一、中(zhong)部城市發展的現狀

中(zhong)部(bu)城(cheng)市(shi)是全(quan)國重要的(de)(de)交通(tong)要地、客貨(huo)運(yun)輸的(de)(de)集散(san)地和(he)中(zhong)轉中(zhong)心，區位優(you)勢十分明顯，有著(zhu)承東啟西、接南進北(bei)、吸(xi)引四(si)面、輻射八(ba)方(fang)的(de)(de)作用，是東西部(bu)經(jing)濟(ji)合(he)作的(de)(de)橋梁與樞紐，在全(quan)國經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)展中(zhong)起(qi)著(zhu)不可替代的(de)(de)作用。中(zhong)部(bu)城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)平(ping)均生產(chan)總值是151億元，城(cheng)市(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)有一定程度的(de)(de)發(fa)展，并形(xing)成了(le)規模不等的(de)(de)產(chan)業集群(qun)；城(cheng)市(shi)人(ren)口一般都較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)稠密；城(cheng)市(shi)傳統文化的(de)(de)積淀一般都比較(jiao)(jiao)深厚。

然(ran)而面(mian)對東(dong)部(bu)(bu)繁榮(rong)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)開發(fa)和東(dong)北(bei)振興，中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟的整體(ti)發(fa)展已經出(chu)現了明(ming)顯的趨緩(huan)勢頭(tou)。中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)目雖逐步增加，但發(fa)展速(su)度不快，且(qie)整體(ti)規(gui)模偏小，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化水(shui)(shui)平(ping)較低，直接(jie)影(ying)響了城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)功能的發(fa)揮。2002年中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)擁有城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)147個(ge)(ge)，其中(zhong)(zhong)超大(da)、特(te)大(da)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)各1個(ge)(ge)，大(da)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)34個(ge)(ge)、中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)74個(ge)(ge)、中(zhong)(zhong)小城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)33個(ge)(ge)、小城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)4個(ge)(ge)，主要(yao)沿京廣(guang)線和長江(jiang)流域分布，構(gou)成“十”字型(xing)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)群(qun)架構(gou)。2003年，中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)六省湖北(bei)、河南、湖南、江(jiang)西(xi)、山西(xi)、安徽的城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)化率分別為42.9%、27.2%、33.5%、34.0%、38.8%、32.0%，平(ping)均為33.7%，比全國(guo)平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)平(ping)（40.5%）低了近7個(ge)(ge)百(bai)分點。

與(yu)東(dong)部相比，中部城市(shi)實(shi)力較弱，輻(fu)射和帶動(dong)能(neng)力差，尤其缺乏高輻(fu)射和高集聚能(neng)級(ji)的核(he)心龍頭城市(shi)。目前全國有30多個城市(shi)的GDP超過千億元(yuan)，中部只有武漢和鄭州兩個城市(shi)GDP超過千億元(yuan)。

中部城(cheng)市(shi)在區(qu)(qu)域發(fa)展中居于主(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位，但與(yu)發(fa)達(da)地(di)區(qu)(qu)比較(jiao)，差(cha)距明(ming)顯。城(cheng)市(shi)聯合體(ti)已初具雛形，顯現出巨(ju)大的發(fa)展潛力，但與(yu)長三角、珠三角等(deng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)的城(cheng)市(shi)圈還有很大差(cha)距。

中部城市在對外(wai)開放方(fang)面，從吸引(yin)外(wai)資到旅游等，均處于相對落后的(de)地(di)位。

[摘要]從(cong)區域(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟學的(de)角度分析了(le)中(zhong)部(bu)城市(shi)發展的(de)現狀(zhuang)，并從(cong)促(cu)進中(zhong)部(bu)老工業(ye)城市(shi)轉型、加快(kuai)城市(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟網絡及產業(ye)一(yi)體(ti)化建設、形成獨特的(de)城市(shi)競爭力、優化城市(shi)投資環境等方(fang)面提出(chu)了(le)促(cu)進發展的(de)若(ruo)干策略(lve)。

[關鍵(jian)詞]中部城(cheng)市發展

一、中部城市發展的(de)現狀

中(zhong)部城市(shi)是(shi)全國重要的(de)(de)交通要地、客貨運輸的(de)(de)集散地和中(zhong)轉中(zhong)心，區位優勢十分明顯，有(you)著(zhu)承東啟西(xi)、接南進北、吸(xi)引四(si)面(mian)、輻射八方的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，是(shi)東西(xi)部經(jing)濟(ji)合(he)作(zuo)的(de)(de)橋梁(liang)與樞紐，在(zai)全國經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)發展中(zhong)起著(zhu)不(bu)可替代的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。中(zhong)部城市(shi)的(de)(de)平均生產總值是(shi)151億元，城市(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)有(you)一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)發展，并形成了規模不(bu)等的(de)(de)產業集群(qun)；城市(shi)人口一(yi)般都(dou)較為稠密(mi)；城市(shi)傳統(tong)文化的(de)(de)積淀一(yi)般都(dou)比較深厚。

然而面對東(dong)部繁榮、西部開發和東(dong)北(bei)振興，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟(ji)的(de)整體發展已經出現了明顯的(de)趨緩(huan)勢頭。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數目雖逐(zhu)步增(zeng)加，但發展速度不快，且整體規模(mo)偏小，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化水平較(jiao)低(di)(di)，直接影響了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)功能(neng)的(de)發揮。2002年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部擁有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)147個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)超大、特大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)34個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)74個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)33個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，主(zhu)要沿京廣線和長江流(liu)域(yu)分布，構成“十”字型城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)群架(jia)構。2003年(nian)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部六省湖北(bei)、河南(nan)(nan)、湖南(nan)(nan)、江西、山西、安徽的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化率分別為42.9%、27.2%、33.5%、34.0%、38.8%、32.0%，平均為33.7%，比全國平均水平（40.5%）低(di)(di)了近7個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)百分點。

與東部相比，中部城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)實力(li)較弱，輻(fu)(fu)射和帶動(dong)能(neng)力(li)差，尤其缺乏高(gao)輻(fu)(fu)射和高(gao)集聚能(neng)級的核心龍頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)。目前全國(guo)有(you)30多個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的GDP超過(guo)千(qian)(qian)億元(yuan)，中部只有(you)武(wu)漢和鄭州兩個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)GDP超過(guo)千(qian)(qian)億元(yuan)。

一、城市(shi)是由大量(liang)建筑(zhu)構成的空間(jian)實體(ti)

城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由縱橫交(jiao)錯、高低(di)錯落(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物、構(gou)(gou)筑(zhu)物及各種設施(shi)構(gou)(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，以建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)列圍合形成街(jie)道空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、社(she)區空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、廣(guang)(guang)場(chang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單位和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)居民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)院落(luo)(luo)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。相(xiang)(xiang)對而(er)言，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)本身是(shi)(shi)(shi)封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)規模(mo)體量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實體空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，街(jie)道、廣(guang)(guang)場(chang)、公(gong)園(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)院落(luo)(luo)等(deng)(deng)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、可(ke)供(gong)公(gong)共(gong)活(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虛體空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，再加上自(zi)然(ran)山水和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)景園(yuan)林等(deng)(deng)具有(you)(you)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)功(gong)能(neng)、自(zi)然(ran)與(yu)人文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)放(fang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，這些空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)共(gong)同組合成封閉與(yu)開(kai)放(fang)相(xiang)(xiang)結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市整(zheng)體空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形態(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)秩序(xu)，以滿足人們工作（生(sheng)產）、居住（生(sheng)活(huo)）、交(jiao)通（交(jiao)往、交(jiao)流(liu)）和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)游(you)(you)憩（景觀、旅(lv)游(you)(you)）等(deng)(deng)需要(yao)(yao)，并以多種多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)布(bu)局(ju)方式和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)立體空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形象(xiang)凸顯城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)面(mian)貌和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)特(te)色(se)。由于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由大(da)量(liang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)通過不(bu)同組合手(shou)段(duan)、空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)結構(gou)(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)表現形式建(jian)(jian)(jian)構(gou)(gou)起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)以說(shuo)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)成城(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形態(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體成分，在(zai)很大(da)程度(du)上決定(ding)(ding)著該城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)面(mian)貌和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)特(te)色(se)。說(shuo)到(dao)底(di)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人們進行文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)創造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產物，城(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形態(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)形象(xiang)反映了(le)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)追求和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)彩，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)市文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展中具有(you)(you)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位與(yu)作用(yong)，我們不(bu)能(neng)小(xiao)覷(qu)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人們根據(ju)物質生(sheng)活(huo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)精(jing)神生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)，按(an)照一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、使用(yong)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)、運用(yong)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)技術、遵循(xun)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審美觀念（建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)藝術）建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)作品(pin)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)人們文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)美好愿望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載體。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)大(da)量(liang)聚(ju)集并按(an)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)規律(lv)排(pai)列組合、持(chi)續發(fa)展，達(da)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)規模(mo)，便形成了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)市，構(gou)(gou)筑(zhu)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用性質和(he)功(gong)能(neng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求是(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)，比如工業（生(sheng)產）建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、商(shang)業（物流）建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、公共(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)（內(nei)(nei)容豐富(fu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)彩）、居住(zhu)（生(sheng)活(huo)）建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、風(feng)景園(yuan)林建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)交(jiao)通(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)等(deng)(deng)，它(ta)們遍(bian)布于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)之中，與自然山水(shui)環境(jing)和(he)道路交(jiao)通(tong)網(wang)絡相(xiang)結合，構成了(le)工作（生(sheng)產）空(kong)間(jian)(jian)、居住(zhu)（生(sheng)活(huo)）空(kong)間(jian)(jian)、交(jiao)通(tong)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)和(he)游憩空(kong)間(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。這些(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)既有(you)(you)各(ge)自明確的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)定位，又有(you)(you)密切的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系，它(ta)們相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成，營造出縱橫連貫而又富(fu)有(you)(you)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)、巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)實(shi)體，為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)居民的(de)(de)(de)物質文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)精神文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)活(huo)提(ti)供了(le)廣闊空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。可見，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)締造者(zhe)(zhe)、表現(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)播者(zhe)(zhe)，其對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)貢獻率是(shi)第(di)一(yi)位的(de)(de)(de)，擔當(dang)著十分突出的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)演(yan)角色。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)一(yi)個歷史(shi)過程，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成絕(jue)非(fei)一(yi)日(ri)之功(gong)，它(ta)是(shi)各(ge)類建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)長期積累、組(zu)(zu)合而成的(de)(de)(de)產物。尤其是(shi)歷史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)名(ming)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，匯集了(le)從古至(zhi)今的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)遺產、歷史(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)近現(xian)(xian)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，形(xing)成了(le)歷史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)近現(xian)(xian)代(dai)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)銜(xian)接、相(xiang)碰撞、相(xiang)依存、相(xiang)融合、共(gong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)“大(da)合唱(chang)”，賦予(yu)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)起伏跌宕、豐富(fu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)彩、傳(chuan)(chuan)承記憶的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)涵，鐫刻著時代(dai)交(jiao)替、社會變革、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)興衰發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)印記，記載(zai)了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)歷史(shi)長河中的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)事件、傳(chuan)(chuan)奇經(jing)歷和(he)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)故(gu)事，記錄了(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)演(yan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)歷程。這些(xie)都是(shi)通(tong)過建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)語(yu)言（包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)選址(zhi)、內(nei)(nei)容、形(xing)式、風(feng)格、色彩和(he)尺度等(deng)(deng)）可以(yi)明白告訴人們的(de)(de)(de)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)因此成為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)見證。每一(yi)座建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)都有(you)(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)背景、空(kong)間(jian)(jian)位置(zhi)、使(shi)用功(gong)能(neng)、科(ke)技含量、表現(xian)(xian)形(xing)式、設計(ji)風(feng)格、外(wai)在色彩及(ji)其空(kong)間(jian)(jian)組(zu)(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)，那些(xie)杰出的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)成果(guo)往往能(neng)成為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中的(de)(de)(de)佼佼者(zhe)(zhe)，成為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)特色的(de)(de)(de)標志和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)象征(zheng)。比如，北(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)紫禁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（故(gu)宮(gong)）建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)群、拉薩(sa)的(de)(de)(de)布達拉宮(gong)、武漢的(de)(de)(de)黃鶴樓、西安的(de)(de)(de)鐘鼓樓、聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)光岳樓、杭州的(de)(de)(de)雷峰塔、上海的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)方(fang)明珠電視塔、烏魯木齊(qi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)巴扎(zha)以(yi)及(ji)喀什的(de)(de)(de)艾提(ti)尕(ga)爾清(qing)真寺等(deng)(deng)，這些(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)無一(yi)不是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)古今空(kong)間(jian)(jian)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)亮點，無一(yi)不是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)特色的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)標志和(he)鮮明象征(zheng)。

二(er)、建筑是會說話的城市文化載體

建(jian)筑是城市(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)積聚下來的(de)物質文(wen)化(hua)(hua)和(he)精神文(wen)化(hua)(hua)財富(fu)，它(ta)們(men)默(mo)(mo)默(mo)(mo)地屹立在(zai)(zai)(zai)城市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)，構(gou)成了(le)城市(shi)(shi)的(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)空間(jian)。其(qi)實，建(jian)筑是會說話的(de)城市(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)載體，無(wu)時無(wu)刻不在(zai)(zai)(zai)訴(su)說著城市(shi)(shi)的(de)歷(li)史，當時當地社會的(de)背景(jing)、制度、經濟條(tiao)件、資源(yuan)狀況、科學技術(shu)、思(si)想(xiang)觀念、生活方式、民族風俗及宗教(jiao)信(xin)仰，后天的(de)坎坷或順(shun)暢的(de)經歷(li)及其(qi)興衰(shuai)的(de)遭遇，從(cong)它(ta)們(men)現(xian)存的(de)身(shen)軀(qu)和(he)相貌上，人們(men)可(ke)以(yi)洞察出其(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城市(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)變化(hua)(hua)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)意義以(yi)及未來的(de)命(ming)運走向。通過(guo)聆聽(ting)一座座建(jian)筑及其(qi)組(zu)合體對其(qi)身(shen)世、作用、姿態、信(xin)息和(he)保護程度的(de)“傾訴(su)”，我(wo)們(men)可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)析總(zong)結出城市(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)的(de)經驗和(he)教(jiao)訓，全面了(le)解過(guo)去，認真面對現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)，理性籌劃未來，從(cong)而推動(dong)城市(shi)(shi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)繁榮發(fa)展(zhan)。

（一）建筑會傾訴(su)歷史(shi)社會的文化真相

一、英國倫敦(dun)休閑文化產業發展的啟示

倫(lun)敦(dun)(dun)發展局在(zai)《倫(lun)敦(dun)(dun)重(zhong)要(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)評論》中(zhong)(zhong)定義(yi)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)為飯館、酒吧、體育場(chang)館與(yu)體育活動、博彩、博物館和旅游景點(dian)六個(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)。把(ba)廣告、建筑設(she)計(ji)(ji)、藝術(shu)品與(yu)古董、手工藝、設(she)計(ji)(ji)、時裝(zhuang)設(she)計(ji)(ji)、電(dian)影與(yu)錄像、互動休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)軟件、音樂、表演藝術(shu)、出(chu)版、軟件與(yu)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機服務、電(dian)視與(yu)廣播等13個(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)定義(yi)為文化(hua)創意(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。我(wo)國基本(ben)把(ba)以(yi)上(shang)兩(liang)類產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)所屬(shu)(shu)的大多數部(bu)(bu)門(men)歸屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)文化(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，兩(liang)類產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)的產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)與(yu)消費大多數可以(yi)歸為休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)經(jing)濟(ji)。本(ben)文中(zhong)(zhong)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)文化(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以(yi)我(wo)國的概念為標準。

如今文化(hua)(hua)創意產(chan)業正成為倫敦最(zui)大(da)的(de)產(chan)業部門之一，產(chan)出(chu)和就業量(liang)僅次于商業服(fu)(fu)務業。近數十(shi)年來(lai)，英國人的(de)休閑時間不(bu)斷增多(duo)，可支配收(shou)入不(bu)斷提高，使(shi)得對休閑產(chan)品與(yu)服(fu)(fu)務的(de)需求大(da)量(liang)增加(jia)，推動了文化(hua)(hua)創意產(chan)業為休閑文化(hua)(hua)提供(gong)產(chan)品與(yu)服(fu)(fu)務的(de)產(chan)出(chu)。

英國休閑產品(pin)(pin)包括(kuo)：書(shu)籍、報紙、雜(za)志；體育與(yu)(yu)(yu)野營用品(pin)(pin)；攝(she)影與(yu)(yu)(yu)攝(she)像(xiang)器材；電視、錄像(xiang)、計算機和聲(sheng)音類設備(bei)；玩具與(yu)(yu)(yu)業余愛好(hao)；園藝(yi)物品(pin)(pin)、植物與(yu)(yu)(yu)花卉。休閑服務包括(kuo)：電影與(yu)(yu)(yu)戲劇；電視、錄像(xiang)、衛(wei)星租用、因特網；教育與(yu)(yu)(yu)培訓花費；博彩(cai)出資；參(can)加體育運動與(yu)(yu)(yu)定購(gou)；其(qi)他娛(yu)樂活動（包括(kuo)跳舞、夜間泡(pao)吧(ba)，陳(chen)列(lie)館和博物館）；假期(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)度假花費。

當(dang)前，休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)正成(cheng)為倫(lun)(lun)敦(dun)(dun)(dun)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)增(zeng)長源泉，是倫(lun)(lun)敦(dun)(dun)(dun)市(shi)(shi)最重要(yao)的(de)支柱(zhu)性產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。據2003年7月英(ying)(ying)國金融時(shi)報報道，倫(lun)(lun)敦(dun)(dun)(dun)文(wen)化(hua)創意(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)每年的(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)值均超(chao)(chao)過210億(yi)英(ying)(ying)鎊(bang)，而休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是倫(lun)(lun)敦(dun)(dun)(dun)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長最快的(de)部(bu)門之一，消費市(shi)(shi)場(chang)達95億(yi)英(ying)(ying)鎊(bang)。文(wen)化(hua)創意(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)雇員（包括時(shi)尚(shang)、軟件設(she)計、出版、建筑和古董交(jiao)易等(deng)）數(shu)量已(yi)達52.5萬(wan)人(ren)，另(ling)有(you)29萬(wan)人(ren)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)于(yu)倫(lun)(lun)敦(dun)(dun)(dun)的(de)餐(can)飲、娛樂、體育、博(bo)彩、觀光(guang)等(deng)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。兩(liang)項相加(jia)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)量已(yi)超(chao)(chao)過80萬(wan)人(ren)，遠遠超(chao)(chao)過金融服務（32.5萬(wan)人(ren)）、制造業(ye)(ye)(ye)（26萬(wan)人(ren)），教育（25.5萬(wan)人(ren)）和醫療（20萬(wan)人(ren)）。倫(lun)(lun)敦(dun)(dun)(dun)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)文(wen)化(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)發展(zhan)證明，經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)勃興(xing)帶動了休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)興(xing)盛，而后者對(dui)相關產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)融合與(yu)擴張，將進一步促進經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)快速(su)發展(zhan)。

二、休閑文化產品(pin)的供給與(yu)需(xu)求

一(yi)、百色建設創(chuang)新(xin)型城(cheng)市的必要(yao)性

在探討百(bai)(bai)(bai)色建設創(chuang)(chuang)新型(xing)城市(shi)中，首先要(yao)(yao)(yao)談的(de)是百(bai)(bai)(bai)色建設創(chuang)(chuang)新型(xing)城市(shi)的(de)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)問題。我們認為(wei)百(bai)(bai)(bai)色建設創(chuang)(chuang)新型(xing)城市(shi)的(de)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有以下幾點：

(一)百色建設創(chuang)新(xin)型城(cheng)市是對接(jie)國家與(yu)自治區(qu)發展戰略(lve)的需要(yao)

一方面(mian)是(shi)(shi)與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央提(ti)出(chu)建(jian)設創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)戰(zhan)略對接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)。黨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央在復雜(za)多變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際局勢下審時度勢。在激烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高瞻遠矚，在黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十六屆(jie)五(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)提(ti)出(chu)了關于(yu)(yu)“建(jian)設創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)，要(yao)(yao)把提(ti)高自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能力(li)作為調整(zheng)經濟(ji)結構(gou)(gou)、轉(zhuan)變(bian)增(zeng)長方式、實施循環經濟(ji)、構(gou)(gou)建(jian)和(he)諧社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)、保(bao)障可持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)、提(ti)高國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)競爭力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心環節。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人民(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)長期科學和(he)技術發(fa)展(zhan)規劃(hua)綱要(yao)(yao)》(2006～2020年(nian))也著重(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)出(chu)了建(jian)設創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央總書(shu)記指(zhi)出(chu)：“目(mu)(mu)前，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)科技的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體水平(ping)(ping)同世界先進(jin)水平(ping)(ping)相比仍有(you)(you)較大差(cha)距，同我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求還有(you)(you)許(xu)多不(bu)相適應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方，……我們(men)必須下更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣力(li)、做(zuo)更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努力(li)，進(jin)一步(bu)(bu)深化科技改革，大力(li)推(tui)進(jin)科技進(jin)步(bu)(bu)和(he)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)，帶動(dong)生產力(li)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)躍，推(tui)動(dong)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)增(zeng)長從資源依賴型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)驅(qu)動(dong)型(xing)(xing)，推(tui)動(dong)經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)切(qie)實轉(zhuan)入科學發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道。這是(shi)(shi)擺在我們(men)面(mian)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項刻不(bu)容緩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大使(shi)(shi)命。”他宣布(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)未來15年(nian)科技發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標：2020年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)，使(shi)(shi)科技發(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)力(li)支撐(cheng)。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央關于(yu)(yu)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義和(he)諧社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)若干重(zhong)(zhong)大問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定》要(yao)(yao)求：“增(zeng)強全(quan)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造活力(li)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)萬眾一心共(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)偉業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生動(dong)局面(mian)。貫(guan)徹尊(zun)重(zhong)(zhong)勞動(dong)、尊(zun)重(zhong)(zhong)知識、尊(zun)重(zhong)(zhong)人才(cai)、尊(zun)重(zhong)(zhong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方針，發(fa)揮人民(min)群眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)精神(shen)，使(shi)(shi)全(quan)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造能力(li)充(chong)分釋放、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果不(bu)斷涌現、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業活動(dong)蓬勃開展(zhan)。”m要(yao)(yao)“堅持(chi)把創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)精神(shen)貫(guan)穿到治國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)理(li)政的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個環節，使(shi)(shi)一切(qie)有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)進(jin)步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造才(cai)能得到發(fa)揮，保(bao)護創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)熱情(qing)，鼓(gu)勵創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)實踐，完善創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)機制，寬容創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)挫(cuo)折，增(zeng)強自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能力(li)，建(jian)設創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)。”建(jian)設創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)已經是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項重(zhong)(zhong)大戰(zhan)略，是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)未來發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個方向(xiang)。所(suo)以(yi)，百(bai)色建(jian)設創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)城市是(shi)(shi)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)戰(zhan)略相一致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

另(ling)一方面，是(shi)(shi)與廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)壯族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)提出(chu)的走(zou)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)跨(kua)越(yue)之路(lu)(lu)相吻(wen)合的。《自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)黨(dang)(dang)委、自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)人(ren)民(min)政府關于(yu)貫徹<中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央、國務院關于(yu)實(shi)(shi)施科(ke)技(ji)(ji)規劃綱要(yao)(yao)(yao)，增強自(zi)(zi)主創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)的決定(ding)>的實(shi)(shi)施意見(jian)》(桂發(fa)(fa)[2006]12號)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)：我(wo)(wo)們要(yao)(yao)(yao)“提高以(yi)(yi)產(chan)品創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)為核心(xin)(xin)的自(zi)(zi)主創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)，走(zou)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)跨(kua)越(yue)之路(lu)(lu)”，“走(zou)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)跨(kua)越(yue)之路(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)建設創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型國家的本(ben)質要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，是(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)富民(min)興桂新(xin)(xin)(xin)跨(kua)越(yue)的戰略抉(jue)擇”。廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)壯族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)黨(dang)(dang)委書記劉奇(qi)葆在(zai)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)第九次(ci)黨(dang)(dang)代(dai)會所作的報告(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明確指出(chu)：“堅持以(yi)(yi)產(chan)品創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)為核心(xin)(xin)，突出(chu)引(yin)進消化吸收(shou)再創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)，加強集成(cheng)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)，鼓勵原始創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)，提高自(zi)(zi)主創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)和科(ke)技(ji)(ji)綜(zong)合實(shi)(shi)力(li)，力(li)爭(zheng)在(zai)特色優勢產(chan)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形成(cheng)一批擁有自(zi)(zi)主知識(shi)產(chan)權的核心(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。……強化企業(ye)在(zai)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的主體(ti)地位，推(tui)動(dong)大企業(ye)建立研發(fa)(fa)機構(gou)，鼓勵中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企業(ye)開展(zhan)(zhan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)，建設一批創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型企業(ye)。”這是(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)今后五年(nian)開展(zhan)(zhan)自(zi)(zi)主創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)工作很重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的方向和努力(li)的目標(biao)。自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)政府主席陸兵在(zai)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)大會上指出(chu)：“目前，我(wo)(wo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)已進入必(bi)須更多(duo)依靠科(ke)技(ji)(ji)進步(bu)和創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)推(tui)動(dong)經(jing)濟(ji)社會發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的歷史(shi)階段。到2020年(nian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)人(ren)均(jun)生(sheng)產(chan)總值比2000年(nian)翻2.5番(fan)、達到人(ren)均(jun)生(sheng)產(chan)總值3000美元、與全(quan)(quan)國同(tong)步(bu)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)全(quan)(quan)面建設小(xiao)康(kang)社會的目標(biao)，必(bi)須更多(duo)依靠科(ke)技(ji)(ji)進步(bu)和創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)加快經(jing)濟(ji)社會發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。”這些都表明今后廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的一個重要(yao)(yao)(yao)方面是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)特別是(shi)(shi)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)來實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的目標(biao)，走(zou)跨(kua)越(yue)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)之路(lu)(lu)，趕(gan)超先進省市(shi)。

百色要加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)發(fa)展(zhan)，就要把(ba)(ba)自己的發(fa)展(zhan)戰略與(yu)國家(jia)(jia)和自治區發(fa)展(zhan)戰略對接(jie)起來(lai)，主動把(ba)(ba)自身的發(fa)展(zhan)與(yu)國家(jia)(jia)和自治區的發(fa)展(zhan)結(jie)合起來(lai)，所以，百色市要加(jia)(jia)大創新(xin)力度，加(jia)(jia)強自主創新(xin)能力，努力建設創新(xin)型城(cheng)市。

[論文關鍵(jian)詞】石家莊(zhuang)速(su)度(du)；改革；實踐；創新(xin)；城市精神

[論(lun)文摘要】石(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)在落實(shi)“三年大變樣(yang)”的實(shi)踐(jian)中，不斷(duan)創造出奇跡，形成了(le)令人(ren)驚嘆的“石(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)速(su)度(du)”。不僅表現在工程(cheng)建設、道路施工的高效(xiao)快速(su)，而且蘊含(han)著過(guo)硬的干部作(zuo)風(feng)、快捷的工作(zuo)效(xiao)能、和(he)諧的人(ren)文精(jing)(jing)神。“石(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)速(su)度(du)”突出了(le)實(shi)踐(jian)特色，體現了(le)改革創新精(jing)(jing)神，是(shi)在新的歷(li)史條件下對(dui)石(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)精(jing)(jing)神的豐(feng)富和(he)發展(zhan)。

在落(luo)實(shi)“三年大變樣”的(de)實(shi)踐中，石(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)市連續創造(zao)了一個(ge)又(you)一個(ge)奇跡:一天拆除一座橋梁，四個(ge)月修完兩條(tiao)道路，八(ba)個(ge)月建(jian)成(cheng)全長(chang)為3.6千米的(de)高(gao)(gao)架橋，三個(ge)月內(nei)一個(ge)老國企完成(cheng)了改制(zhi)、搬遷(qian)、清(qing)場(chang)、開工四項重(zhong)任……每一項看似(si)不可能完成(cheng)的(de)任務都(dou)變成(cheng)了現實(shi)，人(ren)們切(qie)身感受到了新變化。“石(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)速度(du)(du)”不僅表現在工程(cheng)建(jian)設、道路施工的(de)高(gao)(gao)效快(kuai)速，而且(qie)蘊含著過硬的(de)干部作風(feng)、快(kuai)捷的(de)工作效能、和(he)諧的(de)人(ren)文精神(shen)，“石(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)速度(du)(du)”是(shi)(shi)在新的(de)歷(li)史條(tiao)件(jian)下對石(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)精神(shen)的(de)豐富(fu)和(he)發展(zhan)，是(shi)(shi)石(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)形象的(de)生動寫照。

一、“石(shi)家莊速度”提出的背景

石家莊作為(wei)(wei)河北省(sheng)的(de)省(sheng)會(hui)，最近(jin)幾年(nian)(nian)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展卻與(yu)(yu)省(sheng)會(hui)地位(wei)極不(bu)(bu)相稱:石家莊市(shi)占全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)比重每(mei)年(nian)(nian)下(xia)降0.5%，全(quan)(quan)市(shi)只有(you)(you)3個縣(市(shi))區在全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)的(de)位(wei)次是(shi)(shi)逐年(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)升的(de)，有(you)(you)的(de)縣(市(shi))區停滯不(bu)(bu)前，有(you)(you)的(de)甚至已經(jing)(jing)(jing)下(xia)降了二十幾位(wei)。而唐山占全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)增長0.5%。石家莊的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展無論速度、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)還是(shi)(shi)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，在全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)的(de)排位(wei)不(bu)(bu)斷下(xia)滑(hua)。尤其是(shi)(shi)2006年(nian)(nian)以來，接連發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了數起(qi)食品安全(quan)(quan)事(shi)件，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)“三鹿事(shi)件”的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)，更讓人們對石家莊的(de)未(wei)來憂(you)(you)心不(bu)(bu)已。與(yu)(yu)此(ci)同時(shi)，今(jin)年(nian)(nian)又是(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展面(mian)臨嚴峻(jun)考驗的(de)一年(nian)(nian)，受國(guo)際金融(rong)危(wei)機和全(quan)(quan)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)運行下(xia)行的(de)影(ying)響，再加(jia)上(shang)(shang)我市(shi)存在經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展不(bu)(bu)快、結構(gou)不(bu)(bu)優(you)、方式粗放(fang)等諸多問(wen)題，遇到的(de)潛在影(ying)響將更為(wei)(wei)嚴重。今(jin)年(nian)(nian)是(shi)(shi)省(sheng)會(hui)城市(shi)建設“三年(nian)(nian)大(da)變樣”的(de)關鍵年(nian)(nian)、攻堅年(nian)(nian)，工程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)、時(shi)間(jian)緊、任務(wu)重。在這樣的(de)特殊時(shi)期，如果不(bu)(bu)及時(shi)調整發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展思(si)路，當前的(de)困(kun)難和挑戰是(shi)(shi)難以應對的(de)，就會(hui)在新一輪的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展中更加(jia)落后。因此(ci)，必須增強(qiang)憂(you)(you)患(huan)意識(shi)，強(qiang)化發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展意識(shi)，變“危(wei)”為(wei)(wei)“機”，主(zhu)動應對，形(xing)成(cheng)新的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展高潮。

在(zai)此(ci)緊要關(guan)頭(tou)，石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊市(shi)(shi)委、市(shi)(shi)政府(fu)審(shen)時度(du)勢(shi)(shi)，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)在(zai)經濟社(she)(she)會(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)中要創造(zao)“石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊速(su)度(du)”。首先，適時開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)“吸(xi)取教(jiao)訓、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)、重塑形象(xiang)、科(ke)學(xue)發展(zhan)(zhan)”主(zhu)(zhu)題教(jiao)育活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，重點從(cong)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)、企業(ye)誠信(xin)、經營(ying)者道德等層面解決(jue)存在(zai)的(de)突(tu)出(chu)(chu)問題。主(zhu)(zhu)題教(jiao)育活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)在(zai)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內外(wai)引起強(qiang)(qiang)烈反響，受到社(she)(she)會(hui)廣泛(fan)好評，為創造(zao)“石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊速(su)度(du)”奠定(ding)了堅實基(ji)礎。其次(ci)，強(qiang)(qiang)力(li)(li)(li)推(tui)(tui)進“干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)建設(she)年”活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。長期以來，千部(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)不佳、發展(zhan)(zhan)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)不優(you)(you)，成為制約(yue)石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要障礙。為破解這(zhe)一難題，按(an)照省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)委、省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)政府(fu)的(de)統一安排，市(shi)(shi)委、市(shi)(shi)政府(fu)超前謀(mou)劃，強(qiang)(qiang)力(li)(li)(li)推(tui)(tui)進“干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)建設(she)年”活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，把(ba)“優(you)(you)化(hua)政務環(huan)境(jing)(jing)和投資(zi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)”作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)著(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)點和突(tu)破口，從(cong)關(guan)鍵部(bu)(bu)門關(guan)鍵崗位抓起，著(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)解決(jue)審(shen)批環(huan)節繁雜(za)、收費項(xiang)目多、辦事效(xiao)能(neng)低、服(fu)務差等問題，努力(li)(li)(li)把(ba)石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊打造(zao)成工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)效(xiao)能(neng)最(zui)高、服(fu)務最(zui)優(you)(you)的(de)城市(shi)(shi)。“干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)建設(she)年”活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)使(shi)石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊形象(xiang)迅速(su)改變(bian)(bian)(bian)，廣大(da)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)群眾對干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)的(de)印象(xiang)和態(tai)度(du)也在(zai)改變(bian)(bian)(bian)。正是(shi)靠(kao)著(zhu)各級干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)良好的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)，才使(shi)一個(ge)又(you)一個(ge)看似難以完成的(de)任務最(zui)終圓滿完成，才創造(zao)出(chu)(chu)“石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊速(su)度(du)”。第(di)三，認(ren)真開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)學(xue)習實踐科(ke)學(xue)發展(zhan)(zhan)觀活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，明確提(ti)出(chu)(chu)“強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)意(yi)識、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風(feng)、優(you)(you)化(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)、調整經濟結構(gou)、推(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)科(ke)學(xue)發展(zhan)(zhan)”的(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)(zhu)題，促進了廣大(da)干(gan)(gan)部(bu)(bu)新的(de)思想解放和觀念轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)，牢固樹立起“率先發展(zhan)(zhan)、示范引領、主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)服(fu)務、資(zi)源整合”四種意(yi)識，盡快把(ba)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)為發展(zhan)(zhan)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)，充(chong)分發揮省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)城市(shi)(shi)的(de)功能(neng)，在(zai)全省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實現率先發展(zhan)(zhan)。學(xue)習實踐活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和強(qiang)(qiang)烈的(de)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)意(yi)識是(shi)“石(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)莊速(su)度(du)”產生(sheng)的(de)根本動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)。

1.發(fa)展城市林業建設的意(yi)義

城市(shi)(shi)林(lin)業(ye)是由林(lin)業(ye)和園林(lin)融合而成的,是建(jian)設、經營和利(li)用城市(shi)(shi)森林(lin)的事業(ye)。城市(shi)(shi)森林(lin)是指城市(shi)(shi)范圍內與城市(shi)(shi)關系密切(qie)的，以樹木為主(zhu)體，包括野生動物(wu)、微生物(wu)在內的生物(wu)群落及其中的建(jian)筑設施(shi)。城市(shi)(shi)林(lin)業(ye)不僅是林(lin)業(ye)生態系統的一個重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部分，也是城市(shi)(shi)建(jian)設的必要(yao)內容Content，發展城市(shi)(shi)林(lin)業(ye)建(jian)設有著重(zhong)要(yao)的意義(yi)。

1.1發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)城(cheng)市林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)利于(yu)推(tui)動(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)整(zheng)體發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，城(cheng)市林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)一個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)組成(cheng)部分(fen)，主要(yao)包括城(cheng)區(qu)、近郊(jiao)區(qu)和(he)遠郊(jiao)區(qu)的(de)(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)建設(she)，其同(tong)山(shan)區(qu)的(de)(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)建設(she)息(xi)息(xi)相關，且各自的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)相互促進(jin)又(you)帶動(dong)整(zheng)個(ge)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)進(jin)步。此(ci)外，城(cheng)市林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)建設(she)對林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)功能即(ji)生態(tai)功能和(he)經濟(ji)economy功能的(de)(de)充分(fen)發(fa)揮，有(you)(you)利于(yu)引導林(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)全面(mian)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

1.2發展城(cheng)(cheng)市林業有利于林業立法的(de)發展，各地(di)方在(zai)發展城(cheng)(cheng)市林業的(de)探(tan)索(suo)進程中積累了(le)不少經(jing)驗，同(tong)時(shi)對立法也提(ti)出(chu)了(le)新的(de)要求(qiu)，急需一(yi)些(xie)配套的(de)法律law法規出(chu)臺為城(cheng)(cheng)市林業建設(she)的(de)發展提(ti)供法律law基(ji)礎，而(er)且在(zai)實踐(jian)中摸索(suo)出(chu)的(de)一(yi)些(xie)經(jing)驗也可以為立法所參考，增加立法的(de)科學性和時(shi)代性。

2.城市林業建設中的誤區(qu)

盡管發(fa)展(zhan)城(cheng)市林業對于(yu)林業和城(cheng)市的發(fa)展(zhan)有著積極的促進運用，但是在(zai)實踐中由(you)于(yu)制度、管理(manage)、思路(lu)上等方(fang)面的原因，我國的城(cheng)市林業建(jian)設道路(lu)上出現了(le)一些誤區(qu)。

揚州城內(nei)水休閑產業的發展(zhan)對策(ce)

（一）發揮(hui)市場(chang)資源配置優勢，構建“水文化”休(xiu)閑格(ge)局

積極(ji)做好(hao)(hao)水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)設施(shi)(shi)(shi)及經(jing)營場(chang)(chang)合(he)(he)的(de)系統整(zheng)合(he)(he)工作，讓水(shui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)營業場(chang)(chang)所和(he)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)景點形成良(liang)性的(de)互動(dong)機(ji)(ji)制，在揚州(zhou)城區水(shui)域沿岸的(de)商(shang)(shang)業設施(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)設上突(tu)(tu)出旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)功能，招商(shang)(shang)模式充(chong)分考慮游(you)(you)客的(de)其(qi)他旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)消(xiao)費需(xu)求，形成吃、住、行(xing)、游(you)(you)、購、娛一體(ti)化(hua)的(de)消(xiao)費模式。城區游(you)(you)覽(lan)水(shui)域的(de)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)設施(shi)(shi)(shi)布局除突(tu)(tu)出質量意識外(wai)，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)注重(zhong)揚州(zhou)當地的(de)水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)特色(se)。因(yin)而，水(shui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)業與“水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)”旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)的(de)充(chong)分融合(he)(he)既要(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)常(chang)規的(de)發(fa)展模式，搞好(hao)(hao)城市休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廣場(chang)(chang)、水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)特色(se)商(shang)(shang)貿中心、體(ti)育健身場(chang)(chang)館等文(wen)化(hua)、保健、娛樂設施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)建(jian)設和(he)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)區的(de)建(jian)設規劃，更要(yao)(yao)發(fa)揮(hui)濱(bin)水(shui)居民生活(huo)設施(shi)(shi)(shi)在旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)產(chan)業中的(de)效應(ying)。此外(wai)，要(yao)(yao)更好(hao)(hao)地促進(jin)城市“水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)”旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)與水(shui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)業間的(de)有機(ji)(ji)協調，如改革行(xing)政審批制度，放開(kai)水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)準入條件，鼓勵(li)多種經(jing)濟成分投資(zi)水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)業，開(kai)發(fa)水(shui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)源(yuan)，興辦水(shui)文(wen)化(hua)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企業，充(chong)分利用揚州(zhou)人居大環境和(he)民間資(zi)本活(huo)躍的(de)優勢，大力吸引民資(zi)進(jin)入水(shui)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)領域，擴大休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)業的(de)對外(wai)開(kai)放，同時通過(guo)引進(jin)投資(zi)和(he)發(fa)揮(hui)知名品牌(pai)的(de)示范效應(ying)，提升揚州(zhou)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)業的(de)檔次。

（二）完(wan)善水休閑產業(ye)體系(xi)，延長休閑產業(ye)鏈

集(ji)合城區(qu)水域的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)素(su)優(you)勢，大力發展生態旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)、文化(hua)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)、休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)，以拓展旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)領域，增強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)吸引力，這(zhe)樣也有(you)利于區(qu)域產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)結構(gou)調整和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)優(you)勢的(de)(de)(de)發揮(hui)。除(chu)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)和(he)(he)(he)餐(can)飲消(xiao)費外(wai)，文化(hua)、商務(wu)、娛(yu)樂休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)等相關(guan)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)享受的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)會(hui)大大增加，這(zhe)也要(yao)求(qiu)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)接(jie)待地(di)適時建設(she)相關(guan)場所、完(wan)(wan)善(shan)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)服務(wu)形式。因(yin)此，集(ji)中力量(liang)(liang)保護性開(kai)(kai)發高知名度的(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)區(qu)景(jing)(jing)點，完(wan)(wan)善(shan)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)服務(wu)設(she)施，增強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)核(he)心競(jing)爭力；開(kai)(kai)發一(yi)批(pi)具有(you)揚(yang)州(zhou)地(di)方特色和(he)(he)(he)水文化(hua)價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)紀念品(pin)和(he)(he)(he)商品(pin)，完(wan)(wan)善(shan)一(yi)批(pi)有(you)地(di)方特色、適應當(dang)代人(ren)消(xiao)費觀念與潮流的(de)(de)(de)娛(yu)樂休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)設(she)施和(he)(he)(he)產(chan)品(pin)；培(pei)養新時代高素(su)質、業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)能力強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員，是今后(hou)水休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的(de)(de)(de)重點。此外(wai)，旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部的(de)(de)(de)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)結構(gou)應該(gai)保持一(yi)定比例才能協(xie)調發展，揚(yang)州(zhou)城區(qu)水域的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)聯產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)間要(yao)實現良性互動，除(chu)了在(zai)數量(liang)(liang)結構(gou)上要(yao)協(xie)調，更要(yao)在(zai)層次結構(gou)上協(xie)調，還(huan)要(yao)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)景(jing)(jing)點同旅(lv)(lv)(lv)行社、飯店、餐(can)飲、交通(tong)等行業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)銜接(jie)，建立合理的(de)(de)(de)利益分配機制。

（三）完善公共服務(wu)設施，提高“水文化”旅游核心競爭力(li)

我國城市(shi)水務市(shi)場化發(fa)展狀況(kuang)

我國(guo)城市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)務主要包括(kuo)城市(shi)防(fang)洪、水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)治理、水(shui)(shui)(shui)源保護(hu)，以及取水(shui)(shui)(shui)、供水(shui)(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)、污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理及回(hui)用等(deng)領域。從國(guo)際經(jing)(jing)驗來看(kan)，城市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)務的取水(shui)(shui)(shui)、供水(shui)(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)(shui)及污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理等(deng)業務已經(jing)(jing)被充分(fen)整(zheng)合(he)，現(xian)代水(shui)(shui)(shui)務企業已經(jing)(jing)滲透到(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)務產(chan)業鏈的各個(ge)(ge)環節。我國(guo)城市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)務市(shi)場化(hua)改革是在借鑒發達國(guo)家水(shui)(shui)(shui)務發展(zhan)經(jing)(jing)驗，在各地水(shui)(shui)(shui)務系(xi)統試點(dian)探索和政府(fu)積(ji)極推動下(xia)進行的。各地在推進水(shui)(shui)(shui)務市(shi)場化(hua)改革中經(jing)(jing)歷(li)了以下(xia)幾個(ge)(ge)主要階(jie)段：

1．以水務(wu)建設項目招商(shang)引(yin)資為代表，20世紀80年代末期(qi)開始了城市第一(yi)階段水務(wu)投資改革(ge)。城市政府(fu)通(tong)過直接或間接擔保，獲(huo)得政府(fu)間貸款或國(guo)際金融(rong)組織(zhi)貸款。在這一(yi)輪引(yin)資中涉(she)及(ji)了主要大城市的(de)100多個項目，但引(yin)資未涉(she)及(ji)產權(quan)關系。

2．在(zai)中央(yang)禁止城(cheng)市(shi)政府參與擔保等直(zhi)接融資行為之后，90年代中期開始了第二階(jie)段投(tou)資探索。外資開始以(yi)合作經營并(bing)且(qie)保證(zheng)固(gu)定(ding)回(hui)(hui)(hui)報的形式投(tou)資城(cheng)市(shi)水廠項(xiang)目（基本不包(bao)括(kuo)城(cheng)市(shi)管網），同樣回(hui)(hui)(hui)避了產(chan)權(quan)關系(xi)的明晰問題(ti)，只是明確了投(tou)資回(hui)(hui)(hui)報。

3．90年代后期(qi)開(kai)始以BOT方式為代表的(de)(de)第三階(jie)段改(gai)革探索，BOT針對單個新(xin)建項目(mu)(mu)（主(zhu)要是水廠項目(mu)(mu)），放開(kai)了(le)(le)一定期(qi)限的(de)(de)有(you)限產權，實現了(le)(le)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)有(you)效融(rong)資，但回避了(le)(le)城市(shi)水業原有(you)資產的(de)(de)產權處置(zhi)。

4．隨著城市(shi)(shi)水務(wu)企業(ye)(ye)改制的全面展(zhan)開，政府公共(gong)管理職能與資產(chan)出資人(ren)職能的分離，水務(wu)企業(ye)(ye)的產(chan)權(quan)改革真正拉開了帷幕。上海、深圳、三亞(ya)等城市(shi)(shi)水務(wu)企業(ye)(ye)的部分股(gu)權(quan)轉(zhuan)讓，標志著水務(wu)行業(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)場化進入了產(chan)權(quan)制度(du)改革階段。

【摘要】中國的優(you)秀(xiu)旅游(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)群體(ti)中相(xiang)(xiang)當一部(bu)分特別是地級、縣級城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的旅游(you)(you)發展(zhan)(zhan)存(cun)在著目(mu)(mu)標錯位、急(ji)功近利(li)、盲(mang)目(mu)(mu)模(mo)仿、旅游(you)(you)功能主(zhu)題不(bu)明等典型(xing)問題，致使其(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)旅游(you)(you)的優(you)勢不(bu)能突出(chu)體(ti)現(xian)出(chu)來。促進中國優(you)秀(xiu)旅游(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)群體(ti)的整體(ti)發展(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)僅需(xu)要國家(jia)相(xiang)(xiang)應的政策(ce)出(chu)臺(tai)與支(zhi)持，還(huan)需(xu)要各個城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)自身的努力。

【關鍵詞(ci)】優秀旅游城市；城市旅游；誤(wu)區；建(jian)議

一、中國優秀(xiu)旅游城市(shi)的由(you)來(lai)與數量增長

1995年3月15日國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家旅(lv)(lv)游局發出《關于(yu)開(kai)展(zhan)創建和評選中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)活(huo)動的(de)通知(zhi)》（旅(lv)(lv)管(guan)理發[1995]046號），決定開(kai)展(zhan)創建中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)活(huo)動，由此正式拉開(kai)了創建中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)活(huo)動的(de)序幕，緊(jin)接著就轟轟烈烈地展(zhan)開(kai)了。1998年，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家旅(lv)(lv)游局發出《關于(yu)印(yin)發〈中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)驗收(shou)(shou)辦法〉的(de)通知(zhi)》，對(dui)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)驗收(shou)(shou)工(gong)作做出了具(ju)(ju)體規(gui)定和要求。1999年1月，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)批(pi)優(you)(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)誕生。其后(hou)，數(shu)量(liang)急劇增加，并有(you)愈演愈烈的(de)趨勢。截止(zhi)2005年底，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)246個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)被(bei)評為中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)優(you)(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)游城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，數(shu)量(liang)已超過(guo)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)總數(shu)的(de)1/3。具(ju)(ju)體數(shu)量(liang)增長與行政等級分布概況如表所示：

二、中國優秀旅游城(cheng)市的城(cheng)市旅游整(zheng)體(ti)發展簡況(kuang)

由以(yi)(yi)上表格可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看(kan)出中(zhong)國(guo)優秀旅(lv)游(you)城市(shi)(shi)在數量上發(fa)展(zhan)比較迅速，并且不(bu)同行政等級(ji)的(de)城市(shi)(shi)都有(you)較大比例(li)成(cheng)為優秀旅(lv)游(you)城市(shi)(shi)。可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)，中(zhong)國(guo)優秀旅(lv)游(you)城市(shi)(shi)群體(ti)已基本成(cheng)為中(zhong)國(guo)旅(lv)游(you)業發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重頭戲。