【論文關鍵詞】:告(gao)知義務；保(bao)險合同(tong)；法律后果(guo)

【論文摘要(yao)(yao)】:告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)是(shi)保(bao)險法規定的一項重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)，也是(shi)保(bao)險法為投保(bao)人設定的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)之(zhi)一。文章分別從告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)的性質特征、構成要(yao)(yao)素以(yi)及違反告(gao)知義(yi)務(wu)(wu)的認(ren)定三個方面對其進(jin)行了詳細闡述。

一、告知義務的(de)性質及特征

從性質(zhi)上講，保險(xian)法(fa)中的告知義務(wu)主要屬于先(xian)契(qi)約義務(wu)、法(fa)定義務(wu)。其具有以下特征：

首先，它(ta)是如(ru)實(shi)(shi)(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)義(yi)務。保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)是建(jian)立在概率(lv)論基(ji)礎上(shang)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟補償制度(du)，它(ta)必須(xu)能(neng)夠合理區別不同(tong)(tong)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)，正(zheng)確計(ji)算出承擔各種危(wei)險(xian)(xian)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)費率(lv)。保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)作為(wei)轉(zhuan)移風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)手(shou)段，是以風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)大小和性質來決定保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)是否(fou)承保(bao)(bao)、費率(lv)高(gao)低、期限長短、責(ze)任(ren)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)關鍵因素(su)。盡管(guan)(guan)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)種類繁多(duo)亦復雜，但作為(wei)所(suo)有(you)人(ren)、管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)、經(jing)營人(ren)或(huo)利害關系人(ren)的(de)(de)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)、被(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)往(wang)往(wang)知(zhi)曉其全貌。若(ruo)無投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)、的(de)(de)如(ru)實(shi)(shi)(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)對(dui)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)的(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)程度(du)通常無法全面了解；如(ru)對(dui)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)課以信(xin)息搜集、核實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)義(yi)務，不僅費時、費力、增加交易成本，且難保(bao)(bao)準(zhun)確。故為(wei)使(shi)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)能(neng)準(zhun)確評(ping)估危(wei)險(xian)(xian)、合理控制風險(xian)(xian)，從(cong)效率(lv)的(de)(de)角度(du)出發，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)法必須(xu)對(dui)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)課以如(ru)實(shi)(shi)(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)義(yi)務。

其(qi)次，它是(shi)有(you)限(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)的(de)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)。具體體現在(zai)兩方面：一是(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)內容的(de)范圍(wei)有(you)限(xian)(xian)(xian)。有(you)限(xian)(xian)(xian)告(gao)知(zhi)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)又(you)叫詢(xun)(xun)問告(gao)知(zhi)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)指保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)就應當告(gao)知(zhi)的(de)事項向(xiang)投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)詢(xun)(xun)問，投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)被(bei)(bei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)僅就詢(xun)(xun)問事項負有(you)如實陳述或(huo)(huo)說(shuo)明的(de)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)。該(gai)理論已被(bei)(bei)各國保(bao)(bao)險(xian)立(li)(li)法和實務(wu)(wu)界所廣泛接受，已經(jing)成為保(bao)(bao)險(xian)業普遍遵循的(de)規(gui)則；二是(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)時間的(de)限(xian)(xian)(xian)制。首先，告(gao)知(zhi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)產生(sheng)于保(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)訂(ding)立(li)(li)前或(huo)(huo)定約時，亦即(ji)該(gai)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)發生(sheng)或(huo)(huo)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)期限(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)合同(tong)訂(ding)立(li)(li)為界限(xian)(xian)(xian)；其(qi)次，該(gai)義(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)(wu)若未履(lv)行或(huo)(huo)未完(wan)全(quan)履(lv)行，但必須是(shi)在(zai)一定期間內不發生(sheng)未履(lv)行或(huo)(huo)未完(wan)全(quan)履(lv)行的(de)不利后(hou)果。

【論文關(guan)鍵詞】:告(gao)知義務；保險合同(tong)；法律后果

【論文摘(zhai)要(yao)(yao)】:告(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)(wu)是保險(xian)法規(gui)定的(de)一項(xiang)重要(yao)(yao)義務(wu)(wu)，也是保險(xian)法為投保人(ren)設定的(de)重要(yao)(yao)義務(wu)(wu)之一。文章分別從告(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)(wu)的(de)性質特(te)征、構成要(yao)(yao)素(su)以及違反告(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)(wu)的(de)認定三(san)個方面對(dui)其進(jin)行了詳細(xi)闡(chan)述(shu)。

一、告(gao)知義務的(de)性質及特征

從性質上講，保險法中的告知義務(wu)主要屬于先契約義務(wu)、法定義務(wu)。其具有以下特征：

首先，它是(shi)如(ru)實(shi)告知義務。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)建立在概率論(lun)基礎上的(de)(de)(de)經濟補償制度(du)，它必須(xu)(xu)能夠(gou)合(he)理區別(bie)不(bu)同危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，正(zheng)確計算出(chu)承擔各種危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)所需的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)率。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同作(zuo)為轉移風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)，是(shi)以(yi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)大小和性質(zhi)來決(jue)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)否承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、費(fei)(fei)率高低、期限(xian)長短、責(ze)任范(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)關鍵因素。盡(jin)管(guan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)種類繁多亦復(fu)雜，但作(zuo)為所有人(ren)(ren)(ren)、管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)(ren)、經營人(ren)(ren)(ren)或利害關系人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)往(wang)往(wang)知曉(xiao)其全貌。若無投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)實(shi)告知，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)程度(du)通常無法全面了解；如(ru)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)課(ke)(ke)以(yi)信息搜集(ji)、核實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)義務，不(bu)僅費(fei)(fei)時、費(fei)(fei)力(li)、增加交(jiao)易(yi)成(cheng)本，且難保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)準(zhun)確。故為使保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能準(zhun)確評估危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、合(he)理控制風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，從(cong)效率的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)出(chu)發，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法必須(xu)(xu)對投(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)課(ke)(ke)以(yi)如(ru)實(shi)告知義務。

其(qi)次，它是有限(xian)(xian)性的義務。具(ju)體體現在(zai)(zai)兩方面(mian)：一(yi)(yi)是告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)內(nei)(nei)容的范圍(wei)有限(xian)(xian)。有限(xian)(xian)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)主義又叫詢(xun)問告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)主義，是指保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)就應當告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)的事(shi)項(xiang)向投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)或被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)詢(xun)問，投保(bao)(bao)人(ren)或被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人(ren)僅就詢(xun)問事(shi)項(xiang)負有如實陳述(shu)或說明(ming)的義務。該理(li)論已被各(ge)國保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)立(li)法和實務界(jie)所(suo)廣泛接受，已經成為保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業普遍遵循(xun)的規則；二是告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)時間的限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)。首先，告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)義務產生(sheng)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)訂(ding)立(li)前或定(ding)約時，亦(yi)即該義務發(fa)生(sheng)或存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的期限(xian)(xian)以合同(tong)訂(ding)立(li)為界(jie)限(xian)(xian)；其(qi)次，該義務若未履(lv)行或未完全(quan)履(lv)行，但必須是在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)期間內(nei)(nei)不發(fa)生(sheng)未履(lv)行或未完全(quan)履(lv)行的不利后果。

[論文關(guan)鍵詞]保(bao)險(xian)法(fa)告知義務(wu)誠(cheng)實信用原則

[論文摘要]保險(xian)(xian)法上的(de)(de)告知義(yi)務，是保險(xian)(xian)合(he)同中(zhong)非真(zhen)正義(yi)務，但告知義(yi)務是保險(xian)(xian)業(ye)合(he)理營運的(de)(de)制(zhi)度基(ji)石(shi)。我們要對保險(xian)(xian)合(he)同的(de)(de)告知義(yi)務范圍作嚴格界定，從而才能減少(shao)糾紛，使之更具有(you)操作性和實踐性。

保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)，是指投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)在(zai)訂(ding)(ding)立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)時就(jiu)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危險(xian)(xian)(xian)程度相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況向(xiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)所(suo)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)述(shu)(shu)(shu)或說明。其內容(rong)(rong)一般包括三個方面:即對事(shi)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)述(shu)(shu)(shu)，對將來事(shi)件和行為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)述(shu)(shu)(shu)，以及對他人(ren)陳(chen)述(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉述(shu)(shu)(shu)。當(dang)今世界各國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)立(li)法(fa)都(dou)規定在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)訂(ding)(ding)立(li)時，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)或者被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應當(dang)將保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有關重要(yao)事(shi)項如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)，這就(jiu)是通常所(suo)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務。我國(guo)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)》第17條第1款確(que)立(li)了告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務:“訂(ding)(ding)立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應當(dang)向(xiang)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)說明保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條款內容(rong)(rong)，并可以就(jiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或者被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有關情況提出詢問，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)應當(dang)如(ru)實(shi)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)”。

如(ru)何確定告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)范(fan)圍的(de)？立法例上(shang)有(you)無限(xian)(xian)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)主義和詢(xun)問告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)主義之分，無限(xian)(xian)告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)主義要求告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)義務人不以保險(xian)人的(de)詢(xun)問事項為限(xian)(xian)，必(bi)須將有(you)關危(wei)險(xian)的(de)一切情(qing)況都如(ru)實告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)保險(xian)人;詢(xun)問告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)主義主張告(gao)(gao)知(zhi)義務人只需對保險(xian)人的(de)詢(xun)問如(ru)實回答即可(ke)。

目(mu)前我(wo)國大多數告知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi)務人對(dui)保險的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)知(zhi)(zhi)識知(zhi)(zhi)之甚少(shao)，而保險人作(zuo)為(wei)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人員，精通保險業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務，知(zhi)(zhi)悉估計危險的(de)各種情況，況且，無限告知(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)能在一定程(cheng)度上損及商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)秘密，所以(yi)，在保險發(fa)展初期應以(yi)采(cai)詢問(wen)(wen)告知(zhi)(zhi)主義(yi)(yi)為(wei)宜，對(dui)雙方(fang)當(dang)事人也比較公(gong)平。否則(ze)，如果保險人怠于調查(cha)和詢問(wen)(wen)，卻要(yao)求身為(wei)告知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi)務人作(zuo)漫無邊際的(de)告知(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)符(fu)合誠實信(xin)用(yong)原則(ze)的(de)要(yao)求。

對(dui)此(ci)，我國《海(hai)商法》和《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法》的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定有(you)(you)差別。《海(hai)商法》第(di)(di)22條(tiao)規(gui)定:“合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)簽訂前，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人應(ying)(ying)當將其知道或(huo)在通(tong)常(chang)業(ye)務中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)當知道的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關影響保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人據以(yi)確(que)(que)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費率或(huo)者確(que)(que)定是(shi)(shi)否同(tong)(tong)意承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)重要情(qing)況，如實告知保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人知道或(huo)者在通(tong)常(chang)業(ye)務中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)當知道的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人沒有(you)(you)詢問(wen)的(de)(de)(de)，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人無需告知”，采用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)主動告知主義，可能是(shi)(shi)基于海(hai)上風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不可預知性大(da)，危險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測定技術落后(hou)等作(zuo)出的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)，但隨著現代(dai)科技和通(tong)訊(xun)的(de)(de)(de)日益發(fa)達，人駕御自然的(de)(de)(de)能力已(yi)今非昔比，這種考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)基礎被大(da)大(da)削弱(ruo)，詢問(wen)告知主義存在的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理(li)性遭(zao)到質(zhi)疑。我國《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法》第(di)(di)17條(tiao)第(di)(di)1款(kuan)規(gui)定:“訂立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人應(ying)(ying)當向(xiang)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人說明保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)內容，并可以(yi)就保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)或(huo)者被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關情(qing)況提(ti)出詢問(wen)，投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人應(ying)(ying)當如實告知”。

2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue)28日，十一屆全國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)大常委(wei)會(hui)第(di)(di)七次(ci)會(hui)議表決通過(guo)了(le)(le)《中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)訂草案(an)（以下簡稱為(wei)“2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)”，將2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)修(xiu)(xiu)正的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)簡稱為(wei)“2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)”），這(zhe)是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)二(er)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)。《中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)》是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第(di)(di)一部(bu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)基(ji)(ji)本法(fa)(fa),它頒布于1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，在立法(fa)(fa)模式上是采用“保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業法(fa)(fa)”與(yu)“保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)法(fa)(fa)”合一的(de)(de)(de)模式，既調整保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市場主(zhu)體與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)監管機構之間的(de)(de)(de)監管關系，也(ye)調整保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)關系。第(di)(di)一次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)是在2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),針對中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)加入世貿(mao)組織承諾對保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業的(de)(de)(de)要求，全國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)大常委(wei)會(hui)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)進行了(le)(le)修(xiu)(xiu)正，修(xiu)(xiu)正內容重(zhong)點在“保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業法(fa)(fa)”部(bu)分(fen)。此次(ci)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第(di)(di)二(er)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa),不僅(jin)著重(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)了(le)(le)2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)修(xiu)(xiu)正基(ji)(ji)本未涉(she)及的(de)(de)(de)“保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)法(fa)(fa)”部(bu)分(fen)，而且對“保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業法(fa)(fa)”部(bu)分(fen)也(ye)作了(le)(le)重(zhong)大修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)。此次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)所所涉(she)的(de)(de)(de)內容、修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)(de)幅度遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大于上次(ci)。經過(guo)筆者初步比(bi)對，此次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)訂的(de)(de)(de)2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)與(yu)2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)比(bi)起(qi)來，刪除(chu)了(le)(le)5條(tiao)(tiao)（不包括(kuo)刪除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)款），增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)(le)34條(tiao)(tiao)（不包括(kuo)增(zeng)(zeng)加的(de)(de)(de)款），經過(guo)重(zhong)大修(xiu)(xiu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)(de)有41條(tiao)(tiao)。

此次修(xiu)改，從總(zong)的(de)方(fang)面來講，得主要體(ti)現在(zai)以下三個方(fang)面：

一、宏觀(guan)上，保險(xian)法與其(qi)他法律(lv)之間的(de)關(guan)系更(geng)加協調(diao)，實現了(le)法律(lv)之間各居其(qi)位、各施其(qi)職(zhi)，使社會主(zhu)義市場經(jing)濟體制下的(de)法律(lv)體系更(geng)加和諧。

此次修訂刪(shan)(shan)除了2002年保(bao)險法(fa)的第(di)八(ba)條“保(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)開展業務，應當遵循公(gong)(gong)平競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)的原則，不(bu)(bu)(bu)得從事不(bu)(bu)(bu)正當競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)”，該條內(nei)容(rong)顯然與反(fan)(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)正當競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)的內(nei)容(rong)重復。這樣(yang)規定(ding)，與其(qi)說(shuo)是(shi)立(li)(li)法(fa)資(zi)源(yuan)的浪費，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如說(shuo)是(shi)立(li)(li)法(fa)領域的重復建設，反(fan)(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)正當競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)完全可以(yi)調整(zheng)保(bao)險公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)之間的不(bu)(bu)(bu)正當競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)關系。此次修訂，將此條予以(yi)刪(shan)(shan)除，使保(bao)險法(fa)回歸原位，不(bu)(bu)(bu)再與反(fan)(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)正當競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)糾纏(chan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)清(qing)。

對保險合同章與保險公(gong)(gong)司章的部分修訂，使保險法(fa)與合同法(fa)、公(gong)(gong)司法(fa)之間的關系(xi)更趨于和諧一致。

將人(ren)身保險(xian)(xian)合同移置財產保險(xian)(xian)合同之(zhi)(zhi)前，糾正了(le)“人(ren)”與(yu)“物”之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)關系。人(ren)的(de)(de)生命權(quan)與(yu)健康權(quan)是最基本的(de)(de)人(ren)權(quan)，此次調整，終(zhong)于(yu)讓“人(ren)權(quan)”回歸本位，體現了(le)“以人(ren)為(wei)本”，大而廣之(zhi)(zhi)地說(shuo)，保障了(le)我國憲法(fa)規定的(de)(de)人(ren)權(quan)。

摘要(yao)：保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)設(she)置危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)通(tong)知義(yi)務(wu)，以對(dui)(dui)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人的(de)不利(li)益進行救濟。危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)不僅是(shi)客觀事實狀態，而(er)(er)是(shi)一種(zhong)法(fa)律事實，有(you)其特(te)(te)定要(yao)素(su)。危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)通(tong)知義(yi)務(wu)亦(yi)有(you)其特(te)(te)定要(yao)件，并非(fei)構成危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)即(ji)成立(li)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)通(tong)知義(yi)務(wu)。危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)因是(shi)否可歸責于義(yi)務(wu)人而(er)(er)有(you)不同類(lei)型，并因此有(you)不同的(de)法(fa)律后果(guo)。我國保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)對(dui)(dui)此規(gui)定顯有(you)缺漏。其規(gui)定對(dui)(dui)投保(bao)人不僅苛(ke)刻，且(qie)難(nan)合生活的(de)邏輯，應通(tong)過法(fa)律解釋或(huo)修(xiu)訂(ding)立(li)法(fa)來加(jia)以解決。

關(guan)鍵詞(ci)：保(bao)險(xian)法，危(wei)險(xian)增加，通知義務(wu)

一、關(guan)于我國保險法上危險增加通知義(yi)務(wu)的現行法分析(xi)

保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中心內(nei)容在(zai)于(yu)(yu)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)以給付(fu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費為代價(jia)(jia)換得保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔約(yue)(yue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，從而(er)在(zai)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間實現(xian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)移，而(er)在(zai)全體投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間則(ze)形成風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分散。因此，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)在(zai)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)精算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)，要求保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)投(tou)保(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)交付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)費具有(you)對(dui)價(jia)(jia)關系，遵(zun)循著對(dui)價(jia)(jia)平衡原則(ze)。由于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)承(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)處于(yu)(yu)無體不確(que)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)，不能轉(zhuan)移占有(you)，因此，“保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)無論于(yu)(yu)締(di)約(yue)(yue)時或(huo)定約(yue)(yue)后關于(yu)(yu)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握(wo)及控制(zhi)于(yu)(yu)事實上(shang)(shang)幾乎立于(yu)(yu)無能之(zhi)地位”[1].保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)處于(yu)(yu)不斷(duan)變化之(zhi)中，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)締(di)結(jie)之(zhi)初其(qi)承(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)履(lv)行中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)能會(hui)出現(xian)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異。而(er)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)又是(shi)繼(ji)續性(xing)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，若危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嚴重超出締(di)約(yue)(yue)時保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)所(suo)承(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度，則(ze)勢必會(hui)提(ti)高保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機率(lv)，而(er)加(jia)重保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義務，破壞對(dui)價(jia)(jia)平衡。為此，當保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化嚴重增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)締(di)結(jie)之(zhi)初所(suo)承(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)課以相(xiang)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通知義務，以使保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實作(zuo)出正確(que)估量(liang)，決(jue)定是(shi)否繼(ji)續承(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)或(huo)以何種條(tiao)件繼(ji)續承(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)，采取(qu)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)控制(zhi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。各國保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)把危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通知義務作(zuo)為一種法(fa)定義務加(jia)以規定，但(dan)其(qi)具體內(nei)容卻不盡(jin)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。我國現(xian)行保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)在(zai)第(di)36條(tiao)用兩款加(jia)以規定：

第一款：在(zai)合同(tong)的有效(xiao)期內，保(bao)險(xian)標的的危(wei)險(xian)程度增加的，被(bei)保(bao)險(xian)人按照(zhao)合同(tong)約(yue)定應當及時通知保(bao)險(xian)人，保(bao)險(xian)人有權要求增加保(bao)險(xian)費或者解除(chu)合同(tong)。

第二款(kuan)：被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)未履行(xing)前款(kuan)規定(ding)的(de)義務的(de)，因(yin)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)的(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)增加而發生的(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事故，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)不承擔賠(pei)償(chang)責任。

摘要：保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)作為船東(dong)相互(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)形(xing)式，在海上(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)占據重(zhong)要地位(wei)。我國現行立法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)無關(guan)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的明文規(gui)定，中(zhong)(zhong)船保(bao)(bao)(bao)也不具有保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)組(zu)織(zhi)資格，因此保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)糾(jiu)紛(fen)只(zhi)能(neng)適用有關(guan)合同的一(yi)般立法(fa)(fa)，這不僅不利于保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)糾(jiu)紛(fen)的正(zheng)確審理，也可能(neng)阻礙保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的正(zheng)常(chang)。據此，應該在借鑒先進立法(fa)(fa)例(li)的基礎上(shang)，通過立法(fa)(fa)賦予保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)協會以相互(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)社這一(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)組(zu)織(zhi)地位(wei)，并(bing)在《海商法(fa)(fa)》中(zhong)(zhong)單列(lie)一(yi)節(jie)規(gui)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的相關(guan)。

關鍵詞：保(bao)賠(pei)保(bao)險(xian)保(bao)賠(pei)協會立法完(wan)善

一、我國保賠保險的立(li)法現狀及其存(cun)在

保(bao)賠(pei)保(bao)險(xian)是(shi)保(bao)障與賠(pei)償(chang)保(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)稱，主要(yao)承保(bao)船(chuan)東在(zai)營運過程中因意外事故(gu)所引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失，以及因此引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)費用和船(chuan)東承擔的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)害(hai)賠(pei)償(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，這主要(yao)包括(kuo)船(chuan)舶侵權責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如污(wu)染責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、碰(peng)撞責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等，合同(tong)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)如貨物(wu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、拖帶責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、對(dui)海上旅客人(ren)身傷亡的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等。其(qi)中，海上污(wu)染損(sun)害(hai)賠(pei)償(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)已(yi)成為其(qi)最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)承保(bao)對(dui)象之(zhi)一。

我國(guo)現行立法(fa)(fa)中對(dui)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)明確的規(gui)定(ding)。雖然船東(dong)互保(bao)(bao)(bao)協會(以下簡稱中船保(bao)(bao)(bao))作為(wei)經中國(guo)政府批準的船東(dong)互相保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)的組織(zhi)，是(shi)依照(zhao)國(guo)務院頒布(bu)的《團體登(deng)記(ji)管理條例(li)》的規(gui)定(ding)，在國(guo)家民政部(bu)(bu)注冊登(deng)記(ji)為(wei)全國(guo)性社會團體并(bing)由此依法(fa)(fa)享有(you)(you)(you)社團法(fa)(fa)人資格(ge)的，但是(shi)依據(ju)現行法(fa)(fa)它卻不(bu)具有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)組織(zhi)資格(ge)。因為(wei)我國(guo)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)》作為(wei)一部(bu)(bu)商業保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法(fa)(fa)，僅僅承認股份有(you)(you)(you)限公司(si)和(he)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)獨資公司(si)兩(liang)種保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)組織(zhi)形式(shi)，而保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公司(si)以外的其(qi)它保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)組織(zhi)也只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合(he)作社被獲得(de)承認，因此依據(ju)現行法(fa)(fa)中船保(bao)(bao)(bao)尚不(bu)具有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)組織(zhi)資格(ge)。

由此可見，盡管(guan)在上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)保(bao)賠保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)屬于(yu)海(hai)(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)責任(ren)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，但(dan)是依照我國現行法(fa)(fa)律規定(ding)它無(wu)法(fa)(fa)適(shi)用《保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)》和(he)《海(hai)(hai)商(shang)(shang)法(fa)(fa)》相關(guan)規定(ding)。因為(wei)一(yi)方(fang)面，《保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)》明確(que)規定(ding)只(zhi)適(shi)用于(yu)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行為(wei)，但(dan)保(bao)賠保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)并(bing)非商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行為(wei)；另一(yi)方(fang)面，海(hai)(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)作為(wei)財產保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)，理論上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)屬于(yu)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)范(fan)(fan)疇，因此《海(hai)(hai)商(shang)(shang)法(fa)(fa)》關(guan)于(yu)海(hai)(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)規定(ding)同樣無(wu)法(fa)(fa)適(shi)用于(yu)保(bao)賠保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。所以，盡管(guan)保(bao)賠保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在理論上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)被當作保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)尤(you)其是海(hai)(hai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)，但(dan)是它卻無(wu)法(fa)(fa)適(shi)用《保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)》和(he)《海(hai)(hai)商(shang)(shang)法(fa)(fa)》，而只(zhi)能被當作是一(yi)項(xiang)合同從而適(shi)用關(guan)于(yu)合同的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律規范(fan)(fan)。

摘要(yao)(yao)：保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)作為船(chuan)東相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)形式，在(zai)海上(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占據(ju)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)地位。我國(guo)現行立法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)并無關于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律明文(wen)規定(ding)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)船(chuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)也不(bu)具有保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)組織(zhi)資格，因此(ci)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)糾紛只能適用有關合同的(de)(de)(de)一般(ban)立法(fa)，這不(bu)僅不(bu)利于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)糾紛的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確審(shen)理，也可能阻礙保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常發展。據(ju)此(ci)，應該(gai)在(zai)借鑒先進立法(fa)例的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，通過(guo)立法(fa)賦(fu)予保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)協會以相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)社這一保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)組織(zhi)地位，并在(zai)《海商法(fa)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單列一節規定(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關內容。

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞：保(bao)(bao)賠(pei)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)保(bao)(bao)賠(pei)協會立法(fa)完(wan)善

一、我國保賠保險的立法現狀及(ji)其(qi)存在問題

保賠(pei)保險(xian)是保障與賠(pei)償(chang)保險(xian)的(de)(de)簡稱(cheng)，主要(yao)(yao)承(cheng)保船東(dong)在營運過程中因(yin)意外事故所引(yin)起的(de)(de)損失，以(yi)及因(yin)此引(yin)起的(de)(de)費(fei)用和船東(dong)承(cheng)擔(dan)的(de)(de)損害賠(pei)償(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)，這主要(yao)(yao)包括船舶侵(qin)權責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)如污(wu)染責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)、碰撞責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)等，合同責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)如貨物責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)、拖(tuo)帶責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)、對海上旅客人身傷(shang)亡的(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)等。其中，海上污(wu)染損害賠(pei)償(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)已成為其最重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)承(cheng)保對象之一。

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)立法(fa)中對于保(bao)(bao)賠保(bao)(bao)險并(bing)沒有(you)(you)(you)明確的(de)規定(ding)。雖然中國(guo)(guo)(guo)船(chuan)東(dong)互保(bao)(bao)協會(以下簡稱中船(chuan)保(bao)(bao))作(zuo)(zuo)為經中國(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府批(pi)準的(de)船(chuan)東(dong)互相保(bao)(bao)險的(de)組織(zhi)，是依(yi)照國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)頒布的(de)《社會團(tuan)體登記管理(li)條例》的(de)規定(ding)，在國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)民政(zheng)部注冊登記為全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)性社會團(tuan)體并(bing)由此依(yi)法(fa)享有(you)(you)(you)社團(tuan)法(fa)人資(zi)格的(de)，但是依(yi)據現(xian)行(xing)(xing)法(fa)它卻不具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)險組織(zhi)資(zi)格。因為我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)《保(bao)(bao)險法(fa)》作(zuo)(zuo)為一部商(shang)業保(bao)(bao)險法(fa)，僅(jin)僅(jin)承(cheng)認(ren)股份(fen)有(you)(you)(you)限公(gong)司(si)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)獨資(zi)公(gong)司(si)兩種(zhong)保(bao)(bao)險組織(zhi)形式，而保(bao)(bao)險公(gong)司(si)以外的(de)其它保(bao)(bao)險組織(zhi)也只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)農村(cun)保(bao)(bao)險合作(zuo)(zuo)社被獲得承(cheng)認(ren)，因此依(yi)據現(xian)行(xing)(xing)法(fa)中船(chuan)保(bao)(bao)尚不具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)險組織(zhi)資(zi)格。

由此可(ke)見，盡管(guan)(guan)在(zai)理(li)論(lun)上(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)屬于(yu)海(hai)上(shang)(shang)責任保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)依(yi)照(zhao)我國現行法律規(gui)(gui)定(ding)它無法適(shi)用(yong)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》和(he)《海(hai)商(shang)(shang)法》相(xiang)關規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。因為(wei)一方(fang)面，《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》明(ming)確(que)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)只適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)商(shang)(shang)業保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)行為(wei)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)并非商(shang)(shang)業保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)行為(wei)；另一方(fang)面，海(hai)上(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)作為(wei)財(cai)產(chan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的一種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型，理(li)論(lun)上(shang)(shang)屬于(yu)商(shang)(shang)業保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)范疇，因此《海(hai)商(shang)(shang)法》關于(yu)海(hai)上(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的規(gui)(gui)定(ding)同(tong)樣(yang)無法適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。所以，盡管(guan)(guan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)賠(pei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)理(li)論(lun)上(shang)(shang)被(bei)當作保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)尤其是(shi)(shi)海(hai)上(shang)(shang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的一種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型，但(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)它卻無法適(shi)用(yong)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法》和(he)《海(hai)商(shang)(shang)法》，而(er)只能被(bei)當作是(shi)(shi)一項合同(tong)從而(er)適(shi)用(yong)關于(yu)合同(tong)的法律規(gui)(gui)范。

論文(wen)摘要：建立健全與經濟(ji)發展水平(ping)相適應的(de)(de)多種形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)農村(cun)養(yang)老保(bao)險(xian)體制(zhi)，已(yi)經成為構建和諧(xie)社(she)(she)會建設社(she)(she)會主義新農村(cun)的(de)(de)重要內容。建立農村(cun)社(she)(she)會養(yang)老保(bao)險(xian)法律(lv)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)關鍵是(shi)要根據我國(guo)農村(cun)的(de)(de)現狀建立適合國(guo)情的(de)(de)農村(cun)社(she)(she)會養(yang)老保(bao)險(xian)法律(lv)體制(zhi)。

論(lun)文關鍵詞：農村養老保險法律制度(du)思考(kao)

農村社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險是(shi)指(zhi)農民為使(shi)年老(lao)不能再從事(shi)勞(lao)(lao)動時的(de)生活有保(bao)障(zhang)，在法律規定的(de)勞(lao)(lao)動時間內(nei)繳納部分保(bao)險金(jin)，在他們達到(dao)一定年齡(ling)后，有權向(xiang)國(guo)家或有關保(bao)險機構申請養(yang)老(lao)金(jin)的(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)制度(du)。建立健全與(yu)經(jing)濟發展水平(ping)相適應的(de)多種形式的(de)農村養(yang)老(lao)保(bao)險法律制度(du)，已經(jing)成(cheng)為構建和諧(xie)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)建設社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主義(yi)新農村的(de)重要內(nei)容。

一、現(xian)階(jie)段我國農村養老保險法(fa)律制度存在問題(ti)

目前(qian)，農(nong)村(cun)社(she)會養老(lao)保(bao)險適用(yong)的(de)(de)仍然是根據1992年由民政部頒布的(de)(de)((縣級農(nong)村(cun)社(she)會養老(lao)保(bao)險基本方案(試行(xing))。經(jing)過十多年的(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)，現行(xing)農(nong)村(cun)養老(lao)保(bao)險方案在制度設(she)計方面的(de)(de)缺陷也已(yi)逐漸(jian)顯(xian)露出來，具(ju)體(ti)而言，農(nong)村(cun)養老(lao)保(bao)險工(gong)作(zuo)中的(de)(de)問題主要(yao)集中在以下幾個方面：

1．農村養老保(bao)險建設缺乏(fa)法律(lv)的有力支(zhi)撐

新(xin)(xin)(xin)保(bao)險法(fa)在社會(hui)期待中(zhong)如期于(yu)2009年(nian)2月(yue)28日十一(yi)屆全國人大常委會(hui)第七次會(hui)議上通(tong)過(guo)，并將自2009年(nian)10月(yue)1日起(qi)實施(shi)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)法(fa)通(tong)過(guo)后(hou)引(yin)起(qi)了理(li)論界(jie)和實務界(jie)的(de)(de)熱切關(guan)(guan)注，專(zhuan)家學者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)懈探討解(jie)讀，保(bao)險公(gong)司(si)開始貫徹(che)學習，可以(yi)說是(shi)贊揚聲不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)絕于(yu)耳。但是(shi)還是(shi)應該冷思考(kao)一(yi)下，從來就沒有什么靈丹妙藥，保(bao)險法(fa)同樣不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)，靠(kao)一(yi)部法(fa)律來解(jie)決復雜保(bao)險關(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)所有問題顯然(ran)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)現實的(de)(de)，更何況新(xin)(xin)(xin)法(fa)還有一(yi)些需(xu)要完善(shan)的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)保(bao)險法(fa)從貫徹(che)實施(shi)的(de)(de)角度而言(yan)，仍然(ran)有許多不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明確(que)的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)，亟待有關(guan)(guan)部門予以(yi)明確(que)。

筆者試著從(cong)實務的角度來提出問題。

一、新法能(neng)否惠及既(ji)有保(bao)險(xian)消費者

對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)10月1日新(xin)(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生效前簽(qian)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)保險(xian)合同，該如何適(shi)用法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律？這(zhe)是(shi)一個問(wen)題。根據法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不溯及既往的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)理(li)原則，一部新(xin)(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實施后，對(dui)(dui)(dui)新(xin)(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實施之前人們的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)不得適(shi)用新(xin)(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，而(er)只能(neng)沿用舊法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)保險(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生效后的(de)(de)(de)消費(fei)者而(er)言(yan)，新(xin)(xin)(xin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)無疑是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)消費(fei)者權(quan)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)福音，然而(er)已(yi)經簽(qian)訂(ding)了保險(xian)合同尤其是(shi)長(chang)期(qi)壽險(xian)合同的(de)(de)(de)消費(fei)者不能(neng)享受這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)益(yi)從立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)原意講也(ye)不甚合理(li)。出于(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)消費(fei)者權(quan)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)保護，尤其是(shi)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)那些長(chang)期(qi)壽險(xian)合同的(de)(de)(de)被保險(xian)人，應爭取早日制定(ding)出臺相(xiang)關(guan)解釋，以確定(ding)那些已(yi)簽(qian)訂(ding)保險(xian)合同且合同處于(yu)(yu)存(cun)續狀(zhuang)態消費(fei)者的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)益(yi)。

二、保險人如何履(lv)行說(shuo)明義務(wu)

新保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法基(ji)于(yu)對(dui)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人利益的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司的(de)說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)義務予以強化，要求(qiu)(qiu)“采用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)格式(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)應(ying)當(dang)附(fu)格式(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)”，對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)合同(tong)(tong)中免除(chu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人責(ze)任的(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人在訂立合同(tong)(tong)時應(ying)當(dang)在投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)單(dan)(dan)或者(zhe)(zhe)其他(ta)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)憑證上(shang)作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)“足以引起投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人注意(yi)的(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)示”，并(bing)對(dui)該條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)內(nei)容以書面(mian)或者(zhe)(zhe)口頭形式(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)明(ming)(ming)確(que)說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)；未作(zuo)(zuo)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)示或者(zhe)(zhe)明(ming)(ming)確(que)說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)的(de)，該條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)不產生效(xiao)力。規定盡管(guan)如此，但保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司實際操作(zuo)(zuo)很難。要求(qiu)(qiu)“附(fu)格式(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)”，以車險(xian)為(wei)例，單(dan)(dan)個(ge)(ge)(ge)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)成本(ben)(ben)較小，但如此海量保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)，若全部執行(xing)(xing)(xing)，對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司而言也是不小的(de)支出(chu)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監會審批(pi)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業通用的(de)交強險(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)需要每單(dan)(dan)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)嗎(ma)(ma)(ma)？似(si)乎也沒有這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)必要，就象每個(ge)(ge)(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)都附(fu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法條(tiao)(tiao)文一樣。什么才(cai)叫“足以引起投(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人注意(yi)的(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)示”，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)上(shang)作(zuo)(zuo)相應(ying)““保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人已(yi)經對(dui)合同(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)，并(bing)對(dui)免責(ze)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)明(ming)(ming)確(que)說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)””的(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)示行(xing)(xing)(xing)嗎(ma)(ma)(ma)？黑體顯示算(suan)嗎(ma)(ma)(ma)？實際如何(he)操作(zuo)(zuo)才(cai)會被(bei)法院(yuan)所認可(ke)？司法實踐中保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司在這(zhe)條(tiao)(tiao)面(mian)前(qian)顯得很無(wu)奈，往(wang)往(wang)無(wu)法舉證，而導(dao)致(zhi)一些本(ben)(ben)不屬于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)責(ze)任的(de)予以賠付(fu)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)法應(ying)兼(jian)顧保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)雙方利益，可(ke)適(shi)當(dang)傾(qing)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)人，但若過(guo)度(du)傾(qing)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)則不利于(yu)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業的(de)發展，也無(wu)益于(yu)消費者(zhe)(zhe)利益的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護。

也(ye)許(xu)是(shi)因為受基(ji)督教原罪的(de)(de)影響，西方(fang)人(ren)(ren)相信人(ren)(ren)是(shi)靠不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)，即使是(shi)再(zai)完美的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)有犯錯誤(wu)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)能（雖然他們沒有明說，其實他們心中最(zui)完美的(de)(de)上(shang)帝(di)也(ye)是(shi)靠不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)，《圣經(jing)》明明白白的(de)(de)記(ji)載著上(shang)帝(di)忽(hu)視了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)靠不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)這個(ge)事(shi)實，把亞(ya)當(dang)與夏娃扔到了(le)(le)伊甸園里，給(gei)了(le)(le)他們犯錯的(de)(de)機會(hui)，可(ke)(ke)以說上(shang)帝(di)犯了(le)(le)玩忽(hu)職守的(de)(de)錯）。

“靠不(bu)住(zhu)的(de)人(ren)(ren)”這(zhe)一理(li)念(nian)對于(yu)法律制度(du)(du)有(you)著重要的(de)影響，基(ji)于(yu)這(zhe)種理(li)念(nian)，人(ren)(ren)們把希望寄托在冷冰冰但是(shi)相(xiang)對靠得住(zhu)的(de)制度(du)(du)上，于(yu)是(shi)便有(you)了法治的(de)理(li)論(lun)基(ji)礎(chu)。不(bu)過(guo)法律制度(du)(du)設計也存在著靠制度(du)(du)還是(shi)靠人(ren)(ren)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，我在學習保險法的(de)過(guo)程中有(you)不(bu)少(shao)的(de)想法，趁此機會(hui)就幾個具(ju)體問(wen)題(ti)談談我的(de)看法（有(you)些(xie)看法是(shi)聽課時(shi)老師的(de)看法，特此聲明）。

首先是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)險法(fa)(fa)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)告(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)問題。告(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)這(zhe)(zhe)一制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計主要是(shi)(shi)(shi)為了貫(guan)徹保(bao)險法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大誠實(shi)信(xin)(xin)用原則，從而防止投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)詐欺或者隱(yin)瞞事實(shi)真相(xiang)，導致保(bao)險人(ren)(ren)(ren)判斷(duan)(duan)失誤，上(shang)(shang)當(dang)受騙。英美法(fa)(fa)系許多國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險法(fa)(fa)規定只要事實(shi)上(shang)(shang)與保(bao)險標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切(qie)重要信(xin)(xin)息，投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)均需如實(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)（這(zhe)(zhe)些信(xin)(xin)息包括可許多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，保(bao)險法(fa)(fa)課本上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)列舉，我就不(bu)抄書了）。這(zhe)(zhe)種立法(fa)(fa)形式把對重要情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷(duan)(duan)交(jiao)給了投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，這(zhe)(zhe)對投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求非常苛刻(ke)，稍有(you)(you)疏忽(hu)，即(ji)構成違(wei)反告(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)識范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限，他(ta)不(bu)可能明(ming)白的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷(duan)(duan)什么情況(kuang)屬于(yu)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必須(xu)告(gao)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息，什么是(shi)(shi)(shi)非重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息。這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果必然在一定程度上(shang)(shang)損害了被保(bao)險人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益。我于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)就懷疑，這(zhe)(zhe)種把告(gao)知(zhi)義務(wu)完(wan)全交(jiao)給投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否是(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)于(yu)相(xiang)信(xin)(xin)了投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷(duan)(duan)力，似乎歐美人(ren)(ren)(ren)相(xiang)信(xin)(xin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)靠不(bu)住的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)一理(li)念想(xiang)沖(chong)突。把所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任由投(tou)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)扛，過(guo)于(yu)重了。

相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，按照(zhao)中國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務，是通過回(hui)答詢問(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)來完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)范圍僅限(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)詢問(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題，對于(yu)(yu)(yu)未(wei)作詢問(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，則(ze)不(bu)(bu)必(bi)陳述（見(jian)中華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)第十(shi)六條第一(yi)款：訂(ding)立保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應當向(xiang)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)說明保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條款內容，并(bing)可(ke)以(yi)就保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或者(zhe)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關情況提(ti)出(chu)詢問(wen)(wen)(wen)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應當如實(shi)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)）。中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律很少有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)了之后在技術上讓(rang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)完(wan)(wan)全(quan)滿意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)也有(you)(you)很多問(wen)(wen)(wen)題，而這一(yi)條規定(ding)卻很好，它限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)了投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍，投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務是由(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)協(xie)助完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)是否符(fu)合保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)真(zhen)實(shi)很大程度是由(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)(zi)己提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題來決定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，這一(yi)規定(ding)考慮了投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)(zi)身知(zhi)(zhi)識構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素，把(ba)責(ze)任(ren)歸于(yu)(yu)(yu)更(geng)具有(you)(you)專業性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，處于(yu)(yu)(yu)強勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)方。而由(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)來確定(ding)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果必(bi)然是不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)商品保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)會(hui)對問(wen)(wen)(wen)題有(you)(you)一(yi)個比較制(zhi)(zhi)度化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，相對而言，制(zhi)(zhi)度更(geng)可(ke)靠。所以(yi)，中國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)可(ke)以(yi)讓(rang)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)更(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)義(yi)務，使(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)至于(yu)(yu)(yu)承(cheng)擔過重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與損(sun)失；另一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)又不(bu)(bu)至于(yu)(yu)(yu)讓(rang)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)承(cheng)擔過重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)告(gao)(gao)(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)任(ren)，避免(mian)了投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失。

總(zong)的(de)來說，相對于英美法對投保人過(guo)于苛刻(ke)的(de)告知義(yi)務，中(zhong)國(guo)保險(xian)法有關告知義(yi)務規定考慮了人是(shi)靠不(bu)住(zhu)的(de)因(yin)素，是(shi)比較科學的(de)，這對于中(zhong)國(guo)法律來說是(shi)不(bu)容易(yi)的(de)。

第二(er)個問(wen)(wen)題是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)關保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)的(de)(de)運作問(wen)(wen)題。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)要賺錢就必須拿保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費到(dao)資(zi)(zi)本市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)上(shang)運做。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法104條規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)三種渠(qu)道。例如到(dao)銀行存款(kuan)掙(zheng)點(dian)利(li)息，買(mai)賣國(guo)家債券(quan)掙(zheng)點(dian)差(cha)價。還有(you)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其他渠(qu)道。國(guo)外由(you)于(yu)證(zheng)券(quan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)十分(fen)(fen)完善(shan)，因(yin)(yin)而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)主要方(fang)向。中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)法該則規(gui)(gui)(gui)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)不得用于(yu)設立證(zheng)券(quan)經營機構(gou)和向企業(ye)投資(zi)(zi)。中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)證(zheng)券(quan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)非(fei)常(chang)不規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)，法律禁止保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)投資(zi)(zi)于(yu)此是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)防止保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)證(zheng)券(quan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)波動而遭受巨大(da)的(de)(de)損失，喪失理(li)賠(pei)的(de)(de)能力，而由(you)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)的(de)(de)利(li)益牽涉了(le)十分(fen)(fen)龐大(da)的(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)群體，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)出了(le)問(wen)(wen)題會(hui)(hui)影響社會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)穩定。中(zhong)國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監會(hui)(hui)頒布(bu)了(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)經營規(gui)(gui)(gui)則，該規(gui)(gui)(gui)則規(gui)(gui)(gui)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)可以向證(zheng)券(quan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)投資(zi)(zi)，當(dang)然，投資(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)問(wen)(wen)題出在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)性規(gui)(gui)(gui)定上(shang)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監會(hui)(hui)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)(si)可以投資(zi)(zi)于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)監會(hui)(hui)指(zhi)定的(de)(de)股(gu)票(piao)上(shang)。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個失敗(bai)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定。