導語：如何才能寫好一篇(pian)中藥制劑技術(shu)論文(wen)，這就需(xu)要搜集整(zheng)理(li)更多的資料和文(wen)獻，歡(huan)迎閱讀由公務員之家整(zheng)理(li)的十篇(pian)范文(wen)，供(gong)你借(jie)鑒。

篇1

摘要：中藥若要進入國際市場，其現代化勢在必行。其中制劑工藝與生產技木的現代化是相當關鍵的壞節。近年一些中藥制劑新技木以及一些新技術在中藥(yao)制劑(ji)領域的應用大大促進了中藥(yao)現代化的進程。

超(chao)臨(lin)界流(liu)體萃取(qu)技(ji)木利用(yong)超(chao)臨(lin)界流(liu)體擴散(san)系數高,流(liu)動及(ji)傳遞性能好(hao)、溶解能力強的(de)特點，通(tong)過調(diao)節壓(ya)力、溫(wen)度以(yi)及(ji)加入適(shi)宜夾帶劑等方(fang)法已廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于中(zhong)藥揮發油、生物堿、黃(huang)酮類等多(duo)種有(you)效成分的(de)提取(qu)分離。另外，超(chao)臨(lin)界流(liu)體的(de)快速(su)膨脹過程，超(chao)臨(lin)界反萃取(qu)過程等也可應(ying)用(yong)于中(zhong)藥生產領域(yu)。

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)生產技術(shu)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)藝現代化是我國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)產業面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要問題。雖然80年代改革(ge)開(kai)放以來(lai)成立了(le)(le)國家中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)管理局，使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)生產枝術(shu)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)藝工(gong)(gong)程化有了(le)(le)迅(xun)速的(de)(de)發(fa)展，與(yu)先進國家相比，仍(reng)存(cun)在著很大的(de)(de)差(cha)距(ju)。相當數(shu)量的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)仍(reng)未(wei)能(neng)改交(jiao)“粗、大、黑”的(de)(de)面(mian)貌，嚴重阻礙了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)現代化的(de)(de)進程。因此(ci)，開(kai)發(fa)研究適合中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)生產的(de)(de)新技術(shu)、新工(gong)(gong)藝已經成為廣大中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)作者迫切(qie)而艱巨(ju)的(de)(de)任(ren)務(wu)。

一、流體萃取技術

超(chao)(chao)臨界(jie)流(liu)體(ti)（SCF）是溫度(du)(du)與(yu)壓力均(jun)在(zai)其(qi)臨界(jie)點(dian)之(zhi)上(shang)的(de)流(liu)體(ti)，性質介于(yu)氣(qi)體(ti)和(he)液(ye)體(ti)之(zhi)間，有(you)與(yu)液(ye)體(ti)相接近(jin)的(de)密度(du)(du)，與(yu)氣(qi)體(ti)相接近(jin)的(de)粘度(du)(du)及高(gao)的(de)擴散系數，故(gu)具有(you)很高(gao)的(de)溶(rong)解能力及好的(de)流(liu)動、傳遞(di)性能，可代替傳統的(de)有(you)毒、易(yi)燃、易(yi)揮發的(de)有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)劑。最(zui)常用(yong)的(de)SCF-CO2由于(yu)具有(you)臨界(jie)條件溫和(he)（Tc=31.3℃．Pc=7.48×106Pa）、對大部分物質顯化學惰性、無(wu)(wu)色(se)無(wu)(wu)味無(wu)(wu)毒、無(wu)(wu)溶(rong)解污染、易(yi)制成(cheng)高(gao)純度(du)(du)氣(qi)體(ti)、不易(yi)燃等優點(dian)，已被廣泛慶(qing)用(yong)于(yu)SFE、超(chao)(chao)臨界(jie)溶(rong)液(ye)的(de)快(kuai)速膨脹過(guo)程（RESS）、超(chao)(chao)臨界(jie)反萃取過(guo)程（SAS）和(he)超(chao)(chao)臨界(jie)高(gao)分子合(he)成(cheng)中。

二、中藥澄清技術

我國中(zhong)藥(yao)制(zhi)藥(yao)工業對(dui)中(zhong)藥(yao)提取(qu)液的(de)澄(cheng)清(qing)，經典的(de)方(fang)法是醇(chun)沉(chen)法。但已有(you)不少報道認為將乙醇(chun)作(zuo)(zuo)為澄(cheng)清(qing)劑(ji)有(you)諸多不合理性，如把不溶于(yu)醇(chun)的(de)無機(ji)物成(cheng)份作(zuo)(zuo)為雜質除去是不妥的(de)，許多現代(dai)研究(jiu)具有(you)生(sheng)物活性與免疫作(zuo)(zuo)用的(de)蛋(dan)白質、多糧也級易被醇(chun)沉(chen)淀。另外，醇(chun)沉(chen)工藝時間(jian)長、成(cheng)本高、損耗乙醇(chun)量(liang)一般在30%以上，成(cheng)品中(zhong)殘存的(de)乙醇(chun)也可(ke)能對(dui)藥(yao)效(xiao)有(you)所影晌。近年(nian)來，一些新材料(liao)、新技木開(kai)始應用于(yu)中(zhong)藥(yao)藥(yao)液的(de)澄(cheng)清(qing)，不僅(jin)可(ke)降低成(cheng)本、縮短生(sheng)產周(zhou)期，也能保證制(zhi)劑(ji)穩定性及有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分的(de)含量(liang)。

1.澄清劑的使用

（1）101果汁澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)清(qing)(qing)劑成(cheng)份為食用(yong)級原料，是水溶性的(de)膠狀(zhuang)物質(zhi)，安全無毒，不引入雜質(zhi)并可(ke)隨沉(chen)淀(dian)后的(de)不溶性雜質(zhi)一(yi)同(tong)除(chu)去，通常(chang)配5%的(de)水溶液(ye)(ye)使用(yong)。有(you)研究證明，101澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)清(qing)(qing)劑應用(yong)于黃芪，茯苓提取(qu)液(ye)(ye)的(de)澄(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)清(qing)(qing)，能保持藥液(ye)(ye)中氨基酸與(yu)總有(you)機(ji)酸等有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分的(de)含量。

（2）甲殼(ke)素(su)甲殼(ke)素(su)是一種含氨基多糖(tang)的天然高(gao)分子物質，帶(dai)正電荷，可沉降藥(yao)液(ye)中帶(dai)負電荷的懸浮物。有人將其用(yong)于(yu)生脈飲的澄清，效(xiao)果優于(yu)醇沉工(gong)藝。用(yong)于(yu)白芍(shao)水(shui)提液(ye)的澄清，不影響(xiang)(xiang)芍(shao)藥(yao)甙的含量(liang)。有人將殼(ke)聚糖(tang)（脫乙酰基甲殼(ke)素(su)）用(yong)于(yu)黃(huang)芪(qi)口服(fu)液(ye)的澄清，既能除去(qu)雜質又不影響(xiang)(xiang)黃(huang)芪(qi)甲甙及(ji)多糖(tang)的含量(liang)。

（3）ZTC天然澄(cheng)清(qing)劑可(ke)除去鞣質、蛋白(bai)質、膠(jiao)體(ti)等不穩(wen)定成(cheng)份(fen)，并且不影響(xiang)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)有效成(cheng)分，如黃(huang)酮(tong)、生物堿(jian)、苷類、氨基(ji)酸(suan)、多(duo)肽、多(duo)糖(tang)等。有人(ren)將(jiang)其用于(yu)(yu)荊防(fang)品服(fu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)澄(cheng)清(qing)，效果滿意。應用于(yu)(yu)八珍(zhen)口服(fu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)澄(cheng)清(qing)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中芍藥(yao)(yao)(yao)甙(dai)、氨基(ji)酸(suan)、多(duo)糖(tang)、總固(gu)體(ti)的(de)含量高于(yu)(yu)水醇法(fa)所(suo)得(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理實驗(yan)也證明該法(fa)所(suo)制(zhi)得(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，其作用優于(yu)(yu)八珍(zhen)丸。

（4）明膠、鞣酸(suan)、蛋(dan)(dan)清(qing)及其他明膠、鞣酸(suan)、蛋(dan)(dan)清(qing)主(zhu)要作用是除(chu)去鞣質，還有酶、焦(jiao)糖等(deng)除(chu)去雜(za)質成分的。

目前有(you)(you)高速離(li)心與超濾(lv)兩種較先進的分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)技術(shu)(shu)。其中(zhong)(zhong)超濾(lv)技術(shu)(shu)是以多孔(kong)性(xing)(xing)半透膜—超濾(lv)膜作為分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)介質(zhi)的一種膜分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)技術(shu)(shu)，具有(you)(you)破壞有(you)(you)效(xiao)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)的可能性(xing)(xing)小、能量消耗少、工藝流(liu)程短等(deng)優(you)點。許多文獻都證實采用超濾(lv)法澄(cheng)清中(zhong)(zhong)藥注射(she)液，主(zhu)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)損失率低，除(chu)(chu)鞣質(zhi)、蛋白質(zhi)、淀粉(fen)效(xiao)率高，澄(cheng)明(ming)度(du)及制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)好。用于口服液的澄(cheng)清，也(ye)能較好的保留有(you)(you)效(xiao)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)，且澄(cheng)清度(du)、穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)及除(chu)(chu)菌(jun)效(xiao)果均(jun)比水醇法好。用于中(zhong)(zhong)藥浸膏制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)（片劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、膠(jiao)囊劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、濃縮丸等(deng)）能有(you)(you)效(xiao)地除(chu)(chu)去大分(fen)(fen)(fen)子雜質(zhi)、膠(jiao)體、細(xi)菌(jun)，較多地保留有(you)(you)效(xiao)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)，而且能夠克服中(zhong)(zhong)藥浸膏制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)崩解時間長、服用劑(ji)(ji)(ji)量大等(deng)缺點。

三、中藥分離工藝

1.大(da)規模制(zhi)備色譜(pu)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)色譜(pu)方法(fa)的(de)起源(yuan)、發展(zhan)與天然(ran)產物的(de)研究工作密(mi)切相關。色譜(pu)方法(fa)由分(fen)析型(xing)逐(zhu)漸發展(zhan)到制(zhi)備型(xing)，其應(ying)用(yong)領域不(bu)斷擴展(zhan)。中藥(yao)屬(shu)于天然(ran)化(hua)學品范疇(chou)，成(cheng)分(fen)多(duo)而(er)結(jie)構復雜,有效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)的(de)分(fen)離(li)、純化(hua)很困難，色譜(pu)分(fen)離(li)技(ji)術無(wu)疑是這類物質精細分(fen)離(li)的(de)有效(xiao)手段(duan)。目前，亟待(dai)研究與開發的(de)制(zhi)備色譜(pu)大(da)概有以下(xia)幾種(zhong)：

（1）大規(gui)模高壓(ya)液相色(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)（HPLC）大規(gui)模的(de)制(zhi)備型色(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)同一般制(zhi)備色(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)不同，需采用專(zhuan)門的(de)設備，如可以提供高流速洗(xi)脫液的(de)輸液泵及可承受高壓(ya)的(de)色(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)柱，色(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)分(fen)離條件(jian)可以在一定條件(jian)下(xia)由優(you)化的(de)分(fen)析(xi)型直接轉(zhuan)化為大規(gui)模制(zhi)備型。有(you)報道用大規(gui)模HPLC從傘(san)形科植物(wu)紅柴胡中分(fen)得三(san)種皂甙成(cheng)分(fen)Saikosaoninsa，c．和d．，從紫杉的(de)針(zhen)葉分(fen)得7-epi-cephalomannine。

（2）超臨界流體(ti)(ti)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)（SFC）FC具(ju)有(you)(you)比(bi)HPLC分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)速度更恰似，比(bi)HPLC更易除(chu)去(qu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)產(chan)物(wu)中(zhong)溶劑(ji)，與(yu)(yu)SFE配(pei)(pei)合使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，提(ti)(ti)(ti)取、濃縮、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)一次性(xing)完成，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)可(ke)(ke)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)不揮發及(ji)熱不穩定化(hua)合物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)等(deng)一系列優(you)點(dian)，因而(er)具(ju)有(you)(you)更廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)領(ling)域，常可(ke)(ke)替代氣相(xiang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)（GC）和(he)HPLC，有(you)(you)報(bao)道綜述(shu)了SFC在(zai)天(tian)然產(chan)物(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，國內也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)這方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報(bao)道。(3）逆流色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)（CCC）CCC是(shi)一種(zhong)不用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)固態吸(xi)附劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)液態色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)方法(fa)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一個液態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固定相(xiang)和(he)一個與(yu)(yu)固定相(xiang)互不混淆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液態流動相(xiang)，對樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)。其(qi)中(zhong)，離(li)(li)(li)心分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)（CPC）由于(yu)其(qi)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回收(shou)率(lv)(lv)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)辨率(lv)(lv)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)能突現梯(ti)度操作(zuo)(zuo)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)大(da)量樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)、實現反相(xiang)操作(zuo)(zuo)等(deng)優(you)勢，而(er)廣(guang)泛地應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)黃酮(tong)炎、口山酮(tong)類(lei)、蒽類(lei)、生物(wu)堿(jian)、三萜(tie)類(lei)、木脂(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)、皂(zao)苷類(lei)化(hua)合物(wu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)。（4）分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)排阻(zu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)（SEC）SEC又叫做(zuo)凝膠過濾色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)（GFC），在(zai)多(duo)孔(kong)親水(shui)性(xing)擔體(ti)(ti)上(shang)，樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)經過立體(ti)(ti)排阻(zu)過程(cheng)按分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)大(da)小遞(di)減的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順序被依次選擇性(xing)地分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)開。SEC具(ju)有(you)(you)根高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)回收(shou)率(lv)(lv)，方法(fa)簡單、快速，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)、氨基酸(suan)、多(duo)糖、核(he)酸(suan)、核(he)苷酸(suan)等(deng)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)制(zhi)備。（5）離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)交換(huan)(huan)(huan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)優(you)點(dian)是(shi)方法(fa)比(bi)較(jiao)成熟，成本(ben)較(jiao)低，易于(yu)實現大(da)規模生產(chan)，因而(er)可(ke)(ke)廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)、肽(tai)、核(he)酸(suan)、糖類(lei)等(deng)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)。有(you)(you)報(bao)道用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)交換(huan)(huan)(huan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)和(he)SEC法(fa)，從車前葉中(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)得具(ju)有(you)(you)補體(ti)(ti)活化(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)糖。離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)交換(huan)(huan)(huan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)較(jiao)適(shi)合與(yu)(yu)反相(xiang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)配(pei)(pei)合使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，作(zuo)(zuo)為最初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)手段。（6）反相(xiang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)（RPC）RPC是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)組分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親疏水(shui)性(xing)差異(yi)進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，RPC分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)辨率(lv)(lv)高于(yu)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)交換(huan)(huan)(huan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)譜(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)與(yu)(yu)疏水(shui)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)增（HIC），是(shi)進行(xing)(xing)制(zhi)備型(xing)或生產(chan)型(xing)肽(tai)類(lei)純化(hua)過程(cheng)中(zhong)最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)木，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)(ti)純。大(da)孔(kong)吸(xi)附村脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)孔(kong)吸(xi)附樹脂(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)70年代未開始(shi)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)藥化(hua)學成分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)，是(shi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)水(shui)溶性(xing)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)有(you)(you)效方法(fa)、有(you)(you)助于(yu)制(zhi)劑(ji)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)進。如用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)三七、人(ren)參中(zhong)總(zong)皂(zao)苷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)，提(ti)(ti)(ti)取率(lv)(lv)高，并(bing)能除(chu)去(qu)糖類(lei)等(deng)水(shui)溶性(xing)雜質(zhi)及(ji)大(da)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)脂(zhi)(zhi)溶性(xing)雜質(zhi)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)絞(jiao)股藍皂(zao)苷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取、白芍總(zong)苷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)等(deng)。

篇2

論文(wen)關鍵詞：中(zhong)藥，口腔(qiang)，幽門螺桿菌

 

許多學者(zhe)采用(yong)不同的方(fang)法(fa)從牙菌(jun)斑(ban)、唾液、牙周粘膜中分離出(chu)幽門螺(luo)桿菌(jun) (Hel icobacter pylori，HP)，說明人(ren)類(lei)口(kou)(kou)腔(qiang)環境也是HP寄居的部位。中藥具有(you)較強的抑(yi)菌(jun)或殺滅HP作(zuo)用(yong)，以清熱解毒類(lei)為多，被稱(cheng)為植物性抗生(sheng)素。本資料將黃芩(qin)、蒲公(gong)英、大(da)黃、薄荷(he)、檳榔、甘草配伍制(zhi)成的中藥漱口(kou)(kou)劑應用(yong)于口(kou)(kou)腔(qiang)HP陽(yang)性患者(zhe)，通過快(kuai)速尿素酶技術檢測HP，觀(guan)察用(yong)藥前后口(kou)(kou)腔(qiang)HP感染(ran)情況，評價中藥漱口(kou)(kou)劑抑(yi)制(zhi)口(kou)(kou)腔(qiang)HP的臨床療效(xiao)，為清除口(kou)(kou)腔(qiang)HP感染(ran)尋找一種(zhong)有(you)效(xiao)的方(fang)法(fa)。

1 臨(lin)床資料與(yu)方法

1.1一般資(zi)料 選(xuan)擇2009年1月(yue)～2009年12月(yue)我院口(kou)腔(qiang)(qiang)門診按醫囑(zhu)正確(que)使用(yong)漱口(kou)劑治(zhi)療的(de)230例(li)口(kou)腔(qiang)(qiang)唾液Hp陽性(xing)患者，按隨(sui)機(ji)化(hua)原(yuan)則分為觀察(cha)組和對照(zhao)組各115例(li)。觀察(cha)組中男65例(li)，女(nv)50例(li)，年齡(ling)11～68歲(sui)(sui)，平(ping)均(38.7±15.0)歲(sui)(sui)。對照(zhao)組中男68例(li)，女(nv)47例(li)，年齡(ling)10～66歲(sui)(sui)，平(ping)均平(ping)均(39.6±15.2)歲(sui)(sui)。排(pai)除嚴(yan)重的(de)全(quan)身系(xi)統(tong)性(xing)疾病患者、妊娠或哺乳期婦女(nv)、1個月(yue)內使用(yong)抗生素或胃藥、6個月(yue)內接受牙周治(zhi)療者。兩(liang)組患者年齡(ling)、性(xing)別分布的(de)檢驗結(jie)果無顯著性(xing)差異(P>0.05)，具有可比(bi)性(xing)。

1.2方法

1.2.1中藥(yao)漱口劑(ji)煎(jian)制 黃芩9g、蒲(pu)公英(ying)30g、大黃12 g、檳榔12g、甘草10g，加水過藥(yao)面2～3cm浸(jin)泡2小(xiao)時，入(ru)鍋(guo)文火(huo)煎(jian)制lh，放入(ru)薄荷10g文火(huo)煎(jian)10min藥(yao)學論文，共(gong)兩次(ci)，用100目(mu)篩過濾(lv)，調配濾(lv)液至適(shi)宜濃度，并加入(ru)適(shi)量0.2％對羥基苯甲酸乙(yi)酯防腐劑(ji)。濾(lv)菌(jun)器過濾(lv)、殺(sha)菌(jun)、分(fen)裝， 4℃冰(bing)箱儲存、備多(duo)次(ci)取(qu)用。

1.2.2漱(shu)口(kou)劑(ji)的使用 觀察組：患(huan)者使用中(zhong)藥(yao)漱(shu)口(kou)劑(ji)含(han)(han)漱(shu)，每日(ri)晨起、中(zhong)午飯后、睡前各(ge)一次共(gong)三次，每次15ml，含(han)(han)漱(shu)時間(jian)3min，并用舌在齒、頰、腭(e)各(ge)面攪動(dong)，鼓漱(shu)后吐出，漱(shu)口(kou)后30min內不(bu)(bu)進食，連用7天(tian)。7天(tian)內戒煙、酒及辛辣(la)刺(ci)激性物，每日(ri)應早、晚用軟毛刷各(ge)刷牙1次，不(bu)(bu)同時使用含(han)(han)抗(kang)菌劑(ji)的藥(yao)物牙膏、抗(kang)生素藥(yao)物。對照(zhao)組：患(huan)者使用生理鹽水含(han)(han)漱(shu)，使用含(han)(han)漱(shu)劑(ji)方法同觀察組。

1.3檢測方法(fa) 在患(huan)者口(kou)腔內牙菌斑、口(kou)腔粘膜和舌背粘膜取樣(yang)，采用聚合酶鏈(lian)反(fan)應(ying)(PCR)法(fa)檢測［1］。

1.4、療(liao)效(xiao)(xiao)判定(ding) 口(kou)腔HP抑殺療(liao)效(xiao)(xiao)評定(ding)標準(zhun)：顯(xian)效(xiao)(xiao)為(wei)HP轉陰，有效(xiao)(xiao)為(wei)快速尿(niao)素酶檢測時間明顯(xian)縮短，無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)為(wei)治療(liao)前后(hou)無(wu)變化(hua)。

1.5統計學方(fang)法(fa) 采(cai)用SPSS13.0進行統計學分析，計數資(zi)料采(cai)用χ2檢驗，P<0.05為差異有統計學意義(yi)。

2結果

2.1兩組患者(zhe)HP療效比較 230例HP陽性患者(zhe)中，觀(guan)察組總有效率(lv)86.96%明顯高于對照組23.48%，差異有統(tong)計(ji)學意義(yi)（&chi;2=28.21，P<O.01）。

表(biao)1 兩組患者(zhe)HP療(liao)效比較(jiao)（例，%）

 

組別

n

顯效

有效

無效

總有效率

觀察組

對照組

115

115

27

73

27

15

88

篇3

關鍵(jian)詞：中藥學(xue)(xue)；專業學(xue)(xue)位；中藥制劑專論(lun)；教學(xue)(xue)改革；碩士研究生

研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)生教育是培養(yang)(yang)高層次人才的(de)重(zhong)要途徑，是國家創新(xin)體系的(de)重(zhong)要組成部(bu)分(fen)。我(wo)國1978年(nian)恢復研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)生教育，1981年(nian)建(jian)立學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei)(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，2009年(nian)教育部(bu)擴大(da)招收以應(ying)屆本科畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)生為主的(de)全(quan)日制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)(shi)專業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei)(wei)范(fan)圍，自(zi)此，我(wo)國碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)生分(fen)為學(xue)(xue)術型(xing)、專業(ye)(ye)型(xing)。學(xue)(xue)術型(xing)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)生以理(li)論研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為主，注重(zhong)培養(yang)(yang)科研(yan)(yan)能(neng)力；專業(ye)(ye)型(xing)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)生側(ce)重(zhong)于綜合(he)素(su)養(yang)(yang)和(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)知識的(de)能(neng)力的(de)培養(yang)(yang)，培養(yang)(yang)實(shi)(shi)際工作(zuo)需要的(de)應(ying)用(yong)型(xing)高層次專門(men)人才。河南中醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)大(da)學(xue)(xue)為全(quan)國首批(pi)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei)(wei)授(shou)予單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，1981年(nian)獲(huo)得國務院(yuan)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei)(wei)委員會批(pi)準(zhun)；2010年(nian)國務院(yuan)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei)(wei)委員會批(pi)準(zhun)中藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)、藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)(shi)專業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)位(wei)(wei)(wei)授(shou)權單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。我(wo)校中藥(yao)專業(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)生涵蓋(gai)：制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)與(yu)新(xin)藥(yao)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、中藥(yao)檢驗(yan)與(yu)分(fen)析、醫(yi)(yi)院(yuan)調劑(ji)與(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)、藥(yao)事管(guan)理(li)等研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)方向，以培養(yang)(yang)具有較強中藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)實(shi)(shi)踐、動手能(neng)力，掌(zhang)握堅實(shi)(shi)的(de)基礎理(li)論和(he)(he)系統的(de)專業(ye)(ye)知識，能(neng)夠結合(he)中藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)專業(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)際掌(zhang)握科研(yan)(yan)基本方法，為培養(yang)(yang)目標。

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)學(xue)(xue)位-制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)與(yu)新(xin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)(jiu)方向注重學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)、產(chan)品研發能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)論(lun)(lun)(lun)是研究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)課程(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)進程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)作為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁，在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)業(ye)、醫(yi)療(liao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)是實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)(ti)與(yu)基礎(chu)，大力(li)開展中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)與(yu)方法(fa)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)研究(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)作，提(ti)(ti)高中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)學(xue)(xue)術水平，深入研究(jiu)(jiu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物劑(ji)(ji)型(xing)與(yu)療(liao)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，為(wei)新(xin)劑(ji)(ji)型(xing)與(yu)新(xin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新(xin)提(ti)(ti)供理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)依據。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導下，保持中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特色，充分(fen)發揮(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)辨證施治，對(dui)癥(zheng)治療(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統優勢，努力(li)在(zai)(zai)復方配(pei)伍理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)研究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)，開發研究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)復方制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)。運(yun)用(yong)(yong)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)科學(xue)(xue)技(ji)術，加強中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)取純化(hua)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備工(gong)藝等(deng)相關研究(jiu)(jiu)，逐步實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劑(ji)(ji)型(xing)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)，質量控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標準化(hua)，生(sheng)產(chan)技(ji)術工(gong)程(cheng)產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)，從整體上(shang)(shang)提(ti)(ti)高中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)水平，加快(kuai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)事業(ye)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進程(cheng)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)論(lun)(lun)(lun)主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)若干(gan)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思索(suo)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)前處理(li)(li)方法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)與(yu)研究(jiu)(jiu)，新(xin)方法(fa)、新(xin)技(ji)術與(yu)新(xin)劑(ji)(ji)型(xing)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)口服給藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)合理(li)(li)性研究(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)評(ping)價，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)新(xin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思路與(yu)方法(fa)等(deng)。鑒(jian)于授(shou)課對(dui)象為(wei)研究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)，為(wei)深化(hua)專(zhuan)業(ye)知識，拓寬知識面，我們進行探索(suo)，并(bing)取得一定成績。在(zai)(zai)教學(xue)(xue)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇上(shang)(shang)，側重前沿性、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐性、應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容，增加學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習興趣，強調應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養。

1以問題為中心

開(kai)展討(tao)論教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)與新藥(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方向的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)業學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)位研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，就業方向多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、產品研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)，對(dui)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合素質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和實踐應用能(neng)力(li)等(deng)(deng)都有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要求。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大多(duo)具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)背景，基(ji)(ji)礎知識扎(zha)實，但分(fen)析(xi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，解決問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)能(neng)力(li)欠缺，在(zai)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)引(yin)入“以(yi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心，開(kai)展討(tao)論教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)相關(guan)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)有(you)更(geng)加深(shen)入的(de)(de)(de)認識，并能(neng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)致用。如：在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)新技(ji)術(shu)(shu)一章授課時，我們以(yi)注射(she)用紫杉醇脂質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體為(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)引(yin)出章節(jie)，以(yi)“制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)新技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)發(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用”為(wei)(wei)(wei)題(ti)(ti)(ti)，讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)主選擇包合技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、固體分(fen)散(san)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、微囊化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、脂質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、微乳化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，查閱資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)，分(fen)組(zu)討(tao)論，闡述(shu)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方法、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)成果、成果轉化(hua)、存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)及未來發(fa)(fa)展趨向，做到學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)深(shen)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)透，并能(neng)夠學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)致用。以(yi)“中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)注射(she)劑(ji)(ji)安全(quan)性再評(ping)價”為(wei)(wei)(wei)切入點，以(yi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)可控(kong)(kong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)，闡述(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)注射(she)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工作(zuo)范(fan)疇即(ji)原輔料(liao)(liao)、飲片前處理、工藝、包裝(zhuang)、貯存、運輸、使(shi)用等(deng)(deng)環節(jie)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)可控(kong)(kong)性評(ping)價對(dui)象為(wei)(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)關(guan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)及穩定性研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)等(deng)(deng)，所遵循的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本原則是(shi)保證(zheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)均一穩定、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)已知的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)風險。并以(yi)清開(kai)靈注射(she)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)歷程、臨(lin)床應用為(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)啟(qi)發(fa)(fa)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)注射(she)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)現狀、存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)、未來研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方向進行思考，引(yin)導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)(fa)現問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)、分(fen)析(xi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)、解決問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)。

2身臨其境

進入車(che)(che)(che)間實地教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)技術、輔(fu)料(liao)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)是藥劑(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的三大(da)支(zhi)柱，其(qi)中(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥設(she)備(bei)的發(fa)展進步對(dui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)保駕(jia)護航(hang)，并(bing)對(dui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)技術的推廣實施起到巨大(da)的推動(dong)作用(yong)。由于中(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)專業碩士(shi)研究生(sheng)(sheng)多為(wei)(wei)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)士(shi)，工科知(zhi)識(shi)薄弱，對(dui)于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)構(gou)造(zao)、使用(yong)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)車(che)(che)(che)間布局等方(fang)面知(zhi)識(shi)欠缺，為(wei)(wei)此我(wo)們利用(yong)我(wo)校制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥模(mo)(mo)擬GMP車(che)(che)(che)間，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)身臨其(qi)境對(dui)車(che)(che)(che)間設(she)計，設(she)備(bei)的構(gou)造(zao)、使用(yong)有較為(wei)(wei)全面的認識(shi)，為(wei)(wei)后續(xu)課題(ti)研究，未來工作奠定基(ji)礎。如我(wo)們選(xuan)擇(ze)感(gan)冒清熱顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)處方(fang)，充分利用(yong)我(wo)校制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥模(mo)(mo)擬GMP車(che)(che)(che)間具有較為(wei)(wei)全面的口服固體設(she)備(bei)的優勢(shi)，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)通過提(ti)(ti)取(qu)、濃縮、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粒(li)(li)、干燥等環節，對(dui)超臨界萃取(qu)、多功能提(ti)(ti)取(qu)、微(wei)波干燥等設(she)備(bei)有更(geng)加深(shen)入了解，認識(shi)到設(she)備(bei)改造(zao)更(geng)新換代的重要性。并(bing)分別選(xuan)用(yong)搖擺制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粒(li)(li)機、擠出制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粒(li)(li)機、快速(su)攪拌制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粒(li)(li)機、流(liu)化(hua)床制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粒(li)(li)機、干法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粒(li)(li)機等設(she)備(bei)，采用(yong)不同方(fang)法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備(bei)感(gan)冒清熱顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)，并(bing)按照《中(zhong)國藥典》要求(qiu)進行質(zhi)量檢查，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)各種制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粒(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的特點、設(she)備(bei)構(gou)造(zao)、適用(yong)范圍、局限(xian)性有更(geng)加深(shen)入的了解。

3深入(ru)醫院和制藥企業見習

根據課(ke)程特點，安排學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在醫(yi)(yi)院藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)部(bu)、中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)制(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)企(qi)業、醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)流通(tong)企(qi)業進行(xing)見習(xi)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)見習(xi)對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)規范、藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)經(jing)營質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)規范有更加直觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)，將(jiang)所學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論知識(shi)與實踐(jian)相結(jie)合，達(da)到(dao)鞏固深化(hua)、運用(yong)(yong)知識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)，GMP《藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)規范》是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本準(zhun)(zhun)則，適用(yong)(yong)于藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)制(zhi)劑生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)過(guo)(guo)程和(he)原(yuan)料藥(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)成品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵工序(xu)。推行(xing)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)GMP，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了最(zui)大限(xian)度地避免藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染和(he)交(jiao)叉(cha)污(wu)(wu)染，降(jiang)低各種差錯(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，將(jiang)“影(ying)響(xiang)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)應減至最(zui)低限(xian)度；把(ba)人為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)誤差降(jiang)低到(dao)最(zui)小限(xian)度”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提高藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)具有可追(zhui)溯(su)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)管理(li)(li)方(fang)法。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)業通(tong)過(guo)(guo)：生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)管理(li)(li)人員(yuan)、廠房、設施(shi)(shi)和(he)設備、原(yuan)料和(he)包(bao)裝材料、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工藝、檢驗、售后(hou)服務等硬件、軟(ruan)件多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)達(da)到(dao)GMP認(ren)證要求，開(kai)展生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)符合國家標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)在企(qi)業見習(xi)，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)習(xi)了從原(yuan)料藥(yao)(yao)購進到(dao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)包(bao)裝等各環節的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)操作規程的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)定(ding)實施(shi)(shi)，對(dui)GMP實施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要性充分認(ren)識(shi)。對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)“寫你所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)，做你所寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)，記(ji)你所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)，分析所記(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)”有更加深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)解(jie)。意識(shi)到(dao)工藝條件發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)偏(pian)移是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潛在質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)事(shi)(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)信號，及早發(fa)(fa)(fa)現、查找原(yuan)因、采取有效措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，方(fang)可減少(shao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)事(shi)(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。

見習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前要(yao)求(qiu)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)所去醫(yi)(yi)院、企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)情況進(jin)行深入了(le)解(jie)，特(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)優勢及特(te)(te)色(se)(se)。河(he)南省宛西(xi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)股份有(you)(you)限公司，主導產(chan)(chan)品為仲景牌(pai)(pai)六味(wei)地(di)(di)黃丸(wan)、逍遙丸(wan)、月月舒牌(pai)(pai)痛經寶顆粒(li)等(deng)(deng)系列中(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)全國最大(da)的(de)(de)濃縮(suo)丸(wan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基地(di)(di)。到該企(qi)(qi)業見習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)提前學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品種類(lei)，特(te)(te)色(se)(se)品種，特(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)六味(wei)地(di)(di)黃濃縮(suo)丸(wan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程，關(guan)注(zhu)飲(yin)片(pian)炮制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、提取(qu)、成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型等(deng)(deng)工序，特(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)(gan)燥、滅菌環節，感受微波滅菌在企(qi)(qi)業生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)應(ying)用。河(he)南中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)大(da)學(xue)第一附屬(shu)醫(yi)(yi)院藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)部，由藥(yao)(yao)房、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑室(shi)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑實驗室(shi)等(deng)(deng)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑室(shi)擁(yong)有(you)(you)國內較先進(jin)多能提取(qu)、外(wai)循環濃縮(suo)器、噴霧(wu)干(gan)(gan)燥器、有(you)(you)機無機膜超濾器、納(na)濾器、高速離心分離機、二級反(fan)滲透制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水等(deng)(deng)設備，按照(zhao)GMP要(yao)求(qiu)改造的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑車間有(you)(you)顆粒(li)劑、水丸(wan)、蜜丸(wan)、膠囊等(deng)(deng)近10個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線。通過(guo)(guo)見習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)調劑（飲(yin)片(pian)、中(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)）、煎藥(yao)(yao)室(shi)、特(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)醫(yi)(yi)院特(te)(te)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)相關(guan)科(ke)室(shi)醫(yi)(yi)療機構制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑的(de)(de)申(shen)報、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、質(zhi)量檢驗等(deng)(deng)環節有(you)(you)直觀(guan)的(de)(de)認(ren)識。

4借助產學(xue)研合作(zuo)項(xiang)目鍛(duan)煉(lian)實踐能力

產(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)合作(zuo)是指(zhi)企業(ye)、科(ke)研(yan)(yan)院所和(he)高(gao)(gao)等(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)之(zhi)間(jian)的合作(zuo)，通常指(zhi)以(yi)企業(ye)為(wei)技(ji)術需求(qiu)方，與(yu)以(yi)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)院所或高(gao)(gao)等(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)為(wei)技(ji)術供給方之(zhi)間(jian)的合作(zuo)，其實(shi)質是促進技(ji)術創新(xin)(xin)所需各(ge)種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)要素的有效組合。國內外產(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)合作(zuo)的形(xing)式(shi)包(bao)括：高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)和(he)企業(ye)自(zi)主聯合科(ke)技(ji)攻關(guan)與(yu)人才培(pei)養(yang)；共建(jian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中心、研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所和(he)實(shi)驗(yan)室；建(jian)立(li)科(ke)技(ji)園區，實(shi)施科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)成果孵化；建(jian)立(li)基金會，設(she)立(li)產(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)合作(zuo)專(zhuan)項基金等(deng)。產(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)合作(zuo)模式(shi)為(wei)專(zhuan)業(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)位研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的創新(xin)(xin)實(shi)踐(jian)能力(li)培(pei)養(yang)提供平臺(tai)，依托合作(zuo)項目(mu)培(pei)養(yang)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在導(dao)師的指(zhi)導(dao)下，進行產(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)合作(zuo)項目(mu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)工作(zuo)，將理論研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)實(shi)踐(jian)相(xiang)結合，提高(gao)(gao)創新(xin)(xin)實(shi)踐(jian)能力(li)。培(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)解(jie)決(jue)實(shi)際問題的能力(li)和(he)創新(xin)(xin)意識(shi)，提高(gao)(gao)了學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的就(jiu)業(ye)能力(li)。筆者依托河南省產(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)合作(zuo)項目(mu)“金銀花(hua)深加工產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)金姜顆粒、銀花(hua)含片的研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)”，培(pei)養(yang)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)通過文獻檢索(suo)對國家保(bao)健食品(pin)注冊政(zheng)策、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、銷售狀況充分(fen)了解(jie)，強化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對保(bao)健食品(pin)劑型選擇、制備工藝優(you)選、質量標準起草、中試生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、申報材料撰寫等(deng)相(xiang)關(guan)能力(li)的培(pei)養(yang)。

5改革考核方式

在(zai)教學(xue)(xue)活動(dong)結(jie)束時，結(jie)合(he)專業碩(shuo)士研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)向，布置設計(ji)型作業，開展課(ke)題研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)，要求(qiu)學(xue)(xue)生自(zi)主地發現問題，在(zai)課(ke)程學(xue)(xue)習的(de)基(ji)礎上，通過查閱相關文獻(xian)及同(tong)學(xue)(xue)之間的(de)討(tao)論(lun)，給出解決方(fang)法和(he)實現手段，課(ke)程以論(lun)文和(he)答辯的(de)形式進行考核，提高教學(xue)(xue)效率為了(le)便于學(xue)(xue)生更(geng)好的(de)掌握所學(xue)(xue)知識(shi)。

6結語

通(tong)過教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)反饋，研究(jiu)生們對教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)方式的(de)改(gai)革表示贊成，認為通(tong)過課(ke)程學(xue)(xue)(xue)習，學(xue)(xue)(xue)到(dao)了(le)知(zhi)識，將所學(xue)(xue)(xue)理論與實際工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)聯系，增加了(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)感性(xing)認識，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)生更容易理解。今(jin)后將進(jin)一步推(tui)廣(guang)雙(shuang)師(shi)制(zhi)，將從事藥品生產(chan)、研發的(de)導師(shi)做專(zhuan)題(ti)講座。在合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)單位(wei)中遴選(xuan)實踐(jian)經(jing)驗豐富，學(xue)(xue)(xue)術水平較高的(de)技術人(ren)員擔任碩士研究(jiu)生的(de)實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)導師(shi)，不定期到(dao)校(xiao)給研究(jiu)生進(jin)行專(zhuan)題(ti)講座，特別(bie)是在開題(ti)、答辯環節，聘請其作(zuo)(zuo)為外審專(zhuan)家，對研究(jiu)課(ke)題(ti)提意見、潤(run)色(se)、把(ba)關，提升研究(jiu)課(ke)題(ti)的(de)實用(yong)價值(zhi)，并使學(xue)(xue)(xue)社在未來工作(zuo)(zuo)中能學(xue)(xue)(xue)以致用(yong)。實現培養(yang)規格與行業、企業人(ren)才需求(qiu)之間的(de)有機銜接。

參考文獻

[1]呂(lv)東(dong)勇，鄺衛紅，王宏(hong)，等.發展中(zhong)的我國中(zhong)藥學(xue)專業學(xue)位研究生教育(yu)[J].西(xi)北醫學(xue)教育(yu)，2016，24（1）:78-80.

[2]朱志軍，白(bai)娟.藥學(xue)(xue)碩(shuo)士專業(ye)學(xue)(xue)位研究生創新培養模式探究[J].衛生職業(ye)教育，2014，32（19）：16-17.

[3]徐蓮英(ying)，陶建生(sheng)，馮怡，等.中(zhong)藥制劑發展(zhan)的回顧(gu)[J].中(zhong)成藥，2000，22（1）：6-18.

[4]白東亭.深(shen)刻(ke)領會GMP的實(shi)質(zhi)是實(shi)施(shi)GMP的前提[J].中(zhong)國藥事，2003，17（2）：128-130.

篇4

江西中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)大(da)學(xue)按照國家(jia)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)示(shi)范中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)建(jian)設標準和(he)(he)本校“以中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)為(wei)主體，多學(xue)科協調發(fa)展，產學(xue)研結合特色鮮明的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)大(da)學(xue)”的(de)辦(ban)學(xue)目標，致力于培養(yang)適應(ying)(ying)社會進步和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)事業(ye)發(fa)展需(xu)要、具有(you)市場競爭力的(de)實(shi)(shi)踐型、創新(xin)型、創業(ye)型人(ren)才。學(xue)校堅(jian)持(chi)以學(xue)生為(wei)本，以先進的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育思想(xiang)為(wei)指(zhi)導，完善中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)硬(ying)件平臺、加(jia)快軟件建(jian)設、改進管(guan)理模(mo)式，建(jian)設高水平的(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)隊伍，大(da)力推進實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)內(nei)容、方(fang)(fang)法和(he)(he)手段(duan)的(de)改革，積極探(tan)索新(xin)的(de)人(ren)才培養(yang)的(de)模(mo)式、方(fang)(fang)法和(he)(he)手段(duan)，建(jian)立了一套系(xi)統的(de)、適應(ying)(ying)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)類專門(men)人(ren)才培養(yang)需(xu)求的(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)實(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)體系(xi)。學(xue)校努力把該中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)建(jian)設成(cheng)為(wei)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設施完善、實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)裝備(bei)精(jing)良、實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)先進、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)體系(xi)多維、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)隊伍合理的(de)具有(you)鮮明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)特色的(de)國家(jia)級實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)示(shi)范中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)，成(cheng)為(wei)真正培養(yang)創新(xin)型、創業(ye)型和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)用型中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)人(ren)才的(de)示(shi)范基地。

2多(duo)維立體實(shi)(shi)驗實(shi)(shi)踐教學(xue)平臺的構建(jian)

以基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、開(kai)放實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、創新(xin)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)班和實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺為依托，構建(jian)多維立體的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺，凸(tu)顯對學(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang)，切實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加強實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)與科學(xue)研究、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產業的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)合，及(ji)時將科研成果轉化為實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)資源，促進理論教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)、科學(xue)研究和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)良性互動(dong)，使培(pei)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)(neng)力更強，更加適應社會和行業對人才培(pei)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)除(chu)了本(ben)科教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)外，還建(jian)有(you)包(bao)括中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)新(xin)型(xing)給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)系統(tong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)劑制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)應用基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)、質(zhi)(zhi)量控制(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)，以及(ji)建(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)傳統(tong)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)室(shi)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)劑成品檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)室(shi)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物合成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)體平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺、新(xin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)篩選實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)等具有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)特(te)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)（實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)）室(shi)，能(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)類(lei)學(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)。學(xue)校(xiao)還有(you)國(guo)家固體制(zhi)(zhi)劑工程制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心、現代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)劑教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)部重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)、民族藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)種質(zhi)(zhi)資源研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)標本(ben)館、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物園（神(shen)農園）等，可充分滿足(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)類(lei)專業學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)內實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺構建(jian)如(ru)下(xia)4個平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺。

2．1基(ji)礎實驗教學平臺———深化基(ji)礎模(mo)塊

按課程(cheng)歸屬分類(lei)，將基(ji)礎實驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)平(ping)(ping)臺分為(wei)基(ji)礎化(hua)學(xue)(xue)類(lei)、專業化(hua)學(xue)(xue)類(lei)、藥理類(lei)、資源(yuan)環境類(lei)和(he)(he)制藥類(lei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)板(ban)塊(kuai)，并分別下設功能實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)。基(ji)礎實驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)平(ping)(ping)臺與理論課程(cheng)緊密聯系(xi)，通過歸類(lei)整(zheng)合，促進學(xue)(xue)生知識(shi)、能力(li)、思維和(he)(he)素質的全面協調和(he)(he)可持續(xu)發展。基(ji)礎實驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)平(ping)(ping)臺除上述5個板(ban)塊(kuai)之外(wai)，還(huan)具有以下特色教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)系(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)。

（1）實(shi)(shi)驗示教系統。承擔(dan)各實(shi)(shi)驗教學(xue)項目(mu)，實(shi)(shi)現學(xue)生與教師之間的互(hu)動(dong)，為(wei)學(xue)生和教師提供(gong)實(shi)(shi)驗操作的查閱、結果分析等服務，成為(wei)具有較大容納能力的現代(dai)化實(shi)(shi)驗教學(xue)場所。

（2）化(hua)(hua)(hua)學類虛(xu)擬教學系(xi)統。包(bao)括無機化(hua)(hua)(hua)學、物理化(hua)(hua)(hua)學、有(you)機化(hua)(hua)(hua)學、分(fen)(fen)析化(hua)(hua)(hua)學和(he)儀(yi)器(qi)分(fen)(fen)析虛(xu)擬實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室等。可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過虛(xu)擬實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)擴(kuo)充實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)項目，讓(rang)學生(sheng)先進行(xing)虛(xu)擬實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)練(lian)習，再由教師指導(dao)學生(sheng)進行(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際操(cao)作，可(ke)有(you)效提高實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)效率。

（3）顯微(wei)數碼互(hu)動(dong)(dong)實(shi)驗室(shi)。通過升級改(gai)造(zao)現有顯微(wei)數碼互(hu)動(dong)(dong)實(shi)驗室(shi)，更(geng)利于(yu)資源環境類(lei)實(shi)驗教(jiao)學(xue)指導(dao)教(jiao)師進(jin)行微(wei)觀實(shi)驗的(de)(de)演示、示范、指導(dao)，解決學(xue)生實(shi)驗中(zhong)遇到的(de)(de)困難和存(cun)在的(de)(de)問題(ti)。增加課堂上師生的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)，調動(dong)(dong)學(xue)生的(de)(de)實(shi)驗興(xing)趣。顯微(wei)數碼互(hu)動(dong)(dong)實(shi)驗室(shi)具有實(shi)時監控功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、屏幕控制功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、示范教(jiao)學(xue)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、師生交(jiao)流(liu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、作(zuo)業下(xia)發(fa)及批改(gai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、屏幕錄制和課件制作(zuo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、彩(cai)信交(jiao)流(liu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、拍照功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和自(zi)動(dong)(dong)開啟功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等。

2．2實(shi)訓平臺(tai)———實(shi)訓拓(tuo)展模塊

近年來，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)競爭壓力(li)增大(da)，對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)提出了更高(gao)要(yao)(yao)求。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐性很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，課程進(jin)行(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)前的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)訓(xun)(xun)練顯得(de)尤為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)，這是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)本(ben)科教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)必不可(ke)缺的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐環節，對于構建(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)知識結(jie)構具有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)導意(yi)義。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)課外實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)基(ji)地包括中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)標(biao)(biao)本(ben)館、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植物園(yuan)(yuan)、傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)室等(deng)。通過(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)深入(ru)了解中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)相關知識，充實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)構和(he)(he)文(wen)化(hua)背景(jing)(jing)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)標(biao)(biao)本(ben)館由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)綜合(he)展(zhan)廳和(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植物標(biao)(biao)本(ben)室組成(cheng)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)綜合(he)展(zhan)廳由原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)展(zhan)區(qu)和(he)(he)飲(yin)片(pian)展(zhan)區(qu)組成(cheng)：原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)展(zhan)區(qu)包括經(jing)典生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、國際生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、名(ming)貴(gui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)、江西(xi)特產藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)及國家科技攻關項目的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)究專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)題標(biao)(biao)本(ben)；飲(yin)片(pian)展(zhan)區(qu)展(zhan)示了臨床常用(yong)飲(yin)片(pian)和(he)(he)聞名(ming)遐邇的(de)(de)(de)江西(xi)“樟(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)幫”、“建(jian)(jian)(jian)昌(chang)幫”等(deng)特色(se)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制流(liu)派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片(pian)。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植物園(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)各種中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)化(hua)景(jing)(jing)觀點綴園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，已逐步成(cheng)為(wei)將(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態與人(ren)(ren)文(wen)結(jie)合(he)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐與校園(yuan)(yuan)景(jing)(jing)觀結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)基(ji)地，為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)課外見習(xi)和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)提供平臺(tai)。傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)室強(qiang)調傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)，具有獨特的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。它在(zai)傳(chuan)承(cheng)“樟(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)幫”、“建(jian)(jian)(jian)昌(chang)幫”兩大(da)江西(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制流(liu)派(pai)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，以(yi)從傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制加工實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)到(dao)臨床飲(yin)片(pian)模擬(ni)應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐，來構建(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)完(wan)整專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)知識的(de)(de)(de)“形象教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”平臺(tai)。通過(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)拓展(zhan)，將(jiang)進(jin)一步提升江西(xi)省傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)承(cheng)水平，培養能夠傳(chuan)承(cheng)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)化(hua)和(he)(he)技藝的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)(ren)才。

2．3實(shi)踐平臺———創(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)力(li)培(pei)育(yu)

實(shi)踐(jian)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)是進(jin)行產學(xue)(xue)研(yan)結合培(pei)養(yang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)類(lei)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)重要(yao)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)。我校現(xian)有(you)的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)主(zhu)要(yao)包括：國家發(fa)改(gai)委批準的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)術國家工(gong)程(cheng)研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)、現(xian)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)教育(yu)部(bu)重點實(shi)驗室、江(jiang)西(xi)省民族藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)種質(zhi)資源工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)、江(jiang)西(xi)省現(xian)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)及質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重點實(shi)驗室、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物合成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間體(ti)(ti)(ti)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)和新(xin)(xin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)篩(shai)選平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)術國家工(gong)程(cheng)研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)以中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)技(ji)術為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)研(yan)究方(fang)向，集成(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)關領域的(de)先進(jin)技(ji)術，建(jian)立了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提取(qu)純(chun)化(hua)、固體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效及安(an)全(quan)性評價、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)程(cheng)等技(ji)術平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)；現(xian)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)教育(yu)部(bu)重點實(shi)驗室定位(wei)于(yu)基礎研(yan)究，已形成(cheng)(cheng)“產學(xue)(xue)研(yan)”結合模式圈，實(shi)現(xian)從處方(fang)篩(shai)選、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材粉碎、提取(qu)、濃縮(suo)、分離純(chun)化(hua)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)型、檢測等一整套制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備過(guo)程(cheng)，保證了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、安(an)全(quan)。實(shi)踐(jian)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)為(wei)培(pei)養(yang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)類(lei)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)創新(xin)(xin)能(neng)力、科研(yan)參(can)與能(neng)力和產學(xue)(xue)研(yan)合作能(neng)力奠定了(le)基礎。在現(xian)有(you)實(shi)踐(jian)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)基礎上(shang)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)擬再建(jian)設藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物合成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間體(ti)(ti)(ti)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)和新(xin)(xin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)篩(shai)選平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)，并將著重從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)行挖掘，開辟(pi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)新(xin)(xin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)發(fa)的(de)新(xin)(xin)思(si)路，進(jin)一步提升學(xue)(xue)生的(de)創新(xin)(xin)和思(si)維能(neng)力。

2．4創新實驗班———能力強化模塊

創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)實(shi)(shi)驗班(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)(yi)直是(shi)我校獨具特色的(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)創(chuang)(chuang)業及應用型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人才的(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)模式，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)“中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)踐班(ban)(ban)(ban)”已開(kai)辦(ban)10年，“藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)搖籃班(ban)(ban)(ban)”也已開(kai)辦(ban)3年。中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)踐班(ban)(ban)(ban)實(shi)(shi)行專(zhuan)業學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)＋科(ke)研(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)踐的(de)雙重培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)機制，采取(qu)分(fen)散與集中(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)結合的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)模式，形成了高素(su)質復合型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)人才培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)的(de)“121”模式。“121”的(de)含義分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)：“1”———學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)入(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)后第(di)一(yi)(yi)、第(di)四(si)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期(qi)基(ji)礎(chu)課程(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)完(wan)整(zheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)；“2”———學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在校期(qi)間2次較長時間的(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)實(shi)(shi)踐訓練，分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)第(di)五個(ge)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期(qi)的(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)踐階段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)與大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)第(di)八學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期(qi)的(de)畢(bi)業實(shi)(shi)習(xi)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)；“1”———學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)第(di)六、七(qi)個(ge)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)期(qi)的(de)專(zhuan)業課程(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)完(wan)整(zheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)階段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。通(tong)過綜合應用型(xing)實(shi)(shi)驗、設計(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)實(shi)(shi)驗、各類(lei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)競賽(sai)和(he)專(zhuan)業課題培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓等提高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)自學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)、思維(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術素(su)養(yang)。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)搖籃班(ban)(ban)(ban)是(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)實(shi)(shi)驗的(de)另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)代(dai)表(biao)，采取(qu)由淺入(ru)深、分(fen)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)，以培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)文獻檢索技能(neng)(neng)、基(ji)本(ben)實(shi)(shi)驗技能(neng)(neng)、獨立實(shi)(shi)驗設計(ji)和(he)專(zhuan)業志(zhi)趣(qu)為目標(biao)。中(zhong)(zhong)心擬(ni)繼(ji)續開(kai)展類(lei)似創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)實(shi)(shi)驗班(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)工(gong)作，并將實(shi)(shi)驗班(ban)(ban)(ban)模式逐(zhu)步推廣到其(qi)他(ta)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)班(ban)(ban)(ban)級(ji)，以培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)更多的(de)具有創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)、創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)思維(wei)(wei)和(he)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)意(yi)識(shi)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)人才。

3深入探索改(gai)革實(shi)驗教學方法

中(zhong)(zhong)心強調(diao)深(shen)入進行綜合性和研究(jiu)性實驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容和教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)法的(de)改(gai)革，探索培養(yang)建設創新型國家所需的(de)高素質人(ren)(ren)才的(de)途(tu)徑；強調(diao)對外學(xue)(xue)習和交流，完善實驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)體(ti)系，深(shen)化實驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容、方(fang)法和管(guan)(guan)理模式的(de)改(gai)革，改(gai)革實驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)成績的(de)考核辦法，建立完善的(de)實驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)評價體(ti)系，使實驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)心在教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)、管(guan)(guan)理、設施(shi)和環(huan)境等各(ge)個方(fang)面(mian)達到更高水(shui)平，更加(jia)有利于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)人(ren)(ren)才培養(yang)。

（1）推進分層(ceng)次教學(xue)(xue)。中(zhong)心(xin)采用分層(ceng)次實(shi)(shi)驗教學(xue)(xue)，由(you)易(yi)到難，由(you)淺入深(shen)。在基(ji)礎、拓(tuo)展(zhan)模(mo)塊(kuai)中(zhong)，設置了(le)必做實(shi)(shi)驗和選做實(shi)(shi)驗，為學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)營造(zao)自(zi)主(zhu)、寬(kuan)松的(de)實(shi)(shi)驗氛圍；在創新(xin)、強化模(mo)塊(kuai)中(zhong)，給學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)提(ti)(ti)供綜(zong)合(he)設計與研究創新(xin)的(de)實(shi)(shi)驗機會，鼓勵學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自(zi)主(zhu)選題、大(da)膽創新(xin)，提(ti)(ti)高綜(zong)合(he)設計能(neng)力。

（2）采用(yong)現代教育技術(shu)手(shou)段。中心將在各(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室配備(bei)多媒體(ti)投影設備(bei)，條件具備(bei)的(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)課開發電子(zi)多媒體(ti)課件，實(shi)(shi)現多媒體(ti)教學(xue)(xue)。中心將通過自建的(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)中控平臺(tai)，收集(ji)和開發各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)資源，便于(yu)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自主學(xue)(xue)習、實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)和設計；教師可以通過網(wang)絡與(yu)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)交流，了(le)解學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)情況(kuang)，實(shi)(shi)現實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)的(de)網(wang)絡化管(guan)理(li)。

（3）實現產(chan)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)結(jie)合最大化。鼓勵教師將科研(yan)(yan)成果轉化為實驗(yan)項目，促(cu)進實驗(yan)教學(xue)與中藥學(xue)行業的有(you)機結(jie)合。

（4）實施開(kai)放實驗教學(xue)。通過實驗室(shi)開(kai)放運行管(guan)理模式，在時間、空(kong)間和內容上(shang)對學(xue)生實行全方位開(kai)放，促進學(xue)生自主學(xue)習，自主實踐。

（5）鼓勵虛實(shi)結合的實(shi)驗模式。逐步改變(bian)實(shi)驗室單一的課(ke)內(nei)實(shi)驗教學模式，根據不同(tong)層次、不同(tong)內(nei)容的實(shi)驗，設置虛實(shi)結合實(shi)驗。對于(yu)驗證(zheng)性或(huo)演示(shi)性實(shi)驗，直接在課(ke)內(nei)完(wan)成，有些實(shi)驗則直接在課(ke)內(nei)通過計算機仿(fang)真來達到驗證(zheng)和(he)演示(shi)的目的。

（6）創(chuang)新實驗(yan)教(jiao)學方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。對(dui)于基礎模(mo)塊的學習，主(zhu)要采用(yong)(yong)教(jiao)師現場授課與(yu)指導(dao)的常規(gui)教(jiao)學方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；對(dui)于拓展模(mo)塊，一般采用(yong)(yong)教(jiao)師指導(dao)下的學生合作式(shi)(shi)(shi)、互動(dong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的學習與(yu)實驗(yan)教(jiao)學方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，師生之(zhi)間、學生之(zhi)間相(xiang)互討論，強調(diao)啟發式(shi)(shi)(shi)實驗(yan)教(jiao)學；對(dui)于創(chuang)新和(he)能(neng)(neng)力強化模(mo)塊，則采用(yong)(yong)教(jiao)師引導(dao)，學生自主(zhu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、合作式(shi)(shi)(shi)、研究(jiu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)學習與(yu)實踐的教(jiao)學方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，強調(diao)學生獨立解決問題能(neng)(neng)力、團隊合作精神(shen)和(he)創(chuang)新意識的培養。

4建設高素質的實驗教學隊(dui)伍

（1）培(pei)養制度(du)。中心注重(zhong)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)、尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)青年(nian)(nian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)培(pei)養。目(mu)前，學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)建(jian)立了(le)委托培(pei)養攻(gong)讀博士(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)位(wei)等相關制度(du)，每(mei)年(nian)(nian)劃撥專(zhuan)項經費用于學(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)骨(gu)干和(he)青年(nian)(nian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)培(pei)養；制定(ding)了(le)高層次人才引進(jin)暫行(xing)辦法(fa)、委托或定(ding)向培(pei)養博士(shi)研究(jiu)生(sheng)管理辦法(fa)等系列管理制度(du)。中心依托學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)相關制度(du)，對(dui)實驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)人員(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)培(pei)養，注重(zhong)提升中心實驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)整體素質和(he)水平。

（2）培(pei)養舉措(cuo)。鼓勵(li)教師(shi)赴國內外著名高校進行訪問學(xue)(xue)習，鼓勵(li)教師(shi)參與各級、各類學(xue)(xue)術交流，積極組織(zhi)青年(nian)教師(shi)參加(jia)全國性學(xue)(xue)術會(hui)議；資助青年(nian)教師(shi)承擔(dan)實驗教學(xue)(xue)改革(ge)相關課題的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)，使他們在提(ti)高科研(yan)水(shui)(shui)平的(de)同時，也(ye)促進實驗教學(xue)(xue)水(shui)(shui)平的(de)提(ti)升。

5運行機制

5．1管理制度

中(zhong)心(xin)實行(xing)校、院(yuan)兩級(ji)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。學(xue)(xue)校高度(du)(du)重(zhong)視(shi)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室建設(she)(she)、實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)與管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，出臺了(le)專門(men)的文(wen)件，制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)相應的規章制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，以推進實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)、實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室建設(she)(she)的規范化管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，并對教(jiao)(jiao)改研究項(xiang)目提供經(jing)費(fei)支(zhi)持，所有(you)設(she)(she)備(bei)采(cai)購由學(xue)(xue)校審批。中(zhong)心(xin)掛(gua)靠藥學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)，負責(ze)建立教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)體系，安排實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)維護實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室。中(zhong)心(xin)實行(xing)教(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)適(shi)度(du)(du)分離(li)的實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)儀(yi)器設(she)(she)備(bei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)機制(zhi)(zhi)。中(zhong)心(xin)結合(he)自身(shen)特點(dian)，制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)相關的管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，主要(yao)包括(kuo)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、儀(yi)器設(she)(she)備(bei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，在完備(bei)的制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)下進行(xing)有(you)效管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，可確保(bao)中(zhong)心(xin)各項(xiang)工作的順利(li)運行(xing)。

5．2運行措施

（1）不同(tong)層次(ci)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)活動。不同(tong)層次(ci)的實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課程采用不同(tong)的開(kai)放形式。與理論(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)密切相關的基(ji)礎實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)和綜合性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)要求(qiu)本科生全修；對(dui)于開(kai)放性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、中藥(yao)(yao)科研實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)、藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)搖籃實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)和畢業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)，則采取雙(shuang)向選(xuan)(xuan)擇的方式，指導教(jiao)(jiao)師提(ti)供多方位(wei)指導、學(xue)(xue)(xue)生通過(guo)網絡選(xuan)(xuan)題(ti)，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生接(jie)觸相對(dui)完整(zheng)的科研過(guo)程，選(xuan)(xuan)題(ti)—文獻查閱—課題(ti)設計—實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)準備—實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)過(guo)程—實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)分析—實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)論(lun)文撰寫的全過(guo)程均(jun)由學(xue)(xue)(xue)生在教(jiao)(jiao)師指導下獨(du)立(li)完成。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)技(ji)術人(ren)員提(ti)供實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)全天開(kai)放及其他條(tiao)件保障。

（2）課(ke)外(wai)開(kai)放(fang)(fang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)。作為開(kai)放(fang)(fang)性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、中藥(yao)(yao)科研實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐、藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)搖籃(lan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐和(he)畢業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐的(de)補充(chong)形(xing)式，中心所屬(shu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)還對本科生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)行創(chuang)新立項和(he)各項競賽(sai)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行全(quan)方(fang)位開(kai)放(fang)(fang)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)開(kai)放(fang)(fang)不但(dan)進(jin)一步提高了(le)(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習興(xing)趣，使他們加深和(he)拓(tuo)寬了(le)(le)(le)對中藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)認識(shi)，也(ye)提高了(le)(le)(le)設(she)(she)備的(de)利(li)用(yong)率，更增(zeng)進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)教(jiao)師和(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)交流(liu)與互(hu)動(dong)(dong)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)完全(quan)開(kai)放(fang)(fang)，為學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)個(ge)性(xing)化發(fa)展和(he)創(chuang)新能力培養提供了(le)(le)(le)良好的(de)空間和(he)條件(jian)。教(jiao)育部(bu)重點實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)和(he)國家固體工程(cheng)制(zhi)造中心實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)完全(quan)開(kai)放(fang)(fang)，方(fang)便了(le)(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)從事藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)開(kai)發(fa)、中藥(yao)(yao)制(zhi)劑的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)設(she)(she)計創(chuang)新，并能夠通(tong)過學(xue)(xue)(xue)習掌握(wo)大型儀器(qi)設(she)(she)備的(de)使用(yong)。通(tong)過開(kai)放(fang)(fang)式實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，較好地促進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自主學(xue)(xue)(xue)習、自主實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐和(he)自主創(chuang)新的(de)能力。

6結束語

篇5

【關鍵詞】中藥黃連飲片；活性成分(fen)；檢測；光譜成像

文章編號：1004-7484（2013）-11-6864-01

中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片(pian)是在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)指導下(xia)，根據辨證施治和(he)調配制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)需要(yao)，對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材進(jin)(jin)行一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)炮制(zhi)(zhi)而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)產品。由此可以看出中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)也(ye)就(jiu)決定了中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片(pian)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)優劣，而中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)對(dui)(dui)臨(lin)床中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)(xiao)也(ye)起著(zhu)決定性(xing)作用。但(dan)長期以來(lai)國缺乏(fa)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)準和(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)等有效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)法律法規。因此，中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片(pian)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測和(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)(dui)于保證中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)療效(xiao)(xiao)和(he)廣(guang)大人民安全使用中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有著(zhu)非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。基于此論文對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)黃連片(pian)活性(xing)成(cheng)分進(jin)(jin)行了檢(jian)測，現將分析報道(dao)如下(xia)。

1中(zhong)藥黃連飲片活性成(cheng)分的檢測方法及過程分析

1.1中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)活(huo)(huo)性成分的(de)(de)檢測(ce)(ce)方法分析(xi)中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)為(wei)毛莨科植(zhi)物黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)、三角葉黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)或云連(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)干燥根莖(jing)，黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要活(huo)(huo)性成分有小(xiao)檗堿、黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)堿、甲基黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)堿等，具有清(qing)熱燥濕、瀉(xie)火解毒(du)等功效[1]。由于其主(zhu)(zhu)要活(huo)(huo)性成分多數具有熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)，所以采用熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)成像(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)對黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)進行(xing)檢測(ce)(ce)。光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)成像(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是(shi)一門新興的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，是(shi)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)二維光(guang)(guang)學(xue)(xue)成像(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)有機(ji)結合的(de)(de)產物[2]。另外(wai)，這(zhe)種技(ji)術(shu)(shu)還集中(zhong)了光(guang)(guang)學(xue)(xue)、光(guang)(guang)電(dian)子學(xue)(xue)、電(dian)子學(xue)(xue)、信(xin)息處(chu)理學(xue)(xue)、計算機(ji)科學(xue)(xue)等領(ling)域的(de)(de)先進技(ji)術(shu)(shu)。光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)成像(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)運用范圍很廣(guang)，可(ke)以進行(xing)圖(tu)像(xiang)采集、顯示、處(chu)理和(he)分析(xi)解釋等[3]。中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)活(huo)(huo)性成分分布的(de)(de)檢測(ce)(ce)主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)通過光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)成像(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)構建中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)是(shi)我(wo)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)成像(xiang)指紋(wen)圖(tu)譜(pu)，從而實現黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性成分空間分布檢測(ce)(ce)，這(zhe)種檢測(ce)(ce)方法不僅(jin)科學(xue)(xue)，而且可(ke)靠、準確。檢測(ce)(ce)結果(guo)可(ke)以為(wei)入藥(yao)部位(wei)選擇及飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)質量的(de)(de)評(ping)價提(ti)供依據。

1.2中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)黃(huang)連(lian)飲(yin)片活性成分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)過(guo)程分(fen)(fen)析(xi)在(zai)進行實際檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)先調節系(xi)統接(jie)收端的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)，以保證達到(dao)最大的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間分(fen)(fen)辨率。然后(hou)根據藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點設(she)置(zhi)系(xi)統中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)，主要(yao)包括光(guang)(guang)譜分(fen)(fen)辨率參數(shu)(shu)(shu)、范(fan)圍參數(shu)(shu)(shu)和接(jie)收器曝光(guang)(guang)時(shi)(shi)間參數(shu)(shu)(shu)等，這些(xie)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)會根據不同的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)品做不同的(de)(de)(de)調整(zheng)。中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)黃(huang)連(lian)飲(yin)片活性成分(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)時(shi)(shi)這些(xie)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍是光(guang)(guang)譜分(fen)(fen)辨率參數(shu)(shu)(shu)5nm、范(fan)圍參數(shu)(shu)(shu)480-680nm、接(jie)收器曝光(guang)(guang)時(shi)(shi)間參數(shu)(shu)(shu)800ms。接(jie)著將被檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)物(wu)品放置(zhi)到(dao)載(zai)物(wu)臺上，要(yao)注意(yi)調整(zheng)紫外光(guang)(guang)源和載(zai)物(wu)臺的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對位置(zhi)，使其均勻激發顯示(shi)出若干個狹窄(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)譜帶。最后(hou)用(yong)計算(suan)機(ji)專用(yong)軟件對檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)所得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據圖像進行處理。2中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)黃(huang)連(lian)飲(yin)片活性成分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據分(fen)(fen)析(xi)

中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)根部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有皮(pi)層、木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、髓部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)三(san)個(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位，這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)個(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位是(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)以直接通(tong)(tong)過(guo)肉眼觀察(cha)到的(de)(de)，但是(shi)(shi)看(kan)不到的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)個(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位中(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)含(han)(han)有的(de)(de)活性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)不相同(tong)的(de)(de)，甚至存在(zai)(zai)很大(da)的(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)。這(zhe)(zhe)種特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)判別只(zhi)有通(tong)(tong)過(guo)實驗才(cai)能得出，用光(guang)譜(pu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)像(xiang)技(ji)術分(fen)(fen)別在(zai)(zai)三(san)個(ge)人工選取10×10像(xiang)素的(de)(de)小區域內對這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)個(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位的(de)(de)活性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)進行檢測發(fa)現三(san)個(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位的(de)(de)光(guang)譜(pu)曲線存在(zai)(zai)明顯的(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)[4]，其光(guang)譜(pu)曲線平均值如(ru)下圖所(suo)(suo)(suo)示（圖1）。木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、髓部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和韌皮(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)峰(feng)形和峰(feng)位相似顯示性(xing)較大(da)，而(er)峰(feng)面積卻存在(zai)(zai)較大(da)的(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)對光(guang)譜(pu)圖像(xiang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)構和分(fen)(fen)類處理，可(ke)(ke)以清(qing)晰地看(kan)出中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)各(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)活性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)空間分(fen)(fen)布(bu)狀況。統(tong)計三(san)個(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位中(zhong)的(de)(de)像(xiang)素所(suo)(suo)(suo)占面積的(de)(de)對比情(qing)況，結果(guo)顯示，木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、髓部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、皮(pi)層各(ge)自(zi)占的(de)(de)總面積分(fen)(fen)別為30.3%、18.5%、51.5%。由此可(ke)(ke)以看(kan)出，中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲(yin)片中(zhong)的(de)(de)主要活性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)在(zai)(zai)木(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)中(zhong)含(han)(han)量最(zui)(zui)高、其次是(shi)(shi)髓部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、皮(pi)層中(zhong)的(de)(de)含(han)(han)量最(zui)(zui)低[5]。3中(zhong)藥(yao)黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲(yin)片活性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)檢測結果(guo)討(tao)論(lun)

論文(wen)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)檢(jian)(jian)測的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是為(wei)(wei)了觀(guan)察了解(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片中(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)，有效(xiao)的(de)(de)對(dui)其藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)進(jin)行(xing)質(zhi)量評價。論文(wen)以中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片為(wei)(wei)研究對(dui)象，結合中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)鑒定(ding)學與分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)化學知識，運用(yong)光(guang)(guang)譜成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)像(xiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)術對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)進(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)(jian)測。通過對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)測數(shu)據的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)，可以看出中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片不同組織(zhi)結構中(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)差異(yi)性(xing)比較明顯，而且(qie)這也直接決定(ding)著(zhu)入(ru)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)的(de)(de)如何選(xuan)擇(ze)，但目前中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)入(ru)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)主要通過經驗來判斷的(de)(de)，這對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)發揮及藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)都是非常不利的(de)(de)。論文(wen)運用(yong)熒光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)譜成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)像(xiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)技(ji)術對(dui)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)進(jin)行(xing)了檢(jian)(jian)測，實驗結果顯示可以通過分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)(lian)飲片不同組織(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)譜特征，運用(yong)主成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法確定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)品(pin)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)空(kong)間分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)。同時，還可以進(jin)一步通過圖(tu)像(xiang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)割，獲得(de)飲片各組織(zhi)結構的(de)(de)空(kong)間分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)及其活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)相對(dui)含量，這些數(shu)據都可以為(wei)(wei)入(ru)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)提供(gong)依據。4結語

通過(guo)論(lun)文(wen)的(de)研究(jiu)發現黃連飲片(pian)(pian)根莖(jing)的(de)不(bu)同部位中(zhong)(zhong)所含的(de)活性(xing)成分量存(cun)在一定的(de)差異，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)木質(zhi)部中(zhong)(zhong)含量最高、皮層中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)含量最低(di)。同時，論(lun)文(wen)還可檢測出(chu)不(bu)同部位像(xiang)素所占的(de)空間面積比例，有(you)效的(de)檢測出(chu)活性(xing)成分具(ju)體(ti)的(de)分布情(qing)況。這些數(shu)據(ju)(ju)不(bu)僅有(you)利于確定黃連飲片(pian)(pian)的(de)主要(yao)藥效成分，而且可以(yi)為其(qi)入藥提供(gong)科學依(yi)據(ju)(ju)。最后，希望論(lun)文(wen)的(de)研究(jiu)為相關工作者及研究(jiu)人員(yuan)提供(gong)借鑒和參考。參考文(wen)獻

[1]趙靜，龐(pang)其昌，馬驥(ji)，等.中藥黃(huang)連飲(yin)片活性成分分布(bu)的檢測研(yan)究(jiu)[J].光譜學與光譜分析，2012，31（6）：1692-1697.

[2]李彩虹，周(zhou)克元.黃連活性成分(fen)的作(zuo)用及機制研究進展[J].時珍國醫藥，2010，21（2）：466-470.

[3]Youn MJ，SO HS，Cho HJ，et al.Berberine a natural product combined with cisplatin enhanced apoptosis through a mitochondria caspase mediated pathway in HeLa cell[J].Biol Pharm Bull，2011，31（5）：789.

篇6

【關鍵(jian)詞】生脈(mo)膨化膠囊(nang)；生脈(mo)膠囊(nang)；人參皂苷；薄層色(se)譜法；高效液相色(se)譜法

生(sheng)脈(mo)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)和(he)(he)生(sheng)脈(mo)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)處方均由紅(hong)參(can)(can)(can)、麥(mai)冬、五味子(zi)3味中(zhong)藥(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)，具有(you)益氣(qi)復(fu)脈(mo)、養(yang)陰生(sheng)津(jin)之功效(xiao)，主(zhu)治胸悶、氣(qi)短、心(xin)悸(ji)等(deng)癥。本實驗(yan)將紅(hong)參(can)(can)(can)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)后用于生(sheng)脈(mo)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)，得到一(yi)種優(you)于傳(chuan)統生(sheng)脈(mo)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)的(de)(de)新膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)——生(sheng)脈(mo)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)制(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)，對(dui)生(sheng)脈(mo)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)和(he)(he)生(sheng)脈(mo)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)質(zhi)量標準進行了比(bi)較研究。中(zhong)藥(yao)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)是借助食品的(de)(de)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)原理，利用相(xiang)變和(he)(he)氣(qi)體的(de)(de)熱壓效(xiao)應，使中(zhong)藥(yao)內部(bu)的(de)(de)液體迅速升溫(wen)汽化(hua)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)海棉狀(zhuang)空(kong)心(xin)網狀(zhuang)結構(gou)。膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)可使中(zhong)藥(yao)質(zhi)地(di)疏松(song)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)空(kong)心(xin)網狀(zhuang)結構(gou)且細(xi)胞壁(bi)破碎，細(xi)胞內的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)直接(jie)暴露出來(lai)，有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)不經(jing)過滲(shen)透壓的(de)(de)浸提過程(cheng)，而經(jing)過溶解、膠(jiao)溶或洗脫的(de)(de)過程(cheng)溶解出來(lai)。據文獻(xian)報道，紅(hong)參(can)(can)(can)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)炮制(zhi)后薄壁(bi)細(xi)胞破碎，厚壁(bi)細(xi)胞散離，故質(zhi)地(di)疏松(song)，有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)更(geng)容易浸出；紅(hong)參(can)(can)(can)膨(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)前(qian)后的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)基本一(yi)致，其指(zhi)紋(wen)圖(tu)譜相(xiang)似度大(da)于0.99［1］。

1儀器與試藥

1.1儀(yi)器SPD-20A高效液相色譜儀(yi)（日本(ben)島津）；KQ5200DE超聲波清洗器（昆(kun)山市超聲儀(yi)器有限公(gong)司）；SL-302電子天(tian)平（上海民橋公(gong)司）；層析(xi)(xi)缸(20cm×10cm)；層析(xi)(xi)柱(zhu)(內(nei)徑10mm)；ZF-2型三用紫(zi)外分析(xi)(xi)儀(yi)（天(tian)津市富(fu)蘭斯電子科貿有限公(gong)司）。

1.2材(cai)料人(ren)參、麥冬、五味子購于成(cheng)都市荷(he)花(hua)池中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)市場，由本院王盛民(min)鑒定(ding)，符合2005版《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)典(dian)》之標(biao)準(zhun)；人(ren)參皂苷(gan)Re、Rg1對(dui)照品(pin)(pin)（中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)檢驗(yan)所(suo)提供(gong)，Re：110754-200421，Rg1：110703-200424）；五味子醇(chun)甲對(dui)照品(pin)(pin)（中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)檢驗(yan)所(suo)提供(gong)，批號857-20010）；紅參、麥冬、五味子對(dui)照藥(yao)材(cai)（中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)檢驗(yan)所(suo)提供(gong)）；生(sheng)脈膠囊、生(sheng)脈膨(peng)化膠囊及相對(dui)應(ying)的陰性樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)（自制）；乙腈（色譜純）；正(zheng)丁醇(chun)、甲醇(chun)、氯(lv)仿等為(wei)分析(xi)純；水(shui)為(wei)超純水(shui)。

2方法與結果

2.1膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)制備(bei)工藝本實驗研究的生(sheng)脈(mo)(mo)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)和生(sheng)脈(mo)(mo)膨化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)皆為(wei)自制膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)。處方：紅(hong)參330g，麥(mai)冬660g，五(wu)味(wei)子(zi)330g，制成(cheng)1000粒膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)，3粒/次，3次/d［2］。生(sheng)脈(mo)(mo)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)的制備(bei)工藝為(wei)：紅(hong)參粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)成(cheng)細(xi)(xi)粉(fen)(fen)，過80目；麥(mai)冬用(yong)70%乙醇(chun)提取(qu)；五(wu)味(wei)子(zi)水(shui)煎煮，麥(mai)冬、五(wu)味(wei)子(zi)提取(qu)液噴霧干燥成(cheng)細(xi)(xi)粉(fen)(fen)過80目，與紅(hong)參細(xi)(xi)粉(fen)(fen)混合均(jun)勻，裝入0號膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)。生(sheng)脈(mo)(mo)膨化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)制備(bei)工藝為(wei)：紅(hong)參膨化(hua)后粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)成(cheng)細(xi)(xi)粉(fen)(fen)，過80目；其余同上。

2.2薄層色譜鑒別

2.2.1紅(hong)(hong)參(can)(can)薄(bo)層鑒別(bie)(bie)取(qu)生脈膠囊內容物(wu)、生脈膨化膠囊內容物(wu)、紅(hong)(hong)參(can)(can)對照(zhao)(zhao)藥材粉(fen)末（過80目）及紅(hong)(hong)參(can)(can)膨化品(pin)粉(fen)末（過80目）各(ge)3.0g，分別(bie)(bie)加入(ru)70%乙(yi)醇(chun)(chun)30ml，水(shui)(shui)浴回流提取(qu)，溫度為(wei)(wei)80℃，回收乙(yi)醇(chun)(chun)，殘渣用(yong)30ml蒸餾水(shui)(shui)溶(rong)(rong)解，再用(yong)乙(yi)醚脫脂兩次（30ml，15ml），合并到分液(ye)(ye)(ye)漏(lou)斗中，用(yong)水(shui)(shui)飽(bao)和過的(de)正丁醇(chun)(chun)萃取(qu)兩次（30ml，15ml）,加入(ru)15ml的(de)蒸餾水(shui)(shui)加熱濃(nong)縮至(zhi)干(gan)，殘渣用(yong)2ml的(de)甲醇(chun)(chun)溶(rong)(rong)解，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)供試品(pin)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)［3］；另(ling)取(qu)無紅(hong)(hong)參(can)(can)的(de)陰性樣品(pin)3.0g，按同樣方法制得陰性對照(zhao)(zhao)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)；再取(qu)人參(can)(can)皂苷(gan)Re和人參(can)(can)皂苷(gan)Rg1對照(zhao)(zhao)品(pin)，加甲醇(chun)(chun)溶(rong)(rong)解至(zhi)每毫升含1mg的(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye),作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)對照(zhao)(zhao)品(pin)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)。吸取(qu)上述各(ge)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye),分別(bie)(bie)點(dian)(dian)于(yu)同一(yi)硅(gui)膠G薄(bo)層板上，以(yi)氯仿∶正丁醇(chun)(chun)∶甲醇(chun)(chun)∶水(shui)(shui)（13∶10∶10∶8）下層溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)展開(kai)(kai)劑(ji)，展開(kai)(kai)，取(qu)出(chu)，晾干(gan)，噴以(yi)10%硫酸乙(yi)醇(chun)(chun)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，在105℃加熱至(zhi)斑點(dian)(dian)顯(xian)色，再放入(ru)碘缸中至(zhi)斑點(dian)(dian)清晰［4～6］。見圖1。

2.2.2五(wu)味(wei)子薄(bo)層鑒別(bie)分(fen)別(bie)取(qu)生脈(mo)膠(jiao)(jiao)囊(nang)內(nei)(nei)容物(wu)、生脈(mo)膨化膠(jiao)(jiao)囊(nang)內(nei)(nei)容物(wu)、五(wu)味(wei)子對(dui)照藥材粉末各(ge)3.0g，各(ge)加三氯甲烷(wan)50ml，超聲(sheng)處理30min，濾(lv)過，濾(lv)液(ye)蒸干(gan)，殘渣各(ge)加三氯甲烷(wan)1ml使溶(rong)(rong)解，作為供(gong)試品(pin)(pin)(pin)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)；另取(qu)缺(que)五(wu)味(wei)子的(de)(de)陰性(xing)(xing)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)3.0g，同(tong)法制成陰性(xing)(xing)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)；再(zai)取(qu)五(wu)味(wei)子醇(chun)(chun)甲對(dui)照品(pin)(pin)(pin)，加甲醇(chun)(chun)溶(rong)(rong)解至每毫升(sheng)含1mg的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)，作為對(dui)照品(pin)(pin)(pin)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)。吸(xi)取(qu)上(shang)述各(ge)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)，分(fen)別(bie)點(dian)于同(tong)一硅膠(jiao)(jiao)G254薄(bo)層板上(shang)，以石油醚-醋酸(suan)乙酯-甲酸(suan)（15∶5∶1）為展開(kai)劑，展開(kai)，取(qu)出，晾干(gan)，置紫外光燈(deng)（254nm）下檢視［2］。供(gong)試品(pin)(pin)(pin)色譜中，在(zai)與對(dui)照藥材色譜相應的(de)(de)位置上(shang)，顯相同(tong)的(de)(de)斑點(dian)。見圖2。

2.2.3麥冬(dong)薄(bo)層鑒別分(fen)別取生脈(mo)膠囊內(nei)容物(wu)、生脈(mo)膨化膠囊內(nei)容物(wu)及麥冬(dong)對(dui)照藥材(cai)各3.0g，分(fen)別加入三氯甲(jia)烷-甲(jia)醇（7∶3）混合溶(rong)液30ml，浸泡3h，超(chao)聲處理30min，放冷，濾(lv)過(guo)，濾(lv)液蒸干，殘渣各加三氯甲(jia)烷0.5ml使(shi)溶(rong)解(jie)，作為(wei)供試(shi)品溶(rong)液。另取缺麥冬(dong)的(de)陰性樣(yang)品3.0g，同法制(zhi)成陰性對(dui)照溶(rong)液。分(fen)別吸(xi)取上(shang)述(shu)各溶(rong)液，分(fen)別點于同一硅(gui)膠GF254薄(bo)層板(ban)上(shang)，以(yi)甲(jia)苯(ben)-甲(jia)醇-冰醋酸（80∶5∶0.1）為(wei)展(zhan)開(kai)劑，展(zhan)開(kai)，取出，晾干，置紫外(wai)光燈（254nm）下檢視［2］。供試(shi)品色(se)譜中，在(zai)與對(dui)照藥材(cai)色(se)譜相(xiang)應的(de)位置上(shang)，顯相(xiang)同的(de)斑(ban)點。見(jian)圖3。

2.3含量測定

2.3.1色譜條(tiao)件色譜柱(zhu)為(wei)(wei)SymmetryC18（4.6mm×250mm，5μm，美(mei)國Waters）；流(liu)動相為(wei)(wei)乙腈-0.05%磷酸（體積比19.7∶80.3）；檢(jian)測(ce)波長203nm；柱(zhu)溫30℃；流(liu)速1.0ml/min［7～8］。

2.3.2對(dui)照品溶液(ye)精密稱取人(ren)參皂苷Rg14.1mg，人(ren)參皂苷Re2.0mg，置(zhi)10ml容量瓶中，加甲醇(chun)使(shi)溶解，并定容到10ml，搖(yao)勻，待用。

2.3.3標(biao)準曲線取(qu)“2.2.1”項下(xia)制備的混合對照品溶液2，4，6，8，10μl，分別注入色譜儀，測得(de)(de)各(ge)峰面(mian)積(ji)。以(yi)人(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)Rg1進樣量為(wei)橫坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)、以(yi)人(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)Rg1峰面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)縱坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)，得(de)(de)回(hui)歸方程為(wei)：Y=23974.6200X-46.0200,r=0.9999（n=5），結(jie)果表(biao)明人(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)Rg1進樣量在0.82～4.1μg范(fan)圍內(nei)與(yu)(yu)峰面(mian)積(ji)呈(cheng)良好的線性關(guan)系；以(yi)人(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)Re進樣量為(wei)橫坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)、以(yi)人(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)Re峰面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)縱坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)，得(de)(de)回(hui)歸方程為(wei)：Y=11737.8275X-234.0950,r=0.9999（n=5），結(jie)果表(biao)明人(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)Re進樣量在0.40～2.0μg范(fan)圍內(nei)與(yu)(yu)峰面(mian)積(ji)呈(cheng)良好的線性關(guan)系。

2.3.4精(jing)(jing)(jing)密(mi)度(du)(du)精(jing)(jing)(jing)密(mi)吸取(qu)“2.2.1”項(xiang)下(xia)的(de)對(dui)照(zhao)品溶(rong)液(ye)，連續進樣5次(ci)，10μl/次(ci)，測定(ding)人參皂(zao)苷峰面(mian)積，得(de)出人參皂(zao)苷Rg1其(qi)RSD=1.02%；人參皂(zao)苷Re其(qi)RSD=1.19%，結果(guo)表明該(gai)方法精(jing)(jing)(jing)密(mi)度(du)(du)良好。

2.3.5生脈膠(jiao)囊人參皂苷含量測定(ding)

生(sheng)脈(mo)膠(jiao)囊供(gong)試品(pin)：分(fen)別(bie)(bie)取(qu)6份(fen)生(sheng)脈(mo)膠(jiao)囊內容(rong)物，每份(fen)2.5g，精(jing)密稱定，分(fen)別(bie)(bie)加入(ru)70%乙醇各50ml，密塞(sai)，稱定重(zhong)(zhong)量，將6份(fen)樣品(pin)分(fen)別(bie)(bie)按10，20，30，40，50，60min，超(chao)聲處理，放(fang)冷，再稱定重(zhong)(zhong)量，用70%乙醇補足減失的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量，搖勻，0.45μm微孔濾(lv)膜濾(lv)過，取(qu)濾(lv)液(ye)作為供(gong)試品(pin)溶(rong)液(ye)。

陰(yin)性(xing)溶(rong)液(ye)：取不含紅參的陰(yin)性(xing)樣品(pin)2.5g，加(jia)70%乙醇，稱(cheng)(cheng)定(ding)重量，超聲處理30min，放冷，再稱(cheng)(cheng)定(ding)重量，用70%乙醇補足減失(shi)的重量，搖(yao)勻，0.45μm微孔濾(lv)膜濾(lv)過(guo)，取濾(lv)液(ye)作為(wei)陰(yin)性(xing)樣品(pin)溶(rong)液(ye)。表1生(sheng)脈膠囊人參皂苷含量（略）

穩(wen)定性實驗：精密吸取(qu)“生脈膠囊(nang)供試品”項下超聲(sheng)提取(qu)40min樣(yang)品20μl，分(fen)別(bie)(bie)在(zai)0，2，4，6，8，10h進樣(yang)測定，結果人參皂(zao)苷(gan)Rg1、人參皂(zao)苷(gan)Re的RSD分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)1.96%和1.75%。

重復(fu)性(xing)實驗：稱取(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊內容物5份，每份2.5g，按“生(sheng)(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊供試品”項下超聲(sheng)提取(qu)(qu)40min，測定，結果人(ren)參皂(zao)(zao)苷Rg1，人(ren)參皂(zao)(zao)苷Re的RSD分別為1.16%和1.05%。

加樣回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率實驗：取已(yi)知人(ren)參(can)(can)皂苷含量的生(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊內容物6份，每份約1.0g，精密(mi)稱定，精密(mi)加入人(ren)參(can)(can)皂苷Rg1，人(ren)參(can)(can)皂苷Re適量，按“生(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊供試(shi)品”項下超聲提取40min，測(ce)定含量，計算回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率。結果平均回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率為98.54%，RSD=0.89%。

2.3.6生(sheng)脈(mo)膨化膠囊人(ren)參皂苷含量測(ce)定(ding)

生(sheng)(sheng)脈膨化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)供試(shi)(shi)品(pin)：分(fen)別(bie)稱取6份(fen)生(sheng)(sheng)脈膨化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)內容物(wu)，每(mei)份(fen)2.5g，其制備方(fang)法(fa)與(yu)“生(sheng)(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊(nang)供試(shi)(shi)品(pin)”項下制備方(fang)法(fa)相同。

陰性樣品溶液：制備(bei)方(fang)法(fa)與“2.3.5”項中陰性溶液制備(bei)方(fang)法(fa)相同。

穩(wen)定性實驗：精密吸取“生脈(mo)膨化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)供試品(pin)”項下超聲提取10min樣品(pin)20μl，分(fen)別在0，2，4，6，8，10h進樣測定，結果人參皂苷Rg1、人參皂苷Re的RSD分(fen)別為1.01%和1.09%。

重復性實(shi)驗：稱取生(sheng)(sheng)脈(mo)(mo)膨化(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)囊(nang)內(nei)容物5份(fen)，每份(fen)2.5g，按“生(sheng)(sheng)脈(mo)(mo)膨化(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)囊(nang)供試品”項(xiang)下超聲提取10min，測定，結(jie)果人(ren)參(can)皂苷(gan)Rg1、人(ren)參(can)皂苷(gan)Re的RSD分別為1.03%和1.07%。表2生(sheng)(sheng)脈(mo)(mo)膨化(hua)膠(jiao)(jiao)囊(nang)人(ren)參(can)皂苷(gan)含量（略）

加樣回收率實驗：取已知人參(can)皂(zao)(zao)苷含(han)量(liang)的生脈膨化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)內容物(wu)6份(fen)(fen)，每份(fen)(fen)約1.0g，精密稱定，精密加入人參(can)皂(zao)(zao)苷Rg1、人參(can)皂(zao)(zao)苷Re適量(liang)，按(an)“生脈膨化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)供(gong)試品”項下超聲提(ti)取10min，測定含(han)量(liang)，計算回收率。結果平均回收率為99.01%，RSD=0.65%。

按(an)上述(shu)方法測定，得(de)到生脈(mo)膠(jiao)囊樣(yang)品(pin)、生脈(mo)膨化膠(jiao)囊樣(yang)品(pin)、對照品(pin)溶液及陰性(xing)樣(yang)品(pin)的(de)HPLC圖(tu)，見圖(tu)4～7。人(ren)參(can)皂苷含量測定結(jie)果見表1～2。

2.4生脈膨化膠(jiao)囊和生脈膠(jiao)囊人參(can)皂苷含量比較

從(cong)上述表(biao)1和表(biao)2生(sheng)脈膠囊(nang)和生(sheng)脈膨化(hua)膠囊(nang)中人(ren)(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)含(han)量(liang)，可以(yi)得到如下圖8，生(sheng)脈膨化(hua)膠囊(nang)和生(sheng)脈膠囊(nang)在同一時間的人(ren)(ren)參(can)皂(zao)苷(gan)含(han)量(liang)。

3討論與結論

TLC色譜(pu)鑒(jian)定確(que)定了(le)生脈制劑(ji)中紅(hong)參、麥冬、五味子的薄層色譜(pu)鑒(jian)別方法(fa)，從圖1～3可(ke)以看(kan)出，紅(hong)參、麥冬、五味子在相(xiang)同的位置都有(you)相(xiang)同的斑(ban)點(dian)，說明膨化并沒有(you)使生脈膠囊(nang)有(you)效成(cheng)分缺失。

從表(biao)1～2及圖8可(ke)以看出(chu)，生(sheng)脈膨(peng)(peng)化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)和生(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)中人(ren)參(can)總皂苷含量(liang)并無顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)性(xing)差(cha)異，但生(sheng)脈膨(peng)(peng)化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)人(ren)參(can)皂苷溶出(chu)速(su)率明顯(xian)(xian)快于(yu)生(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)，這是因為生(sheng)脈膨(peng)(peng)化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)中紅參(can)經膨(peng)(peng)化(hua)后，內部的(de)液體迅速(su)升溫汽化(hua)，形成(cheng)海棉狀(zhuang)空心(xin)(xin)(xin)網狀(zhuang)結構，使其質地疏松，有效(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)分更(geng)容易浸(jin)出(chu)，故其人(ren)參(can)皂苷溶出(chu)速(su)率更(geng)快。生(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)用于(yu)治療(liao)冠心(xin)(xin)(xin)病(bing)(bing)、心(xin)(xin)(xin)絞痛、心(xin)(xin)(xin)腦血(xue)栓等癥，病(bing)(bing)人(ren)發病(bing)(bing)時需(xu)服(fu)用速(su)效(xiao)(xiao)藥(yao)物以減(jian)輕病(bing)(bing)人(ren)痛苦，而本實驗制備的(de)生(sheng)脈膨(peng)(peng)化(hua)膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)比傳統生(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)釋(shi)藥(yao)快，且不(bu)影響傳統生(sheng)脈膠(jiao)囊(nang)(nang)(nang)的(de)藥(yao)效(xiao)(xiao)。

本文通過對生(sheng)脈膨(peng)化膠囊(nang)和生(sheng)脈膠囊(nang)的質量標準研究(jiu)，確定了中藥(yao)膨(peng)化技術(shu)用于中藥(yao)制劑的可行(xing)性，為在中藥(yao)制劑中推廣膨(peng)化技術(shu)奠定了基(ji)礎。新晨：

【參考文獻】

1］張翠英.人(ren)參(can)膨(peng)化炮制及膨(peng)化飲片的質量研究［D］.西南交通大學(xue)2006級研究生學(xue)位(wei)論文.

［2］國家藥典(dian)委員(yuan)會.中(zhong)國藥典(dian)，Ⅰ部［S］.北京:化學工業(ye)出(chu)版(ban)社，2005:424.

［3］高彩霞,王(wang)成章.人參(can)皂苷的提(ti)取和精制(zhi)工藝(yi)研究［J］.林產化(hua)工通訊(xun),2005,39(5):5.

［4］周漩(xuan),馮毅(yi)凡,郭曉玲(ling).主成分分析法用于人參(can)皂苷薄層色譜(pu)分離的(de)研究［J］.廣東藥學院學報(bao),2003,19(2):101.

 ［5］陳英杰，竇德強，趙春杰，等(deng).人(ren)參的新成分、新活性(xing)和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)規(gui)范(fan)化研究［J］.人(ren)參研究，2002，14(1):3.

［6］張崇(chong)禧，鄭友蘭，張春(chun)紅，等(deng).不同(tong)方法提取(qu)人(ren)參總皂(zao)苷工藝的(de)優化研究［J］.人(ren)參研究，2003，10(4):5.

篇7

5月14―15日在遼寧省沈(shen)陽市召開(kai)，并同(tong)期召開(kai)全國中西(xi)醫結合風濕病聯盟會(hui)議，制訂常見風濕病中西(xi)醫診治(zhi)專家共(gong)識。現將會(hui)議征文事項通知如下。

1、征(zheng)(zheng)文內容：①重(zhong)點征(zheng)(zheng)文領域為系(xi)統性(xing)紅斑(ban)狼瘡(chuang)、類風濕關節炎(yan)、強直性(xing)脊(ji)柱炎(yan)、骨關節炎(yan)、系(xi)統性(xing)硬化(hua)癥、干燥(zao)綜合征(zheng)(zheng)、痛(tong)風、白塞氏(shi)病、系(xi)統性(xing)血管炎(yan)、多發性(xing)肌(ji)(ji)炎(yan)和皮肌(ji)(ji)炎(yan)、纖(xian)維肌(ji)(ji)痛(tong)綜合征(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)；②中(zhong)

藥(yao)制劑治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)作用機(ji)制的實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)(yan)究、臨(lin)床研(yan)(yan)究、藥(yao)物上市后再評價研(yan)(yan)究；③中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)有效成分治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的基礎研(yan)(yan)究、臨(lin)床研(yan)(yan)究、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)設計；④中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)藥(yao)聯合(he)應用治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的科研(yan)(yan)設計、臨(lin)床研(yan)(yan)究、經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)體會；⑤疑(yi)難風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)醫(yi)(yi)結(jie)合(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)進展、個案報道、臨(lin)床經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)總結(jie)；⑥中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)臨(lin)床診療(liao)指南標準、中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)技術制修訂標準及中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)療(liao)法的研(yan)(yan)究成果；⑦常(chang)見風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)物治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)的專家(jia)共識建議、草案；⑧風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)醫(yi)(yi)結(jie)合(he)護理的經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)體會、臨(lin)床總結(jie)；⑨其他有關中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)醫(yi)(yi)結(jie)合(he)在(zai)風(feng)濕(shi)(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)領域(yu)的熱(re)點問(wen)題。

2、征文(wen)要(yao)(yao)求：①稿(gao)件應為未公(gong)開(kai)發表的(de)論(lun)(lun)文(wen)，要(yao)(yao)求論(lun)(lun)點鮮明(ming)(ming)，具有較強的(de)科(ke)學性、先進性和前瞻性；②稿(gao)件全文(wen)限(xian)4000字以(yi)內(nei)(nei)，并(bing)附400字以(yi)內(nei)(nei)的(de)結(jie)構式(shi)摘要(yao)(yao)（目(mu)的(de)、方(fang)法、結(jie)果、結(jie)論(lun)(lun)）及(ji)關鍵詞；請提(ti)交電子(zi)版至投稿(gao)郵(you)箱(xiang)，不受理手抄(chao)及(ji)復印文(wen)稿(gao)；③稿(gao)件一律用(yong)Word文(wen)檔排印，標(biao)準A4版面，標(biao)題用(yong)宋體(ti)三號字，作者(zhe)及(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)用(yong)楷體(ti)小四號字，注明(ming)(ming)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)科(ke)室、通訊地址、郵(you)編、電子(zi)郵(you)箱(xiang)、聯系電話；摘要(yao)(yao)與關鍵詞用(yong)宋體(ti)五(wu)號字，省部級(ji)以(yi)上科(ke)研基金課題者(zhe)請注明(ming)(ming)；④錄(lu)用(yong)文(wen)稿(gao)紙(zhi)質版須(xu)加(jia)蓋單(dan)位(wei)(wei)公(gong)章郵(you)寄；⑤論(lun)(lun)文(wen)經(jing)審評錄(lu)用(yong)后，將收(shou)入“會(hui)議學術論(lun)(lun)文(wen)集”，組(zu)委會(hui)將給(gei)作者(zhe)發送(song)會(hui)議論(lun)(lun)文(wen)錄(lu)用(yong)通知(zhi)；⑥歡(huan)迎相關專業的(de)專家、學者(zhe)積(ji)極參(can)與，踴躍投稿(gao)。

3、截(jie)稿日期：2016年3月31日（以郵戳日期或電(dian)子郵件發送時間為準）。

4、聯系方式：①聯系人及電話：李(li)略15566080836 岳(yue)月15604008885 固定電話024-31961263；

②地址：遼寧省沈陽市皇姑區北陵(ling)大街33號 郵編(bian)110032 遼寧中醫藥(yao)大學附屬醫院風濕病科 岳(yue)月收

篇8

【關鍵詞】：中藥；知識(shi)產權(quan)

中圖分類(lei)號：R3；D9 文(wen)獻(xian)標(biao)識碼(ma)：A

一(yi)、世(shi)界(jie)青睞(lai)中(zhong)藥研發

據悉，目前全世界有170多(duo)家公(gong)司(si)和40多(duo)個研(yan)究機構(gou)正(zheng)在從事天然藥物的新藥開發。美國已(yi)開始進行中藥復方(fang)與制劑的臨床(chuang)試驗(yan)，德國則打算在現行醫療(liao)保(bao)險法(fa)中將中藥列入傳統療(liao)法(fa)范疇，俄羅斯、瑞(rui)士等亦看好(hao)中藥。

在(zai)日本，厚生(sheng)(sheng)省批準(zhun)的210個(ge)漢方制劑(ji)的處方主要(yao)來(lai)自中國(guo)(guo)中醫(yi)典籍(ji)，其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)原料75％從中國(guo)(guo)進(jin)口(kou)，但日本中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)品在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制劑(ji)市場(chang)(chang)卻(que)占(zhan)有80％的份額，韓國(guo)(guo)所(suo)占(zhan)的份額也達10％。這(zhe)些國(guo)(guo)家(jia)從我國(guo)(guo)進(jin)口(kou)粗加工(gong)的原料藥(yao)(yao)(yao)后再行精(jing)加工(gong)，制成符(fu)合(he)國(guo)(guo)際標準(zhun)的片劑(ji)、膠囊(nang)等，立(li)即(ji)高價行銷全球，其(qi)中包(bao)括(kuo)反銷中國(guo)(guo)市場(chang)(chang)，其(qi)數量竟占(zhan)到我國(guo)(guo)中成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市場(chang)(chang)的三分之一。

不久前，世(shi)界(jie)500強(qiang)企業之一的瑞(rui)士諾(nuo)華公司在上海(hai)宣布，在已(yi)經投(tou)(tou)入200萬(wan)美元的基(ji)礎(chu)上，將再(zai)投(tou)(tou)入150萬(wan)美元與中(zhong)科(ke)院上海(hai)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)研(yan)究所(suo)展開為期3年的中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)提(ti)取(qu)物(wu)研(yan)究。全球(qiu)藥(yao)(yao)企巨(ju)頭---德國(guo)馬博士大藥(yao)(yao)廠(chang)也表示(shi)，其(qi)屬下用于治療(liao)便秘的植物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)已(yi)正式(shi)搶灘中(zhong)國(guo)。而此(ci)前日本大幸(xing)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)株式(shi)會社也剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)將其(qi)漢方(fang)藥(yao)(yao)新(xin)劑型(xing)強(qiang)力推(tui)向(xiang)華南市場。

更讓(rang)人擔心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有(you)相當數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外公司正通過知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)占據國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥市場(chang)份額。他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)戰略是(shi)：一方(fang)面利(li)用合作(zuo)、收購、兼并來(lai)獲得中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥知(zhi)識(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)；另一方(fang)面則搶先在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)申請專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)，禁止中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)和銷(xiao)售(shou)，然后再通過侵權(quan)(quan)賠償來(lai)打垮中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。例如，吉(ji)林生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“人參(can)蜂(feng)王漿”在(zai)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)被(bei)他人搶先申請了專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人參(can)蜂(feng)王漿在(zai)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)市場(chang)上銷(xiao)售(shou)變(bian)成了侵犯他人專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)。韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)人在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)申請了“牛黃清(qing)心丸”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)，這些專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)批準后，意味著在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)，“同(tong)仁堂”等企(qi)業(ye)(ye)也不能生產(chan)(chan)(chan)和銷(xiao)售(shou)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成藥牛黃清(qing)心丸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口服液和膠囊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進劑(ji)型產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)。

隨著人們對藥(yao)(yao)品安全(quan)性要(yao)求的(de)提(ti)高(gao)，天(tian)(tian)然植物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)正備受青睞。而全(quan)球(qiu)天(tian)(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)市場發展潛力最大(da)的(de)地(di)方(fang)是亞洲，特別在中醫、中藥(yao)(yao)發源地(di)的(de)中國，是全(quan)球(qiu)天(tian)(tian)然植物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)企業的(de)必爭之地(di)。

二、中藥知識產(chan)權(quan)在流失

專家指出，多(duo)年來一(yi)直困擾中國中藥(yao)走(zou)向世界的知識產權(quan)問(wen)題，如今已(yi)經演變成為保衛本(ben)土市場(chang)的重要戰場(chang)。

北京金之橋知識產權有(you)限公司總經(jing)理(li)李敏說，目前中藥(yao)配方在世界范(fan)圍內幾乎都是免(mian)費(fei)大餐，日本只有(you)210個漢方藥(yao)制劑，處(chu)方來自中國，但在國際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)的覆蓋率(lv)卻達到80％。

據了(le)解(jie)，國(guo)外公司(si)為了(le)搶灘中(zhong)國(guo)市場(chang)，在中(zhong)國(guo)搶先申請的(de)中(zhong)草藥專利已(yi)經有(you)1000件；而(er)國(guo)內一些(xie)企業和老中(zhong)醫卻以(yi)秘方(fang)為“榮(rong)”，不會用知識產(chan)權(quan)相關法律(lv)來保護(hu)自己，提升產(chan)品的(de)附加值(zhi)，從而(er)穩固占領國(guo)內外市場(chang)。

以中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)專利保護(hu)為(wei)例(li)，多年(nian)前(qian)我們就已有沉痛的(de)教訓，青蒿素被國(guo)(guo)外(wai)一家(jia)企業根據科研論文進行結構改造并搶先申(shen)請了(le)2億(yi)－3億(yi)美(mei)元的(de)出(chu)口額；日本(ben)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)六神丸的(de)基礎上開發出(chu)救心丸，年(nian)銷售額達上億(yi)美(mei)元；江(jiang)蘇地道的(de)傳統中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材薄荷，目前(qian)已有8項專利落在(zai)(zai)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)手里；銀杏目前(qian)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)專利申(shen)請共有68件，外(wai)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)申(shen)請的(de)有4件，但卻幾乎涵蓋了(le)銀杏的(de)全部(bu)提取工藝流程。而這(zhe)些教訓僅僅是(shi)冰山一角。

知識產權意(yi)識的(de)淡薄使得我(wo)(wo)國本(ben)土中(zhong)藥(yao)痛失市場(chang)先(xian)機(ji)。據(ju)統(tong)計，2002年(nian)，我(wo)(wo)國中(zhong)藥(yao)領域(yu)的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)申請僅有(you)3026件(jian)；2003年(nian)，我(wo)(wo)國中(zhong)藥(yao)領域(yu)PCT僅占國內申請的(de)0．6％。國內大(da)約90％以上的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)都(dou)(dou)沒(mei)有(you)申請專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)。專(zhuan)(zhuan)家分析(xi)，這一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為很(hen)多(duo)中(zhong)藥(yao)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)來自(zi)于動植(zhi)物(wu)，申請到專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)的(de)難度較大(da)，中(zhong)藥(yao)缺乏足(zu)夠的(de)臨床試驗的(de)數據(ju)，很(hen)難證明中(zhong)藥(yao)所具有(you)的(de)療效。很(hen)多(duo)中(zhong)醫藥(yao)的(de)知識都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)作為一種秘方(fang)(fang)存在的(de)，秘方(fang)(fang)雖(sui)然(ran)療效顯著，但機(ji)理是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)說不清楚。另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，就目前而言(yan)，中(zhong)藥(yao)尚待標準化，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)打入(ru)國際市場(chang)的(de)最大(da)阻力之一。

更令(ling)人不(bu)能(neng)容忍的是個(ge)別企業為了吸引(yin)境(jing)外資金(jin)，不(bu)惜將自主知識產(chan)(chan)權(quan)―――中藥處方拱手交給(gei)外商。這(zhe)種“醫得眼(yan)前瘡，剜卻(que)心(xin)頭肉”的做法，只會使我國的中藥生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)在國際競爭(zheng)中處于(yu)更加不(bu)利的境(jing)地。

三、本土中(zhong)藥必須突圍

如果(guo)我們不(bu)積極應(ying)對(dui)，盡快(kuai)采(cai)取有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)保(bao)護措(cuo)施，“土中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)”很難抵(di)御“洋中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)(de)沖擊(ji)，中(zhong)(zhong)國在中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)(shi)場上的(de)(de)損失將(jiang)是(shi)難以(yi)估量的(de)(de)。既沒有(you)(you)專利保(bao)護，仿制也就(jiu)在所難免(mian)。當外國人用高(gao)科技手段(duan)“敲(qiao)碎”了中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)這道技術屏障(zhang)之(zhi)后必將(jiang)長驅直入。業內人士擔(dan)憂，民族中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)但難以(yi)走向國際市(shi)(shi)場，弄不(bu)好(hao)連國內市(shi)(shi)場都無法(fa)保(bao)留(liu)。

事(shi)實上，發(fa)展中(zhong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)業必須保(bao)護好(hao)中(zhong)藥(yao)處方專利(li)，堅持自主創新。加入(ru)世貿組(zu)織后，藥(yao)品進(jin)(jin)口稅將(jiang)大(da)幅下降，新藥(yao)研發(fa)必須從(cong)仿制(zhi)(zhi)向創新轉變，否則就(jiu)沒有立(li)足之地。我國的制(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)企業需要(yao)(yao)建立(li)一套創新機制(zhi)(zhi)，組(zu)建研發(fa)機構，適時推出(chu)新一代(dai)中(zhong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)品。中(zhong)藥(yao)企業必須提(ti)高(gao)掌握和(he)運用知識產(chan)(chan)權制(zhi)(zhi)度的能(neng)力和(he)水平。整個社會也要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)一步加大(da)中(zhong)藥(yao)知識產(chan)(chan)權的保(bao)護力度，為中(zhong)藥(yao)創新創造(zao)良(liang)好(hao)的環境。

據稱，目前(qian)國(guo)內的許多中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)企業都在(zai)加強對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)的研(yan)發。如(ru)白云山(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)廠為搶(qiang)占抗生素限售后的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)抗生素市(shi)場(chang)，一舉投入6000萬元(yuan)與廣州中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)大學合作(zuo)成立中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)消炎實驗室。不久前(qian)，三(san)九企業集(ji)團規(gui)劃投資總額超(chao)過(guo)7.2億(yi)元(yuan)，建立三(san)九現(xian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)產(chan)業化(hua)研(yan)究開發基地項目，推進(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)產(chan)業化(hua)、現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)、國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)。三(san)九還收購了日本東亞制藥(yao)登(deng)陸日本，從而讓本土中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)躋身(shen)國(guo)際(ji)主(zhu)流市(shi)場(chang)。

值(zhi)得一提(ti)的(de)是，同仁(ren)堂斥資2億元開發中(zhong)藥，并(bing)挑選一些優勢產品進行(xing)二次開發。同時尋找(zhao)一些具有知識產權(quan)的(de)中(zhong)藥予(yu)以收購，按照(zhao)國際標(biao)準組(zu)織(zhi)生(sheng)產加工，投(tou)放國際市場。

正由于目前“洋(yang)中藥”的(de)(de)價格偏高，不少(shao)業內(nei)人(ren)士認為國內(nei)中藥應先“跑”半步(bu)，在渠(qu)道和(he)品牌上(shang)設立自己的(de)(de)門檻。相(xiang)當一(yi)(yi)部分消(xiao)費(fei)者對中國傳統中藥有較好(hao)的(de)(de)消(xiao)費(fei)習慣，國內(nei)藥企(qi)應以樹(shu)立品牌等(deng)方式延續(xu)這種忠(zhong)誠度。同時利用“普(pu)藥精制”等(deng)戰略，占領更廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)中低檔藥品消(xiao)費(fei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)。而(er)在另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面，“洋(yang)中藥”沖擊國內(nei)中藥市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，也(ye)會(hui)為國內(nei)同行提供一(yi)(yi)個很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)技(ji)術及市(shi)場(chang)(chang)榜樣，最終像家電、手機等(deng)產業興(xing)起(qi)一(yi)(yi)樣，“群起(qi)而(er)追之(zhi)”。

四、知(zhi)識產權是“命根子(zi)”

“知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)權無疑是(shi)民族中(zhong)(zhong)藥產(chan)業面對挑戰時(shi)必須緊(jin)緊(jin)抓(zhua)住(zhu)的利器”，這已成為共識(shi)(shi)(shi)。中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)權涉及(ji)的范圍(wei)很廣，包括專利、商(shang)標、著(zhu)作權、商(shang)業秘密(mi)等(deng)多個方面；內容包含中(zhong)(zhong)藥材、飲片、處方、制藥工藝(yi)、文獻(xian)及(ji)信息資源等(deng)。據專家分(fen)析，近年來中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)權保(bao)護逐漸法(fa)制化(hua)、規范化(hua)，但其中(zhong)(zhong)仍存在意識(shi)(shi)(shi)薄弱(ruo)、缺乏中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)權研究和管(guan)理(li)專業人才、地道藥材未得(de)到充分(fen)保(bao)護和中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥傳統知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)難以得(de)到保(bao)護等(deng)五(wu)大明顯不足(zu)。對此(ci)，專家們提出了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)藥關鍵技術知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)權保(bao)護的建(jian)議。

1. 以專利保護(hu)(hu)(hu)中醫藥(yao)(yao)核心技術。中醫藥(yao)(yao)產(chan)品(pin)在進入國(guo)(guo)際市場前，最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)事情就是(shi)及(ji)時向(xiang)進入國(guo)(guo)提出(chu)專利申請(qing)，在真正(zheng)意(yi)義上保護(hu)(hu)(hu)其(qi)國(guo)(guo)際市場利益(yi)。目(mu)前，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)涉及(ji)中藥(yao)(yao)行政保護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)依據是(shi)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)注(zhu)冊管理辦法和知識產(chan)權海關保護(hu)(hu)(hu)條例。但行政保護(hu)(hu)(hu)只(zhi)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)內強(qiang)制性的(de)措施，具有一(yi)定的(de)局限性，最(zui)終(zhong)還是(shi)要依靠專利這一(yi)武器才能保護(hu)(hu)(hu)自己(ji)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)知識產(chan)權。

2. 以商標(biao)保護樹立中醫藥的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際品牌(pai)。中醫藥產(chan)品應以國(guo)(guo)(guo)際標(biao)準為目標(biao)，塑造中醫藥馳(chi)名品牌(pai)，敢于和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際上的(de)名牌(pai)較量。

篇9

論文(wen)關鍵詞：論中(zhong)草藥(yao)在(zai)水產養(yang)殖病害防治中(zhong)的應用及對策

近年來(lai)，隨著水產(chan)(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)病害日趨嚴重，養殖(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)所(suo)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)漁(yu)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)種類和(he)數(shu)量也在(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷增多(duo)。抗(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)素、促生(sheng)(sheng)長劑、殺蟲(chong)藥(yao)(yao)等的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量使用(yong)(yong)，帶(dai)來(lai)了藥(yao)(yao)物在(zai)(zai)魚體內大(da)量富集(ji)殘留和(he)病原體的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)等問題，導致養殖(zhi)(zhi)水產(chan)(chan)品質量下降，既危害了人類健康，又污(wu)染了環境。開發和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)安(an)全、高(gao)(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)無公(gong)害魚藥(yao)(yao)已經成為水產(chan)(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)業可持續發展的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。中(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)具(ju)有(you)天(tian)然、高(gao)(gao)效、毒副(fu)作用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)、抗(kang)藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)不(bu)顯著、資(zi)源豐富以及多(duo)樣(yang)化等優點，在(zai)(zai)防治(zhi)魚病中(zhong)，除了兼有(you)藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)和(he)營(ying)養性(xing)外，還具(ju)有(you)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)水產(chan)(chan)動(dong)物生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)性(xing)能和(he)飼料利用(yong)(yong)率高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)功效。為貫徹落實“水產(chan)(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)質量安(an)全管理規定”，進(jin)行(xing)綠色無公(gong)害安(an)全水產(chan)(chan)養殖(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，應用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)防治(zhi)魚病具(ju)有(you)重大(da)意義。

一、中草藥的作用

1、抗菌、抗病害

如大黃(huang)、黃(huang)柏、黃(huang)岑有(you)抗(kang)菌(jun)功效，能(neng)夠抑菌(jun)；苦楝皮、馬鞭(bian)草(cao)、白頭翁等能(neng)殺蟲。

2、增加機體免(mian)疫(yi)力

水產動物具(ju)有相(xiang)對完善的免疫力(li)功(gong)能(neng)，中(zhong)草(cao)藥可以對其(qi)起調(diao)節(jie)作用。

3、可以(yi)完善飼料的營養(yang)配伍，提高飼料轉化率

中(zhong)草藥本身含有(you)一(yi)定的(de)營(ying)養物質(zhi)，如粗(cu)蛋白(bai)、粗(cu)脂肪、維生素等(deng)，某些中(zhong)草藥還有(you)誘(you)食、消食的(de)作用。

二、中草藥的特點

1、資源廣、成(cheng)本低

我(wo)國地(di)域遼(liao)闊藥學論文(wen)，中草藥資源豐富，易(yi)種易(yi)收(shou)，且使用簡便(bian)。

2、在動物體內(nei)無(wu)藥物殘留無(wu)公(gong)害

中草(cao)藥是天然物質，保持了(le)各種成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)的自然性(xing)和(he)生(sheng)物活(huo)性(xing)，其(qi)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)易吸收利(li)用，不能(neng)被吸收的也(ye)能(neng)順利(li)排出體外，在(zai)體外細菌分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，不會(hui)污染水環境。而一(yi)般的化學藥物成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)會(hui)積累(lei)在(zai)動物體內或(huo)殘(can)留于水體中。

3、毒副作用小，在動物體內不產生抗藥性

通過中(zhong)草(cao)藥組方(fang)配伍，利用中(zhong)藥之間的(de)相互作用，提高其防病治病的(de)功效，減(jian)(jian)弱或消減(jian)(jian)了(le)毒副作用。有(you)毒的(de)中(zhong)草(cao)藥經過適(shi)當的(de)炮制加(jia)工后，毒性(xing)(xing)會降(jiang)低或消失(shi)，此外至今醫學(xue)研究還未發現中(zhong)草(cao)藥有(you)抗藥性(xing)(xing)的(de)問(wen)題。

三、中草(cao)藥在水產養殖病害防治中的應用(yong)

1、大(da)黃 其(qi)有效成分為(wei)蒽醌衍生(sheng)物，其(qi)中以大(da)黃酸、大(da)黃素及(ji)(ji)蘆薈(hui)大(da)黃素抗(kang)菌(jun)的作用最好，有收斂、增加血小板、促進血液凝固(gu)及(ji)(ji)抗(kang)瘤(liu)的作用。用以防(fang)治草魚出血病(bing)、細菌(jun)性爛鰓病(bing)、白頭嘴病(bing)等。

2、烏柏 又名柏樹(shu)、木蠟樹(shu)，其葉(xie)含生(sheng)物堿(jian)、黃(huang)酮(tong)類(lei)、鞣(rou)質、有機酸、酚類(lei)等(deng)成(cheng)分(fen)，主要抑(yi)菌成(cheng)分(fen)不酚酸尖物質，在生(sheng)石灰(hui)作用(yong)下生(sheng)成(cheng)沉淀，可以(yi)用(yong)來防治爛(lan)鰓(sai)病(bing)、白頭白嘴病(bing)等(deng)。

3、五倍子 含鞣酸，有收斂作用(yong)，能使皮膚粘膜(mo)、潰(kui)瘍等局部蛋(dan)白質凝固(gu)，能加速(su)血(xue)液凝固(gu)而(er)達到止血(xue)效果(guo)；能沉(chen)淀生物堿，對生物堿中毒，有解毒作用(yong)，抗菌范(fan)圍廣，用(yong)于水產(chan)動物細菌疾病的外(wai)用(yong)藥。

4、辣(la)蓼 鞣質，黃銅類，蒽醌衍生物及蓼酸，用于防治(zhi)細菌(jun)腸炎病。

 5、黃芩(qin) 多年生草木植物以根(gen)入藥，有抑菌、抗病(bing)(bing)毒(du)、鎮靜、利尿解毒(du)功效，可防治(zhi)爛(lan)鰓病(bing)(bing)、打印病(bing)(bing)、敗血病(bing)(bing)、腸炎病(bing)(bing)。

6、黃連(lian) 雙名雞(ji)爪連(lian)，川連(lian)，味連(lian)，上黃連(lian)。多年生(sheng)草本植物藥(yao)學論文，以根狀莖入藥(yao)，有抑菌(jun)、消炎、解(jie)毒功(gong)能，主(zhu)要(yao)用于防治細菌(jun)性腸炎。

7、穿(chuan)心蓮(lian) 一年生草本植物，含(han)穿(chuan)心蓮(lian)內(nei)脂及黃(huang)酮(tong)化(hua)合(he)物等，有解毒、消腫止痛(tong)、抑菌止瀉(xie)及促進白細胞(bao)吞(tun)噬(shi)細菌的功能，藥用全草，防治細菌性腸(chang)炎病。

8、黃柏(bo) 又名案木(mu)，聚皮(pi)，無柏(bo)，落葉喬木(mu)。以樹皮(pi)入藥，有(you)抑菌、解毒、止(zhi)痛等功能，可防(fang)治草魚血病站。

9、大蒜(suan) 藥用鱗莖，其(qi)有效成(cheng)分大蒜(suan)辣素，有止痢、殺(sha)菌、驅蟲(chong)及健胃作用，用于防治細菌性腸類病。

四、存在的問題

1、水產用(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)礎研(yan)究(jiu)落(luo)后，目(mu)前水產養殖用(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)不論(lun)是單(dan)方或(huo)復方制劑，其作用(yong)(yong)(yong)大多(duo)借鑒中(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)歷史資料記載、臨(lin)(lin)床用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)經驗(yan)的累積來確定(ding)。但傳統(tong)中(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)論(lun)缺(que)乏對中(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的有效成(cheng)分、抗病毒作用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)理(li)等(deng)方面(mian)的研(yan)究(jiu)，不像西醫那樣做(zuo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)敏試驗(yan)和解剖實驗(yan)，對臨(lin)(lin)床反(fan)應(ying)和臨(lin)(lin)床實驗(yan)數據等(deng)有關詳細記錄。要從藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)方面(mian)逐一進行(xing)試驗(yan)研(yan)究(jiu)，尚(shang)缺(que)乏相應(ying)技術(shu)和雄厚的資金。因此，在應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過程當中(zhong)要注(zhu)意(yi)配伍禁忌問(wen)題。

2、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)研(yan)究與開發受到(dao)了重視，但產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎薄弱，資(zi)金投入嚴重不(bu)足，近年來，我國在(zai)免疫(yi)增強劑尤其是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)飼料添加劑上的研(yan)究開發較多(duo)。但總體而(er)(er)言，我國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎研(yan)究與開發薄弱，生產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)落(luo)后(hou)，工(gong)程(cheng)化(hua)水(shui)平低，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)存在(zai)“一(yi)小(xiao)、二多(duo)、三低”的狀況，即規(gui)模小(xiao)、企(qi)業(ye)(ye)數量多(duo)、產(chan)(chan)品重復多(duo)、科技含量低、管(guan)理水(shui)平低及(ji)自動化(hua)生產(chan)(chan)水(shui)平低。此外，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)劑型落(luo)后(hou)。而(er)(er)國家投入到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和資(zi)金也少的可(ke)憐。目前(qian)養殖用中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)遠不(bu)能(neng)適應實際需要(yao)。

3、劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)混亂，消(xiao)化吸收存在(zai)著(zhu)障(zhang)礙，嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響了藥(yao)(yao)效(xiao)。目前在(zai)水(shui)產(chan)(chan)病害(hai)防治過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)應用的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)，劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)呈現多樣性(xing)，基(ji)本包括(kuo)了粉(fen)(fen)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和水(shui)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。其中(zhong)(zhong)粉(fen)(fen)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有普(pu)(pu)通粉(fen)(fen)碎劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和超微粉(fen)(fen)碎劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；水(shui)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有水(shui)煎水(shui)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、化學(xue)萃(cui)取水(shui)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和二氧化碳超臨界萃(cui)取的(de)水(shui)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。而(er)(er)這其中(zhong)(zhong)大多數劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)是以(yi)普(pu)(pu)通粉(fen)(fen)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)形式(shi)存在(zai)。中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)大部分品種成分組成基(ji)本以(yi)粗纖維和幾丁質為(wei)主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)論文，而(er)(er)水(shui)產(chan)(chan)動(dong)物特(te)殊的(de)消(xiao)化結(jie)構(gou)又決定了它(ta)(ta)們對(dui)(dui)幾丁質與(yu)粗纖維的(de)消(xiao)化吸收效(xiao)果(guo)很差(cha)。所以(yi)普(pu)(pu)通散劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)由于水(shui)產(chan)(chan)動(dong)物對(dui)(dui)它(ta)(ta)有著(zhu)消(xiao)化吸收障(zhang)礙而(er)(er)顯效(xiao)果(guo)差(cha)顯效(xiao)慢，這是一個重(zhong)要(yao)原因(yin)。

四、解決的方法與對策

1、加強中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)基礎理(li)(li)論(lun)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。目前(qian)，有關水產(chan)養殖(zhi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)主(zhu)要集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在臨床應用(yong)(yong)和部分(fen)(fen)有效成分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)上，許多(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)及其(qi)復方中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)制劑的(de)(de)(de)有效成分(fen)(fen)及其(qi)含量、結(jie)構、提取、有效成分(fen)(fen)間的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互關系、毒理(li)(li)學(xue)等藥(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)學(xue)方面(mian)均(jun)缺(que)乏對水生動物的(de)(de)(de)促生長、疾病防治、誘(you)食、改善水產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)質等的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，通過深(shen)入研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)其(qi)特(te)征、作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)機理(li)(li)，以期篩出效果良好的(de)(de)(de)水產(chan)品(pin)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)。

2、形成(cheng)以市場(chang)規律為導向(xiang)的(de)中草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)研究機制。食物源性(xing)的(de)農藥(yao)(yao)、獸藥(yao)(yao)殘留嚴重危(wei)害人類的(de)健康(kang)，化學藥(yao)(yao)物和抗生素的(de)毒(du)副(fu)作用(yong)及(ji)耐藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)問(wen)題日益突出，這(zhe)使得人們(men)不得不將疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)，尤其是動物疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)防治轉向(xiang)中草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)研究為目標。重點扶持一批擁有(you)(you)自主知識產權(quan)具有(you)(you)競爭力的(de)大型(xing)企(qi)業，形成(cheng)有(you)(you)利(li)于整(zheng)體經濟(ji)增長(chang)、區(qu)域經濟(ji)發(fa)展和具有(you)(you)市場(chang)競爭優勢的(de)現代中藥(yao)(yao)產業。

3、結合水生動物(wu)消化(hua)吸收的原理，在劑型上給矛改變，如超(chao)微粉碎或(huo)二氧化(hua)碳(tan)超(chao)臨界萃取，這樣就大大地提(ti)高了(le)其消化(hua)利用(yong)率(lv)，從提(ti)高了(le)療效。

4、統一質量標準，嚴格(ge)把握好原料(liao)(liao)的(de)質量關(guan)(guan)、產地關(guan)(guan)，同時避(bi)免(mian)原料(liao)(liao)的(de)污染(ran)，使組方(fang)更合理與科(ke)學(xue)。

篇10

1.2含鞣酸較(jiao)高的(de)(de)中藥(yao)(yao)如虎杖(zhang)，大黃及其(qi)含大黃的(de)(de)中成藥(yao)(yao)等(deng)不能與(yu)四環(huan)素、氯霉素、紅霉素、利福平、士的(de)(de)寧、硫(liu)酸亞(ya)鐵等(deng)同用。因鞣酸的(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)作用，可使之(zhi)與(yu)西藥(yao)(yao)在腸道內結(jie)(jie)合，而不被(bei)吸(xi)收(shou)并影響藥(yao)(yao)物排泄，如與(yu)胃蛋白酶合劑、淀粉酶、多酶片合用，可與(yu)其(qi)中含有蛋白質結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)肽鍵或胺鍵與(yu)鞣質結(jie)(jie)合發生化學(xue)反應，不易被(bei)胃腸道吸(xi)收(shou)，從(cong)而引起消化不良、納差等(deng)癥(zheng)狀。

1.3含(han)有消化(hua)酶、酵母菌的中藥神曲(qu)，麥芽(ya)等，若與抗(kang)生素同用，抗(kang)生素可抑制微生物或(huo)破壞酶而(er)影響中西藥的療(liao)效(xiao)。

1.4含(han)有(you)金屬離子如(ru)鈣、鐵(tie)、鎂、鋁等(deng)的中藥，如(ru)牛黃上(shang)(shang)清(qing)丸(wan)、防風丸(wan)、明(ming)目上(shang)(shang)清(qing)丸(wan)等(deng)不宜與四環素(su)(su)類(lei)抗生素(su)(su)、異煙肼同(tong)用。因(yin)上(shang)(shang)述離子能與四環素(su)(su)類(lei)抗生素(su)(su)、異煙肼形成絡合(he)物，致使腸道(dao)吸(xi)收減少，抗菌(jun)作(zuo)用減弱，同(tong)時亦影響金屬離子的吸(xi)收。

1.5酸堿(jian)性(xing)較強的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)及(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)與(yu)堿(jian)酸性(xing)西(xi)藥(yao)同用(yong)(yong)，如(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)煅(duan)(duan)龍骨、煅(duan)(duan)牡蠣、硼砂等都(dou)是(shi)堿(jian)性(xing)強的(de)(de)藥(yao)物，這類藥(yao)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)與(yu)酸性(xing)西(xi)藥(yao)，如(ru)阿斯(si)匹(pi)林、對氨基水(shui)楊酸鈉(na)、胃(wei)蛋(dan)白酶合劑等。相反，含有大量有機酸的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)及(ji)其(qi)制劑，如(ru)烏梅(mei)、山(shan)茱萸、蒲(pu)公英及(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)的(de)(de)山(shan)楂丸(wan)，不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)與(yu)堿(jian)性(xing)的(de)(de)氨茶堿(jian)，胃(wei)舒平等西(xi)藥(yao)合用(yong)(yong)，如(ru)果合用(yong)(yong)會降低中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)藥(yao)的(de)(de)療(liao)效。

1.6含有生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)的中藥(yao)(yao)不宜與生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)類西藥(yao)(yao)合用(yong)(yong)，如(ru)(ru)中藥(yao)(yao)草烏(wu)、附子、馬錢子、烏(wu)頭等均含有生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)，而(er)這(zhe)些藥(yao)(yao)不宜與氨(an)茶(cha)堿(jian)、阿托品等生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)類西藥(yao)(yao)合用(yong)(yong)。如(ru)(ru)果合用(yong)(yong)，會增加毒性，導(dao)致藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)中毒。

1.7含(han)有機(ji)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)中藥(yao)、中成(cheng)藥(yao)，不宜與磺(huang)(huang)胺(an)類(lei)藥(yao)或一些堿性(xing)較強的(de)藥(yao)物如氨茶堿，胃舒平(ping)、乳酸(suan)(suan)鈉(na)、碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)氫(qing)鈉(na)等合用(yong)(yong)，磺(huang)(huang)胺(an)類(lei)藥(yao)在堿性(xing)尿液(ye)(ye)時(shi)溶解度(du)大，排出速率快，相反(fan)尿液(ye)(ye)酸(suan)(suan)化后，則(ze)易使磺(huang)(huang)胺(an)藥(yao)的(de)溶解度(du)降(jiang)低，在尿液(ye)(ye)中析出結晶，引起結晶尿或血(xue)尿。若在服用(yong)(yong)磺(huang)(huang)胺(an)類(lei)藥(yao)物的(de)同時(shi)又服用(yong)(yong)富(fu)含(han)大劑量(liang)有機(ji)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)中藥(yao)或其制劑時(shi)，如蒲公莢(jia)，烏(wu)梅(mei)、山(shan)萸(yu)肉、山(shan)楂丸、保和(he)丸、五味(wei)子等，都(dou)能對抗碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)氫(qing)鈉(na)的(de)堿化作用(yong)(yong)，又可增加磺(huang)(huang)胺(an)藥(yao)的(de)不良反(fan)應，輕(qing)則(ze)可引起結晶尿，重則(ze)導致血(xue)尿。

1.8牛(niu)黃不宜與(yu)水(shui)合(he)(he)(he)氯(lv)醛(quan)，嗎啡、苯巴比(bi)(bi)妥同(tong)用(yong)(yong)。水(shui)合(he)(he)(he)氯(lv)醛(quan)、嗎啡、苯巴比(bi)(bi)妥有(you)中樞抑制作用(yong)(yong)。實驗研究證明(ming)，牛(niu)黃能增強水(shui)合(he)(he)(he)氯(lv)醛(quan)、嗎啡等(deng)的(de)(de)中樞抑制作用(yong)(yong)，故(gu)不宜合(he)(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)。另牛(niu)黃與(yu)苯巴比(bi)(bi)妥鈉(na)同(tong)用(yong)(yong)，可增加苯巴比(bi)(bi)妥的(de)(de)毒性，故(gu)亦(yi)不宜合(he)(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)。

1.9丹參(can)不(bu)(bu)宜與(yu)抗酸藥(yao)(yao)如(ru)氫(qing)氧化鋁、胃舒平等(deng)(deng)同服(fu)。丹參(can)含(han)丹參(can)酮，與(yu)鋁鎂等(deng)(deng)金屬離子(zi)在胃腸道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)合(he)，產生不(bu)(bu)易(yi)被吸(xi)收的金屬絡合(he)物，被排(pai)泄(xie)而降(jiang)低療(liao)效(xiao)。含(han)有機(ji)酸成分的中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)如(ru)烏(wu)梅、女(nv)貞子(zi)、山(shan)萸肉，山(shan)楂(zha)以(yi)及保和(he)丸、二至丸、六味地黃丸、腎氣丸等(deng)(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)成藥(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)宜與(yu)堿(jian)(jian)性西藥(yao)(yao)同服(fu)，以(yi)免在胃中(zhong)(zhong)起酸堿(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)反(fan)應，從而降(jiang)低療(liao)效(xiao)。

1.10大(da)黃(huang)(huang)，虎杖、茜(qian)草等(deng)含蒽醌的藥(yao)(yao)物，不(bu)能(neng)與(yu)堿(jian)性(xing)藥(yao)(yao)物合用，否則葸醌在堿(jian)性(xing)條件(jian)下(xia)發生氧化而(er)降低(di)療效(xiao)。苷(gan)(gan)類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)如(ru)羅布麻、萬年青、蟾酥、北(bei)五加(jia)皮(pi)等(deng)有強(qiang)心(xin)作(zuo)用，與(yu)西藥(yao)(yao)苷(gan)(gan)類(lei)(lei)同(tong)服可增(zeng)加(jia)毒性(xing)，嚴(yan)重則導致(zhi)心(xin)律失常(chang)，甚至(zhi)引(yin)起死亡。甘草及其(qi)制劑，如(ru)復方(fang)甘草片，因其(qi)化學結構(gou)類(lei)(lei)似糖皮(pi)質激素，有增(zeng)強(qiang)鈉(na)再(zai)吸收及鉀排泄作(zuo)用，易(yi)導致(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)源性(xing)低(di)血鉀，低(di)鉀易(yi)誘(you)發洋地黃(huang)(huang)中(zhong)毒，故不(bu)宜與(yu)強(qiang)心(xin)苷(gan)(gan)同(tong)時(shi)應用。麻黃(huang)(huang)及其(qi)制劑麻杏止咳(ke)片、通宣理(li)肺丸等(deng)含有麻黃(huang)(huang)堿(jian)，對心(xin)肌有興奮作(zuo)用，能(neng)加(jia)強(qiang)血管收縮，使血壓升高，與(yu)苷(gan)(gan)類(lei)(lei)同(tong)服增(zeng)加(jia)心(xin)臟的毒性(xing)，引(yin)起心(xin)律失常(chang)。

1.11含(han)鞣(rou)質(zhi)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)如(ru)(ru)地(di)榆(yu)、石(shi)榴(liu)皮、虎杖及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)劑槐角(jiao)丸(wan)(wan)、抗(kang)感靈(ling)片(pian)、七厘散(san)和(he)四季青等(deng)(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)與(yu)助消化(hua)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)類藥(yao)同(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)。如(ru)(ru)胃蛋白(bai)(bai)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、胰酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、乳霉(mei)生(sheng)、多(duo)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)片(pian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，主(zhu)要成(cheng)分(fen)是蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)，而(er)蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)是由氨基酸通(tong)過酰胺鍵(jian)(jian)或肽鍵(jian)(jian)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)分(fen)子化(hua)合物(wu)，鞣(rou)質(zhi)可(ke)與(yu)此二(er)鍵(jian)(jian)相結合，形成(cheng)牢固的(de)(de)(de)氫鍵(jian)(jian)絡合物(wu)，則使(shi)西藥(yao)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)類降(jiang)低(di)療(liao)效，含(han)鞣(rou)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)療(liao)效也降(jiang)低(di)。含(han)硫化(hua)砷的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)如(ru)(ru)雄黃、砒霜、硫黃及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)劑六神(shen)(shen)丸(wan)(wan)、牛(niu)黃解毒(du)片(pian)、紫金錠等(deng)(deng)(deng)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)學成(cheng)分(fen)是硫化(hua)砷。砷可(ke)使(shi)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)、氨基酸分(fen)子形成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性沉淀，抑制(zhi)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性，從而(er)降(jiang)低(di)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)療(liao)效，二(er)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)。含(han)瀉(xie)下(xia)類的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)如(ru)(ru)大黃、番瀉(xie)葉、蘆薈(hui)、火麻仁及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)劑牛(niu)黃解毒(du)片(pian)、清新(xin)寧片(pian)、麻仁丸(wan)(wan)、蘆薈(hui)丸(wan)(wan)、潤腸丸(wan)(wan)、大承氣湯等(deng)(deng)(deng)，主(zhu)要含(han)蒽醌衍生(sheng)物(wu)，此類衍生(sheng)物(wu)通(tong)過吸附結合方(fang)式，可(ke)降(jiang)低(di)胰酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、胃蛋白(bai)(bai)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)，多(duo)酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)消化(hua)功能(neng)，二(er)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)。抗(kang)菌(jun)類的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)如(ru)(ru)黃芩、黃連(lian)(lian)、黃柏等(deng)(deng)(deng)具有(you)(you)廣譜抗(kang)菌(jun)作用(yong)，如(ru)(ru)與(yu)乳霉(mei)生(sheng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)，可(ke)殺死乳酸桿菌(jun)，影(ying)響乳霉(mei)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)療(liao)效，二(er)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)。含(han)朱砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)劑朱砂(sha)安神(shen)(shen)九、紫雪散(san)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，含(han)有(you)(you)汞離(li)子，對酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)巰基有(you)(you)特殊的(de)(de)(de)親合力，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)能(neng)抑制(zhi)多(duo)種酶(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性，降(jiang)低(di)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)療(liao)效，還能(neng)干擾組織(zhi)細胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常功能(neng)，易在肝腎中(zhong)蓄(xu)積，二(er)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)服(fu)。

1.12中(zhong)(zhong)藥麻黃(huang)素及其中(zhong)(zhong)藥制劑止咳定喘(chuan)丸，通宣理肺(fei)丸等不(bu)能(neng)與降壓(ya)藥優降寧、胍乙(yi)啶合(he)用，否則(ze)能(neng)引(yin)起高血壓(ya)危象，這是因為(wei)麻黃(huang)中(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)麻黃(huang)堿，具有(you)收縮(suo)毛細血管，加快心(xin)率的作用。發汗(han)解表(biao)藥如(ru)荊芥(jie)，麻黃(huang)、生姜及其制劑如(ru)防(fang)風(feng)通圣丸與解熱鎮痛藥如(ru)阿司匹(pi)林、安乃近等合(he)用，可致發汗(han)太過，甚至虛脫。

1.13罌(ying)粟含有(you)(you)生(sheng)物堿(jian)(jian)嗎(ma)啡(fei)、可待因、罌(ying)粟堿(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，主要用(yong)于鎮(zhen)痛，鎮(zhen)咳，能(neng)抑制(zhi)(zhi)呼吸(xi)(xi)，有(you)(you)使(shi)胃(wei)腸道(dao)及其(qi)括約肌(ji)張力(li)提高、消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)液(ye)分(fen)泌減(jian)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，而(er)西(xi)(xi)咪(mi)替(ti)丁(ding)對組織胺(an)、五肽(tai)胃(wei)素、食物等(deng)(deng)(deng)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)胃(wei)酸分(fen)泌都(dou)有(you)(you)抑制(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)，臨(lin)床用(yong)于胃(wei)、十二(er)指腸潰瘍及胃(wei)酸過多(duo)癥。如與罌(ying)粟同(tong)服，會產生(sheng)呼吸(xi)(xi)抑制(zhi)(zhi)、神(shen)志混亂、定向力(li)消(xiao)失及全身(shen)抽搐(chu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)致(zhi)命性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不良反(fan)(fan)應。故當患(huan)消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)潰瘍病(bing)人服用(yong)西(xi)(xi)咪(mi)替(ti)丁(ding)時，不宜(yi)與嗎(ma)啡(fei)及含有(you)(you)嗎(ma)啡(fei)生(sheng)物堿(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)罌(ying)粟殼、阿(a)片，復方樟(zhang)腦(nao)酊(ding)等(deng)(deng)(deng)同(tong)服。氫氧化(hua)(hua)鋁、氫氧化(hua)(hua)鎂抗(kang)酸性(xing)藥物與西(xi)(xi)咪(mi)替(ti)丁(ding)合用(yong)，意在增強療效。然而(er)，前者(zhe)可使(shi)后(hou)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)血藥濃度(du)降低，二(er)者(zhe)合用(yong)時反(fan)(fan)而(er)會使(shi)病(bing)情加重。抗(kang)膽(dan)堿(jian)(jian)藥阿(a)托品(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)與西(xi)(xi)咪(mi)替(ti)丁(ding)合用(yong)時，由(you)于西(xi)(xi)咪(mi)替(ti)丁(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)經毒性(xing)癥狀(zhuang)與中(zhong)樞抗(kang)膽(dan)堿(jian)(jian)藥所致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)癥狀(zhuang)尤(you)其(qi)相似，能(neng)加重中(zhong)樞的(de)(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)反(fan)(fan)應，故西(xi)(xi)咪(mi)替(ti)丁(ding)不宜(yi)與含阿(a)托品(pin)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥如洋(yang)金花(hua)，顛(dian)茄、莨菪等(deng)(deng)(deng)同(tong)服。

1.14含(han)鞣質中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)如(ru)(ru)地(di)榆、虎杖，石榴皮等，含(han)鞣酸(suan)，能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)發(fa)生(sheng)沉淀(dian)而不(bu)易(yi)被人體(ti)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收，使硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)亞鐵(tie)(tie)失去(qu)療(liao)(liao)效(xiao)。堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)如(ru)(ru)硼砂(sha)、海螵(piao)(piao)蛸、瓦(wa)楞子(zi)(zi)及其(qi)制劑(ji)(ji)痧氣(qi)(qi)散、行軍散等，不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)劑(ji)(ji)同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)，因(yin)堿(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)降(jiang)低(di)胃的(de)(de)酸(suan)度(du)，影響鐵(tie)(tie)的(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收，硼砂(sha)又能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)劑(ji)(ji)作用(yong)產(chan)生(sheng)沉淀(dian)，也影響鐵(tie)(tie)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收。部分(fen)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)還(huan)能(neng)(neng)加重鐵(tie)(tie)劑(ji)(ji)引起的(de)(de)便秘。含(han)槲(hu)皮素(su)的(de)(de)槲(hu)寄生(sheng)、羅(luo)布麻、滿山紅等中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)劑(ji)(ji)同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)，因(yin)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)亞鐵(tie)(tie)的(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)離子(zi)(zi)可(ke)與(yu)(yu)(yu)槲(hu)皮素(su)形成絡合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)，降(jiang)低(di)鐵(tie)(tie)劑(ji)(ji)療(liao)(liao)效(xiao)。雄(xiong)黃(huang)(huang)及其(qi)制劑(ji)(ji)六神(shen)(shen)丸(wan)、牛黃(huang)(huang)解(jie)毒片、安宮(gong)牛黃(huang)(huang)丸(wan)不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)劑(ji)(ji)同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)，因(yin)雄(xiong)黃(huang)(huang)為硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)砷(shen)，可(ke)與(yu)(yu)(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)亞鐵(tie)(tie)作用(yong)，生(sheng)成硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)砷(shen)酸(suan)鹽，二者合(he)(he)用(yong)會降(jiang)低(di)各自(zi)的(de)(de)療(liao)(liao)效(xiao)。多價(jia)離子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)如(ru)(ru)石膏、龍骨、牡蠣、石決(jue)明、代赭石，海螵(piao)(piao)蛸，明礬及其(qi)制劑(ji)(ji)紫雪丹、牛黃(huang)(huang)上清(qing)丸(wan)，復方羅(luo)布麻片、牛黃(huang)(huang)解(jie)毒丸(wan)等，皆不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)族藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)。四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)，在偏堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)，能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)，鈣，鎂、鋁(lv)、鉀等金屬(shu)離子(zi)(zi)產(chan)生(sheng)絡合(he)(he)反應(ying)，形成難以吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收的(de)(de)絡合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)鈣，降(jiang)低(di)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)溶解(jie)度(du)，妨(fang)礙其(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收，從(cong)而降(jiang)低(di)抗菌(jun)療(liao)(liao)效(xiao)。消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)酶類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)如(ru)(ru)神(shen)(shen)曲、雞內金，淡豆豉(chi)及其(qi)制劑(ji)(ji)保和丸(wan)含(han)有(you)(you)消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)酶，而四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)破壞酶及其(qi)制劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)作用(yong)，同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)時(shi)可(ke)降(jiang)低(di)消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)酶的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)活性(xing)，并減弱四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)的(de)(de)抗菌(jun)作用(yong)。堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)如(ru)(ru)硼砂(sha)，海螵(piao)(piao)蛸、瓦(wa)楞子(zi)(zi)及其(qi)制劑(ji)(ji)痧氣(qi)(qi)散、行軍散等，不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)，因(yin)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)在酸(suan)度(du)高時(shi)易(yi)于溶解(jie)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收，而堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使胃液酸(suan)度(du)降(jiang)低(di)，減少四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收。炭(tan)劑(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)如(ru)(ru)荷葉炭(tan)、棕(zong)櫚炭(tan)、血余(yu)炭(tan)及其(qi)制劑(ji)(ji)十灰散等，不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)，因(yin)炭(tan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)能(neng)(neng)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)，使四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)效(xiao)血濃度(du)下降(jiang)。甘(gan)草制劑(ji)(ji)不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)素(su)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)同(tong)(tong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)，因(yin)為甘(gan)草含(han)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)，易(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)沉淀(dian)，并有(you)(you)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)作用(yong)，使兩種藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收皆減少而降(jiang)低(di)各自(zi)的(de)(de)療(liao)(liao)效(xiao)。

論(lun)文關(guan)鍵詞(ci)：中藥西藥配伍

論文摘要目的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)討中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)合(he)理(li)配(pei)伍(wu)，減少或降低藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)毒副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)。方法通過文獻查詢，搜集整理(li)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)合(he)理(li)配(pei)伍(wu)的(de)(de)(de)相關知識。結果中西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)合(he)理(li)配(pei)伍(wu)應用(yong)，不(bu)但不(bu)能提(ti)高療效(xiao)，反而會增加毒副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)，降低藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)療效(xiao)，導致藥(yao)(yao)(yao)源(yuan)性疾病。結論研究中西(xi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)伍(wu)禁忌(ji)及相互作(zuo)用(yong)，對保證臨床用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)安全有效(xiao)具有重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)臨床意義。

參考文獻

[1]肖崇厚.中藥化學[M].第3版(ban).上海(hai)(hai)：上海(hai)(hai)科學技(ji)術(shu)出版(ban)社，1991：315.