jian)(jian)設社會(hui)主(zhu)義新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)重大(da)歷(li)史任(ren)務，明(ming)確了推進社會(hui)主(zhu)義新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)一系列(lie)政(zheng)策措施(shi)，要(yao)(yao)求按照生(sheng)產發(fa)展、生(sheng)活寬裕、鄉(xiang)風(feng)文明(ming)、村(cun)容整潔(jie)、管(guan)理民(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，扎實(shi)穩步(bu)推進新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)建(jian)(jian)設。五中(zhong)全會(hui)專門強調(diao)，要(yao)(yao)培養有文化、懂技術、會(hui)經營的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)，提(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)整體素質(zhi)。為了貫徹落實(shi)中(zhong)央的(de)(de)(de)戰略部署，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業部提(ti)出了貫徹落實(shi)新(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)意見，要(yao)(yao)求加快現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業建(jian)(jian)設，實(shi)施(shi)“轉變、拓展、提(ti)升”三大(da)戰略，啟動“九大(da)行動”。培養造就新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)，內涵豐富，任(ren)務艱巨，需要(yao)(yao)我(wo)們(men)付出艱苦的(de)(de)(de)努(nu)力。我(wo)們(men)要(yao)(yao)有強烈的(de)(de)(de)事業心、責任(ren)感(gan)和(he)使命(ming)感(gan)，首先要(yao)(yao)充分認識到(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)教育培訓工作的(de)(de)(de)極端重要(yao)(yao)性和(he)緊迫(po)性。

一(yi)、新農(nong)(nong)村新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民培(pei)養(yang)是關乎(hu)國家發(fa)展的長久之計

1.堅持(chi)科(ke)學發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)觀(guan),建立和(he)諧社(she)(she)會,培養新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)是(shi)難點(dian)和(he)重(zhong)點(dian)。隨著中國經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)會深入發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),科(ke)學發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)觀(guan)已成為(wei)有(you)(you)(you)中國特(te)色(se)社(she)(she)會主義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導思想,構建和(he)諧社(she)(she)會是(shi)我們正在(zai)努(nu)力(li)(li)奮斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)目(mu)標。在(zai)攻(gong)破一(yi)個個艱難問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中,三(san)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)問(wen)題(ti)是(shi)亟待解(jie)決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)(da)問(wen)題(ti),培養新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)則是(shi)解(jie)決(jue)三(san)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye),建設(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun),讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)安(an)居樂業(ye)(ye),是(shi)穩固改革發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成果,促進(jin)經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)會持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎。三(san)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)問(wen)題(ti)是(shi)中國發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中最基(ji)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),這是(shi)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共識(shi)。解(jie)決(jue)這一(yi)問(wen)題(ti),有(you)(you)(you)許多事情要做,而提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)素(su)(su)質(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)促進(jin)傳統農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)向現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)轉變,從(cong)根本(ben)(ben)上解(jie)決(jue)三(san)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要害所(suo)在(zai)。培養新(xin)型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min),就(jiu)是(shi)將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人力(li)(li)資源轉化(hua)為(wei)人力(li)(li)資本(ben)(ben)優勢,形成推動農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)量源泉。只有(you)(you)(you)提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)素(su)(su)質(zhi)(zhi)、科(ke)技素(su)(su)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)人文(wen)素(su)(su)質(zhi)(zhi),才能(neng)(neng)強化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li),才能(neng)(neng)促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了,中國經濟(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)才有(you)(you)(you)雄厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎與保障,才有(you)(you)(you)強大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力(li)(li)和(he)潛力(li)(li)。

2.全(quan)面認識新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)民的(de)要(yao)求,為(wei)新(xin)(xin)農(nong)村建設打(da)造豐富(fu)人(ren)才。黨的(de)十六(liu)屆五中全(quan)會報告對新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)民作了(le)明確(que)的(de)界定:有文(wen)化(hua)、懂(dong)技術、會經(jing)營。這為(wei)我們培養新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)民提供了(le)指導和(he)明確(que)了(le)基本要(yao)求。

建(jian)設(she)生產發展、生活寬裕、鄉(xiang)風文明(ming)、村容整潔、管(guan)理(li)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)新(xin)(xin)農(nong)村,農(nong)民(min)是(shi)真正的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體。雖然有(you)政府的(de)大力(li)扶持(chi),統籌(chou)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)經(jing)濟社會(hui)(hui)發展,有(you)工(gong)商業的(de)返哺和幫(bang)助,農(nong)村的(de)建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程最終仍是(shi)要靠農(nong)民(min)自己來進行。有(you)文化、懂技術、會(hui)(hui)經(jing)營,具有(you)現(xian)代文明(ming)觀念和較為先進的(de)市場意識,物(wu)質收入多(duo)、精(jing)神風貌(mao)高、民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法制意識強等(deng)是(shi)新(xin)(xin)型農(nong)民(min)應該具備的(de)素質。廣大農(nong)民(min)只有(you)在自身素質和能力(li)得到提高后,才能實現(xian)建(jian)設(she)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)新(xin)(xin)農(nong)村的(de)目標。

3.培(pei)(pei)養(yang)新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)是(shi)一個系(xi)統和長(chang)期的工作(zuo)。農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)生(sheng)活的一切方(fang)面(mian)都依賴于(yu)整個農(nong)(nong)村和農(nong)(nong)業的發(fa)(fa)展。對(dui)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的培(pei)(pei)養(yang)工作(zuo)需要基(ji)礎教(jiao)育(yu)、技能培(pei)(pei)訓、醫(yi)療衛生(sheng)、權(quan)益保(bao)障等多位一體(ti)的建(jian)設,是(shi)一個大范圍、全方(fang)位的工程(cheng)。對(dui)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的培(pei)(pei)養(yang)不僅僅限于(yu)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)專業技能的培(pei)(pei)養(yang),還(huan)要從基(ji)本(ben)素質抓起,要重視基(ji)礎文(wen)化教(jiao)育(yu);不能僅看重農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)經濟(ji)(ji)收益的提高,還(huan)要注重豐富農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的精神文(wen)化生(sheng)活和提高農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)道德素養(yang);新型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的概念也不僅僅限于(yu)會(hui)耕作(zuo)、會(hui)牧(mu)漁的勞動者(zhe),同時也是(shi)會(hui)管理、會(hui)投資、能預見和抵御風險、懂得(de)持續發(fa)(fa)展的經營者(zhe),是(shi)有著現(xian)代(dai)市(shi)場經濟(ji)(ji)意識(shi)的農(nong)(nong)業工作(zuo)者(zhe)。

由于(yu)交通不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)便、信息不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)暢、基礎建設(she)落后、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)綜合素質不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高等原(yuan)因使得農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作進展較(jiao)難,對(dui)于(yu)新型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)短(duan)時間就能(neng)(neng)(neng)見成(cheng)(cheng)效的(de)(de)(de)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)在很(hen)多方面處于(yu)弱勢,對(dui)風(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)承受能(neng)(neng)(neng)力低(di),只有(you)(you)讓他(ta)們看到有(you)(you)可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展前途,他(ta)們才(cai)會有(you)(you)信心有(you)(you)決(jue)心去做(zuo)事。所以,對(dui)于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村建設(she)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)培養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,應有(you)(you)一個長(chang)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標和(he)計劃,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策和(he)長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)投入,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)各級(ji)政(zheng)府(fu)和(he)各個部(bu)門持續(xu)連貫的(de)(de)(de)關注和(he)扎(zha)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)搞成(cheng)(cheng)一場運動;也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)僅看成(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)一屆政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)績(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng),要(yao)(yao)抱(bao)著對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)深厚(hou)感情和(he)真心實(shi)意(yi)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)謀(mou)福利的(de)(de)(de)理念,有(you)(you)步驟地(di)漸進地(di)推(tui)進,以保證實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持續(xu)性。

我(wo)們按照市關工委調(diao)(diao)研(yan)通知的(de)要求，精(jing)心部署，組織了10多名老同志(zhi)，深入(ru)到8個(ge)(ge)鄉鎮（街道）和10個(ge)(ge)村莊開展(zhan)調(diao)(diao)研(yan)，先后召開座談會20多場次(ci)，發放調(diao)(diao)查表800多份，在深入(ru)基層、了解實情(qing)，掌(zhang)握第一(yi)手資料的(de)基礎上，認(ren)真分析(xi)、總(zong)結經(jing)驗，形(xing)成了調(diao)(diao)研(yan)報告。現將有關情(qing)況報告如(ru)下。

一、基本情況

為充分發揮“五(wu)老(lao)”隊(dui)伍的(de)教育(yu)、引(yin)導功能，滿足農村未成年人(ren)(ren)的(de)思想道德教育(yu)需要(yao)，我(wo)市(shi)逐步建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)了(le)“五(wu)老(lao)”組(zu)織機構，配套設(she)立(li)了(le)辦(ban)公場(chang)所，制(zhi)定了(le)相關制(zhi)度，工作(zuo)效率不(bu)斷提高。到(dao)目前全(quan)市(shi)共建(jian)立(li)基層關工委組(zu)織855個(ge)(ge)，其(qi)中鄉鎮31個(ge)(ge)、村級766個(ge)(ge)、市(shi)直(zhi)部門(men)39個(ge)(ge)、企(qi)業19個(ge)(ge)，建(jian)立(li)革命傳統報告(gao)團、關愛團、科技(ji)報告(gao)團等各類關工組(zu)織171個(ge)(ge)，直(zhi)接(jie)參加(jia)關心下一(yi)代(dai)工作(zuo)的(de)“五(wu)老(lao)”志愿(yuan)者總人(ren)(ren)數(shu)達(da)到(dao)了(le)1327人(ren)(ren)，擔(dan)任校外輔導員的(de)老(lao)干部達(da)到(dao)629人(ren)(ren)，全(quan)市(shi)經常性從事關心下一(yi)代(dai)工作(zuo)的(de)人(ren)(ren)員達(da)到(dao)2076人(ren)(ren)。“五(wu)老(lao)”隊(dui)伍正不(bu)斷充實壯大，在新農村建(jian)設(she)中的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)日益突(tu)顯。

我(wo)市是典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業區。目前農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)才匱乏，新(xin)(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)才總量(liang)少、密度(du)小、結構不(bu)均(jun)衡(heng)，而(er)且技(ji)(ji)術(shu)含量(liang)較低，大部(bu)分(fen)靠勤(qin)勞致富(fu)。農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)才年齡偏大，文化層次低，發(fa)展空間狹窄，成為(wei)制約新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)“瓶頸(jing)”。建(jian)設社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)，農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)是主(zhu)體。他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)素(su)質如(ru)何，將決定社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)成效和(he)進(jin)程(cheng)。培(pei)養(yang)有文化、懂技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、會(hui)(hui)經(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)，全面提高包括(kuo)文化、科技(ji)(ji)在內的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)素(su)質，是建(jian)設社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)、構建(jian)和(he)諧社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一項(xiang)關(guan)鍵措施和(he)基礎工(gong)作。我(wo)市各(ge)級(ji)關(guan)工(gong)委充分(fen)認識這一重要意(yi)義，積極(ji)參與到(dao)新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設中(zhong)來，為(wei)培(pei)育新(xin)(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)多出實招、多干(gan)實事。同時把培(pei)養(yang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作主(zhu)動(dong)向黨委、政府領導(dao)請(qing)示匯報，并(bing)提出工(gong)作開展的(de)(de)(de)(de)計劃和(he)方案(an)，積極(ji)爭取黨政領導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重視關(guan)心、相關(guan)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)密切(qie)配合和(he)基層干(gan)部(bu)群(qun)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)大力支持，使得各(ge)項(xiang)工(gong)作得以順利(li)實施，有力地推動(dong)了社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義新(xin)(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設。

二、主要做法

近年來，我(wo)們(men)按(an)照上(shang)級有(you)關(guan)要求，把培養和造就新型農民作(zuo)為(wei)一項重要工作(zuo)，堅持從實(shi)際出發(fa)，實(shi)行分類(lei)指導(dao)，穩步推進，為(wei)我(wo)市(shi)新農村建設做出了貢獻。

2008年(nian)，我(wo)市(shi)被列為(wei)新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)民(min)科(ke)(ke)技培訓(xun)工(gong)程項目續建縣。為(wei)進(jin)一步(bu)做好今(jin)年(nian)的新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)民(min)科(ke)(ke)技培訓(xun)工(gong)程項目，為(wei)促進(jin)我(wo)市(shi)現(xian)代農(nong)業發展、扎(zha)實推進(jin)我(wo)市(shi)社會主義新(xin)農(nong)村建設提供智力支撐和人(ren)才保障，根據省(sheng)農(nong)業廳《2008年(nian)新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)民(min)科(ke)(ke)技培訓(xun)工(gong)程實施方案》（贛農(nong)字[2008]41號）文件精神，結合(he)我(wo)市(shi)實際，制定本實施方案。

一、指導思想

貫(guan)徹落(luo)實黨的十七(qi)大(da)精神和(he)中央、省農(nong)村工(gong)作(zuo)會議要求，培養造(zao)就一大(da)批有文化、懂(dong)技(ji)術、會經營的新型農(nong)民，促進(jin)現代農(nong)業發展(zhan)，扎實推進(jin)社會主義新農(nong)村建設。

二、總體要求

按照(zhao)“圍繞主導產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)、培訓(xun)專業(ye)(ye)農民(min)(min)、進(jin)村(cun)(cun)(cun)辦班指導、發(fa)(fa)展一(yi)(yi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)一(yi)(yi)品”的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)思路(lu)，采(cai)取“政(zheng)府買單(dan)到村(cun)(cun)(cun)、培訓(xun)落實到人(ren)、機構招標確(que)定、過程規范管理”的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)機制，以(yi)(yi)從事(shi)農業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)(ye)農民(min)(min)以(yi)(yi)及種養能(neng)手、科(ke)技(ji)帶(dai)頭(tou)人(ren)、農村(cun)(cun)(cun)經紀(ji)人(ren)和(he)專業(ye)(ye)合作(zuo)社(she)組織領辦人(ren)等農村(cun)(cun)(cun)實用(yong)人(ren)才為重(zhong)點(dian)，根據項目村(cun)(cun)(cun)主導產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展實際和(he)農民(min)(min)需求(qiu)開展農業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)能(neng)和(he)相關知識(shi)培訓(xun)，以(yi)(yi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)為基本實施單(dan)元實行整村(cun)(cun)(cun)推(tui)進(jin)，提高廣(guang)大農民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)力和(he)經營(ying)(ying)水平。上(shang)半(ban)年(nian)(nian)我市新型農民(min)(min)科(ke)技(ji)培訓(xun)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)：突出抓好災后恢復生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術和(he)全面落實早稻增產(chan)(chan)(chan)集(ji)成技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)，力爭達到春熟作(zuo)物(wu)損(sun)失夏糧補，確(que)保(bao)大災之年(nian)(nian)糧食不減產(chan)(chan)(chan)農民(min)(min)不減收，保(bao)障農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)供給。

三、基本原則