一、中國社(she)會主(zhu)義民主(zhu)政(zheng)治建設(she)的基(ji)本經驗

改革(ge)開放30年(nian)來(lai)，中國社會(hui)主(zhu)義民(min)主(zhu)政治建設取得了(le)巨大(da)成就，積(ji)累了(le)豐富的經驗，同時，在新的歷史起點上推(tui)進我國政治體制改革(ge)又面臨著許(xu)多嚴峻(jun)的考驗。

中國社(she)會主(zhu)義(yi)民主(zhu)政治建設(she)有(you)三點基本經驗值得引(yin)起人們(men)的(de)特(te)別注意：

一(yi)是中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)體制改革和民主政(zheng)治(zhi)建設要(yao)圍繞(rao)中(zhong)國(guo)經濟建設這(zhe)個中(zhong)心(xin)工作展(zhan)開，服(fu)務于(yu)這(zhe)個中(zhong)心(xin)而不能干擾和脫離這(zhe)個中(zhong)心(xin)。

鄧(deng)小平(ping)把(ba)(ba)凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)涉及(ji)人民(min)根本利益(yi)(yi)和最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)利益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題，都作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)(wen)題，無論這(zhe)(zhe)個問(wen)(wen)題是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)狹(xia)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)領(ling)域(yu)，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)會(hui)文化領(ling)域(yu)。1以(yi)改(gai)革(ge)開(kai)(kai)放(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)特征的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，從(cong)一開(kai)(kai)始黨和政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)就(jiu)沒有把(ba)(ba)它僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)看成是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)事情，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把(ba)(ba)它看作(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)關(guan)系到我們這(zhe)(zhe)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家和民(min)族前(qian)途(tu)和命運的(de)(de)(de)偉大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)創新實踐。鄧(deng)小平(ping)對此講得最(zui)清楚：“所謂政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四個現代(dai)(dai)化。”2“就(jiu)我們國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)，什么(me)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？四個現代(dai)(dai)化就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”3在(zai)他看來(lai)(lai)，“四個現代(dai)(dai)化，集中(zhong)(zhong)起來(lai)(lai)講就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。”4“經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當前(qian)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)問(wen)(wen)題是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壓倒一切的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)(wen)題。”5作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)(wen)題，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)就(jiu)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)限于(yu)生產和分配等行為(wei)(wei)(wei)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黨和政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)需要動員整個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家和社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)力量集中(zhong)(zhong)精力做(zuo)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)等大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)事。鄧(deng)小平(ping)理(li)論這(zhe)(zhe)種獨特的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)視角，對于(yu)正確定位中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)和民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系，具(ju)有指導性。既(ji)然中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)(wen)題是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)和民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)就(jiu)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)脫(tuo)離這(zhe)(zhe)個最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)(wen)題另搞一套。我們不(bu)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)、民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)與(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)和建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)割裂開(kai)(kai)來(lai)(lai)，要緊緊圍繞經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)這(zhe)(zhe)個中(zhong)(zhong)心進行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)和開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。

馬(ma)克思主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)原理(li)是(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基礎決(jue)定(ding)上層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，上層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)要(yao)(yao)適(shi)(shi)應生產(chan)力不斷發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)開放以來，中(zhong)國政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)實(shi)際堅(jian)持一(yi)條(tiao)不可動搖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則，即中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)要(yao)(yao)服(fu)(fu)務于經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)這個(ge)中(zhong)心。以經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)為中(zhong)心，要(yao)(yao)求中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)必須服(fu)(fu)務于經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)這個(ge)大(da)局，必須從經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發展和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)出發進行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發展和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)對政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)提(ti)(ti)出什么變革(ge)(ge)要(yao)(yao)求，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)就要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度創(chuang)新(xin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)滿足這些要(yao)(yao)求。中(zhong)國政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)30年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐也證(zheng)明，緊(jin)緊(jin)圍(wei)繞社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發展主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)題和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)解(jie)決(jue)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)矛盾，滿足經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發展和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多元需(xu)求，是(shi)中(zhong)國政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)非(fei)常重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條(tiao)成功經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)。19**年黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三大(da)提(ti)(ti)出了(le)(le)“以經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)為中(zhong)心”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黨在社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)初期階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本路線，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近期目標(biao)也相(xiang)應地確定(ding)為“建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)有利(li)于提(ti)(ti)高效(xiao)率(lv)、增強(qiang)(qiang)活力和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)調動各(ge)方面積極性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領導體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。61992年黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)大(da)把我國經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)確定(ding)為建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)攻方向也隨之作了(le)(le)調整。與(yu)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)適(shi)(shi)應，從黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)大(da)到十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)大(da)，中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)強(qiang)(qiang)調了(le)(le)六(liu)個(ge)方面：一(yi)是(shi)保持宏(hong)觀政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穩定(ding)，把堅(jian)持和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)(wan)善社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)基本政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度作為政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)。二是(shi)加(jia)快與(yu)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)適(shi)(shi)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)并形成與(yu)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)適(shi)(shi)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)律體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系。三是(shi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)(wan)善決(jue)策(ce)(ce)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，推(tui)進決(jue)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學化和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)化建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)。四(si)是(shi)加(jia)快政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)職能(neng)轉變和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)創(chuang)新(xin)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)以滿足社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)融(rong)入世界經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)貿(mao)易體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)。五是(shi)推(tui)進和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)擴大(da)村(cun)民(min)(min)(min)自治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)鎮社(she)(she)(she)區(qu)自治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，發展基層(ceng)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，使(shi)基層(ceng)民(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)真(zhen)正享(xiang)有民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選(xuan)舉、民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決(jue)策(ce)(ce)、民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理(li)、民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監(jian)督的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)。六(liu)是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)人(ren)權(quan)保障和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)司法(fa)(fa)保護，使(shi)在社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公民(min)(min)(min)充分享(xiang)有法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)自由，使(shi)中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)權(quan)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)得到全(quan)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)善。7

一、符合國情的選擇

人類幾千年(nian)政(zheng)治(zhi)文明史，反復(fu)印(yin)證了一個道理：一個國(guo)家實(shi)行(xing)什么(me)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)制度，走什么(me)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)民主(zhu)道路，要(yao)與一國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)情相適應。中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義民主(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)，植根于中(zhong)華民族幾千年(nian)來賴以生存和發展的(de)(de)廣闊沃土，產(chan)生于中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨和中(zhong)國(guo)人民為爭取(qu)民族獨立(li)、人民解放(fang)和國(guo)家富強而進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)偉大實(shi)踐，是適合中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)情和社(she)(she)會進(jin)步(bu)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)選擇。

中國有(you)五千年文(wen)明(ming)(ming)史，有(you)著與古埃及、印度(du)、巴比(bi)倫(lun)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)并稱于世的(de)燦爛文(wen)明(ming)(ming)，為人(ren)類發展和進步(bu)作出了(le)重大貢(gong)獻(xian)。中華(hua)民(min)族是(shi)勤(qin)勞、勇(yong)敢(gan)、智慧的(de)民(min)族，她的(de)歷(li)史傳承之久遠(yuan)、文(wen)化形態之完整，為世界所(suo)公認(ren)。

中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)歷過漫長的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)建(jian)社會(hui)時(shi)代，直到1840年后西方資本主(zhu)義列強發動一(yi)次(ci)(ci)又(you)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)侵華(hua)戰爭(zheng)，由于封(feng)(feng)(feng)建(jian)統治階級的(de)(de)(de)腐朽衰敗，才逐漸淪為半(ban)殖民地(di)半(ban)封(feng)(feng)(feng)建(jian)社會(hui)。在此后的(de)(de)(de)近110年時(shi)間里，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成為全世(shi)界幾乎所有(you)大(da)小帝國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)主(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)掠奪(duo)的(de)(de)(de)對象。中華(hua)民族危難深(shen)重(zhong)，外(wai)遭帝國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)主(zhu)義的(de)(de)(de)侵略(lve)，內(nei)受封(feng)(feng)(feng)建(jian)主(zhu)義的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)迫，人(ren)民根(gen)本沒有(you)民主(zhu)權利。為改(gai)變國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)和民族的(de)(de)(de)命運，一(yi)代又(you)一(yi)代中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)奮起反抗(kang)，進行了前(qian)仆(pu)后繼的(de)(de)(de)英勇斗(dou)爭(zheng)。

在(zai)(zai)救(jiu)亡圖存運(yun)動(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)，一些先進的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人曾經把(ba)目光轉向西(xi)方(fang)尋求(qiu)救(jiu)國(guo)(guo)救(jiu)民(min)的(de)(de)道路，在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)發動(dong)資產(chan)階(jie)級民(min)主革(ge)命(ming)。1911年中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)民(min)主革(ge)命(ming)的(de)(de)先行(xing)者孫中(zhong)(zhong)山先生領導的(de)(de)辛亥(hai)革(ge)命(ming)，終結了統治中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)兩千多年的(de)(de)君主專制(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)。但是(shi)，辛亥(hai)革(ge)命(ming)后試圖模(mo)仿西(xi)方(fang)民(min)主制(zhi)度(du)模(mo)式建(jian)立(li)(li)的(de)(de)資產(chan)階(jie)級共和國(guo)(guo)，包括(kuo)議會制(zhi)、多黨制(zhi)等，并沒有實現(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民(min)要求(qiu)獨立(li)(li)、民(min)主的(de)(de)迫(po)切愿(yuan)望(wang)，很快就在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)外各種反動(dong)勢力的(de)(de)沖擊下歸(gui)于失敗。時人悲憤地(di)感嘆道：“無(wu)量頭顱無(wu)量血(xue)，可憐(lian)購(gou)得(de)假共和。”中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民(min)仍然處于被壓迫(po)、被奴役(yi)、被剝(bo)削(xue)的(de)(de)悲慘境(jing)地(di)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)出路在(zai)(zai)哪里(li)？中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民(min)在(zai)(zai)黑暗中(zhong)(zhong)思考著、摸索著、奮斗(dou)著。

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)從艱難曲折的(de)(de)(de)(de)探索和(he)斗爭中(zhong)(zhong)終于認識(shi)到，在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，照搬西方資本主義(yi)政(zheng)治(zhi)制(zhi)度是一條走(zou)不通的(de)(de)(de)(de)路，要完成救亡圖存和(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)帝反(fan)(fan)(fan)封(feng)建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)任務，必須以新(xin)思想(xiang)新(xin)理論開創中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)革命的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)道路，建(jian)立(li)全新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)制(zhi)度。領(ling)導(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)找到這條新(xin)道路和(he)建(jian)立(li)新(xin)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)重任，歷(li)史(shi)地落在了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)身上。1921年(nian)(nian)，一批(pi)接受過民(min)(min)主與(yu)科學思想(xiang)洗禮的(de)(de)(de)(de)先進知(zhi)識(shi)分(fen)子，把馬克(ke)思列寧主義(yi)同中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)工人(ren)(ren)(ren)運動相結合，建(jian)立(li)了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)。此(ci)后，在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)下，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)革命進入(ru)了徹底反(fan)(fan)(fan)帝反(fan)(fan)(fan)封(feng)建(jian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)官(guan)僚資本主義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)民(min)(min)主主義(yi)發(fa)展階段，經過長達28年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)艱苦卓絕的(de)(de)(de)(de)英勇奮戰(zhan)，最終實現了民(min)(min)族獨立(li)和(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)解放(fang)。

摘(zhai)要(yao)：建國(guo)初，我國(guo)民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包括各項民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)確(que)立和對公民進(jin)行社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)教育。在(zai)(zai)民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)過程中，新中國(guo)取得了以(yi)下(xia)歷史性成就：保(bao)證(zheng)社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)基(ji)本確(que)立；創造性地提(ti)出了“矛(mao)盾學說”；代議(yi)民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初步運(yun)行。同時，這一時期的(de)(de)(de)民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)也(ye)存在(zai)(zai)以(yi)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)足：意識(shi)形態(tai)色(se)彩太濃，受蘇聯模式影響太多，兼顧中國(guo)國(guo)情(qing)不(bu)(bu)足；執政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)權力太大，對黨(dang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)關系的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)規范不(bu)(bu)夠；政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精英在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生活中起主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導作用，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)特別是立法制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)權威不(bu)(bu)足。分析建國(guo)初民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)得失，對我國(guo)目前的(de)(de)(de)民主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)不(bu)(bu)無借鑒意義。

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞：新中國；民主政治；成就(jiu)；不(bu)足

一、建國初(chu)民(min)主(zhu)政(zheng)治建設的主(zhu)要內(nei)容

自鴉片戰爭以(yi)來(lai)，中國政(zheng)(zheng)治發展(zhan)有(you)(you)兩個主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)目標，一是(shi)反帝(di)國主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)侵略，爭取民(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)獨立；二(er)是(shi)反封建專制(zhi)統治，實(shi)現(xian)國內政(zheng)(zheng)治生活的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)化。就政(zheng)(zheng)治發展(zhan)而言(yan)，新(xin)中國的(de)成立具有(you)(you)重大意義(yi)。因為(wei)，新(xin)中國的(de)成立，既標志著中華民(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)獨立，又使(shi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治的(de)實(shi)現(xian)成為(wei)可能。新(xin)中國初創(chuang)時期，社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治建設的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)內容有(you)(you)兩項：一是(shi)各(ge)項民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治制(zhi)度(du)的(de)建設，二(er)是(shi)對公民(min)(min)進行社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)相關教(jiao)育和公民(min)(min)的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)實(shi)踐。其中，各(ge)項民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治制(zhi)度(du)的(de)建設主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)指國體、政(zheng)(zheng)體、政(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)制(zhi)度(du)、民(min)(min)族(zu)區域自治制(zhi)度(du)、黨(dang)內民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)度(du)等(deng)的(de)確立。

1人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)立(li)。社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)蘇聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)產階級(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，東(dong)歐社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。在(zai)(zai)蘇聯(lian)和(he)東(dong)歐國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響下，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)產黨確(que)定(ding)(ding)新中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，并(bing)指(zhi)出人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)質(zhi)就是(shi)(shi)無(wu)產階級(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。與米高揚在(zai)(zai)延(yan)安談話時(shi)指(zhi)出：“在(zai)(zai)工農聯(lian)盟(meng)基礎(chu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，究其(qi)實(shi)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)產階級(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，不過對我(wo)們這個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)來說，稱(cheng)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)更為(wei)合適(shi)、更為(wei)合情合理。”1949年，在(zai)(zai)新年獻辭中，向全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)公布(bu)了(le)新中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)構想：“在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍內(nei)建立(li)無(wu)產階級(ji)(ji)領導的(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)工農聯(lian)盟(meng)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。””同年9月(yue)，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)會(hui)議通過的(de)(de)(de)(de)《中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)會(hui)議共(gong)(gong)同綱領》，以(yi)(yi)臨時(shi)憲(xian)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式規定(ding)(ding)了(le)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)工農聯(lian)盟(meng)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)，人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)得以(yi)(yi)實(shi)行，在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史上(shang)第一次由無(wu)產階級(ji)(ji)和(he)勞(lao)動(dong)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)掌握政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權，實(shi)現了(le)包括無(wu)產階級(ji)(ji)和(he)勞(lao)動(dong)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣大(da)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。這既是(shi)(shi)新中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)制度(du)設計，又是(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內(nei)容。

人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立(li)。在(zai)(zai)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)案中(zhong)(zhong)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)最(zui)沒有(you)(you)懸念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《新(xin)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義論》、《論聯(lian)合(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府》等著作(zuo)早已(yi)確定(ding)(ding)了(le)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)決定(ding)(ding)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)。新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)也同(tong)樣(yang)決定(ding)(ding)其(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)。對此(ci)，劉(liu)少(shao)奇(qi)曾指(zhi)出(chu)：“建(jian)(jian)立(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有(you)(you)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，有(you)(you)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，用資產階(jie)級(ji)(ji)議(yi)(yi)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示不出(chu)來(lai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，只有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)才能充分表(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)出(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要內(nei)容。”盡管(guan)建(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)并(bing)(bing)未立(li)即(ji)實(shi)行人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)是(shi)以(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)過渡，但(dan)是(shi)，具(ju)有(you)(you)臨時憲(xian)法(fa)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《共(gong)同(tong)綱(gang)領》使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)識，成(cheng)為(wei)可以(yi)預期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)目標。第一屆全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)召開，則意味著政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)完成(cheng)其(qi)(qi)代(dai)(dai)行全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)職權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史使(shi)命，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度正(zheng)式確立(li)并(bing)(bing)開始(shi)運轉。董必武曾指(zhi)出(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)性：“現(xian)在(zai)(zai)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)性，比蘇維(wei)埃廣(guang)泛些，比資產階(jie)級(ji)(ji)議(yi)(yi)會(hui)更不用說(shuo)了(le)。所以(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)是(shi)能包(bao)括(kuo)廣(guang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)形式。”具(ju)體(ti)(ti)而(er)言(yan)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)特(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)涵：首先，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切權(quan)力(li)屬(shu)于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)行使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)權(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)和地方(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)；其(qi)(qi)次(ci)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)程序是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)和地方(fang)各(ge)級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)由民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)選舉產生，對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)負(fu)責，接受人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)監督；最(zui)后(hou)，各(ge)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)與人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)：國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、審判機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和檢察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)都由人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)產生，對它負(fu)責并(bing)(bing)受它監督。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上述特(te)征再次(ci)證明，在(zai)(zai)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度設計和抉擇中(zhong)(zhong)注意結(jie)合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)情(qing)、堅(jian)持政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思路。

一、抗戰(zhan)時期中共民主(zhu)政治建設的(de)成功經(jing)驗

（一(yi)）推動(dong)中國憲政進程，樹立民主(zhu)進步形象(xiang)

1.極(ji)力主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)和(he)(he)倡導(dao)憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)。1937年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)延安中(zhong)共(gong)蘇區(qu)(qu)(qu)代表(biao)(biao)會(hui)議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報告中(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu):“今年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾個月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)內，全國(guo)(guo)必須發起一(yi)(yi)(yi)個廣大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)，這運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)前(qian)目(mu)標(biao)，應(ying)當(dang)放(fang)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)大會(hui)和(he)(he)憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完成上。”8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，在(zai)《抗(kang)(kang)(kang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)救(jiu)國(guo)(guo)十大綱(gang)領(ling)》中(zhong)提出(chu)“召集真正人(ren)民(min)(min)代表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)大會(hui)，通過真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)，決定抗(kang)(kang)(kang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)救(jiu)國(guo)(guo)方針(zhen)，選舉國(guo)(guo)防(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)實行憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)。1939年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，陜(shan)甘(gan)寧邊(bian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)屆(jie)參議會(hui)通過了(le)(le)《陜(shan)甘(gan)寧邊(bian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)戰(zhan)時期施(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)綱(gang)領(ling)》，該(gai)(gai)綱(gang)領(ling)具有“憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質。10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)和(he)(he)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)1日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，中(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)央兩次向全黨(dang)發出(chu)關于憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)指(zhi)示(shi)，各(ge)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)根據地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)轟轟烈(lie)(lie)烈(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開展起來。1940年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，“延安各(ge)界憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)促進會(hui)”成立大會(hui)召開，大會(hui)通過了(le)(le)《延安各(ge)界憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)促進會(hui)宣言》，作(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)《新民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)講(jiang)演。1944年(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)12日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，指(zhi)出(chu)：“只(zhi)有立即實行民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，才能增強團結抗(kang)(kang)(kang)戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)，只(zhi)有尋民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑，才能公平(ping)合理地(di)解決國(guo)(guo)共(gong)關系與經濟國(guo)(guo)內其(qi)他一(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)政(zheng)(zheng)治問題。”并且重述了(le)(le)信守(shou)七年(nian)(nian)前(qian)關于民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諾言。12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)15日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)，在(zai)陜(shan)甘(gan)寧邊(bian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)參議會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演說中(zhong)，指(zhi)出(chu)民(min)(min)族統一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)線在(zai)解放(fang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，首先表(biao)(biao)現在(zai)各(ge)階(jie)級各(ge)黨(dang)派(pai)合作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“三三制”政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)工作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)。“凡參加人(ren)民(min)(min)代表(biao)(biao)會(hui)議（參議會(hui)）工作(zuo)(zuo)、政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)工作(zuo)(zuo)及社會(hui)工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)人(ren)員，不問屬何黨(dang)派(pai)，或無黨(dang)無派(pai)，應(ying)該(gai)(gai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)律被尊重，應(ying)該(gai)(gai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)律有職有權(quan)。”［1］292-293

2.積(ji)極(ji)推進建(jian)立(li)“民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)”。早在(zai)1937年12月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治局會議(yi)就(jiu)提出(chu)(chu)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)兩(liang)黨“共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)負責，共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)領導(dao)，互相幫助(zhu)，互相發展”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治主(zhu)張(zhang)。1944年，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨適(shi)時(shi)(shi)地(di)提出(chu)(chu)了(le)“廢(fei)止國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)黨”，實(shi)行“新民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義(yi)憲(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口號(hao)。1944年9月(yue)(yue)4日，中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)“這一(yi)(yi)主(zhu)張(zhang)，應成為(wei)今(jin)后中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治斗爭目(mu)(mu)標，以反對國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)黨一(yi)(yi)黨統治及其所(suo)欲包辦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偽國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)大(da)會與偽憲(xian)。”［2］9月(yue)(yue)15日上(shang)午(wu)，國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)參政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)參政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)員(yuan)林伯渠受命在(zai)國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)參政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)會三屆三次會議(yi)上(shang)正式提出(chu)(chu)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張(zhang)。11月(yue)(yue)7日，國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)兩(liang)黨達成建(jian)立(li)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)協(xie)議(yi)，“這一(yi)(yi)協(xie)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神和方(fang)向，是(shi)(shi)我們(men)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨和中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)八年來在(zai)抗日統一(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)線(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)追求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)在(zai)”。12月(yue)(yue)15日，指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)：“擺在(zai)解放(fang)區(qu)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)面前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極(ji)其重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項任務，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)想出(chu)(chu)種種能夠促成聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法來。”［1］296，3891945年4月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)七大(da)召開(kai)，在(zai)《論聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報(bao)告(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)結束(shu)國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)步驟是(shi)(shi)：“目(mu)(mu)前(qian)時(shi)(shi)期，經過各黨各派(pai)和無黨無派(pai)代表人(ren)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協(xie)議(yi)，成立(li)臨時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)；第二個(ge)(ge)步驟，將(jiang)來時(shi)(shi)期，經過自由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無拘束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)舉，召開(kai)國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)大(da)會，成立(li)正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)。”新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)應當“建(jian)立(li)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)以全國(guo)絕對大(da)多數人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)為(wei)基礎(chu)而在(zai)工人(ren)階(jie)級領導(dao)之(zhi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)聯(lian)(lian)盟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)制度(du)(du)(du)，我們(men)把這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)制度(du)(du)(du)稱之(zhi)為(wei)新民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)制度(du)(du)(du)。”［3］1068-10698月(yue)(yue)27日，國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)雙(shuang)方(fang)經過40多天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)談判(pan)后簽(qian)定了(le)《雙(shuang)十協(xie)定》。1946年1月(yue)(yue)10日國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)兩(liang)黨簽(qian)署了(le)停戰(zhan)協(xie)議(yi)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治協(xie)商會議(yi)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)召開(kai)，這成為(wei)新民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義(yi)憲(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)運動中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)輝煌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)頁。“政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)路(lu)線(xian)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)志《論聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)線(xian)，這將(jiang)是(shi)(shi)今(jin)后長時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奮斗目(mu)(mu)標。”［4］

（二）推行根(gen)據地民主選舉，樹立全國民主建設的榜樣(yang)

“民(min)主政(zheng)治，選(xuan)舉第一”。［5］抗日根據地民(min)主選(xuan)舉具有以下(xia)特點：

摘要：建(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)初(chu)(chu)，我國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)內容主(zhu)(zhu)要包括各項民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)確立(li)和對公民(min)(min)進行(xing)社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)教育。在民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)過(guo)程中(zhong)，新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)取得(de)了(le)(le)以下歷史性(xing)成就：保證社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)基本(ben)確立(li)；創造性(xing)地提出了(le)(le)“矛(mao)盾學(xue)說(shuo)”；代議民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)(chu)步運行(xing)。同時，這一時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)也存在以下不(bu)足(zu)：意(yi)識(shi)形(xing)態色彩太濃，受(shou)蘇聯模式影響太多，兼顧中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情不(bu)足(zu)；執政(zheng)黨權力太大，對黨政(zheng)關系的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)規(gui)范不(bu)夠；政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)英在政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)活中(zhong)起主(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)作用，政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)特別是立(li)法制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)權威不(bu)足(zu)。分析建(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)初(chu)(chu)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)得(de)失，對我國(guo)(guo)目前的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)不(bu)無借鑒(jian)意(yi)義。

關(guan)鍵詞：新中(zhong)國；民主政治；成就；不(bu)足

一、建國初(chu)民主(zhu)政治建設的主(zhu)要內容(rong)

自鴉片戰爭(zheng)以(yi)來，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)發展有(you)兩個主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要目(mu)標(biao)，一是(shi)反(fan)(fan)帝國(guo)(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義侵略，爭(zheng)取民(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)立(li)；二是(shi)反(fan)(fan)封建專制統治(zhi)，實現國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)化(hua)。就(jiu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)發展而(er)言，新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)成立(li)具有(you)重(zhong)大意義。因為，新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)成立(li)，既標(biao)志著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)立(li)，又使民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)實現成為可(ke)能。新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)初創時期，社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要內(nei)(nei)容有(you)兩項：一是(shi)各(ge)項民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)制度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)，二是(shi)對公民(min)(min)進行(xing)社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關教育和公民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)實踐。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，各(ge)項民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)制度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要指國(guo)(guo)體、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)制度(du)(du)、民(min)(min)族(zu)區域自治(zhi)制度(du)(du)、黨(dang)內(nei)(nei)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制度(du)(du)等的(de)(de)(de)確立(li)。

1人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)確立。社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，東歐(ou)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家則(ze)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。在蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)東歐(ou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)下，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨確定新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，并指(zhi)出(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)質(zhi)就是(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。與米(mi)高揚(yang)在延安談(tan)話時指(zhi)出(chu)：“在工農聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)基(ji)礎(chu)上的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，究(jiu)其實(shi)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，不過對我們這(zhe)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家來說，稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)更(geng)(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)合適、更(geng)(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)合情合理。”1949年(nian)，在新年(nian)獻辭中(zhong)，向全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公布了(le)新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)構想：“在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍(wei)內建立無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)領(ling)導的(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)工農聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。””同年(nian)9月，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治協(xie)商會(hui)(hui)議(yi)通過的(de)(de)(de)《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治協(xie)商會(hui)(hui)議(yi)共(gong)同綱領(ling)》，以(yi)(yi)臨時憲法的(de)(de)(de)形式規定了(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)工農聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)得以(yi)(yi)實(shi)行，在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史上第一次由無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)和(he)勞(lao)動人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)掌握政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權，實(shi)現了(le)包括無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)和(he)勞(lao)動人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在內的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)大人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)。這(zhe)既是(shi)(shi)新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)制度設(she)(she)計，又(you)是(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內容。

人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)確立(li)。在(zai)(zai)新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方案中(zhong)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)是(shi)最(zui)沒有(you)懸(xuan)念的(de)(de)(de)問題。的(de)(de)(de)《新(xin)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主主義論》、《論聯合(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府》等著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)早已確定(ding)了(le)新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)決(jue)定(ding)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)。新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)也同樣決(jue)定(ding)其(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)。對此，劉少奇曾指出(chu)：“建(jian)立(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有(you)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong)，有(you)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)，用(yong)資產階級議(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示不出(chu)來(lai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，只有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)才能充分表(biao)(biao)(biao)現出(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)主要內(nei)容(rong)。”盡管(guan)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并(bing)未(wei)立(li)即(ji)實行(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)是(shi)以政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協商會(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)過渡，但是(shi)，具有(you)臨時憲法作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)《共(gong)同綱(gang)領》使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成為(wei)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)識，成為(wei)可以預期的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目標。第一屆全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)召開，則(ze)意味著(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協商會(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)完成其(qi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)行(xing)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)職權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)使命，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度正式(shi)確立(li)并(bing)開始運轉。董(dong)必(bi)武曾指出(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主性：“現在(zai)(zai)我們(men)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)性，比蘇維埃廣泛些(xie)，比資產階級議(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)更(geng)不用(yong)說了(le)。所以人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)能包括廣大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)各民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主階級的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)形(xing)式(shi)。”具體(ti)而(er)言，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度有(you)其(qi)特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)涵：首先，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主的(de)(de)(de)：國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)一切權(quan)力(li)(li)屬于人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)行(xing)使國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家權(quan)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)是(shi)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)地(di)方人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)；其(qi)次(ci)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)程序是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主的(de)(de)(de)：全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)地(di)方各級人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)由民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主選舉產生，對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)負責，接受人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)監(jian)督；最(zui)后，各政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府機(ji)(ji)關(guan)在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)系中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)位與人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)有(you)關(guan)：國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)、審判機(ji)(ji)關(guan)和(he)檢察機(ji)(ji)關(guan)都由人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)產生，對它(ta)(ta)負責并(bing)受它(ta)(ta)監(jian)督。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)上述特征再次(ci)證明(ming)，在(zai)(zai)新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度設計和(he)抉擇中(zhong)注意結合(he)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)情、堅(jian)持政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)思路。

摘要：建(jian)(jian)國初，我國民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)內容主(zhu)(zhu)要包括各項民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度的(de)確立(li)和對公民(min)(min)進行社會主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)教育。在民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設過程中(zhong)，新中(zhong)國取得了以(yi)下歷史性成就：保證社會主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運行的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度基本確立(li)；創(chuang)造性地提出了“矛盾學說(shuo)”；代議(yi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初步運行。同時，這一時期的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設也存在以(yi)下不(bu)足(zu)：意(yi)識形(xing)態(tai)色彩太(tai)濃，受蘇聯模式影響太(tai)多，兼顧中(zhong)國國情不(bu)足(zu)；執政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨權(quan)力太(tai)大，對黨政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)關系的(de)制(zhi)度規范不(bu)夠；政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精英在政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)活中(zhong)起(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)導作用，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度特別是立(li)法制(zhi)度的(de)權(quan)威不(bu)足(zu)。分析建(jian)(jian)國初民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)得失，對我國目(mu)前的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設不(bu)無借鑒意(yi)義(yi)。

關鍵詞(ci)：新(xin)中國(guo)；民主政治；成就；不足

一、建(jian)國(guo)初民主(zhu)政治建(jian)設的主(zhu)要內容

自鴉(ya)片戰爭(zheng)以來(lai)，中(zhong)國政治(zhi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有(you)兩個主(zhu)要目標，一(yi)是反(fan)帝國主(zhu)義侵略(lve)，爭(zheng)取民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族的(de)獨立(li)(li)；二是反(fan)封建專制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)統(tong)治(zhi)，實現國內(nei)政治(zhi)生活的(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)化。就政治(zhi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)而言，新中(zhong)國的(de)成立(li)(li)具有(you)重大意義。因為(wei)，新中(zhong)國的(de)成立(li)(li)，既標志著(zhu)中(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族的(de)獨立(li)(li)，又使(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政治(zhi)的(de)實現成為(wei)可(ke)能。新中(zhong)國初創時期，社會主(zhu)義民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政治(zhi)建設(she)的(de)主(zhu)要內(nei)容有(you)兩項：一(yi)是各項民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政治(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)建設(she)，二是對公民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)進行社會主(zhu)義民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)相(xiang)關教育和(he)公民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)實踐。其中(zhong)，各項民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政治(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)建設(she)主(zhu)要指國體、政體、政黨制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族區域自治(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、黨內(nei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度等的(de)確(que)立(li)(li)。

1人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)的(de)(de)確立(li)。社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家蘇(su)聯的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)是無(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，東歐社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家則是人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。在(zai)蘇(su)聯和東歐國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)影響下，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共產(chan)黨確定(ding)新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，并指(zhi)出人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)實(shi)質(zhi)就是無(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。與米高揚在(zai)延安(an)談話時指(zhi)出：“在(zai)工農聯盟(meng)基礎上的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，究其實(shi)質(zhi)是無(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，不過對我們這個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家來說，稱為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)更為(wei)合適、更為(wei)合情(qing)合理。”1949年，在(zai)新年獻(xian)辭中(zhong)，向(xiang)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)公布了新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)構想：“在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍內(nei)建立(li)無(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)領導的(de)(de)以工農聯盟(meng)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)共和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。””同年9月，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治協(xie)(xie)商(shang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)議通過的(de)(de)《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治協(xie)(xie)商(shang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)議共同綱領》，以臨時憲法的(de)(de)形式規定(ding)了我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)是以工農聯盟(meng)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)得以實(shi)行，在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史上第一次由無(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)和勞動人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)掌握政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權，實(shi)現了包括無(wu)(wu)產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)和勞動人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)廣大人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)。這既(ji)是新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要制度設計，又是民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治建設的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要內(nei)容。

人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)確(que)(que)立。在新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)案中(zhong)(zhong)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)最(zui)沒(mei)有懸念的(de)(de)(de)問題。的(de)(de)(de)《新(xin)(xin)(xin)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)論(lun)》、《論(lun)聯合(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府》等著作(zuo)(zuo)早已(yi)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)(ti)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)(ti)也同(tong)樣決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)其(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。對此，劉(liu)少奇曾指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)：“建立人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)，有它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)，用(yong)(yong)資(zi)產階(jie)級議會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示不(bu)出(chu)(chu)來人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，只有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)才能充分表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現出(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要內(nei)(nei)容(rong)。”盡管建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并未立即實行(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)，而是(shi)以政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)協商會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)過(guo)渡(du)，但是(shi)，具有臨時憲法作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)《共同(tong)綱領(ling)》使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)共識，成(cheng)為(wei)可(ke)以預期的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)目標。第一屆全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)召開，則意(yi)味(wei)著政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)協商會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議完成(cheng)其(qi)(qi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)行(xing)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)職權的(de)(de)(de)歷史使命，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度正式(shi)確(que)(que)立并開始運(yun)轉。董必武曾指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)：“現在我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)性(xing)，比蘇維埃廣泛些，比資(zi)產階(jie)級議會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)更(geng)不(bu)用(yong)(yong)說(shuo)了。所以人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)能包括廣大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)各民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)階(jie)級的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權形式(shi)。”具體(ti)(ti)(ti)而言，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度有其(qi)(qi)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)涵：首先(xian)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)權力的(de)(de)(de)來源是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)：國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)一切(qie)權力屬于人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)行(xing)使國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家權力的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)關是(shi)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)地方(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)；其(qi)(qi)次(ci)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)程序是(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)：全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)地方(fang)各級人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)由(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)選(xuan)舉(ju)產生，對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)負(fu)責，接受人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)監督(du)；最(zui)后(hou)，各政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府機(ji)(ji)關在政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地位與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有關：國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)關、審判機(ji)(ji)關和(he)檢(jian)察機(ji)(ji)關都由(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)產生，對它(ta)(ta)負(fu)責并受它(ta)(ta)監督(du)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)上述特征再次(ci)證明，在新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度設計(ji)和(he)抉擇中(zhong)(zhong)注意(yi)結合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)情、堅持政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)化的(de)(de)(de)思(si)路(lu)。

一、建國(guo)初民主政治建設的(de)主要內容

自(zi)鴉(ya)片戰爭以來，中(zhong)國(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)展(zhan)有(you)兩(liang)個主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要目標(biao)，一(yi)是(shi)反帝國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)侵略(lve)，爭取民(min)族的(de)(de)獨立(li)；二(er)(er)是(shi)反封建專制(zhi)(zhi)統治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，實(shi)現國(guo)內政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)化。就政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)展(zhan)而言，新中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)成(cheng)立(li)具(ju)有(you)重大意義(yi)。因為，新中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)成(cheng)立(li)，既標(biao)志著中(zhong)華民(min)族的(de)(de)獨立(li)，又使(shi)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)實(shi)現成(cheng)為可能。新中(zhong)國(guo)初創時期(qi)，社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要內容有(you)兩(liang)項：一(yi)是(shi)各(ge)項民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)建設，二(er)(er)是(shi)對(dui)公(gong)民(min)進行(xing)社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)相關教育和公(gong)民(min)的(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)實(shi)踐。其中(zhong)，各(ge)項民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)建設主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要指(zhi)國(guo)體、政(zheng)(zheng)體、政(zheng)(zheng)黨制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、民(min)族區域自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、黨內民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)等的(de)(de)確立(li)。

1人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)確立。社會(hui)主(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)無產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)，東(dong)歐社會(hui)主(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)。在(zai)蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)東(dong)歐國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響下(xia)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共產(chan)黨確定新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)，并指出人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實質(zhi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)無產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)。與米高揚在(zai)延安談話時指出：“在(zai)工(gong)農聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)，究其(qi)實質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)無產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)，不過對我們這(zhe)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)來說，稱為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)更(geng)為(wei)合(he)適、更(geng)為(wei)合(he)情合(he)理。”1949年，在(zai)新(xin)(xin)(xin)年獻辭中(zhong)，向全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)公(gong)布了(le)新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)構想：“在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)范圍(wei)內建(jian)立無產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)領導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)以工(gong)農聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。””同年9月，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)協商會(hui)議通(tong)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)協商會(hui)議共同綱(gang)領》，以臨(lin)時憲(xian)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式規定了(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以工(gong)農聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)。建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)體(ti)得以實行，在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)史上(shang)(shang)第一次由無產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)和(he)勞動(dong)(dong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)掌握政(zheng)(zheng)權，實現(xian)了(le)包(bao)括無產(chan)階(jie)級(ji)和(he)勞動(dong)(dong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)大人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)。這(zhe)既是(shi)(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)制度設計，又是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容。

人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立。在(zai)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建國(guo)(guo)方案中(zhong)(zhong)，政(zheng)體(ti)(ti)是最沒有懸念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《新(xin)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)論》、《論聯(lian)合政(zheng)府》等著作(zuo)(zuo)早已確定(ding)了(le)(le)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)體(ti)(ti)是人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)決定(ding)政(zheng)體(ti)(ti)。新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)體(ti)(ti)也(ye)同樣(yang)決定(ding)其(qi)政(zheng)體(ti)(ti)。對此，劉少奇(qi)曾(ceng)(ceng)指出：“建立人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)有它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)，有它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式，用資(zi)產階(jie)級(ji)議(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示不(bu)出來人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)，只(zhi)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)才能充(chong)分表(biao)(biao)(biao)現出人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要內容(rong)。”盡管建國(guo)(guo)后新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)并未立即實行(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)，而是以政(zheng)治(zhi)協(xie)商會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)為過渡，但(dan)是，具有臨時(shi)憲法作(zuo)(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《共(gong)同綱領》使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)為全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)識(shi)，成(cheng)為可以預期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)目標。第一屆全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)召開(kai)，則意味著政(zheng)治(zhi)協(xie)商會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)完(wan)成(cheng)其(qi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)行(xing)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)(da)職權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史使命，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度正式確立并開(kai)始(shi)運轉。董必武曾(ceng)(ceng)指出人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)：“現在(zai)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)性(xing)，比蘇維埃(ai)廣泛些，比資(zi)產階(jie)級(ji)議(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)更不(bu)用說了(le)(le)。所以人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)是能包括廣大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)階(jie)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)權(quan)形(xing)式。”具體(ti)(ti)而言(yan)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度有其(qi)特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵(han)：首先，政(zheng)治(zhi)權(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源是民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切權(quan)力(li)屬于人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)行(xing)使國(guo)(guo)家(jia)權(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)是全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)地(di)方人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)；其(qi)次(ci)，政(zheng)治(zhi)程序(xu)是民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)地(di)方各級(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)由民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選(xuan)舉產生，對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)負(fu)責，接受人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)監(jian)督；最后，各政(zheng)府機(ji)關(guan)(guan)在(zai)政(zheng)治(zhi)體(ti)(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位與人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有關(guan)(guan)：國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)、審判機(ji)關(guan)(guan)和(he)檢(jian)察機(ji)關(guan)(guan)都由人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)產生，對它負(fu)責并受它監(jian)督。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上述特征再次(ci)證(zheng)明，在(zai)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度設計和(he)抉(jue)擇中(zhong)(zhong)注意結合中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情、堅持政(zheng)治(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思路。

2共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立(li)。新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)度與蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)等(deng)社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家有(you)關。蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)實(shi)行一(yi)(yi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)，東(dong)歐國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家則是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)執政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。1947年(nian)(nian)9月，蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)要(yao)(yao)求東(dong)歐社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家向蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)模(mo)式(shi)靠攏。此后，東(dong)歐社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)度，也(ye)都由多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)執政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)變成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)質(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下(xia)，新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)度最終(zhong)確定(ding)(ding)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)。認(ren)為(wei)，新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之所以選擇不(bu)同(tong)(tong)于蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)一(yi)(yi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)情不(bu)同(tong)(tong)于蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)，“只要(yao)(yao)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他任(ren)(ren)何政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)，任(ren)(ren)何社(she)會(hui)集團(tuan)或個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，對于共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)是(shi)(shi)采(cai)取(qu)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)敵對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度，我(wo)們是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)理由不(bu)和(he)他們合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”1949年(nian)(nian)9月，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)綱領(ling)》奠定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基石，確定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)“同(tong)(tong)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)外人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)長(chang)期合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策”。新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)安排體(ti)(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)格局(ju)：“在(zai)中(zhong)央人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)副主席6人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)，派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)和(he)無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)3人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，56名(ming)中(zhong)央人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)委員中(zhong)，派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)和(he)無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)27名(ming)，幾乎占(zhan)一(yi)(yi)半。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)院副總理中(zhong)，派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)和(he)無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)2人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；15名(ming)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)委員中(zhong)，派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)和(he)無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)9人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；在(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)院所轄(xia)部(bu)、會(hui)、院、署、行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)職(zhi)負責人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)，派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)和(he)無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)19人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，最高人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)法(fa)院院長(chang)，也(ye)由派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)(shi)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)”。10月1日，中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)在(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導(dao)地(di)位及與派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真誠合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)公認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實(shi)。如(ru)果說“作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)種政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度，沒有(you)法(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確認(ren)和(he)保(bao)障，沒有(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)，是(shi)(shi)不(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”，那么(me)，1949年(nian)(nian)9月政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)綱領(ling)》賦(fu)予了(le)(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)以法(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確認(ren)和(he)保(bao)障，10月1日新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)則在(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)形式(shi)上(shang)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)。因此，1949年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)和(he)新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)標志著(zhu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)式(shi)形成(cheng)(cheng)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)與各派(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)形式(shi)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)戰線組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)，其主要(yao)(yao)職(zhi)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、民(min)(min)主監督和(he)參政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)民(min)(min)主協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)、談心活(huo)動、座談會(hui)、書面交(jiao)流等(deng)，可(ke)以說，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)度是(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)度，是(shi)(shi)新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)對中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)主建設探索(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)內(nei)容。

3民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立(li)(li)。解放戰爭(zheng)后期，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨面(mian)臨新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抉擇(ze)問題(ti)。對于(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)問題(ti)，黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文件中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)一定(ding)矛盾，既(ji)有過民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，又有過聯邦制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主張。這也(ye)表(biao)明了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)領導對新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)索過程。在(zai)(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)籌備期間，曾向長期主持民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)志(zhi)征詢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)問題(ti)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)全體會議召開前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報，告中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，也(ye)提出了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)問題(ti)：“我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)是(shi)(shi)不是(shi)(shi)多(duo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)聯邦制”。直到1949年(nian)(nian)9月29日(ri)，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前兩(liang)天，《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協(xie)商會議共(gong)同(tong)綱(gang)(gang)領》才(cai)最(zui)終確定(ding)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制度(du)(du)。《共(gong)同(tong)綱(gang)(gang)領》規定(ding)：“各(ge)(ge)(ge)少(shao)數(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，應(ying)實行民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，按照民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)口(kou)多(duo)少(shao)和區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大小，分別(bie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關。凡(fan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)雜居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方及民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內，各(ge)(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)當地政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均應(ying)有相(xiang)當名(ming)額的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)。”這是(shi)(shi)一項重大歷(li)史抉擇(ze)，但是(shi)(shi)，對民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)僅(jin)停留于(yu)宏觀層面(mian)。1952年(nian)(nian)，為便(bian)于(yu)實施民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府公布《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實施綱(gang)(gang)要(yao)》，強調“各(ge)(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)領土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不可分離(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分”，同(tong)時對自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關、自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)利(li)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)關系等(deng)作(zuo)了(le)(le)詳盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體規定(ding)。1954年(nian)(nian)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)憲法》第一章第三(san)條明確規定(ding)，“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)統(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)。……各(ge)(ge)(ge)少(shao)數(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方實行區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地方都是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不可分離(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分。”這再次表(biao)明新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式(shi)是(shi)(shi)單一制下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。1954年(nian)(nian)憲法改(gai)變(bian)原來(lai)按照區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)大小和人(ren)口(kou)多(duo)少(shao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提法，具體指(zhi)出分別(bie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州、自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣等(deng)三(san)級民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)關，并賦(fu)予民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地方制定(ding)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條例(li)(li)和單行條例(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力。這樣(yang)，新中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)——單一制下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正式(shi)得(de)以確立(li)(li)，少(shao)數(shu)(shu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制度(du)(du)也(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)起來(lai)。

農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基層(ceng)(ceng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)形式是(shi)村(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)自治(zhi)(zhi)，即在農(nong)(nong)村(cun)由村(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)辦理(li)(li)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事務(wu)(wu)，農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)群眾直接行使民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權利，實(shi)(shi)行自我(wo)(wo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、自我(wo)(wo)教育、自我(wo)(wo)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項基本社會民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)度。根據《中華人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共和國村(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)委(wei)員會組織(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基層(ceng)(ceng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體內(nei)容(rong)就是(shi)全面推進(jin)村(cun)級民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選舉、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決策、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監督。這一制(zhi)度實(shi)(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)觀(guan)條件(jian)就是(shi)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，包括(kuo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)識(shi)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意識(shi)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)律觀(guan)念、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)參與意識(shi)和參與能力等在內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，既是(shi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基層(ceng)(ceng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，也是(shi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基層(ceng)(ceng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)。反過(guo)來，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基層(ceng)(ceng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建設不僅對(dui)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)提(ti)出了更高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，也必將使農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)乃至綜合素質(zhi)得到(dao)顯(xian)著(zhu)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。

1提高農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)政治(zhi)素質是(shi)農(nong)(nong)村基層民(min)(min)主政治(zhi)建設的基礎(chu)

廣大農民(min)是(shi)農村(cun)基層民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)，他們(men)(men)(men)應該是(shi)“政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)權利(li)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)權力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)(he)(he)(he)運用者(zhe)(zhe)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)文化(hua)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)思想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承載(zai)者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)(he)(he)(he)傳播(bo)者(zhe)(zhe)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)行為(wei)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)規(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)(he)(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定者(zhe)(zhe)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)設(she)(she)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創建(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)(he)(he)(he)鋪設(she)(she)者(zhe)(zhe)”［1］250。他們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)主意識、法(fa)律觀念(nian)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)知識、參政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能力(li)等政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)素質狀況如何(he)，直接影(ying)響著(zhu)我(wo)國農村(cun)民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進程和(he)(he)(he)(he)社會公平正義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)，從(cong)而決(jue)定農村(cun)能否形成安(an)定和(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好秩序。農民(min)是(shi)中國最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動(dong)階級，他們(men)(men)(men)為(wei)中國革(ge)命(ming)和(he)(he)(he)(he)社會主義現(xian)代化(hua)建(jian)設(she)(she)事(shi)業做出(chu)了(le)巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻和(he)(he)(he)(he)犧牲。但毋庸諱言，他們(men)(men)(men)身上(shang)也(ye)存在(zai)著(zhu)許多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弱點和(he)(he)(he)(he)缺陷。由于他們(men)(men)(men)文化(hua)素質較低，宗族觀念(nian)根深蒂(di)固，民(min)主法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意識不(bu)強，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)參與(yu)能力(li)欠缺，對自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利(li)沒有十(shi)分清楚(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識，不(bu)能按照制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程序參與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)生活，表達自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)意愿(yuan)。這些(xie)缺陷和(he)(he)(he)(he)不(bu)足，會使他們(men)(men)(men)在(zai)自(zi)身權利(li)遭受(shou)侵犯(fan)時，或者(zhe)(zhe)聽之任之而無(wu)(wu)動(dong)于衷、無(wu)(wu)所(suo)適(shi)從(cong)，或者(zhe)(zhe)頭腦發(fa)(fa)熱、感情用事(shi)，做出(chu)過火的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)。目(mu)前我(wo)國農村(cun)正處在(zai)社會轉型時期，伴隨著(zhu)市場(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展和(he)(he)(he)(he)社會分層加劇，農村(cun)不(bu)安(an)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)因素也(ye)在(zai)增(zeng)長。如:城鄉二元社會結(jie)構造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農民(min)不(bu)滿(man)情緒(xu)不(bu)斷上(shang)升，部分干部不(bu)規(gui)范(fan)執法(fa)引發(fa)(fa)干群關系緊張導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突發(fa)(fa)性(xing)群體(ti)事(shi)件時有發(fa)(fa)生，宗族勢力(li)或惡勢力(li)對村(cun)民(min)自(zi)治(zhi)選舉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滲透有強化(hua)趨勢，盜竊、搶(qiang)劫等刑事(shi)犯(fan)罪案(an)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)生，邪教及迷信活動(dong)屢禁不(bu)止，相鄰(lin)間財產糾(jiu)紛釀(niang)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)端(duan)不(bu)斷增(zeng)多，等等。這些(xie)不(bu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素會嚴重地(di)影(ying)響到農村(cun)民(min)主法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進程與(yu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構建(jian)。因此(ci)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)必須把提高農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)素質作為(wei)農村(cun)民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)建(jian)設(she)(she)與(yu)構建(jian)農村(cun)和(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎性(xing)工程來(lai)抓(zhua)。

2提高農(nong)民政治素質(zhi)是農(nong)村基層民主政治建設的重要內容和(he)體現

提(ti)(ti)高社(she)(she)會(hui)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)是社(she)(she)會(hui)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)，社(she)(she)會(hui)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)又是社(she)(she)會(hui)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主意(yi)識(shi)、參(can)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力、法(fa)律(lv)(lv)水(shui)準是我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)(he)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)。因此，加強(qiang)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)進(jin)(jin)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)育，提(ti)(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)就成為農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)基(ji)層(ceng)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)任務。隨著改(gai)革(ge)開(kai)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深入和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深化，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)經濟(ji)與社(she)(she)會(hui)發生了(le)(le)深刻變革(ge)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)主意(yi)識(shi)得到(dao)(dao)不(bu)斷(duan)洗禮，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)人口流動(dong)和(he)(he)(he)階層(ceng)分(fen)化在(zai)加速(su)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)傳統政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文化中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)法(fa)思想(xiang)、血親觀念等正在(zai)被(bei)現(xian)代民(min)(min)主思想(xiang)所(suo)取代，特別是隨著村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)自治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)識(shi)、民(min)(min)主意(yi)識(shi)、法(fa)律(lv)(lv)意(yi)識(shi)在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)高，他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)已(yi)經或多或少地開(kai)始進(jin)(jin)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)參(can)與了(le)(le)。那么，在(zai)此形勢下，有針對(dui)性地加強(qiang)對(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)進(jin)(jin)行政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)常識(shi)和(he)(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)參(can)與技能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育與培訓，增強(qiang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)化觀念，提(ti)(ti)高他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、議(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、監督能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，使(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)成為在(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公民(min)(min)，就成為農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)。提(ti)(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)素質(zhi)，既(ji)要(yao)培養他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主思想(xiang)、法(fa)制觀念和(he)(he)(he)程(cheng)序意(yi)識(shi)，使(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)意(yi)識(shi)和(he)(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責任感得到(dao)(dao)強(qiang)化，又要(yao)豐富他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)識(shi)、法(fa)律(lv)(lv)知(zhi)識(shi)，培養他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力，使(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)在(zai)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益受到(dao)(dao)侵犯(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候敢于表達(da)和(he)(he)(he)保護，并能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠在(zai)制度(du)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道(dao)上(shang)采取行動(dong)來捍衛自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正當(dang)權益，使(shi)整個農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)社(she)(she)會(hui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠在(zai)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內(nei)保持和(he)(he)(he)諧有序，從而推(tui)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)與和(he)(he)(he)諧社(she)(she)會(hui)構建。

3農村基層民主(zhu)政(zheng)治建(jian)設的推(tui)進(jin)對農民的政(zheng)治素(su)質提出了更(geng)高(gao)的要求(qiu)

[摘(zhai)要]鄧小平(ping)“沒(mei)有(you)(you)民主(zhu)就沒(mei)有(you)(you)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)，就沒(mei)有(you)(you)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)的(de)現(xian)代化”的(de)思想，是對馬克思主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)經(jing)典(dian)作家關于(yu)民主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治建(jian)設理論(lun)的(de)繼(ji)承和發展，同時也(ye)為我國民主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治建(jian)設奠定了(le)基調(diao)。經(jing)過(guo)幾(ji)代共產(chan)黨人(ren)的(de)共同努力，中國特(te)色社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)民主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治不(bu)斷向前(qian)發展。

[關鍵詞]民主(zhu)；社(she)會主(zhu)義現代化(hua)；鄧小平

十一屆三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)(hui)以來(lai)(lai)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)帶領人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)探索和建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色(se)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)地推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)經濟、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)、文(wen)化以及其(qi)(qi)他(ta)方(fang)面體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)。這(zhe)一進(jin)(jin)程是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“實踐是(shi)檢驗真理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一標(biao)準”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大討論背景下(xia)進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，以鄧(deng)小(xiao)平為(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)對國(guo)際國(guo)內形勢、對我(wo)(wo)們(men)所處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)階段、當(dang)時社(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)矛盾(dun)等問(wen)題進(jin)(jin)行了(le)重新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)視，在(zai)(zai)(zai)此基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，毅然決然地進(jin)(jin)行了(le)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)開放，使中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)和我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)情相結合(he)，使我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)逐步進(jin)(jin)入(ru)了(le)新境(jing)界。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總設(she)(she)計師——鄧(deng)小(xiao)平，為(wei)我(wo)(wo)們(men)設(she)(she)計了(le)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)和建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宏偉藍圖。“政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)作為(wei)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)全(quan)面改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分，必須隨著(zhu)經濟社(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)而不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)深(shen)(shen)化，與人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)參與積極性(xing)不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)提高(gao)相適應。”鄧(deng)小(xiao)平領導人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)努(nu)力(li)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)，并對民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)這(zhe)一問(wen)題進(jin)(jin)行了(le)深(shen)(shen)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)考(kao)，提出了(le)一系列重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)和觀點(dian)，它是(shi)對馬克思(si)主(zhu)義(yi)經典作家關于民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承和發(fa)展(zhan)，同(tong)時也為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色(se)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)奠定(ding)了(le)基(ji)(ji)調(diao)。經過幾(ji)代(dai)共(gong)產黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努(nu)力(li)，當(dang)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接力(li)棒傳到(dao)以為(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)產黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)手中(zhong)(zhong)時，他(ta)們(men)提出了(le)要(yao)“以黨(dang)內民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)推(tui)(tui)(tui)動人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)”、“人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)”等一系列新思(si)想(xiang)新觀點(dian)，作出了(le)要(yao)“堅定(ding)不(bu)移發(fa)展(zhan)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)”等一系列新舉措。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍(wei)下(xia)，學習和研究鄧(deng)小(xiao)平民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論和實踐，其(qi)(qi)意(yi)義(yi)就越(yue)發(fa)凸(tu)顯(xian)出來(lai)(lai)。

一、“沒有(you)民(min)主(zhu)就沒有(you)社(she)會主(zhu)義，就沒有(you)社(she)會主(zhu)義的(de)現代化”

在(zai)探索和(he)建設中(zhong)(zhong)國特(te)色社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)國共產黨人(ren)緊(jin)緊(jin)圍繞著(zhu)一條主(zhu)(zhu)線——馬(ma)克(ke)思主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)國化，站在(zai)馬(ma)克(ke)思主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本立場上，運用(yong)其基(ji)本原理和(he)方(fang)法來(lai)研(yan)究和(he)解(jie)決(jue)我們在(zai)發展過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)遇(yu)到的(de)(de)(de)新情況新問題。在(zai)建設中(zhong)(zhong)國特(te)色社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)民主(zhu)(zhu)政治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)，鄧小平對比正反兩方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)經驗和(he)教訓，對民主(zhu)(zhu)政治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性、民主(zhu)(zhu)和(he)社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)作(zuo)了深刻的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)述，并把(ba)民主(zhu)(zhu)政治(zhi)建設作(zuo)為(wei)社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)現代化建設的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內容和(he)目標(biao)來(lai)看(kan)待。

1979年3月，在(zai)《堅持四項基(ji)本原(yuan)則(ze)》的(de)(de)(de)講話(hua)中(zhong)，鄧小平(ping)說：“沒(mei)(mei)有(you)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)就(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)，就(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代化。”這是(shi)對(dui)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)經典(dian)作家(jia)關于民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政治建(jian)設思(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)繼承(cheng)和(he)(he)發展。馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)恩格(ge)斯列寧等(deng)馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)經典(dian)作家(jia)在(zai)理論(lun)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)踐上對(dui)無(wu)產階(jie)級(ji)新型民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政治的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設進(jin)(jin)行了(le)一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)嘗(chang)試和(he)(he)努(nu)力，留下了(le)許多(duo)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)精神財(cai)富。“沒(mei)(mei)有(you)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)就(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)”就(jiu)是(shi)其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)個(ge)基(ji)本觀點(dian)，它(ta)闡明了(le)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)關系，是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)體現(xian)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)制度優越性的(de)(de)(de)東西。希臘文中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，其(qi)本意是(shi)“人(ren)民(min)(min)當家(jia)作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”或者(zhe)是(shi)“多(duo)數人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)治”。馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)恩格(ge)斯指出，一(yi)切革(ge)命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本問題是(shi)國家(jia)政權(quan)問題，“工人(ren)革(ge)命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)步就(jiu)是(shi)使無(wu)產階(jie)級(ji)上升為統(tong)(tong)治階(jie)級(ji)，爭得民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”。進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步闡明了(le)建(jian)立無(wu)產階(jie)級(ji)專政的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)國家(jia)，使絕大(da)多(duo)數人(ren)能夠當家(jia)作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，是(shi)無(wu)產階(jie)級(ji)革(ge)命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)直接目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。列寧在(zai)反復研究馬(ma)克(ke)(ke)思(si)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)國家(jia)學說的(de)(de)(de)前提下，結合俄(e)國的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際，在(zai)實(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，對(dui)新型民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)設作了(le)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)、綱領性的(de)(de)(de)規劃和(he)(he)設想(xiang)，他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)“沒(mei)(mei)有(you)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)就(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)，是(shi)規劃得以(yi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件和(he)(he)保證。這些思(si)想(xiang)對(dui)我們今天的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政治建(jian)設仍有(you)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)借鑒(jian)意義(yi)。

同志在十六屆(jie)四(si)中(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)上強調(diao)，社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義和諧(xie)社(she)(she)會(hui)是(shi)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法治、公平正義、誠(cheng)信友愛、充滿(man)活力(li)、安定有序、人(ren)與(yu)自然和諧(xie)相(xiang)處(chu)的社(she)(she)會(hui)。發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治，建(jian)(jian)設社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義政(zheng)(zheng)治文明，是(shi)全(quan)面建(jian)(jian)設小康社(she)(she)會(hui)的重要(yao)(yao)目標，也是(shi)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義和諧(xie)社(she)(she)會(hui)的重要(yao)(yao)保證。我們黨歷來重視農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治建(jian)(jian)設。尤其是(shi)黨的十一(yi)屆(jie)三中(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)以(yi)來，經(jing)過努(nu)力(li)探索，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治建(jian)(jian)設不(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，逐步形成民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選舉、民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決(jue)策(ce)、民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理、民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監督等各項民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理制度，村(cun)民(min)自治、政(zheng)(zheng)務公開等基(ji)層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)作思路和方法，有力(li)地促進(jin)了農(nong)(nong)村(cun)的改(gai)革穩定發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。在新形勢下(xia)如何進(jin)一(yi)步推進(jin)基(ji)層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，加強農(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治建(jian)(jian)設，是(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義現(xian)代(dai)化事業，建(jian)(jian)設社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義和諧(xie)社(she)(she)會(hui)的一(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)課題(ti)。

一、加強農(nong)村基層(ceng)民主政治建(jian)設(she)的重要意義

我(wo)國是個(ge)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業大國，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民占人(ren)口(kou)的絕大多數，這是我(wo)國的基(ji)(ji)本國情。農(nong)(nong)(nong)業、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民問題，事關改(gai)革(ge)(ge)開放(fang)和(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)現代化建設(she)的全局(ju)，歷來是黨和(he)(he)國家關注的大事。進(jin)一步加強農(nong)(nong)(nong)村基(ji)(ji)層民主政(zheng)治建設(she)，對(dui)于全面貫徹(che)黨的十六(liu)大和(he)(he)十六(liu)屆四中全會(hui)精(jing)神(shen)，維護農(nong)(nong)(nong)村的改(gai)革(ge)(ge)、發展和(he)(he)穩定的大局(ju)，保障和(he)(he)促(cu)進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村物(wu)質文(wen)明(ming)、政(zheng)治文(wen)明(ming)和(he)(he)精(jing)神(shen)文(wen)明(ming)的協調(diao)發展，構建社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)和(he)(he)諧社(she)會(hui)，都具有十分重(zhong)要的意義(yi)。

第一(yi)，加強農(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)民(min)主政治建設，是鞏固黨在農(nong)村(cun)執政基(ji)(ji)礎的必然要求。

我國是工(gong)人(ren)階級領導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)，以(yi)工(gong)農(nong)聯盟為基礎(chu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)民(min)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)義國家，農(nong)民(min)是我們黨(dang)在農(nong)村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要依靠(kao)力(li)量，也是我們國家政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)最廣(guang)(guang)泛、最深厚的(de)(de)(de)群(qun)眾(zhong)基礎(chu)。村(cun)(cun)民(min)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)等基層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)實現(xian)形式是發展農(nong)村(cun)(cun)基層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)，保(bao)證(zheng)農(nong)民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)在黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)領導(dao)下行使民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)利(li)，參與管理(li)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)事(shi)(shi)務，維護自(zi)身(shen)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要途徑。改革開(kai)放以(yi)來，農(nong)民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)生產經營和(he)對自(zi)身(shen)事(shi)(shi)務的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)方式發生了深刻變化(hua)，農(nong)民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)市場主(zhu)(zhu)體意識、民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)法制意識明顯增強，積極(ji)要求參與農(nong)村(cun)(cun)基層民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建設。做好(hao)(hao)這項工(gong)作，有利(li)于(yu)在經濟(ji)上保(bao)障(zhang)農(nong)民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)物質利(li)益(yi)，在政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)上尊重(zhong)農(nong)民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)利(li)，實現(xian)好(hao)(hao)、維護好(hao)(hao)、發展好(hao)(hao)廣(guang)(guang)大農(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)根本利(li)益(yi)，堅(jian)定廣(guang)(guang)大農(nong)民(min)跟黨(dang)走(zou)中國特色社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)義道路的(de)(de)(de)信心，進一步鞏固黨(dang)在農(nong)村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)執政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)基礎(chu)。

第二，加強農(nong)村基層民主(zhu)政治建設(she)，是構建社會(hui)主(zhu)義和(he)諧(xie)社會(hui)的現實需要。