導語：地方元(yuan)代工(gong)藝美術概(gai)述一文(wen)(wen)來源于(yu)網友上傳(chuan)，不代表本站觀(guan)點(dian)，若需要原(yuan)創文(wen)(wen)章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

上海工藝美術在元代有了長足進步，出現特色題材和新的工藝技法，表現于雕刻工藝、制造工藝漆器和金銀器等，元代工藝美術發(fa)展(zhan)與民(min)族文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、外地工(gong)藝的輸入有密(mi)切關系，為明(ming)清工(gong)藝美(mei)(mei)術的繁榮奠(dian)定(ding)基礎。元代(dai)是上海(hai)工(gong)藝美(mei)(mei)術發(fa)展(zhan)的重(zhong)要時(shi)期，為明(ming)清上海(hai)工(gong)藝的繁榮奠(dian)定(ding)基礎。上海(hai)于(yu)元代(dai)時(shi)分屬華亭(ting)、嘉定(ding)、上海(hai)三(san)縣(xian)，其(qi)中上海(hai)縣(xian)作為后起之秀(xiu)，依托港口優勢，經濟文(wen)(wen)化(hua)得以迅速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)。史載，時(shi)上海(hai)縣(xian)戶口在(zai)籍者(zhe)有六萬四千余，每年輸糧有十二萬余石(shi)，酒醋課稅中統鈔一千九百(bai)余錠。便是其(qi)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)的真實寫照。這一時(shi)期工(gong)藝美(mei)(mei)術在(zai)題(ti)材與工(gong)藝方面，呈現出新的特色。

如(ru)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)秋(qiu)(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、幻(huan)方(fang)(fang)；工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)立(li)(li)(li)體(ti)鏤(lou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)累絲(si)等(deng)(deng)(deng)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)和金(jin)屬(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，共(gong)同描繪出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)面(mian)(mian)貌。1.玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)(ren)喜玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，大到建(jian)筑用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)件(jian)(jian)，小到樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)服飾(shi)、賞玩(wan)擺件(jian)(jian)，皆(jie)(jie)可(ke)(ke)尋見(jian)(jian)(jian)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身影。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)雖然(ran)(ran)(ran)未(wei)見(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)建(jian)筑用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)件(jian)(jian)和樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)遺物(wu)(wu)(wu)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存佛塔(ta)和元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)墓葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)，如(ru)嘉定(ding)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)華(hua)(hua)塔(ta)、松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)西(xi)林塔(ta)、寶山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)顧村(cun)朱守(shou)城夫(fu)婦合葬(zang)(zang)墓等(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)，皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)佩飾(shi)、擺件(jian)(jian)、首(shou)飾(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)質(zhi)(zhi)涉及白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、墨玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、青玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、青白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、灰(hui)白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)；種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)帶(dai)(dai)鉤、爐(lu)頂(ding)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)；題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、蔬果(guo)等(deng)(deng)(deng)；工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)涉及圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、立(li)(li)(li)體(ti)鏤(lou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。相(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宋(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)呈(cheng)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同。兩(liang)(liang)朝玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)同點體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)四(si)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)：其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，青玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、灰(hui)白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)朝共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)質(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)二，皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)宗教(jiao)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)，玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)佩、帶(dai)(dai)飾(shi)、爐(lu)頂(ding)是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)朝共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)四(si)，圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、陰(yin)刻(ke)(ke)、剔(ti)地(di)(di)(di)浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)朝共(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)。不(bu)(bu)同點表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)三(san)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)：其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)秋(qiu)(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、幻(huan)方(fang)(fang)題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)。所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)秋(qiu)(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)反映(ying)女真民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)狩獵生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，常(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)東(dong)青捕捉天(tian)鵝與(yu)(yu)(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)林群鹿(lu)。松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)西(xi)林塔(ta)曾出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)三(san)件(jian)(jian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)秋(qiu)(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)秋(qiu)(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)飾(shi)、青玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)秋(qiu)(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)帶(dai)(dai)飾(shi)、青玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)秋(qiu)(qiu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)爐(lu)頂(ding)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)。所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)幻(huan)方(fang)(fang)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)穆斯林的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護身信物(wu)(wu)(wu)，浦(pu)東(dong)新(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)陸家(jia)嘴(zui)陸深(shen)家(jia)族(zu)(zu)墓地(di)(di)(di)曾出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)青玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幻(huan)方(fang)(fang)（圖1）是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)件(jian)(jian)幻(huan)方(fang)(fang)呈(cheng)長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)，正面(mian)(mian)刻(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)阿拉(la)(la)(la)伯文“萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)非主(zhu)(zhu)，唯有(you)(you)(you)(you)真主(zhu)(zhu)，穆罕默德是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使者(zhe)”，四(si)角陰(yin)刻(ke)(ke)朵云紋，背面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)凸(tu)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，陰(yin)刻(ke)(ke)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)框，縱橫(heng)十六(liu)格(ge)，每格(ge)內填一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個阿拉(la)(la)(la)伯數(shu)(shu)字(zi)，縱、橫(heng)、斜(xie)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)十四(si)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)皆(jie)(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)少數(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)獨有(you)(you)(you)(you)，是(shi)(shi)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間交流(liu)互動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縮影。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)二，立(li)(li)(li)體(ti)鏤(lou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)立(li)(li)(li)體(ti)鏤(lou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)層鏤(lou)空技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，將金(jin)屬(shu)細線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)拉(la)(la)(la)切(qie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)柱狀鉆(zhan)頭(tou)結合，從(cong)不(bu)(bu)同方(fang)(fang)向鉆(zhan)孔(kong)、拉(la)(la)(la)切(qie)，器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)琢(zhuo)痕(hen)跡較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)清晰，不(bu)(bu)做修飾(shi)，器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表(biao)拋光較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)，致(zhi)使表(biao)里(li)形(xing)成(cheng)鮮明(ming)反差(cha)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)立(li)(li)(li)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)琢(zhuo)，不(bu)(bu)僅使作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)層次(ci)豐富(fu)，而(er)且(qie)立(li)(li)(li)體(ti)感極強。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)發展(zhan)金(jin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)多(duo)(duo)層鏤(lou)空技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)而(er)成(cheng)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)。松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)西(xi)林塔(ta)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)件(jian)(jian)爐(lu)頂(ding)，均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)立(li)(li)(li)體(ti)鏤(lou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)，元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)組合用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，如(ru)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)木、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)者(zhe)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寶山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)顧村(cun)朱守(shou)城夫(fu)婦合葬(zang)(zang)墓出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)臥犬。該器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)，鑲嵌在(zai)(zai)木質(zhi)(zhi)壓尺上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，是(shi)(shi)文人(ren)(ren)賞玩(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文房用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)宋(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)早已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但(dan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)宋(song)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)僅見(jian)(jian)(jian)此(ci)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)。后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)塔(ta)地(di)(di)(di)宮(gong)(gong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青田(tian)石(shi)(shi)觀(guan)(guan)音菩(pu)薩像(xiang)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)后(hou)(hou)配(pei)組合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)像(xiang)。觀(guan)(guan)音為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)，頭(tou)戴花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠，右側配(pei)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)瓶，下配(pei)束腰須彌(mi)座(zuo)。菩(pu)薩像(xiang)、寶瓶與(yu)(yu)(yu)須彌(mi)座(zuo)皆(jie)(jie)被(bei)(bei)固定(ding)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鎏金(jin)銅(tong)(tong)背光之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。從(cong)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)縣(xian)僅酒醋(cu)納稅(shui)中(zhong)統(tong)鈔一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千九百余錠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)來看，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)民(min)(min)(min)眾或(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟能力(li)(li)消費玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，或(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大小官、私(si)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)坊存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世(shi)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)曾經(jing)(jing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)匠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手也未(wei)可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)。2.石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)嘉定(ding)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)華(hua)(hua)塔(ta)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙獅(shi)戲繡球(qiu)石(shi)(shi)函（圖2），是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。石(shi)(shi)函函蓋使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剔(ti)地(di)(di)(di)起凸(tu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)高浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)雙獅(shi)戲球(qiu)，輔(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)牡丹紋樣(yang)，刀(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)遒勁(jing)爽利(li)，陰(yin)刻(ke)(ke)毛(mao)發線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條流(liu)暢，實為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。3.硯(yan)刻(ke)(ke)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硯(yan)臺(tai)多(duo)(duo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)簡明(ming)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，而(er)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)硯(yan)逐(zhu)漸(jian)開始脫離(li)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)束縛(fu)，發展(zhan)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兼備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美術(shu)(shu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，不(bu)(bu)僅硯(yan)形(xing)變化多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)箕形(xing)、抄手形(xing)、長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)也十分廣(guang)(guang)泛，有(you)(you)(you)(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水、人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鳥(niao)、魚蟲走(zou)獸(shou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)涉及以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)淺浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)凸(tu)顯紋樣(yang)，輔(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)陰(yin)刻(ke)(ke)，不(bu)(bu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)穿插深(shen)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)硯(yan)共(gong)兩(liang)(liang)方(fang)(fang)，皆(jie)(jie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)青浦(pu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)重固鎮高家(jia)臺(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)任仁發家(jia)族(zu)(zu)墓，分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)三(san)足歙石(shi)(shi)硯(yan)、嵌端石(shi)(shi)連蓋長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)蓬萊(lai)(lai)仙(xian)島(dao)澄泥(ni)(ni)硯(yan)（圖3）。前(qian)(qian)(qian)者(zhe)頗有(you)(you)(you)(you)宋(song)硯(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風，較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)簡明(ming)。后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蓬萊(lai)(lai)仙(xian)島(dao)，是(shi)(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)硯(yan)刻(ke)(ke)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)題材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，較(jiao)(jiao)能代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期硯(yan)刻(ke)(ke)發展(zhan)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)。我(wo)國古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)硯(yan)史稱此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“蓬萊(lai)(lai)硯(yan)”，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)刻(ke)(ke)畫蓬萊(lai)(lai)仙(xian)島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硯(yan)，硯(yan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)澄泥(ni)(ni)、端石(shi)(shi)、洮河(he)石(shi)(shi)、歙石(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)綠(lv)色(se)洮河(he)石(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)方(fang)(fang)蓬萊(lai)(lai)硯(yan)特點在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)嵌入工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，將端石(shi)(shi)嵌入硯(yan)中(zhong)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)硯(yan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)嵌入另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)硯(yan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，在(zai)(zai)硯(yan)史上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)罕見(jian)(jian)(jian)。4、織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業較(jiao)(jiao)兩(liang)(liang)宋(song)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)發展(zhan)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)革新(xin)(xin)兩(liang)(liang)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)(guang)泛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)提(ti)(ti)供原(yuan)料。宋(song)末元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)烏(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)涇(jing)（今(jin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)徐匯區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)華(hua)(hua)涇(jing)鎮）民(min)(min)(min)眾因土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)貧瘠無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，遂于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)閩(min)廣(guang)(guang)尋取棉(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)陶(tao)宗儀《南(nan)(nan)村(cun)輟耕錄(lu)》載：“松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)府(fu)(fu)東(dong)去(qu)(qu)五(wu)十里(li)許曰(yue)烏(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)涇(jing)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)田(tian)磽瘠，民(min)(min)(min)食(shi)不(bu)(bu)給，因謀樹藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)資生業，遂覓(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彼（閩(min)廣(guang)(guang)）。”正是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)歷史事實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反映(ying)。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)廣(guang)(guang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，如(ru)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)(ren)陳高作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)桐華(hua)(hua)（棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)）詩言(yan)：“炎方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)桐樹，衣(yi)被(bei)(bei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)桑蠶，舍西(xi)得閑園(yuan)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漸(jian)成(cheng)行。”棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)貿易(yi)更(geng)甚(shen)(shen)，如(ru)《寶山(shan)(shan)(shan)縣(xian)志》載“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)間里(li)人(ren)(ren)羅升創市，故(gu)名。東(dong)西(xi)三(san)里(li)，南(nan)(nan)北二里(li)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、紗(sha)、布(bu)(bu)，徽商叢集，貿易(yi)甚(shen)(shen)盛。”另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，黃道(dao)婆(po)帶(dai)(dai)來先(xian)(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)與(yu)(yu)(yu)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，提(ti)(ti)高了(le)(le)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)紡(fang)(fang)(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。據《南(nan)(nan)村(cun)輟耕錄(lu)》載，黃道(dao)婆(po)返回烏(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)涇(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)，當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)(shi)：“初(chu)無蹋車(che)推(tui)弓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)，率用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)手剖去(qu)(qu)子(zi)(zi)，綿弦(xian)竹(zhu)弧置(zhi)按間，振掉成(cheng)劑(ji)，厥功甚(shen)(shen)艱(jian)。”烏(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)涇(jing)百姓(xing)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)甚(shen)(shen)艱(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)棉(mian)(mian)籽全賴(lai)手剝(bo)，可(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)耗(hao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)耗(hao)力(li)(li)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)自(zi)黃道(dao)婆(po)到來之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)改觀(guan)(guan)。黃道(dao)婆(po)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)發展(zhan)所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)貢(gong)獻主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)點：其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，改革制(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)。黃道(dao)婆(po)曾發明(ming)“腳踏式(shi)三(san)錠木棉(mian)(mian)車(che)”，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)可(ke)(ke)紡(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)根紗(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腳踏式(shi)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)二，傳(chuan)授紡(fang)(fang)(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。首(shou)先(xian)(xian)，教(jiao)授百姓(xing)如(ru)何(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)先(xian)(xian)進織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)紡(fang)(fang)(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。陶(tao)宗儀《南(nan)(nan)村(cun)輟耕錄(lu)》載“（黃道(dao)婆(po)）乃教(jiao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)彈紡(fang)(fang)(fang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)。”，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)攪(jiao)車(che)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)去(qu)(qu)籽；彈，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)彈弓和彈槌，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彈松(song)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)；紡(fang)(fang)(fang)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)紡(fang)(fang)(fang)車(che)；織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機。如(ru)前(qian)(qian)(qian)所(suo)(suo)述，在(zai)(zai)黃道(dao)婆(po)返鄉(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)，烏(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)涇(jing)百姓(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手除(chu)籽、以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)弦(xian)竹(zhu)弓彈棉(mian)(mian)；至(zhi)黃道(dao)婆(po)返鄉(xiang)后(hou)(hou)，教(jiao)百姓(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鐵杖盡棉(mian)(mian)子(zi)(zi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)繩弦(xian)竹(zhu)弓代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)替(ti)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)弦(xian)竹(zhu)弓，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及紡(fang)(fang)(fang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)車(che)和織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)布(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)，制(zhi)定(ding)碾棉(mian)(mian)子(zi)(zi)——彈花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——紡(fang)(fang)(fang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)布(bu)(bu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)流(liu)程，使人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)遵(zun)循(xun)。最(zui)后(hou)(hou)，傳(chuan)授織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。陶(tao)宗儀《南(nan)(nan)村(cun)輟耕錄(lu)》載“至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)錯(cuo)(cuo)紗(sha)配(pei)色(se)、綜(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)擎花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)故(gu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)被(bei)(bei)褥帶(dai)(dai)帨，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)折枝團鳳棋局字(zi)樣(yang)，粲(can)然(ran)(ran)(ran)若寫。人(ren)(ren)既受教(jiao)，競(jing)相(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。”所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)錯(cuo)(cuo)紗(sha)配(pei)色(se)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)色(se)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。相(xiang)傳(chuan)，海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)黎族(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，皆(jie)(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)色(se)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)布(bu)(bu)，需(xu)要(yao)錯(cuo)(cuo)紗(sha)配(pei)色(se)；所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)綜(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)擎花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)(ti)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)折枝、團鳳、字(zi)樣(yang)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般需(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)提(ti)(ti)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裝置(zhi)，故(gu)此(ci)或(huo)(huo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)束綜(zong)提(ti)(ti)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裝置(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)大提(ti)(ti)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。黃道(dao)婆(po)將這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些先(xian)(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)與(yu)(yu)(yu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)傳(chuan)入烏(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)涇(jing)后(hou)(hou)，當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)如(ru)雨(yu)后(hou)(hou)春筍(sun)般勃興，逐(zhu)漸(jian)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植棉(mian)(mian)中(zhong)心，冠有(you)(you)(you)(you)“松(song)郡棉(mian)(mian)布(bu)(bu)，衣(yi)被(bei)(bei)天(tian)下”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美稱；其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)就(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“烏(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)涇(jing)被(bei)(bei)”流(liu)芳百世(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)貢(gong)獻亦(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)人(ren)(ren)銘記。5.雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，較(jiao)(jiao)宋(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)而(er)言(yan)，在(zai)(zai)紋樣(yang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)突破。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)青浦(pu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)重固鎮元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)任仁發家(jia)族(zu)(zu)墓出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“剔(ti)紅東(dong)籬采(cai)(cai)(cai)菊圖圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)盒”（圖4）為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)例，就(jiu)紋樣(yang)而(er)言(yan)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)改宋(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)素面(mian)(mian)傳(chuan)統(tong)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)故(gu)事情(qing)(qing)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《東(dong)籬采(cai)(cai)(cai)菊圖》。就(jiu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)而(er)言(yan)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)剔(ti)紅技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)。所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)剔(ti)紅，是(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)朱漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)層層刷于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胎骨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，達到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)厚度，然(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋。由此(ci)技(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《東(dong)籬采(cai)(cai)(cai)菊圖》，呈(cheng)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)層厚實、漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)堅固、剔(ti)刻(ke)(ke)犀利(li)、雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)嫻熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，有(you)(you)(you)(you)“刀(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)快利(li)，雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)古拙”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)風格(ge)，是(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墓出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)數(shu)(shu)極少且(qie)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。6、金(jin)銀(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)(ren)尚(shang)金(jin)，不(bu)(bu)僅以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)衣(yi)“金(jin)錦”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傲，而(er)且(qie)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)金(jin)彩裝飾(shi)，帳(zhang)幕、宮(gong)(gong)室(shi)、衣(yi)飾(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)處無不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)。因此(ci)，元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)銀(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)較(jiao)(jiao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)頗為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)彌(mi)盛，且(qie)集中(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)浙(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)浙(zhe)西(xi)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銀(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“精(jing)(jing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)手藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”聞名于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)世(shi)。今(jin)史籍(ji)可(ke)(ke)考(kao)者(zhe)有(you)(you)(you)(you)4位，分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朱碧山(shan)(shan)(shan)、謝君余、謝君和與(yu)(yu)(yu)唐俊卿(qing)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)唐俊卿(qing)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)人(ren)(ren)（今(jin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)），從(cong)側面(mian)(mian)反映(ying)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)府(fu)(fu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)金(jin)屬(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)發展(zhan)水平較(jiao)(jiao)高。時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)縣(xian)隸(li)屬(shu)松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)府(fu)(fu)管(guan)轄，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)金(jin)屬(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抑或(huo)(huo)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)繁盛，正德《松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)府(fu)(fu)志·土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)產·銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)》載“府(fu)(fu)城上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)皆(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)致(zhi)精(jing)(jing)好(hao)非蘇產比。”可(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)縣(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)(jing)良，非蘇州所(suo)(suo)產能比。今(jin)松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)塔(ta)、嘉定(ding)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)華(hua)(hua)塔(ta)、松(song)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)李(li)塔(ta)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)宗教(jiao)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)像(xiang)、鏡子(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及銅(tong)(tong)熏(xun)爐(lu)，鑄(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)(jing)良，或(huo)(huo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)縣(xian)所(suo)(suo)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)。

尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)任仁發(fa)家(jia)族墓出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)今人呈現出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)當時(shi)(shi)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)金屬(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝發(fa)展面(mian)貌。從考古發(fa)掘報告(gao)來看(kan)，任氏家(jia)族墓共(gong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)，分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)件(jian)、金飾(shi)(shi)件(jian)三(san)件(jian)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)八件(jian)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)飾(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)共(gong)四件(jian)，約占總金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)36%，其(qi)(qi)余(yu)七件(jian)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)活器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)(min)，有銅(tong)鏡、銅(tong)壺(hu)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)盤(pan)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)罐、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)盆、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)盞(zhan)托、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)匙。雖(sui)然金器(qi)(qi)(qi)只有三(san)件(jian)，且(qie)皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)飾(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)，但從工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技術來看(kan)，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度上反(fan)映出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)當時(shi)(shi)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)金屬(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝情(qing)況。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)三(san)件(jian)金飾(shi)(shi)分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)嵌(qian)珠石(shi)(shi)累(lei)(lei)絲(si)金帽花（圖(tu)5）、嵌(qian)綠(lv)(lv)松(song)(song)石(shi)(shi)珊(shan)瑚累(lei)(lei)絲(si)幡形金飾(shi)(shi)件(jian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及嵌(qian)綠(lv)(lv)松(song)(song)石(shi)(shi)累(lei)(lei)絲(si)金項鏈。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些飾(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)冠以(yi)(yi)(yi)“累(lei)(lei)絲(si)”，是(shi)其(qi)(qi)皆以(yi)(yi)(yi)金拉成細絲(si)，通過編織(zhi)、堆壘、焊接等(deng)制(zhi)成各種圖(tu)案，同時(shi)(shi)鑲嵌(qian)綠(lv)(lv)松(song)(song)石(shi)(shi)、珍(zhen)珠、青(qing)金石(shi)(shi)、紅(hong)珊(shan)瑚、金珠等(deng)寶石(shi)(shi)，如(ru)此制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)飾(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“花絲(si)”或(huo)(huo)“累(lei)(lei)絲(si)”。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝早在(zai)唐宋(song)(song)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)就已應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)婦女發(fa)飾(shi)(shi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)更有從事專(zhuan)業(ye)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)累(lei)(lei)絲(si)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)匠。特(te)(te)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)三(san)件(jian)飾(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均運用(yong)(yong)了立體(ti)累(lei)(lei)絲(si)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝首(shou)先(xian)需要“堆灰”，即將炭(tan)研成細末；其(qi)(qi)次(ci)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)白芨草制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏液作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)塑(su)料(liao)，塑(su)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)立體(ti)人物(wu)、花鳥或(huo)(huo)走獸(shou)等(deng)造(zao)(zao)型；最后，將細絲(si)累(lei)(lei)在(zai)炭(tan)模之(zhi)(zhi)上焊接，之(zhi)(zhi)后以(yi)(yi)(yi)火燒炭(tan)模殆盡，便可制(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)立體(ti)累(lei)(lei)絲(si)飾(shi)(shi)物(wu)。雖(sui)今難以(yi)(yi)(yi)考證這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)三(san)件(jian)金飾(shi)(shi)是(shi)否(fou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上海(hai)(hai)本(ben)土(tu)(tu)所(suo)制(zhi)，但前(qian)述上海(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)名(ming)(ming)聞遐邇，故(gu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)此推之(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種累(lei)(lei)絲(si)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝抑或(huo)(huo)在(zai)當時(shi)(shi)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)使用(yong)(yong)。與(yu)此同時(shi)(shi)，在(zai)任仁發(fa)家(jia)族墓出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)他金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝大體(ti)涉及捶(chui)(chui)打、鏨(zan)刻(ke)、焊接等(deng)，皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)法(fa)。此外(wai)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)上海(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)造(zao)(zao)型方(fang)面(mian)多(duo)保留宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)特(te)(te)征(zheng)，較為(wei)(wei)(wei)典型者(zhe)有二：其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)，松(song)(song)江區(qu)(qu)上海(hai)(hai)電視(shi)大學松(song)(song)江分校窖藏出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金執(zhi)荷童(tong)子耳環一(yi)(yi)對(dui)，持荷童(tong)子形象仍保留宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)特(te)(te)征(zheng)，其(qi)(qi)二，該地(di)(di)(di)(di)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金松(song)(song)鼠噬瓜果(guo)紋(wen)(wen)簪一(yi)(yi)對(dui)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部刻(ke)畫有“余(yu)貳郎”一(yi)(yi)行三(san)字(zi)款識，或(huo)(huo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)名(ming)(ming)號(hao)，符合宋(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)金器(qi)(qi)(qi)上多(duo)標識制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)名(ming)(ming)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統。上海(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)金銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)(min)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型大致(zhi)涉及盤(pan)、壺(hu)、盆、罐等(deng)，多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)活器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)(min)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)于(yu)松(song)(song)江區(qu)(qu)圓應塔的(de)(de)(de)(de)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)如(ru)意花結(jie)紋(wen)(wen)盒，較為(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)美。該件(jian)整器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)捶(chui)(chui)揲工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝制(zhi)成，蓋(gai)面(mian)有花結(jie)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)四如(ru)意云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)，盒子周(zhou)身(shen)亦有捶(chui)(chui)揲凸起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)云(yun)(yun)紋(wen)(wen)，頗(po)具立體(ti)感。上海(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝美術最具特(te)(te)色之(zhi)(zhi)處：第一(yi)(yi)，受(shou)到蒙古族文(wen)(wen)化和伊斯蘭文(wen)(wen)化影響，民(min)族色彩濃厚，主要體(ti)現在(zai)題材與(yu)技術兩(liang)方(fang)面(mian)；第二，外(wai)來工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入對(dui)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，黃(huang)道婆對(dui)織(zhi)造(zao)(zao)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)革新(xin)，是(shi)上海(hai)(hai)織(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)，也(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)織(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝譜寫(xie)了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)篇(pian)章(zhang)。

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作者：張晶 李(li)婧