歐盟保健食品監管特點及啟示
時間:2022-02-06 10:51:56
導語:歐盟(meng)保健(jian)食品(pin)監管特點(dian)及啟示一文(wen)來(lai)源(yuan)于網(wang)友上傳,不(bu)代表本站觀(guan)點(dian),若需(xu)要原創文(wen)章可咨詢客服老(lao)師,歡迎參考。
摘要:保健食品作為一類針對特定人群用以調節機體功能的特殊食品,國家一直以來對其實施嚴格的監管,并取得了明顯成效。部分發達國家對于保健食品的規范化管理起步早于我國,形成了適合本國國情的行之有效的監管模式。以美國和歐盟為例,從保健食品的定義、市場準入、標簽、功能聲稱及上市后監管等方面分析了各國保健食品監管特點,并結(jie)合我(wo)國(guo)現狀,總結(jie)了國(guo)外可供借鑒學(xue)習的(de)經(jing)驗,從而減輕我(wo)國(guo)政府的(de)監(jian)管負擔,完善保健食(shi)品全程監(jian)管。
關鍵詞:保健食品;監管;美國;歐盟(meng);中國
近年(nian)來,保(bao)(bao)(bao)健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)因其(qi)特有的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健功能(neng)受到(dao)越(yue)來越(yue)多消(xiao)費(fei)者的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)睞,隨著保(bao)(bao)(bao)健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)市(shi)場(chang)在(zai)國(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)擴大,國(guo)家對保(bao)(bao)(bao)健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)政策和(he)相關法律(lv)法規也(ye)隨之不(bu)斷(duan)完善和(he)更新。保(bao)(bao)(bao)健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)作為一類(lei)針對特定人群用(yong)以調節(jie)機體(ti)功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)特殊食(shi)(shi)品(pin),國(guo)家一直(zhi)以來對其(qi)實施嚴格的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan),并(bing)取得(de)了(le)明顯成(cheng)效。部(bu)分(fen)發達國(guo)家對保(bao)(bao)(bao)健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)步(bu)較早,并(bing)已形成(cheng)了(le)適用(yong)于本國(guo)國(guo)情且行之有效的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)系,積累了(le)一些(xie)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)經(jing)驗。分(fen)析了(le)美(mei)國(guo)和(he)歐盟保(bao)(bao)(bao)健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)特點,從中總結了(le)可供我國(guo)借鑒的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)經(jing)驗,為完善我國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)監(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)系提供參考。
1美國膳食(shi)補充劑監管特點(dian)
在(zai)美(mei)(mei)國保健食品被稱為(wei)膳食補(bu)充(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(DietarySu-pplements),即(ji)為(wei)增(zeng)加每日總攝入量而(er)補(bu)充(chong)(chong)的(de)膳食成分(fen)(煙草(cao)除外),或是以上成分(fen)的(de)濃縮(suo)品、代謝物(wu)、提取物(wu)或組(zu)合品,含有一種或多種如下(xia)成分(fen):維生(sheng)素(su)、礦物(wu)質、草(cao)藥、氨基酸(suan)和酶等,以片劑(ji)、膠(jiao)囊(nang)、軟膠(jiao)囊(nang)、凝膠(jiao)、粉末或液(ye)體(ti)等形式銷(xiao)售。美(mei)(mei)國膳食補(bu)充(chong)(chong)劑(ji)的(de)監(jian)管(guan)特點如下(xia)。
1.1含新膳食(shi)成分的膳食(shi)補充劑需備案,企業承擔(dan)產(chan)品安(an)全(quan)職責(ze)
美(mei)國膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充劑(ji)上市(shi)前(qian)無需審(shen)批,FDA有專門的膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充劑(ji)成分(fen)咨詢(xun)清單,目的是(shi)當FDA鑒(jian)定(ding)出市(shi)場上存在(zai)非法膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充劑(ji)成分(fen)時能迅速提醒公眾。《聯邦(bang)食(shi)品(pin)、藥物和(he)化妝品(pin)法》要求(qiu)膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充劑(ji)制造商和(he)分(fen)銷(xiao)商如果銷(xiao)售(shou)含(han)有新膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)成分(fen)的膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充劑(ji),必須在(zai)產品(pin)進入州(zhou)際(ji)貿(mao)易前(qian)至少75d向FDA提交安(an)(an)全性(xing)(xing)資料進行備案,由企(qi)(qi)業或企(qi)(qi)業委托FDA請(qing)有關單位(wei)證明產品(pin)依(yi)標簽推薦或建議的條件下使用是(shi)安(an)(an)全的,FDA不(bu)承擔安(an)(an)全職責(ze)。美(mei)國的膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充劑(ji)企(qi)(qi)業與行業協(xie)會自律性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)對較(jiao)高,市(shi)場也較(jiao)為(wei)成熟。
1.2細化產品(pin)(pin)標簽管理,方便與藥品(pin)(pin)和(he)普通食品(pin)(pin)區分
《營養(yang)標簽(qian)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)與教育法(fa)》《膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)充(chong)劑(ji)和(he)膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)分的(de)(de)制(zhi)造、包裝或保存的(de)(de)現行(xing)生產質(zhi)量(liang)管理規(gui)(gui)范》(cGMP)要(yao)求膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)充(chong)劑(ji)的(de)(de)標簽(qian)應標注(zhu)產品(pin)名(ming)稱(cheng)、功能聲稱(cheng)、原料、凈(jing)含量(liang)、每(mei)種膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)分含量(liang)、生產者的(de)(de)名(ming)稱(cheng)和(he)地址(zhi),并(bing)注(zhu)明“本產品(pin)不(bu)得用于診斷、治療、治愈或預防任何疾病”[1]。《膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)充(chong)劑(ji)標簽(qian)管理實施(shi)細則》要(yao)求膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)充(chong)劑(ji)標簽(qian)上(shang)必須載明“膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)補(bu)(bu)充(chong)劑(ji)”字(zi)樣,“膳(shan)食(shi)(shi)”可用具體成(cheng)(cheng)分名(ming)稱(cheng)代替,但不(bu)能使用“食(shi)(shi)物補(bu)(bu)充(chong)劑(ji)”。對于推薦用量(liang)及營養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)分應使用“食(shi)(shi)用份量(liang)”和(he)“補(bu)(bu)充(chong)劑(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)分”表(biao)述,便于消費者與普通食(shi)(shi)品(pin)區(qu)分。
1.3三類(lei)功(gong)能聲稱因其健康風(feng)險不同采(cai)取分類(lei)監管
美(mei)國膳食補充(chong)劑功(gong)能聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為(wei)3類,分(fen)別是健(jian)康聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、結構(gou)/功(gong)能聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)營養素含量聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。第(di)一(yi)類,FDA審(shen)批(pi)(pi)并建(jian)立允許使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的健(jian)康聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名(ming)單(dan),包括(kuo)原料(liao)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、含量、特(te)征、對(dui)應功(gong)能、聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)用(yong)(yong)于等(deng)要求。例如(ru),超出名(ming)單(dan)范圍,生(sheng)產商(shang)應在產品(pin)上市(shi)前120d,向(xiang)FDA提交有(you)關其(qi)健(jian)康聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的內(nei)容和(he)依據。第(di)二類,結構(gou)/功(gong)能聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)無需(xu)FDA審(shen)批(pi)(pi),只需(xu)在上市(shi)后30d內(nei)向(xiang)FDA備(bei)案。此類聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包括(kuo)對(dui)某種典型營養缺乏癥有(you)益(yi)并說明該營養缺乏癥在美(mei)國普遍存(cun)在、一(yi)種營養素或膳食成分(fen)對(dui)人(ren)類身體結構(gou)和(he)功(gong)能的影響(xiang)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)、描(miao)述上述作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)機制和(he)描(miao)述服用(yong)(yong)后幸福感的,但(dan)須注明“此聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)未經(jing)FDA審(shen)批(pi)(pi),本品(pin)不(bu)用(yong)(yong)于診斷、處(chu)理(li)、治理(li)和(he)預防任(ren)何(he)疾病”。第(di)三類,營養素含量聲(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)需(xu)FDA審(shen)批(pi)(pi),但(dan)內(nei)容需(xu)真(zhen)實并不(bu)造成誤導,并標注“該產品(pin)未經(jing)FDA審(shen)批(pi)(pi)”。
1.4兼顧整個產品鏈的監管(guan),建立不良(liang)反(fan)應報(bao)告系統
2002年(nian)(nian)實施的《公(gong)共衛生安全與(yu)生物恐(kong)怖防范(fan)應(ying)對法案》要求(qiu)所(suo)有(you)(you)膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補充劑企業須(xu)在生產、銷售前向FDA登記(ji)(ji)信息。膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補充劑生產企業強制(zhi)執行現行良(liang)(liang)好生產規范(fan)(cGMP),并向FDA登記(ji)(ji)生產設(she)備,FDA定期檢查這些設(she)備,發現不合(he)(he)格即采取警(jing)告、暫時(shi)關閉(bi)、刑事起訴(su)等強制(zhi)措施[1]。膳(shan)(shan)食(shi)補充劑產品(pin)(pin)上市(shi)前無需要經(jing)過FDA批準(zhun),但政府承擔有(you)(you)安全隱患產品(pin)(pin)的舉(ju)證責(ze)任,生產商(shang)、包裝商(shang)和銷售商(shang)保(bao)存6年(nian)(nian)內所(suo)有(you)(you)的不良(liang)(liang)反應(ying)報(bao)告記(ji)(ji)錄,并在15個工作日內向FDA報(bao)告所(suo)有(you)(you)嚴重不良(liang)(liang)事件,消費者、健(jian)康專業人士和行業成(cheng)員自愿向FDA報(bao)告與(yu)健(jian)康有(you)(you)關的嚴重反應(ying)或(huo)疾(ji)病(也(ye)稱為不良(liang)(liang)事件),以便FDA采取行動(dong)保(bao)護(hu)公(gong)眾免(mian)受傷害[2]。FDA可采取行動(dong),將摻假(jia)、虛假(jia)標簽或(huo)誤導性標簽的不合(he)(he)格產品(pin)(pin)退(tui)市(shi)。
2歐盟食(shi)品補(bu)充劑監(jian)管特點
保(bao)健食品(pin)在歐盟(meng)(meng)被稱(cheng)為食品(pin)補(bu)充劑(ji),即補(bu)充正常(chang)飲(yin)食的(de)(de)食品(pin),是營養物(wu)質或(huo)(huo)其他物(wu)質的(de)(de)濃縮,單獨或(huo)(huo)混(hun)合使用具(ju)有營養或(huo)(huo)生理作用,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)是單一成分也可(ke)(ke)是混(hun)合物(wu),以(yi)膠囊、片(pian)劑(ji)、藥片(pian)、藥丸和其他相(xiang)似的(de)(de)以(yi)小劑(ji)量計量的(de)(de)液體或(huo)(huo)粉末(mo)等(deng)形式(shi)銷售[3]。歐盟(meng)(meng)食品(pin)補(bu)充劑(ji)的(de)(de)監管特(te)點如下。
2.1市場(chang)準(zhun)入較為寬松,存疑法則區分藥品(pin)(pin)與食品(pin)(pin)補充劑
食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)補(bu)充劑的生產銷售通常無需取(qu)得歐(ou)盟成(cheng)員(yuan)國(guo)的行(xing)政許(xu)可,歐(ou)盟多數(shu)國(guo)家規(gui)定(ding)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)補(bu)充劑上市(shi)前應(ying)向本國(guo)政府主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)機關進行(xing)登(deng)記備案或者(zhe)僅依(yi)靠(kao)上市(shi)后(hou)的監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan),如(ru)果該產品(pin)(pin)(pin)已在一個歐(ou)盟成(cheng)員(yuan)國(guo)備案,則可在歐(ou)盟各成(cheng)員(yuan)國(guo)內(nei)流通,不必(bi)向其他成(cheng)員(yuan)國(guo)備案[4]。存疑法則即產品(pin)(pin)(pin)特(te)性既滿足食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)補(bu)充劑的定(ding)義范圍又符(fu)合藥品(pin)(pin)(pin)特(te)性,按較為(wei)嚴格的藥品(pin)(pin)(pin)法規(gui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。
2.2標簽、宣傳有(you)限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi),列表制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)與許(xu)可制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)相結
合分(fen)類(lei)(lei)管(guan)理健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)[5]歐(ou)(ou)(ou)盟《食品(pin)(pin)標(biao)簽(qian)、標(biao)識(shi)與(yu)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳》禁止食品(pin)(pin)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)使用(yong)有(you)關醫療、保(bao)健(jian)的宣(xuan)(xuan)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。標(biao)簽(qian)須標(biao)注名稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、營養(yang)成分(fen)含量、使用(yong)原料、每日推薦(jian)(jian)攝入量等(deng),標(biao)明“食品(pin)(pin)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)”,不得宣(xuan)(xuan)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預防和(he)治療疾(ji)病(bing)作(zuo)用(yong),有(you)“勿超(chao)過推薦(jian)(jian)攝入量,不能(neng)代替正常飲(yin)食”的提示性說明。歐(ou)(ou)(ou)盟將食品(pin)(pin)補(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為(wei)兩類(lei)(lei),第(di)一(yi)類(lei)(lei)為(wei)功能(neng)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)或一(yi)般健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),歐(ou)(ou)(ou)盟對(dui)此類(lei)(lei)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)采取列(lie)表制度,2012年(nian)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)盟委員會公布了(le)一(yi)般健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名單,主要指(zhi)維(wei)生素和(he)礦(kuang)物質,即凡是(shi)列(lie)入允許使用(yong)健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍內的聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),滿(man)足使用(yong)條件(jian)的食品(pin)(pin)均(jun)可標(biao)注。第(di)二類(lei)(lei)為(wei)特殊健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),該類(lei)(lei)健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的使用(yong)必須經(jing)過歐(ou)(ou)(ou)盟委員會的許可。若使用(yong)降低(di)疾(ji)病(bing)風險(xian)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時,在產品(pin)(pin)標(biao)簽(qian)、廣告或宣(xuan)(xuan)傳品(pin)(pin)上(shang)還需注明所(suo)述(shu)疾(ji)病(bing)具有(you)多種(zhong)危險(xian)因素,降低(di)其中一(yi)個危險(xian)因素可能(neng)帶(dai)來益處[3]。對(dui)于以上(shang)2種(zhong)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)未列(lie)入列(lie)表的新健(jian)康(kang)聲(sheng)(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則(ze)需要經(jing)過1年(nian)左右的審批,歐(ou)(ou)(ou)盟對(dui)此制定了(le)詳細、規(gui)范的申請和(he)批準程序。
2.3食品(pin)補充(chong)劑企(qi)業負責證明產品(pin)的安(an)全性
食(shi)品補充(chong)劑企業或相(xiang)關利益組織須向歐洲食(shi)品安(an)全局EFSA提交證明其產品成分安(an)全性的(de)科學實驗(yan)資(zi)料(liao),EFSA對這些資(zi)料(liao)分析后將(jiang)評估意見轉發給由(you)多成員國專家組成的(de)食(shi)物鏈(lian)和動物健(jian)康常立委員會,由(you)其決定產品的(de)安(an)全性。監管部(bu)門省去了(le)大(da)量的(de)安(an)全性證明的(de)試驗(yan)和時間。
3美國歐盟保健食品監管特點對中國的啟示
3.1提高行業(ye)自律,推動社會共(gong)治(zhi)減輕政府的監管(guan)負擔(dan)
中(zhong)國(guo)對(dui)(dui)于保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)準(zhun)入(ru)設置了(le)比較嚴格的(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)檻(jian),企業不僅(jin)需(xu)(xu)要取得保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)生(sheng)產許可證(zheng),而且要按照(zhao)政策要求向市(shi)(shi)場(chang)監督(du)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)進(jin)行注冊(ce)或備(bei)(bei)案(an)(an)。對(dui)(dui)于使用了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)原(yuan)料(liao)目錄(lu)中(zhong)原(yuan)料(liao)進(jin)行生(sheng)產的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)及(ji)首次進(jin)口用于補(bu)充(chong)營養物(wu)質的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin),需(xu)(xu)分(fen)別(bie)向省級、國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)監督(du)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)備(bei)(bei)案(an)(an)。對(dui)(dui)于使用了(le)原(yuan)料(liao)目錄(lu)之外的(de)(de)原(yuan)料(liao)進(jin)行生(sheng)產的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)及(ji)首次進(jin)口除補(bu)充(chong)營養素之外的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin),需(xu)(xu)向國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)監督(du)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)備(bei)(bei)案(an)(an)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)注冊(ce)與備(bei)(bei)案(an)(an)制相結合雖然保(bao)(bao)(bao)障了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)安全(quan),凈化(hua)了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)市(shi)(shi)場(chang),但(dan)這(zhe)是以政府(fu)(fu)投入(ru)大(da)量(liang)監管(guan)(guan)資源為代價(jia)的(de)(de)。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)監管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)不僅(jin)要負責保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)注冊(ce)、備(bei)(bei)案(an)(an)、標(biao)簽(qian)、說明(ming)書、廣告等各方面的(de)(de)監管(guan)(guan),而且要會同(tong)衛生(sheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)及(ji)中(zhong)醫藥管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)不斷完(wan)善、修訂保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)原(yuan)料(liao)目錄(lu)及(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)功能聲稱目錄(lu)。大(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)政府(fu)(fu)監管(guan)(guan)力量(liang)都集(ji)中(zhong)在了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)入(ru)市(shi)(shi)之前,要改善這(zhe)種現狀就(jiu)要充(chong)分(fen)發揮食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)行業協(xie)會的(de)(de)作用,減輕政府(fu)(fu)監管(guan)(guan)負擔,如將保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)審批(pi)的(de)(de)職責下放到權威食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)行業協(xie)會或政府(fu)(fu)與科(ke)研(yan)機構合作進(jin)行審批(pi)。
3.2補(bu)充完善(shan)中國保健(jian)食品(pin)生產(chan)規范(fan)并建立(li)不良反(fan)應信(xin)息反(fan)饋(kui)平臺,做(zuo)到全程監管
美國(guo)針對膳食(shi)補充(chong)劑生(sheng)(sheng)產過程(cheng)的(de)控制,制定了(le)專門的(de)現行良(liang)(liang)好操作規(gui)(gui)范cGMP,“現行”表示該標準及時修(xiu)訂、完善(shan)。我(wo)國(guo)也于(yu)1998年發(fa)布了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)良(liang)(liang)好生(sheng)(sheng)產規(gui)(gui)范GB17405,盡管(guan)近些年我(wo)國(guo)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)監(jian)管(guan)政策及法規(gui)(gui)不斷補充(chong)完善(shan),但GB17405至(zhi)今(jin)仍未有(you)更新。我(wo)國(guo)政府對于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)上市后(hou)同樣實施嚴格監(jian)管(guan),主要集(ji)中在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)標簽(qian)、說明(ming)書、廣告是(shi)否(fou)合規(gui)(gui)、內容是(shi)否(fou)與注冊或備案時一致等方面,忽視了(le)消費者使(shi)用保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)之后(hou)的(de)不良(liang)(liang)反(fan)應(ying)信(xin)息(xi)的(de)反(fan)饋。因此,我(wo)國(guo)不僅需要進(jin)一步完善(shan)修(xiu)訂保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產規(gui)(gui)范來(lai)加強生(sheng)(sheng)產過程(cheng)的(de)監(jian)管(guan),而且要建立不良(liang)(liang)反(fan)應(ying)信(xin)息(xi)反(fan)饋和共(gong)享平臺來(lai)完善(shan)消費環(huan)節的(de)監(jian)管(guan)。通過信(xin)息(xi)反(fan)饋和共(gong)享平臺,食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)專業人士、食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)科研(yan)人員和消費者自(zi)愿(yuan)報告由保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)引起的(de)不良(liang)(liang)反(fan)應(ying)或疾病(bing),以便(bian)監(jian)管(guan)部門迅速獲取保(bao)(bao)(bao)健(jian)(jian)(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)安全信(xin)息(xi),告知公眾(zhong),并盡快(kuai)采取行動,懲治違(wei)法。
作者:王璐 莊軍輝 單位:河南牧業經(jing)濟學院