中藥炮制學論文范文

時(shi)間:2023-04-04 17:49:25

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中藥炮制學論文

篇1

中藥材的進行炮制之前,一定要(yao)清楚(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識中(zhong)藥(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)性質。對(dui)含有毒性的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi),根據不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況、不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,采(cai)取(qu)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)[2]。常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)有:凈制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)、水制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)、火(huo)制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)、水火(huo)共(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)。

2凈制法

主要(yao)是指藥材通過凈制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理過后(hou),使(shi)毒副作用祛除(chu)。例(li)如:白首(shou)烏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外皮(pi)含(han)(han)有(you)劇毒,經過加工之(zhi)后(hou),大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低了(le)何(he)首(shou)烏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毒性(xing)(xing)。又如:巴戟天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)質心中含(han)(han)有(you)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛,祛除(chu)木(mu)質心過后(hou),使(shi)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)量大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低。再如蘄蛇:因頭(tou)部有(you)個毒腺,并且含(han)(han)有(you)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)血(xue)性(xing)(xing)毒和(he)出血(xue)性(xing)(xing)毒[3],當人畜(chu)被(bei)咬(yao)傷之(zhi)后(hou),即內臟出血(xue),所(suo)以必(bi)須要(yao)祛除(chu)該蛇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部,祛除(chu)毒性(xing)(xing)。

3水制法

水(shui)中祛(qu)毒,毒性(xing)溶解(jie)于(yu)水(shui)中,降低毒性(xing)的含量。常用的方法有:洗、泡、漂、浸、潤、水(shui)飛等。下面(mian)介紹(shao)兩種。

3.1浸泡法

長時間(jian)的(de)(de)將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)材放進(jin)流水(shui)中浸泡(pao),已達到祛除毒性的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。例如:生天南(nan)星,該藥(yao)(yao)含有(you)(you)劇毒,在進(jin)行炮(pao)制之(zhi)前,必須(xu)要用(yong)水(shui)浸泡(pao)上10天,并且每(mei)天都要換水(shui),一直(zhi)到該藥(yao)(yao)材沒有(you)(you)白心,口試稍帶麻辣感覺。檳榔(lang)的(de)(de)炮(pao)制也(ye)需置水(shui)中浸泡(pao),每(mei)日(ri)換水(shui),約浸3~5d,撈(lao)起置容器內,經常淋(lin)水(shui),潤透,切薄(bo)片(pian)干燥

3.2水飛法

藥材通過反復的(de)研磨,使(shi)其成(cheng)分溶(rong)于水(shui)(shui)的(de)毒(du)(du)(du)性被祛(qu)除,從而達到(dao)祛(qu)毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)目的(de)。例如(ru):雄(xiong)黃(huang),有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分As2S2是(shi)不溶(rong)于水(shui)(shui)中,但是(shi)劇毒(du)(du)(du)成(cheng)分的(de)As2O3則溶(rong)于水(shui)(shui);經過水(shui)(shui)飛(fei)制成(cheng)了極(ji)細(xi)的(de)粉末,并(bing)反復的(de)操作,使(shi)其有(you)毒(du)(du)(du)成(cheng)分逐漸溶(rong)于水(shui)(shui),降低毒(du)(du)(du)性。一(yi)般(ban)雄(xiong)黃(huang):水(shui)(shui)=1:500以內(nei),水(shui)(shui)溫大于90℃,除去As2O3的(de)效(xiao)果最好(hao)。

4火制法

借(jie)助外力火處(chu)理藥材的(de)方(fang)法(fa)。本法(fa)是使用最(zui)廣泛的(de),常(chang)見(jian)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)有:炒、炙、煅、煨等。下面介紹兩種(zhong)常(chang)用法(fa)。

4.1炒法

4.1.1清炒法

該方法主要(yao)是(shi)為了降低毒性增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)療(liao)效。例如:蒼(cang)耳(er)子(zi),性溫,味較苦(ku)、辛(xin);有毒。將干(gan)凈(jing)的(de)(de)蒼(cang)耳(er)子(zi)放進鍋內,使用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)火清(qing)(qing)炒(chao),直至成(cheng)焦黃色(se)即可,然后碾去刺,篩干(gan)凈(jing)。該藥經過清(qing)(qing)炒(chao)之后,毒性降低,止痛、祛風濕,并且還能(neng)通鼻竅(qiao)。槐(huai)花炭(tan)190℃以前制(zhi)備的(de)(de),其止血(xue)作用(yong)(yong)隨(sui)制(zhi)炭(tan)溫度升高而增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang),以190~195℃制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)槐(huai)花炭(tan)止血(xue)作用(yong)(yong)最強(qiang)。所以有些(xie)藥材清(qing)(qing)炒(chao)時,對(dui)溫度的(de)(de)掌握很重要(yao)。

4.1.2米炒法

米(mi)炒主要是為了(le)矯正臭(chou)味(wei),降低毒(du)副作(zuo)(zuo)用。例如(ru):斑蝥(mao),性熱,味(wei)辛;含有大毒(du)。將米(mi)放進鍋中(zhong),中(zhong)火加熱直到冒煙(yan),再(zai)放斑蝥(mao)混合(he)清炒,直至將米(mi)炒成黃(huang)棕色再(zai)取出,祛(qu)除米(mi)、頭、足、翅,晾干即可。炮(pao)制后的斑蝥(mao),降低了(le)毒(du)副作(zuo)(zuo)用,氣味(wei)也得到了(le)矯正,并可以內(nei)服(fu)。

4.2炙法

該方(fang)法包括多(duo)種:酒炙(zhi)法、醋炙(zhi)法、鹽炙(zhi)法、姜(jiang)炙(zhi)法、蜜炙(zhi)法等(deng)。

4.2.1醋炙法

該方法能夠引(yin)藥(yao)進(jin)入肝(gan)臟,從(cong)而增強活血(xue)(xue)止痛的功(gong)能,降低藥(yao)材的毒副作用,緩和(he)藥(yao)材的性質,還能矯正臭味(wei)。例如:延(yan)胡(hu)索(suo),性溫(wen),味(wei)苦、辛;歸于脾臟和(he)肝(gan)臟;能活血(xue)(xue)、止痛、行(xing)氣等。用定(ding)量的米醋讀延(yan)胡(hu)索(suo)進(jin)行(xing)悶潤(run),直(zhi)至米醋被吸收完,然后(hou)將延(yan)胡(hu)索(suo)放進(jin)鍋內用文(wen)火炒干(gan)(gan),然后(hou)取(qu)出晾干(gan)(gan)即可(ke)。一(yi)般醋炙法100千(qian)克(ke)藥(yao)物,用米醋20~30千(qian)克(ke),最(zui)多不超過50千(qian)克(ke)。

4.2.2蜜炙法

該方法能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)降(jiang)低副作用,矯正辛臭氣(qi)味,潤肺止咳、益(yi)氣(qi)補脾,緩和中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)等。例如:甘(gan)草,性平、味甘(gan);先用水(shui)稀釋蜜(mi)(mi),再將稀釋好(hao)的(de)(de)蜜(mi)(mi)汁倒入甘(gan)草中,攪拌悶(men)潤,放進鐵鍋中使用文火炒至(zhi)黃色,不粘(zhan)手的(de)(de)時候再取出晾干即可。蜜(mi)(mi)炙(zhi)后的(de)(de)甘(gan)草性溫,調和諸藥(yao)(yao)(yao),和胃益(yi)氣(qi)等。蜜(mi)(mi)炙(zhi)法每(mei)100kg凈藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材,用煉蜜(mi)(mi)25kg。

5水火共制

利用(yong)水(shui)和(he)火共同炮制(zhi)藥材,降低或者是(shi)消除藥材的毒(du)副作用(yong)。通常使(shi)用(yong)的方法是(shi):煮、蒸、淬等。

5.1煮

將藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)放(fang)進適(shi)當的(de)容器之(zhi)中(zhong),加上(shang)適(shi)量的(de)清水煮,用(yong)以祛(qu)除(chu)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)的(de)毒(du)(du)副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)。例(li)如:川烏,該(gai)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)毒(du)(du)性較大(da),通(tong)過蒸或者是煮4~6h之(zhi)后,能夠降低毒(du)(du)性。清半夏(xia)在炮制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)過程中(zhong)先清水浸泡(夏(xia)7天(tian),冬14天(tian)左右),日換水1~2次(ci),泡至稍有(you)麻辣(la)感,再(zai)加白(bai)礬煮透,或加白(bai)面(mian)制(zhi)(zhi)團(tuan)切薄片干燥,即(ji)得(de)清半夏(xia)。

5.2淬

將藥材煅燒紅后,迅速將其(qi)放進涼(liang)水或者(zhe)是在醋中(zhong),使其(qi)達到酥脆。例如:醋淬自(zi)然銅(每100千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)自(zi)然銅用醋25~30千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke))。

篇2

【關鍵詞】 中藥炮制(zhi)學 教學改革(ge) 教學相長

中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)研究中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa)、工藝(yi)、質量(liang)標(biao)準、歷(li)史沿(yan)革及發(fa)展方向的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)(xue)(xue),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)類專業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)重點專業(ye)(ye)課(ke)程(cheng)之一(yi)。中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)傳(chuan)統制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)現和核心(xin),是(shi)最(zui)值得加(jia)以保護的(de)(de)(de)具有中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)(te)色的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主知識產權技術(shu),這(zhe)賦予了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)極其重要的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史使命。基于中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科性(xing)質以及中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點,在遵循教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)原(yuan)則(ze)和教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)特(te)(te)點的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,我們通過教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)改立(li)項研究中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)方法(fa),同時探索和建立(li)符合中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)專業(ye)(ye)培養目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)課(ke)程(cheng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)方法(fa),不斷提(ti)高中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)質量(liang)。

1 重(zhong)視(shi)教學(xue)過程中(zhong)的教學(xue)相長

在(zai)世界教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)史(shi)上(shang),我國古代(dai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)家(jia)孔子在(zai)《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)記(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)提到(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)原(yuan)則,他指出(chu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)與學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)相輔(fu)相成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)藥炮制學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)與學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)往(wang)往(wang)處于(yu)孤立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態,課(ke)堂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)強調(diao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)導作用,忽視了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)作用,上(shang)課(ke)內(nei)容(rong)單(dan)調(diao)枯燥。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)一(yi)般都處于(yu)一(yi)種消極、被(bei)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“聽”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。氣氛沉悶,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)無興趣聽,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師無激情講,不(bu)利于(yu)調(diao)動(dong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)積極性、主(zhu)動(dong)性。這幾乎成了(le)(le)固定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)堂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式。造成這種局面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師不(bu)了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)想學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)什么,而學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)認為(wei)書本上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識不(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)求知(zhi)(zhi)欲,想了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)更(geng)多新知(zhi)(zhi)識,從而導致教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)與學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)脫節(jie)[1]。“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)是(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)和發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)”,因(yin)此作為(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師必(bi)須確立學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)地位,改變傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法。師生(sheng)之間應發揚教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)民主(zhu)、相互學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相長(chang),共同完成教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)任務,達(da)到(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)程(cheng)是一(yi)種師(shi)(shi)生雙方(fang)憑借信息的(de)傳遞和(he)反饋而進(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)雙向活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮制的(de)各論(lun)課堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),筆者嘗試(shi)改變過(guo)去傳統的(de)教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)一(yi)言堂的(de)做(zuo)法。具體(ti)做(zuo)法是:首先(xian),教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)前將個(ge)味中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)分(fen)配給每個(ge)學(xue)(xue)生進(jin)行(xing)(xing)資料查詢、整理、講授,并要(yao)求每個(ge)學(xue)(xue)生針對(dui)自(zi)己講授的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)至少提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)一(yi)個(ge)問(wen)題;其次,學(xue)(xue)生講授過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其他同(tong)學(xue)(xue)和(he)教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)可(ke)以隨時提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)問(wen)題;最后(hou)由教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)對(dui)提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)且沒有解(jie)決的(de)問(wen)題統一(yi)解(jie)答,對(dui)講授內容和(he)目(mu)標的(de)完成情況、教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)質量(liang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)自(zi)我評定和(he)總結,找出(chu)不足(zu)(zu)并加以改進(jin);根據互動(dong)(dong)(dong)表現對(dui)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)知(zhi)識(shi)掌握程(cheng)度、互動(dong)(dong)(dong)主動(dong)(dong)(dong)性等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)綜合評價,肯定成績(ji)并指出(chu)不足(zu)(zu),使學(xue)(xue)生在以后(hou)實踐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不斷提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)。同(tong)時,組織學(xue)(xue)生對(dui)教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)的(de)理論(lun)水平(ping)、互動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)測(ce)評,督促教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)在今后(hou)的(de)工作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不斷完善(shan)。

這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式,使(shi)(shi)每(mei)個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)都有(you)機(ji)會參加教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)互動,培(pei)養和提(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的文字組(zu)織(zhi)能(neng)力(li)、語言表達能(neng)力(li),提(ti)高(gao)綜合素質。這(zhe)不僅改變(bian)(bian)了(le)(le)課(ke)上課(ke)下(xia)無人(ren)提(ti)問的狀況,改變(bian)(bian)了(le)(le)過去(qu)單一(yi)枯燥的授課(ke)模式,活躍了(le)(le)課(ke)堂的氣(qi)氛,使(shi)(shi)每(mei)個同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)真正參與到(dao)了(le)(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的過程中(zhong)(zhong)來,還可以使(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)由過去(qu)的被(bei)動客體狀態轉變(bian)(bian)為(wei)主體的狀態,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會了(le)(le)思考。同時,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)參與教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)出的大量(liang)問題,促使(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)必須切實提(ti)高(gao)自(zi)己的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術水(shui)平(ping),才(cai)能(neng)自(zi)如地(di)應(ying)對(dui)和解答(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的各種(zhong)(zhong)疑問,正確引導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習思路。因此(ci)在(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)活動中(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)組(zu)織(zhi)、駕馭課(ke)堂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)力(li)和水(shui)平(ping),真正體現了(le)(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相長(chang)、師(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)互動、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)本的教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)理念(nian);增加了(le)(le)師(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之間的各種(zhong)(zhong)信息交(jiao)流(liu)的機(ji)會,相互促進,共同提(ti)高(gao)。只(zhi)有(you)這(zhe)樣才(cai)使(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)充(chong)滿(man)活力(li),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)質量(liang)不斷提(ti)高(gao)。

這種教(jiao)學模式的(de)進步在于它促進了單(dan)(dan)向交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)向雙向交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、靜態(tai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)向動態(tai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)的(de)轉(zhuan)變(bian),使學生(sheng)由被動接受向主動接受。由單(dan)(dan)一(yi)知(zhi)識(shi)教(jiao)育向綜合素(su)質教(jiao)育的(de)轉(zhuan)變(bian),促進學生(sheng)的(de)全面發展和可持續發展。

2 重視學生綜合能力的培養

傳統(tong)講授(shou)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)模式注重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳授(shou),忽略(lve)了(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)綜合能力(li)和(he)(he)(he)基本素(su)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)(yang)。新(xin)世紀需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)復合創新(xin)型人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai),而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)分低能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庸(yong)才(cai)(cai)。現代教(jiao)(jiao)育質(zhi)量觀不(bu)僅(jin)(jin)(jin)注重人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)儲備,更重視(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)和(he)(he)(he)素(su)質(zhi)提(ti)高(gao)。知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu),有(you)(you)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要條件,但不(bu)是(shi)(shi)充分條件。能力(li)是(shi)(shi)在掌握知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上,經過培養(yang)(yang)訓練(lian)和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)踐(jian)鍛煉而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)能力(li)升(sheng)華固(gu)化而體現為(wei)素(su)質(zhi)。知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)、能力(li)和(he)(he)(he)素(su)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一是(shi)(shi)目(mu)前教(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本任務。在教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中僅(jin)(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)(jin)傳授(shou)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)顯(xian)然(ran)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)應忽視(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能力(li)與綜合素(su)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)(yang)。作(zuo)為(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)師一定要提(ti)高(gao)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)覺性,營造良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)改(gai)氛圍,改(gai)革教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)方法,將(jiang)能力(li)培養(yang)(yang)滲透到(dao)課堂教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)之中,以培養(yang)(yang)全面(mian)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)素(su)質(zhi)型人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)。如我們在中藥(yao)炮制(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)踐(jian)中,增加藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)論文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撰寫這部(bu)分內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講授(shou),然(ran)后(hou)要求學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)按自(zi)選或指選的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題(ti)(ti)目(mu)進行(xing)綜述(shu)寫作(zuo),綜述(shu)完成(cheng)后(hou)教(jiao)(jiao)師對其進行(xing)評價,針對學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共性問題(ti)(ti)進行(xing)歸(gui)納(na)總結,使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在論文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撰寫能力(li)方面(mian)有(you)(you)了(le)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)。這種模式使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在文(wen)(wen)獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢索、資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累、論文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撰寫技巧、語(yu)言(yan)表達和(he)(he)(he)多(duo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融會(hui)貫通(tong)等多(duo)方面(mian)都得到(dao)了(le)鍛煉,使(shi)他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)方面(mian)能力(li)都有(you)(you)了(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)。

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3 重視啟(qi)發(fa)教(jiao)學,調動(dong)學習積(ji)極(ji)性

目前中(zhong)藥(yao)炮制學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong),所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)啟發式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi):教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)先提出一個問(wen)題(ti)(ti),說出上半部(bu)分(fen)答案,略(lve)作停頓,“啟發”學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)按著(zhu)教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)路走。這是(shi)“誘(you)導”,不是(shi)引導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)開動腦筋、深入思(si)考進(jin)行分(fen)析問(wen)題(ti)(ti)、解決問(wen)題(ti)(ti),從而調動學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)(xing)和(he)主(zhu)動性(xing)(xing),而是(shi)誘(you)導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)向教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)早已設好的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)條(tiao)框(kuang)(kuang)框(kuang)(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)套(tao)子(zi)里鉆,把學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)培養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)教(jiao)師(shi)(shi)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“套(tao)中(zhong)人”。這種教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),漠視了學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei),忽視了學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理需求和(he)認知特(te)點,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)處(chu)于被動的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei),久而久之,這種枯燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)必然給(gei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)帶來沉重的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷,其結果往往導致(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)業成(cheng)(cheng)績(ji)下降,產生(sheng)“厭學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)緒。

我國(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家孔子首創(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)發式(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),對當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)有(you)(you)很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。這種教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式(shi)(shi)對當今的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥炮制(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也有(you)(you)借(jie)鑒和(he)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)示的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。它強調(diao)突(tu)出學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體性(xing)地位,調(diao)動學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)和(he)主(zhu)動性(xing),使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)為學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)人;這種教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式(shi)(shi)注重對學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引導、讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)多(duo)思(si)考。因此,在(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)要實(shi)現從“授(shou)人以(yi)魚”向(xiang)“授(shou)人以(yi)漁”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方向(xiang)轉變。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色應(ying)該是(shi)引導者(zhe)、激勵(li)者(zhe)、啟(qi)(qi)(qi)發者(zhe),而不再(zai)是(shi)灌填者(zhe)。我們在(zai)講(jiang)授(shou)中(zhong)藥炮制(zhi)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容時,穿插了一個雷公首次采用炮制(zhi)法降低烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)毒性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事,故事大(da)(da)意(yi)(yi)是(shi)雷公無意(yi)(yi)中(zhong)把劇毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)掉到了朋(peng)友(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豆(dou)腐(fu)缸中(zhong),經(jing)過(guo)浸泡后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)毒性(xing)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低。故事中(zhong)并沒有(you)(you)提及浸泡過(guo)烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豆(dou)腐(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全性(xing)問(wen)題,但確(que)實(shi)存在(zai)豆(dou)腐(fu)服(fu)用后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,因此我們在(zai)講(jiang)述完故事后(hou),讓同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)們根據烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮制(zhi)原理分(fen)析豆(dou)腐(fu)食(shi)用后(hou)會(hui)不會(hui)存在(zai)危險的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,啟(qi)(qi)(qi)發學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)獨立(li)思(si)考的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力。

4 重視(shi)教學內容(rong)的選擇,提高學生學習興趣(qu)

興趣是(shi)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)老師(shi),沒有了(le)興趣很難將課(ke)(ke)程學(xue)(xue)(xue)好。因此,在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)堂講授過程中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)充分注意提高學(xue)(xue)(xue)生對中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)課(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興趣,在(zai)課(ke)(ke)堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)增加一些(xie)(xie)有趣的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容活(huo)躍(yue)課(ke)(ke)堂氣氛。我(wo)們(men)在(zai)講授某(mou)(mou)些(xie)(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)時穿插(cha)一些(xie)(xie)關(guan)于(yu)該味藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)故(gu)事、典故(gu)及(ji)謎語,改變過去枯燥(zao)呆板的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容和形式。如(ru)在(zai)講述(shu)半(ban)夏時,插(cha)入(ru)關(guan)于(yu)南方某(mou)(mou)官員(yuan)吃(chi)鷓鴣中(zhong)(zhong)半(ban)夏毒(du)(du)以(yi)及(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)后(hou)解(jie)(jie)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事,其解(jie)(jie)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法與我(wo)們(men)炮(pao)制(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)毒(du)(du)輔料是(shi)一樣的(de)(de)(de)(de),使(shi)課(ke)(ke)堂的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)變得栩栩如(ru)生;在(zai)講授烏頭時,插(cha)入(ru)《滿城盡帶黃金甲》中(zhong)(zhong)烏頭是(shi)引起王后(hou)造反的(de)(de)(de)(de)導火索;古(gu)代以(yi)烏頭為(wei)主藥(yao)作麻(ma)醉劑等等,使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習興趣昂然。

教師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)職責不僅(jin)要授(shou)(shou)人以(yi)(yi)魚,更(geng)要授(shou)(shou)人以(yi)(yi)漁(yu)。在教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)各個環節中(zhong)(zhong),我們(men)經常(chang)告誡學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)活的(de)(de)(de),不是(shi)(shi)死的(de)(de)(de);知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)發展的(de)(de)(de),不是(shi)(shi)靜(jing)止的(de)(de)(de);學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de),不是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)考(kao)(kao)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)(ru)何讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)掌(zhang)握(wo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)(de)(de)本領,應用(yong)(yong)(yong)所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)為(wei)實踐服務。為(wei)此(ci),我們(men)結合當前的(de)(de)(de)熱點(dian)問題(ti)(ti),設置了(le)(le)專(zhuan)題(ti)(ti)辯(bian)論(lun)(lun)(lun)課,以(yi)(yi)拓展知(zhi)識(shi)(shi),開(kai)闊(kuo)思路(lu),活躍思維,訓練學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)聯系實際(ji),靈活運用(yong)(yong)(yong)基礎知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)解決實際(ji)問題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)能力(li),以(yi)(yi)體現學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。比如(ru)(ru),針對(dui)目(mu)(mu)前吵得沸(fei)沸(fei)揚揚的(de)(de)(de)廢中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)論(lun)(lun)(lun),我們(men)組織學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進行了(le)(le)一(yi)次辯(bian)論(lun)(lun)(lun)。同學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)們(men)查閱了(le)(le)大(da)量資料,從網上下載了(le)(le)很多文章和短評,經過(guo)揉合加工,形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點(dian)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)收集的(de)(de)(de)材料十(shi)分豐富,使辯(bian)論(lun)(lun)(lun)觀(guan)點(dian)明確,論(lun)(lun)(lun)據充分,內(nei)容詳實,層次明晰,語言生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動有(you)(you)趣,顯(xian)示了(le)(le)良好的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合素質。我們(men)還組織學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥炮制將如(ru)(ru)何發展的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)進行了(le)(le)專(zhuan)題(ti)(ti)討(tao)論(lun)(lun)(lun)[2],學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)們(men)僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)初學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者,沒(mei)有(you)(you)能力(li)也沒(mei)有(you)(you)資格給這樣重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)下結論(lun)(lun)(lun),但是(shi)(shi)他(ta)們(men)可以(yi)(yi)借(jie)助已經學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥炮制知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)和中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)來分析問題(ti)(ti),暢談自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)看法(fa),得出自(zi)(zi)己認為(wei)比較合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)結論(lun)(lun)(lun)。我們(men)選擇的(de)(de)(de)這些討(tao)論(lun)(lun)(lun)題(ti)(ti)目(mu)(mu),本身就有(you)(you)爭議性。教師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)不是(shi)(shi)去揭曉(xiao)正確答案,而是(shi)(shi)引導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)開(kai)闊(kuo)思維,拓展知(zhi)識(shi)(shi),這樣的(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式很好地訓練了(le)(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)能力(li),科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)思維能力(li),獨立思考(kao)(kao)能力(li)和全面分析問題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)能力(li),對(dui)于(yu)激(ji)發學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)興趣是(shi)(shi)大(da)有(you)(you)禪(chan)益的(de)(de)(de)。

5 改變實驗教學方式(shi),提高學生的各種能力

目(mu)前(qian)大學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式是實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)開(kai)始前(qian)教師(shi)對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、方法、原理和操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方法進(jin)行(xing)(xing)一系(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講解(jie),然后(hou)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)按著實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)講義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步驟(zou)一步一步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)根本不事先(xian)預(yu)習(xi),實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)完成(cheng)后(hou)一無(wu)所(suo)獲,達不到提高(gao)(gao)動手(shou)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)期效果(guo)(guo)(guo)。傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)考核(he)方式是根據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報告(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)打分(fen)(fen)評(ping)定(ding)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)。這(zhe)種傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)忽視(shi)了(le)在實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)環節(jie)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很多內容(rong),只注重(zhong)了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)和討論(lun),而(er)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)習(xi)等重(zhong)要環境都被忽視(shi)。針對這(zhe)一現狀,我們在實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課(ke)堂上采用(yong)(yong)打分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式分(fen)(fen)別對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)預(yu)習(xi)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)風等進(jin)行(xing)(xing)評(ping)定(ding),然后(hou)再結合學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報告(gao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)及(ji)討論(lun)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)綜合評(ping)價。這(zhe)樣(yang)對學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個環節(jie)起到良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)督(du)促(cu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong),達到了(le)開(kai)設(she)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)期目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),收到了(le)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)(guo)(guo)。同(tong)時,實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課(ke)中(zhong)開(kai)設(she)設(she)計(ji)性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),讓學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)所(suo)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)知識(shi)設(she)計(ji)整個實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),教師(shi)對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報告(gao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)批(pi)閱,認為合理后(hou)再付諸實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。在實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)設(she)計(ji)這(zhe)個過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)要應用(yong)(yong)各(ge)種相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi),提高(gao)(gao)了(le)分(fen)(fen)析問題(ti)、解(jie)決問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合能力(li),為畢(bi)業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)打下了(le)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎[3]。

【參考文獻】

[1] 王光寧.中藥(yao)炮制(zhi)學教學方法淺析[J].中醫藥(yao)導(dao)報, 2007,13(8):129.

篇3

    [論文摘要]通過(guo)對揮發性(xing)物質的(de)(de)理化性(xing)質、化學(xue)成分等方(fang)面的(de)(de)了解,利用(yong)他們的(de)(de)個(ge)性(xing)與共性(xing)的(de)(de)特點進行適度的(de)(de)炮制。根據(ju)臨(lin)應用(yong)需(xu)要,采取科學(xue)、合理的(de)(de)炮制方(fang)法,以保證藥(yao)品(pin)質量與用(yong)藥(yao)安全有效。 

    我國(guo)傳統中(zhong)藥(yao)中(zhong)含揮發(fa)性成分的中(zhong)藥(yao)很多,臨(lin)床應(ying)用(yong)也十分廣泛,具有止咳、平喘(chuan)、祛痰、發(fa)汗、解(jie)表、驅風、鎮痛、殺蟲以(yi)及(ji)抗菌(jun)和(he)消(xiao)毒等功效,被廣泛地應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)防病(bing)治病(bing)。由于(yu)調劑或制劑等工(gong)作需要,因而需進(jin)行加工(gong)炮制,以(yi)保證(zheng)藥(yao)品質量與用(yong)藥(yao)安全有效。 

    1 要掌握揮(hui)發(fa)性(xing)物質的理(li)化性(xing)質 

    揮(hui)(hui)發性成分是一類數(shu)量巨大,結構種類繁多(duo),生物(wu)活(huo)性多(duo)樣。具(ju)有(you)很高藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天然成分,包括醇(chun)、醛、酮、醚、酯(zhi)、羧酸(suan)等含(han)氧(yang)基(ji)團。由十余種及至(zhi)上(shang)百種成分組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合(he)物(wu),而(er)其主要成分是揮(hui)(hui)發油(you)(you)和萜(tie)類及其含(han)氧(yang)衍生物(wu),它們具(ju)有(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理化(hua)特征。其中最常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理常(chang)數(shu)有(you)比重(zhong)、旋光(guang)(guang)(guang)度、折(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)率和凝(ning)固(gu)點(dian)等。在測(ce)定(ding)揮(hui)(hui)發油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理常(chang)數(shu)時,因測(ce)定(ding)折(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)率所(suo)需樣品極少(shao)、操作簡便迅速,故通常(chang)多(duo)采取先測(ce)揮(hui)(hui)發油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)度。若(ruo)測(ce)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)率不符合(he)規定(ding)時,其余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢查(cha)可不必進行。酸(suan)價(jia)(jia)、酯(zhi)價(jia)(jia)和皂化(hua)價(jia)(jia)是指示(shi)揮(hui)(hui)發油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學指標(biao),揮(hui)(hui)發油(you)(you)中含(han)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各類成分,均因其具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)基(ji)而(er)顯(xian)示(shi)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學性,可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)這些性質為含(han)有(you)揮(hui)(hui)發油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中藥定(ding)性。 

    大多數揮發(fa)油是無色或(huo)淡黃色油狀透(tou)明液體(ti),少數呈棕色或(huo)黃棕色,個別(bie)揮發(fa)油具有其(qi)(qi)他(ta)顏色,多具有香氣或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)特殊氣味(wei),常溫下(xia)可以揮發(fa)。 

    揮發油難溶于水,但制時可出現揮發性特殊氣味,若溫(wen)度高于100℃時部分分解。可溶于濃(nong)酒精和多(duo)數(shu)有機溶媒中。 

    經常與日(ri)光(guang)及空氣(qi)(qi)接觸可(ke)氧化變質,使其比重(zhong)(zhong)增加,顏(yan)色變深,失去原有香味,并能形(xing)成樹脂(zhi)樣物質,也不能再隨水蒸氣(qi)(qi)蒸餾。因此制(zhi)備揮發油方法的(de)選(xuan)擇是很(hen)重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)。產品應裝入深色瓶中,密閉塞緊,放(fang)于陰涼處保(bao)存。 

    由于揮(hui)發(fa)油(you)是混合物,成分(fen)不同,其(qi)沸點(dian)(dian)亦(yi)不同,故(gu)可利用此性質來分(fen)離取舍揮(hui)發(fa)油(you)。常壓下揮(hui)發(fa)油(you)的沸點(dian)(dian)一般在70-300℃。揮(hui)發(fa)油(you)多數比水輕。 

    酸(suan)(suan)堿(jian)性(xing):用pH試紙測定揮(hui)發(fa)油的酸(suan)(suan)堿(jian)性(xing),如呈酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)反(fan)(fan)應表(biao)明含有(you)游(you)離酸(suan)(suan)或酚類(lei)的化(hua)合(he)物;如為堿(jian)性(xing)反(fan)(fan)應,表(biao)示揮(hui)發(fa)油中可能含有(you)堿(jian)性(xing)化(hua)合(he)物,如揮(hui)發(fa)油生(sheng)物堿(jian)等。

    氧、硫元素:可用鈉熔法檢識(shi)。 

    酚類:用(yong)含FeCl3的乙醇(chun)溶(rong)液檢查揮發(fa)油乙醇(chun)液,如產生藍(lan)、藍(lan)紫或綠色(se)反(fan)應。表示(shi)有酚類化合(he)物。 

    羰基(ji)化合(he)物:用硝酸(suan)銀、NH3、H2O檢查揮(hui)(hui)發油(you),如(ru)有銀鏡反應(ying),表(biao)示其中含有醛類(lei)等還原(yuan)性物質。用苯肼、氨基(ji)脲、羥胺(an)等試驗(yan)揮(hui)(hui)發油(you),如(ru)產(chan)生結晶型衍生物,表(biao)示有酮或磷(lin)存(cun)在(zai)。 

    內酯:于揮發油的吡(bi)啶溶液中,加(jia)亞(ya)硝酰鐵、氰化鈉試(shi)劑及(ji)氫氧(yang)化鈉溶液,如呈紅色并逐漸消失(shi),表(biao)示含(han)有內酯類化合物。因此,須(xu)根據其理化性質(zhi)及(ji)臨(lin)床(chuang)的需要進行炮制,采取“適宜(yi)”的方(fang)法,以(yi)確保飲片的質(zhi)量與臨(lin)床(chuang)療效。 

    2 炮制對藥(yao)物的影響(xiang)及其注意事項 

    根據揮發(fa)(fa)油成(cheng)(cheng)分在(zai)(zai)常溫下可揮發(fa)(fa)的(de)特(te)點,故在(zai)(zai)加熱炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)時火(huo)(huo)候的(de)大小(xiao)與炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)時間要掌(zhang)握,據報道經不同(tong)的(de)方法炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)后揮發(fa)(fa)油的(de)含量(liang)有如(ru)下變化:炒(chao)(chao)炭(tan)減少(shao)約80%,炒(chao)(chao)焦減少(shao)約40%,煨或(huo)(huo)土炒(chao)(chao)等(deng)損失(shi)約20%,為此(ci),為了保(bao)留(liu)有效揮發(fa)(fa)性成(cheng)(cheng)分不受(shou)或(huo)(huo)少(shao)受(shou)損失(shi),應(ying)(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)避免炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)過度對成(cheng)(cheng)份的(de)破壞和損失(shi)。否則會影響療效,特(te)別是芳香類藥材更應(ying)(ying)注意(yi)。例如(ru)含揮發(fa)(fa)油的(de)荊芥(jie)、薄荷(he)、茴香、木香等(deng)。早(zao)在(zai)(zai)《雷公(gong)炮(pao)炎(yan)論(lun)》上就指(zhi)出(chu)不可用(yong)火(huo)(huo)處理(li),例如(ru)對茵陳等(deng)中藥注明:“勿進(jin)火(huo)(huo)”。 

    水(shui)制時盡(jin)管(guan)揮(hui)發(fa)性(xing)成分(fen)在水(shui)中溶(rong)解度小但不宜(yi)久浸久泡(pao),只宜(yi)“搶水(shui)洗”,否(fou)則(ze)香(xiang)氣溢(yi)散。如陳皮經(jing)揀選后(hou)噴水(shui)濕潤(run)鍘(zha)成細絲即可(ke)。又如木香(xiang)用(yong)溫(wen)水(shui)洗凈(jing)后(hou)瀝干裝(zhuang)入罐內,均勻地噴溫(wen)開水(shui)(或(huo)灑)蓋(gai)(gai)嚴。燜(men)2-3 h,待燜(men)透后(hou)取出切(qie)片,晾干即可(ke)。總之,水(shui)制此類中藥材時,宜(yi)燜(men)潤(run)。即將藥材經(jing)淋濕后(hou),堆放(fang)在一起(qi)。用(yong)潔凈(jing)的濕布(bu)蓋(gai)(gai)好,經(jing)常檢(jian)查翻動(dong)并灑水(shui),使之內外保持濕潤(run)一致(zhi),直(zhi)至濕潤(run)透心,軟(ruan)度適合為度。取藥按要求(qiu)切(qie)片晾干即可(ke)。

    在臨床用藥時,某些(xie)藥材含揮發油過(guo)多(duo),以至對人體有(you)害(hai)。然(ran)又(you)是治療(liao)所需(xu)的有(you)效成分,故必須(xu)除(chu)去多(duo)余(yu)部分,以保證用藥安(an)全有(you)效。如蒼術(shu)、白術(shu)均有(you)蒼術(shu)醇、蒼術(shu)酮(tong)等揮發油成分,對脾胃刺激性大,須(xu)用米泔水(shui)浸漂2-3d,瀝干水(shui),透心后切成飲片,晾干再(zai)炒(chao)炙,由于米泔水(shui)有(you)吸附作用,再(zai)加上高熱炒(chao),受熱揮發油或(huo)破壞(huai)或(huo)減少(shao)15%以上,從(cong)而除(chu)去了蒼術(shu)、白術(shu)的副(fu)作用。 

    有(you)時根據治療要求須除(chu)彼揮發(fa)(fa)性(xing)成分留(liu)此(ci)揮發(fa)(fa)性(xing)成分。如麻(ma)黃生品,因含有(you)揮發(fa)(fa)油(you)(you)故(gu)有(you)解(jie)表發(fa)(fa)汗之功(gong)。若取潤(run)肺(fei)(fei)止(zhi)咳平(ping)喘之功(gong)則需蜜(mi)炙。蜜(mi)炙后揮發(fa)(fa)油(you)(you)損耗1/2,故(gu)使發(fa)(fa)汗之力(li)降(jiang)低,而潤(run)肺(fei)(fei)平(ping)喘止(zhi)咳之功(gong)增加。肉豆蔻生用有(you)滑腸作(zuo)用,需除(chu)油(you)(you),故(gu)用煨法或與滑石粉共炒,以去(qu)油(you)(you),減(jian)少其(qi)烈性(xing)。 

篇4

    論文關鍵詞:樟(zhang)樹藥幫;歷史考證;飲片炮制;經營體(ti)系

    中(zhong)國醫藥學有(you)著數(shu)千年的(de)(de)歷史,有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)內容和(he)寶(bao)貴的(de)(de)臨床經驗,是我國人民同(tong)疾病作斗爭的(de)(de)經驗總結,是中(zhong)華民族燦爛文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)部(bu)分。自古以來,江西(xi)就因得天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)中(zhong)藥資源和(he)“樟樹幫(bang)”精湛的(de)(de)加(jia)工炮制技(ji)術和(he)中(zhong)藥經營體系(xi)而享(xiang)譽全國。

    我(wo)省樟(zhang)樹市是(shi)我(wo)國南(nan)(nan)方主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)藥(yao)材(cai)集散地,對傳統炮制(zhi)有悠久的(de)歷史和極為豐富的(de)經驗(yan),與河(he)北省安國縣并稱(cheng)南(nan)(nan)北兩(liang)大藥(yao)市。樟(zhang)樹幫中藥(yao)選料上乘(cheng),炮制(zhi)技術精良,且品種花色齊全(quan),享有“藥(yao)不過(guo)樟(zhang)樹不靈”、“藥(yao)不到樟(zhang)樹不齊”的(de)盛譽,自古以來被稱(cheng)為“南(nan)(nan)國藥(yao)都”。

    1樟樹(shu)藥幫的歷史

    樟樹藥業(ye)(ye)有1800多年的(de)歷史(shi),是我(wo)國南方藥材(cai)集散和加工炮制的(de)發祥地(di),被人們稱(cheng)之為(wei)“藥墟(xu)”、“藥市”、“藥碼頭(tou)”,為(wei)我(wo)國南方中藥業(ye)(ye)的(de)“中心”。眾(zhong)多史(shi)料證明,樟樹藥業(ye)(ye)對(dui)后世(shi)產生了深遠的(de)影(ying)響。

    1.1樟樹藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)幫的(de)起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)樟樹藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)幫起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)于樟樹。樟樹背(bei)野面河(he),瀕臨贛(gan)江,扼袁贛(gan)二水四通(tong)之地,得地勢(shi)之便(bian)。沿贛(gan)江上達虔(qian)、吉(ji)、兩廣,下走洪、江(州(zhou))、皖、鄂,車通(tong)閩、浙,西連袁、瑞、湘、川,商賈匯集,成為貿易勝地。袁河(he)贛(gan)水交(jiao)江口沿江兩岸生產的(de)枳殼、陳皮等風行各地,南(nan)銷東南(nan)亞,北運(yun)天津(jin)。早在宋神宗熙寧(公元1069~1077年)年問,這兩味藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)即(ji)已(yi)作為“貢(gong)品”進入皇宮,樟樹藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業(ye)的(de)聲譽因(yin)而遠揚(yang)。除樟樹藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)商外,其他地方的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)商,特別是“兩廣”、“三巴(ba)”的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)商,也都順江而來,云集樟樹。隨著時間的(de)推移,樟樹藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業(ye)益(yi)趨發達。

    1.2樟(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)幫(bang)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)樟(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)幫(bang)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)歷史源(yuan)遠流長,早在(zai)東漢(han)建安(an)七年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元202年(nian)(nian)),葛玄(公(gong)元164-244年(nian)(nian))就曾到樟(zhang)樹東南的(de)(de)閣皂山。東吳(wu)嘉禾二(er)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元233年(nian)(nian)),他(ta)在(zai)閣皂山東側之(zhi)峰,建起一座“臥云庵”,筑壇立灶,專心采(cai)藥(yao)(yao),洗藥(yao)(yao),制(zhi)藥(yao)(yao),修煉(lian)他(ta)的(de)(de)“九轉金丹(dan)”。從嘉禾二(er)年(nian)(nian)到赤(chi)烏(wu)七年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元244年(nian)(nian)),他(ta)在(zai)閣皂山煉(lian)丹(dan)整(zheng)整(zheng)十一年(nian)(nian),在(zai)這十一年(nian)(nian)里,他(ta)對煉(lian)丹(dan)的(de)(de)水土選(xuan)擇(ze),對藥(yao)(yao)物藥(yao)(yao)性療(liao)效識別、鑒定、加(jia)工(gong)炮(pao)制(zhi)等積(ji)累(lei)了經(jing)驗,是樟(zhang)樹中藥(yao)(yao)材加(jia)工(gong)炮(pao)制(zhi)的(de)(de)創始人,并吸引了一些丹(dan)術家(jia)、醫(yi)學家(jia)、道學家(jia)遠道前(qian)來閣皂山學道。

    唐代來(lai)閣(ge)皂山學道(dao)、學醫者高(gao)峰時達五百人之多。這些人既學道(dao)煉丹,又(you)采藥(yao)行醫。因閣(ge)皂山擁有(you)豐富的(de)(de)藥(yao)材(cai)資源(yuan),盛(sheng)產土(tu)茯苓、土(tu)沙參、烏藥(yao)、葛根、首烏等藥(yao)材(cai)達200余種,為他(ta)們從(cong)事藥(yao)業(ye)工(gong)作提供了極為方(fang)便的(de)(de)條件(jian),有(you)的(de)(de)人還兼營“藥(yao)圃”。其中(zhong)著名的(de)(de)有(you)明(ming)末(mo)的(de)(de)方(fang)以智(人稱“藥(yao)地和(he)尚”)和(he)清末(mo)的(de)(de)歐陽明(ming)性(xing)。直到民國時期,遺風尚存。

    宋代樟(zhang)樹醫藥(yao)(yao)有很(hen)大的(de)發展(zhan)。當時政府撰(zhuan)有《太平惠民和劑(ji)局(ju)方》,州府均設(she)有官辦藥(yao)(yao)局(ju),出售各種(zhong)成藥(yao)(yao),私人經(jing)(jing)營的(de)藥(yao)(yao)鋪不斷增(zeng)加,經(jing)(jing)樟(zhang)樹運轉(zhuan)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)日(ri)益頻繁,舟(zhou)車(che)輻(fu)湊,商(shang)賈(jia)云集,藥(yao)(yao)業市場興旺。

    宋(song)(song)室南(nan)(nan)渡后(hou),江南(nan)(nan)經濟驟(zou)趨繁榮,樟樹(shu)(shu)藥(yao)業貿易進一步發展。南(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)詞人宋(song)(song)遠在《意難忘·題樟樹(shu)(shu)鎮(zhen)華(hua)光閣志(zhi)別》詞中寫到:“更(geng)與誰(shui)題詩藥(yao)市,沽酒新豐”,表(biao)明南(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)時期樟樹(shu)(shu)鎮(zhen)已經形(xing)成“藥(yao)市”。

    明代樟(zhang)(zhang)樹鎮商(shang)販大(da)(da)興(xing),賈人云集,各地藥(yao)商(shang)“百里環至(zhi),肩摩(mo)于(yu)途”,尤(you)以四川(chuan)、廣(guang)東的(de)(de)藥(yao)材(cai)為多(duo)(duo)(duo),遂(sui)有“藥(yao)碼頭”之稱。當時國內經濟、文化、工商(shang)業和國外(wai)貿易的(de)(de)發(fa)展,使樟(zhang)(zhang)樹藥(yao)業空(kong)前興(xing)盛。藥(yao)學(xue)巨著《本(ben)草綱目》中(zhong)(zhong)收載(zai)的(de)(de)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)海外(wai)舶(bo)來(lai)品(pin)如郁金、番木鱉、大(da)(da)風(feng)子等(deng),樟(zhang)(zhang)樹都有經營。由于(yu)樟(zhang)(zhang)樹藥(yao)材(cai)品(pin)種齊全,加之炮制精良,明萬歷二(er)十七年(nian)(公元1599年(nian))前后,皇宮特派“中(zhong)(zhong)使”來(lai)樟(zhang)(zhang)樹選購藥(yao)材(cai)。樟(zhang)(zhang)樹藥(yao)材(cai)貿易范圍,已從(cong)袁河贛水流域(yu)擴大(da)(da)到長江、珠江兩大(da)(da)流域(yu),名(ming)聲(sheng)大(da)(da)振(zhen),招來(lai)了更多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)南(nan)北川(chuan)廣(guang)藥(yao)商(shang)而成為南(nan)方藥(yao)材(cai)集散中(zhong)(zhong)心。這是形(xing)成“藥(yao)不到樟(zhang)(zhang)樹不齊”的(de)(de)重(zhong)要因素之一。

    明(ming)末清初,樟樹兒經戰亂,城市蕭條。鎮人多持空囊(nang)而奔走(zou)四方(fang),“或棄妻子,徒步(bu)數千里(li),甚有家于外者,粵(yue)、吳、滇、黔無不至焉”。

    清(qing)代初(chu)期(qi),社會(hui)生活較為(wei)安定,樟(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)多(duo)年(nian)在(zai)外(wai)的藥(yao)(yao)人(ren)(ren)曾(ceng)掀起一股回鄉浪(lang)(lang)潮。各地(di)藥(yao)(yao)號老板、伙計多(duo)在(zai)這(zhe)股回鄉浪(lang)(lang)潮中(zhong)帶回一些(xie)當地(di)的道地(di)藥(yao)(yao)材〕同時,也吸引(yin)了更多(duo)的外(wai)地(di)藥(yao)(yao)商到樟(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)買賣(mai)藥(yao)(yao)材,因此,樟(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)藥(yao)(yao)市出現空前(qian)興旺,四(si)川的附片,河南的地(di)黃,湖(hu)北的獲荃(quan),安徽(hui)的棗皮(pi)等等,在(zai)樟(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)藥(yao)(yao)市上是應有(you)盡有(you)。清(qing)代中(zhong)期(qi),隨著藥(yao)(yao)業競爭(zheng)的出現,全(quan)國各地(di)藥(yao)(yao)商漸漸形成(cheng)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)派。樟(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)藥(yao)(yao)商為(wei)了競爭(zheng)的需要,也結(jie)合(he)成(cheng)幫(bang)(bang)(bang),即“樟(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)”,并(bing)且以人(ren)(ren)數眾(zhong)多(duo)、經營獨特、管理嚴(yan)密見(jian)稱。與(yu)天(tian)津、北京的“京幫(bang)(bang)(bang)”、四(si)川的“川幫(bang)(bang)(bang)”并(bing)稱為(wei)中(zhong)國三大藥(yao)(yao)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。

    2樟樹藥幫的特色

    2.1   "樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)幫”的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)特色(se)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術,不(bu)論炒、浸(jin)、泡、炙或烘(hong)、曬(shai)、切、藏均十分考究,獨(du)樹(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)幟,炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)、輔(fu)料(liao)和仁藝(yi)獨(du)具(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)格。樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)藝(yi)在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)總結完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),創(chuang)造了一(yi)(yi)套  自己獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)傳統加(jia)工(gong)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)。主要工(gong)具(ju)(ju)有:鍘刀(dao)片(pian)(pian)刀(dao)、刮(gua)刀(dao)、鐵(tie)錨、碾槽、沖缽、蟹鉗(qian)、鹿茸加(jia)工(gong)壺, 壓板和硫磺藥(yao)(yao)(yao)柜(ju)等。尤有片(pian)(pian)刀(dao)、側刀(dao)面小口薄,輕(qing)便鋒利,被稱為(wei)“樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)刀(dao)”;飲片(pian)(pian)工(gong)藝(yi)獨(du)具(ju)(ju)風(feng)格,有“白芍(shao)飛(fei)(fei)上天,木(mu)通不(bu)見邊(bian),陳皮一(yi)(yi)條線(xian),半(ban)夏魚鱗片(pian)(pian),肉桂拜(bai)肚(du)片(pian)(pian),黃柏骨(gu)牌片(pian)(pian),甘草柳葉片(pian)(pian),桂枝瓜子(zi)片(pian)(pian),積(ji)殼(ke)r眼片(pian)(pian),川芍(shao)蝴(hu)蝶(die)雙飛(fei)(fei)片(pian)(pian),檳榔切108片(pian)(pian),一(yi)(yi)粒馬(ma)錢于切206片(pian)(pian)(腰子(zi)片(pian)(pian))”的(de)(de)(de)說法;“樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)幫”輔(fu)料(liao)非常講(jiang)究,歷來反映“樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi),輔(fu)料(liao)講(jiang)究地道,歸經如擇,用(yong)量適(shi)度,療效增(zeng)強”;樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)(shu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)芽有“術遵歧伯,法效雷公’之(zhi)訓。在(zai)長期的(de)(de)(de)繼承、實踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將古人之(zhi)經驗,各派之(zhi)成就,按藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物性能與(yu)臨床-r合,獨(du)創(chuang)自已的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)派風(feng)格,堅持以中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)論指導(dao)卜的(de)(de)(de)經典方法,做到藥(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)醫(yi)用(yong),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)病用(yong)之(zhi)旨。

    2.2“樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹幫”的(de)(de)(de)經營特色(se)“樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹幫”是一(yi)股強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)業(ye)勢力。它包括江(jiang)西(xi)臨江(jiang)府的(de)(de)(de)新珍、新喻、峽江(jiang)、清江(jiang)和豐城五(wu)縣的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)人(ren),故又稱“臨江(jiang)幫”。其人(ren)數(shu)之(zhi)多,輻射范圍之(zhi)廣,影響之(zhi)大(da),居全(quan)國之(zhi)首。在(zai)長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)實踐中,樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)人(ren)不斷(duan)改(gai)進(jin)經營管理(li)方(fang)法,倉〔造了(le)(le)行、號、店(dian)、莊的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)經營方(fang)式(shi),體現了(le)(le)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)經營藝(yi)術。藥(yao)(yao)行是“一(yi)把算(suan)盤一(yi)把秤”,資(zi)金(jin)不需太多,全(quan)靠為(wei)四方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)商代(dai)購、代(dai)銷、代(dai)存、代(dai)運,從中抽取(qu)傭(yong)金(jin);藥(yao)(yao)號是“深購遠銷,白行販運,零(ling)發整批”,藥(yao)(yao)號從藥(yao)(yao)行發展而來,有特定的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)務范圍和經營的(de)(de)(de)路子;藥(yao)(yao)店(dian)也(ye)叫(jiao)咀片店(dian),其特點是“前(qian)堂賣藥(yao)(yao),后堂加工”,名氣大(da)的(de)(de)(de)有長(chang)春、黃慶仁、信豐、濟生堂等20余家;藥(yao)(yao)莊是樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)店(dian)的(de)(de)(de)派出機(ji)構或(huo)外地(di)藥(yao)(yao)商弓樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹的(de)(de)(de)派出機(ji)構,任務是采購、銷售、  兼向本店(dian)通打行情藥(yao)(yao)價。樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)市(shi)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)經價方(fang)式(shi),靈活多樣,適應性強,幾(ji)乎壟斷(duan)了(le)(le)東南各省的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)市(shi)場,故享有磚國藥(yao)(yao)都之(zhi)稱。

    3樟樹藥幫的(de)展(zhan)望

    隨(sui)著(zhu)我國社會經濟和(he)科技的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),樟(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)幫(bang)面臨新的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)機遇和(he)挑戰。在繼(ji)承棒(bang)樹傳(chuan)統中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)炮制(zhi)技術的特色、優勢的基礎上,努力(li)挖(wa)掘、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)樟(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)幫(bang)是樟(zhang)樹藥(yao)(yao)業當代的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方向。

篇5

以“醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)結合、系統中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)、實(shi)(shi)踐創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)”的培(pei)育理念,依托國家(jia)唯(wei)一(yi)的中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)(ji)礎研(yan)(yan)究與(yu)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)養基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)—中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)基(ji)(ji)礎基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)和(he)國家(jia)基(ji)(ji)礎科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)養基(ji)(ji)金項目“中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)基(ji)(ji)礎基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)訓(xun)練及科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)能(neng)力提(ti)高”項目,匯集優(you)勢平(ping)臺資源,創(chuang)(chuang)建中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)本(ben)科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)及實(shi)(shi)踐能(neng)力自(zi)主培(pei)育模式,組建本(ben)科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)協會,舉辦本(ben)科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術節(jie)、出版(ban)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自(zi)主科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)期刊。全方位(wei)、多層次激發學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)主動性,倡導自(zi)我教育、自(zi)我管理、自(zi)我服(fu)務,培(pei)養中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)基(ji)(ji)礎扎實(shi)(shi)、綜合素質高、創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)力強的科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)人(ren)才(cai),形成積極向(xiang)上的學(xue)(xue)(xue)術氛(fen)圍。

[關鍵詞]

中(zhong)藥學;本(ben)科(ke)教育;實踐創新;人才培養

成都(dou)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)是我國(guo)(guo)最早建(jian)立(li)的(de)四所中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)高(gao)等(deng)院(yuan)校之一(yi)(yi),培(pei)養(yang)了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)(yi)批中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)本科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)、第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)碩士、第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)博士,接納第一(yi)(yi)位中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)博士后(hou),奠基(ji)現代中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)高(gao)等(deng)教育(yu)。秉承全國(guo)(guo)著名中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)凌一(yi)(yi)揆教授“品、質、性、效、用”系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)思想,依托中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資源系統(tong)研(yan)(yan)究與(yu)開發(fa)利用省部共建(jian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)重點(dian)實驗室培(pei)育(yu)基(ji)地(di)、中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)級實驗教學(xue)(xue)(xue)示范(fan)中(zhong)(zhong)心、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)科(ke)(ke)技部創(chuang)新(xin)人才培(pei)養(yang)示范(fan)基(ji)地(di)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)教育(yu)部實踐育(yu)人創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)基(ji)地(di)等(deng)科(ke)(ke)教平臺,以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)研(yan)(yan)究與(yu)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)人才培(pei)養(yang)基(ji)地(di)—中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)礎(chu)基(ji)地(di)為主(zhu)體,構建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)本科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)創(chuang)新(xin)及實踐能(neng)力(li)自主(zhu)培(pei)育(yu)模式(shi),促進基(ji)礎(chu)研(yan)(yan)究與(yu)教育(yu)有機結(jie)合,加強對本科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)的(de)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)訓練,提高(gao)實踐能(neng)力(li),激發(fa)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)興趣和創(chuang)新(xin)意識,為科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究提供高(gao)素質的(de)人才儲備。

 1秉承“系統中藥、醫藥結合(he)、實踐創(chuang)新”理念[1],構(gou)建創(chuang)新人才(cai)培養(yang)理論

針對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)礎(chu)研究(jiu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)人(ren)才需求,依(yi)據學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生個(ge)性特點(dian),構(gou)建科(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)結(jie)合(he)(he)、產學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)融合(he)(he)、校(xiao)(xiao)企合(he)(he)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元化(hua)人(ren)才培養(yang)(yang)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。培養(yang)(yang)具(ju)有(you)社會主義核心價值觀(guan),以(yi)傳承和(he)(he)發(fa)揚中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)己(ji)任,具(ju)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)原創(chuang)(chuang)思維,具(ju)備扎實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)論(lun)知識(shi)、熟練掌握(wo)現代科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)技術和(he)(he)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)融貫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西、德才兼備的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)人(ren)才。“系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”思想是在凌一(yi)揆(kui)教(jiao)(jiao)授創(chuang)(chuang)造性提出“大中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”概念下,歷經(jing)繼承創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin),逐(zhu)步形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)完整理(li)(li)論(lun)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本科(ke)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)設置應(ying)包(bao)含中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)本理(li)(li)論(lun)與(yu)臨床應(ying)用(yong)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)源與(yu)鑒定(ding)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮制(zhi)與(yu)制(zhi)劑(ji)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)與(yu)毒(du)理(li)(li)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等五個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)知識(shi)。我校(xiao)(xiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)本科(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)之初,就逐(zhu)步開(kai)設了(le)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植物學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)鑒定(ding)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮制(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》(1987年(nian)改為(wei)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》)等主干課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng),為(wei)建立(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)本科(ke)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)系(xi)奠定(ding)了(le)基(ji)礎(chu)。“醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)合(he)(he)”:依(yi)據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是指在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)論(lun)指導下認識(shi)和(he)(he)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院秉承以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效用(yong)為(wei)核心,在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)為(wei)闡(chan)明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)論(lun)提供科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)依(yi)據等方(fang)(fang)面突(tu)顯醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)合(he)(he),將《醫(yi)(yi)古文(wen)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)史》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)基(ji)礎(chu)理(li)(li)論(lun)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)診(zhen)斷(duan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》、《方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》等課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)納入專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。“實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)”:在強(qiang)調(diao)“早(zao)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian),多(duo)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang),注重學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)動手能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)(yang)。逐(zhu)步形(xing)成了(le)以(yi)“實(shi)(shi)驗課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)系(xi)、實(shi)(shi)驗技術平臺(tai)、實(shi)(shi)習(xi)實(shi)(shi)訓(xun)基(ji)地”為(wei)一(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)本科(ke)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式(shi)(shi),優(you)化(hua)和(he)(he)完善中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)人(ren)才培養(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)模(mo)式(shi)(shi),提升學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)力。“系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)合(he)(he)、實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)”理(li)(li)念貫穿于(yu)我校(xiao)(xiao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本科(ke)生教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)始(shi)終,亦(yi)成為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)本科(ke)生科(ke)研創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)及(ji)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)能(neng)力自主培育(yu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)構(gou)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)石。

2以“中(zhong)藥基礎基地項目”為支(zhi)撐,奠定本科生科研實踐能力培養基石

1996年(nian),成都中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)獲國(guo)家(jia)教(jiao)育部(bu)批準,創辦全國(guo)唯一(yi)(yi)的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)國(guo)家(jia)理(li)(li)科(ke)(ke)基(ji)礎(chu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)與(yu)(yu)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)(ren)才培(pei)(pei)養(yang)基(ji)地(di)(中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)地(di)班(ban))。2012年(nian),學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)將中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)地(di)班(ban)正式(shi)更(geng)名為“凌一(yi)(yi)揆-中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)地(di)班(ban)”,旨在圍繞“醫藥結合(he)、系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥、實踐創新”的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)(ren)才培(pei)(pei)養(yang)理(li)(li)念,培(pei)(pei)養(yang)全面掌握(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥系統(tong)知(zhi)識(shi)的專(zhuan)門人(ren)(ren)才。“凌一(yi)(yi)揆-中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)地(di)班(ban)”為本(ben)科(ke)(ke)提前批次招(zhao)生(sheng),每班(ban)30-60人(ren)(ren)次。班(ban)級(ji)實行“全程導(dao)師制(zhi)”,導(dao)師與(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)雙向(xiang)選擇(ze)匹(pi)配,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)在本(ben)科(ke)(ke)階段即(ji)開始完(wan)成科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)實踐,確保基(ji)礎(chu)理(li)(li)論知(zhi)識(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習、基(ji)礎(chu)理(li)(li)化試驗操作與(yu)(yu)創新研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)融會貫(guan)通(tong)。2014年(nian),由彭成副校(xiao)長牽(qian)頭藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)申(shen)報了(le)國(guo)家(jia)基(ji)礎(chu)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)(ren)才培(pei)(pei)養(yang)基(ji)金項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥基(ji)礎(chu)基(ji)地(di)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)訓(xun)練(lian)(lian)及科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能力(li)(li)提高”并獲得資(zi)(zi)助(zhu),資(zi)(zi)助(zhu)力(li)(li)度400萬元,鼓勵一(yi)(yi)線教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)骨干,通(tong)過科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)立項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),全額用于本(ben)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)能力(li)(li)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)。按照基(ji)金委的要求以(yi)及項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)申(shen)報書、任務書的計劃,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)對科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)訓(xun)練(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)實行滾動(dong)資(zi)(zi)助(zhu),以(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)的六大研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)方向(xiang)的正高職稱(cheng)且承擔(dan)有部(bu)省級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)課題的教(jiao)師科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)為基(ji)礎(chu),第一(yi)(yi)期(qi)確立了(le)23個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)訓(xun)練(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)組,第二期(qi)確立11個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)訓(xun)練(lian)(lian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)組,每個項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)資(zi)(zi)助(zhu)10萬元,為本(ben)科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)的科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)訓(xun)練(lian)(lian)及實踐能力(li)(li)提升(sheng)奠定基(ji)礎(chu)。

3以各級優勢平(ping)臺(tai)為(wei)助(zhu)推(tui),推(tui)進本科(ke)生科(ke)研實踐能(neng)力培養模式建設

學(xue)(xue)院推進以(yi)(yi)“國(guo)家級中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)示(shi)范中(zhong)(zhong)心”為(wei)(wei)訓(xun)(xun)練基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)平(ping)臺,搭建了“統一化、網絡式(shi)、綜(zong)合型”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)平(ping)臺,加強理(li)(li)論(lun)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)平(ping)臺與實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)平(ping)臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)通,實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、技(ji)(ji)術與實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓(xun)(xun)平(ping)臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)補(bu)。以(yi)(yi)“省部(bu)共建中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)系統研(yan)究與開發(fa)利用國(guo)家重點(dian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室培(pei)育基(ji)(ji)地(di)”為(wei)(wei)訓(xun)(xun)練創(chuang)新(xin)平(ping)臺,以(yi)(yi)“西南(nan)道(dao)地(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材協同創(chuang)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)心”為(wei)(wei)訓(xun)(xun)練開放平(ping)臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設工(gong)作,并成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功獲批教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育部(bu)“實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)育人創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)地(di)”和(he)(he)(he)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)部(bu)“創(chuang)新(xin)人才培(pei)養(yang)示(shi)范基(ji)(ji)地(di)”,深化“國(guo)家中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)種質資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)庫”,形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)強,規格高,功能全,設備新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)研(yan)訓(xun)(xun)練平(ping)臺集群”,大(da)(da)(da)(da)力提升中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)本科(ke)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)研(yan)訓(xun)(xun)練質量(liang)與實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效。學(xue)(xue)院同時整(zheng)合資(zi)(zi)源(yuan),依托成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)俱樂(le)(le)部(bu)和(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan),打(da)造(zao)(zao)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)健康產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)育人創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)孵化基(ji)(ji)地(di)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)俱樂(le)(le)部(bu):成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)俱樂(le)(le)部(bu),將(jiang)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育和(he)(he)(he)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)相(xiang)結(jie)合,以(yi)(yi)“創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)計劃大(da)(da)(da)(da)賽”、“創(chuang)新(xin)與創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)(da)(da)(da)講堂”、“創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沙龍”等品牌活動為(wei)(wei)載體,構建多層次、多形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自主(zhu)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育體系,營(ying)造(zao)(zao)整(zheng)體創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境,提供必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)支持。科(ke)技(ji)(ji)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)及大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)心:成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)園(yuan)(yuan)是以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)健康產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要特色(se),以(yi)(yi)“一園(yuan)(yuan)三(san)區(qu)(qu)”功能布局為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體,重點(dian)建設科(ke)技(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果轉化研(yan)究區(qu)(qu)、中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)孵化區(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu),形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)研(yan)發(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、健康服務(wu)、醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)商(shang)貿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集群,打(da)造(zao)(zao)環(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)知(zhi)識經濟圈(quan)。結(jie)合大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)俱樂(le)(le)部(bu),全面(mian)負責大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作,制(zhi)定大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)心管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)(he)年度(du)工(gong)作計劃。中(zhong)(zhong)心受理(li)(li)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)入(ru)園(yuan)(yuan)申請,統籌規劃和(he)(he)(he)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關工(gong)作,聘請校內外專(zhuan)家、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師、創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人士等為(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)公司提供管(guan)理(li)(li)、營(ying)銷、技(ji)(ji)術、法律(lv)、財(cai)務(wu)、心理(li)(li)、工(gong)商(shang)、稅(shui)務(wu)、信貸、風險投資(zi)(zi)等方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咨詢(xun)和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan)指導。

4以(yi)本科(ke)生自主(zhu)提升為(wei)主(zhu)體,深化科(ke)研創新及(ji)實踐(jian)學術氛圍

藥學(xue)(xue)院以學(xue)(xue)院為主(zhu)導,以學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)為主(zhu)體,建立(li)包含組(zu)織機構、學(xue)(xue)術期刊、科研項目、學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)活(huo)動的本科生(sheng)自主(zhu)科研實(shi)踐能(neng)力提升模(mo)式。

4.1自主培育機構-本科生科研創新協會

為(wei)適應中醫藥(yao)現代化的(de)(de)(de)需要,提(ti)高學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)動手能力、自主(zhu)學(xue)習能力以及(ji)知識的(de)(de)(de)綜合運用能力,提(ti)高本科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)直接參(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)趣。為(wei)有志(zhi)于從事(shi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)學(xue)術工作的(de)(de)(de)本科(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)提(ti)供(gong)一個(ge)參(can)(can)與(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)、師生(sheng)(sheng)溝通、學(xue)術交流的(de)(de)(de)平臺,藥(yao)學(xue)院籌(chou)建(jian)本科(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)創新協會(hui)。協會(hui)由凌(ling)一揆中藥(yao)學(xue)基(ji)地班學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti),聘(pin)請學(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)各方向專家(jia)(jia)作為(wei)學(xue)術指導專家(jia)(jia)。協會(hui)將(jiang)作為(wei)自主(zhu)培育模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織機構,充分發揮學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)動性,以高年(nian)級學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)及(ji)部分研(yan)究生(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)骨干,擔任(ren)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)團隊組(zu)建(jian)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)期刊籌(chou)備、科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)活動籌(chou)劃等任(ren)務。

4.2自主(zhu)培育期刊-《本草新悟》

 中(zhong)藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基礎(chu)基地(di)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自(zi)主創辦、編(bian)制(zhi)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)期刊(kan)《本草新(xin)悟》,距今已(yi)有三(san)年(nian)的刊(kan)齡,累積發表了(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院本科生(sheng)科研(yan)論文500余(yu)篇,以學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)交(jiao)流(liu)為中(zhong)心,從不同角度探索廣袤藥學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)天地(di),用創新(xin)思維打(da)造全新(xin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)平臺,已(yi)成為本科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)交(jiao)流(liu)和學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)成果展(zhan)示的有效陣(zhen)地(di),在行業(ye)內(nei)兄弟院校中(zhong)備受贊譽(yu)。《本草新(xin)悟》將(jiang)作(zuo)為自(zi)主培育模式的期刊(kan)載體(ti),學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院指導下(xia),自(zi)主投稿、自(zi)主編(bian)纂、自(zi)主運(yun)行。目前,期刊(kan)運(yun)作(zuo)良好(hao),并(bing)呈(cheng)現出投稿低年(nian)級化、普及化的趨(qu)勢。

4.3自主培育活動(dong)-科(ke)研學術節

科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)節(jie)是藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)一年一度的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)類品牌活動。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活動以(yi)其(qi)主(zhu)題鮮明、內容豐富、形式(shi)活潑深受學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)歡迎。科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)節(jie)通過(guo)舉辦系列學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)相關活動,提(ti)高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)參與率(lv),營(ying)造濃厚科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)氛圍。科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)節(jie)包(bao)括“百(bai)草園”學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)論(lun)壇,通過(guo)邀請國內外(wai)知(zhi)(zhi)名的(de)(de)專(zhuan)家、管理者和(he)企業(ye)家開展(zhan)相關領域的(de)(de)專(zhuan)題講座和(he)報告,如王永炎院(yuan)士、劉昌孝院(yuan)士、胡之璧院(yuan)士等(deng)知(zhi)(zhi)名專(zhuan)家,國家藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品安全(quan)(quan)評價中心主(zhu)任杜(du)曉(xiao)曦、四川省食(shi)品藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品監督(du)管理局注冊處處長(chang)吳銳等(deng)管理者,太極(ji)集團董(dong)事長(chang)白禮西(xi)、好醫生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)業(ye)集團董(dong)事長(chang)耿福能(neng)、廣州奇星藥(yao)(yao)(yao)業(ye)集團董(dong)事長(chang)朱(zhu)柏華(hua)等(deng)企業(ye)家,以(yi)此來拓寬(kuan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)視(shi)野(ye),使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及時了解到中醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)領域的(de)(de)最新研(yan)(yan)究動態、相關政策法規(gui)和(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、經營(ying)、使用領域的(de)(de)現狀,切實(shi)(shi)與社會需求(qiu)緊(jin)密結(jie)(jie)合(he)。“雙(shuang)基(ji)”實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)技能(neng)操作(zuo)大賽(sai),以(yi)“醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)(jie)合(he)、系統中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)創新”的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理念為基(ji)礎(chu),以(yi)“全(quan)(quan)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)技能(neng)大賽(sai)”為導向,設置筆試(shi)、試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)操作(zuo)兩(liang)個環節(jie),借此提(ti)升學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)知(zhi)(zhi)識、能(neng)力、素質協(xie)調發展(zhan),并為“全(quan)(quan)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)技能(neng)大賽(sai)”選拔儲(chu)備人才。除此之外(wai),科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)節(jie)還(huan)包(bao)括“慧眼(yan)時珍”中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)鑒別知(zhi)(zhi)識大賽(sai)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)論(lun)文(wen)撰寫大賽(sai)等(deng)活動。

4.4自主(zhu)培育提升-重(zhong)大講座(zuo)及開放(fang)活動

模式(shi)以(yi)課堂(tang)理論教學(xue)為(wei)基(ji)石(shi),注重(zhong)(zhong)契(qi)合中(zhong)藥學(xue)發展前沿,在(zai)例行舉(ju)辦學(xue)術講(jiang)座之外,以(yi)學(xue)校舉(ju)辦國內(nei)重(zhong)(zhong)大學(xue)術會議(yi)為(wei)契(qi)機,組(zu)織本科(ke)生(sheng)積極參(can)與(yu),拓寬科(ke)研(yan)(yan)思(si)維與(yu)方法(fa)、了解本領域重(zhong)(zhong)大研(yan)(yan)究進(jin)展,提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)術創(chuang)新(xin)能力。舉(ju)辦全國優秀大學(xue)生(sheng)夏令營——“系統中(zhong)藥,傳承創(chuang)新(xin)”品牌(pai)開放(fang)活動(dong),以(yi)基(ji)地(di)應屆畢業生(sheng)為(wei)主體(ti),適當吸收全國優秀藥學(xue)類學(xue)生(sheng),通過“名師講(jiang)堂(tang)”、“導師面(mian)對面(mian)”、“野外資源考察”等活動(dong),將理論納入實踐(jian),用實踐(jian)深化理論,創(chuang)新(xin)集中(zhong)訓練模式(shi),提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)集中(zhong)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)訓練實效。

4.5自(zi)主培育(yu)平臺-學生開放式自(zi)主創新實體(ti)平臺

學(xue)院構建學(xue)生(sheng)開放式自(zi)主創(chuang)新實(shi)體平(ping)臺,根據系(xi)統(tong)中藥(yao)學(xue)思想(xiang),創(chuang)新平(ping)臺包括公共(gong)理化實(shi)驗(yan)單元,中藥(yao)品種(zhong)、品質與資源研(yan)(yan)究單元、中藥(yao)藥(yao)效物質基礎及(ji)質量標準研(yan)(yan)究單元,中藥(yao)藥(yao)性、藥(yao)效研(yan)(yan)究單元,中藥(yao)炮(pao)制制劑研(yan)(yan)究單元,共(gong)享分析儀器單元6大子(zi)平(ping)臺,服務(wu)學(xue)生(sheng)創(chuang)新能(neng)力(li)培養。學(xue)生(sheng)在該創(chuang)新實(shi)驗(yan)平(ping)臺可自(zi)主進(jin)行藥(yao)學(xue)系(xi)統(tong)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)探索與研(yan)(yan)究,能(neng)開展樣品前處(chu)理,中藥(yao)資源與鑒定(ding)研(yan)(yan)究,中藥(yao)材有效部位提取、分離、純化,制劑工藝研(yan)(yan)究及(ji)質量控制方法,常規藥(yao)理實(shi)驗(yan)等研(yan)(yan)究內容(rong),為學(xue)生(sheng)提供一個可獨立自(zi)主進(jin)行中藥(yao)科(ke)學(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)探索的實(shi)體空間。

5以創(chuang)新獎(jiang)勵及學術論文為代表,產(chan)出本科生科研創(chuang)新及實踐成果

模式推進(jin)以來,本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)訓練取得實效,學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)能力(li)顯著提升:近三年來,參加國(guo)家(jia)級比賽(sai)多次,獲得十余(yu)項獎勵,名列全(quan)國(guo)中(zhong)醫藥院校前(qian)前(qian)茅(mao);發表(biao)(biao)SCI文(wen)章7篇,核心期(qi)刊論(lun)文(wen)二十余(yu)篇,其中(zhong)以第一作者發表(biao)(biao)SCI論(lun)文(wen)4篇,充(chong)分展(zhan)示本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)的理論(lun)知識水(shui)平和(he)實踐(jian)創新能力(li)。

6討論

6.1學(xue)生課堂教學(xue)與科研(yan)創新(xin)實踐相結(jie)合

本(ben)科生科研(yan)(yan)創新(xin)能力(li)自主培育模式(shi)將課堂(tang)理(li)(li)論教學(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)生科研(yan)(yan)創新(xin)實踐相(xiang)結合。讓學(xue)(xue)生走出課堂(tang),走進(jin)(jin)實驗(yan)(yan)室(shi),低年級學(xue)(xue)生在課堂(tang)中(zhong)夯實基本(ben)技(ji)能,學(xue)(xue)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)植與(yu)(yu)鑒定、炮制與(yu)(yu)制劑等專業技(ji)能融(rong)匯貫(guan)通(tong)(tong),使學(xue)(xue)生系統掌握中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)實驗(yan)(yan)技(ji)能,培養創新(xin)思維;高年級學(xue)(xue)生通(tong)(tong)過自主培育模式(shi),主動參(can)與(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)科中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)論及應用研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效和(he)毒理(li)(li)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品種、品質與(yu)(yu)資源開(kai)發研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物質基礎(chu)和(he)質量標準研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮制和(he)新(xin)制劑、新(xin)劑型研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)事管理(li)(li)六個方(fang)向進(jin)(jin)行實踐創新(xin)。

6.2學院主(zhu)導科研訓練與(yu)學生自主(zhu)科研能力培育相結合

藥學(xue)院有(you)深厚的(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能力(li)培(pei)養(yang)基(ji)礎,中藥學(xue)基(ji)礎基(ji)地(di)在中藥創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)人才培(pei)養(yang)理(li)念、模式、體系、課程(cheng)設置、平臺建(jian)設等方面均(jun)取(qu)得突出成(cheng)果,被教育部有(you)關專家譽為(wei)(wei)中藥學(xue)本科(ke)(ke)(ke)教育的(de)“試(shi)驗田、排頭兵、輻射源”。本科(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能力(li)自主(zhu)培(pei)育模式將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)學(xue)院主(zhu)導科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)訓練的(de)有(you)益補(bu)充,以學(xue)院為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)導,以學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體,提升學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)動性,全方位(wei)提升科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能力(li)培(pei)育實效。

[參考文獻]

篇6

目前,就大(da)(da)多(duo)數中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)院校課(ke)程(cheng)設置(zhi)安排(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況來看,《臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)》理(li)(li)論課(ke)多(duo)設在(zai)大(da)(da)一第二(er)學(xue)(xue)(xue)期或(huo)大(da)(da)二(er)第一學(xue)(xue)(xue)期,這個階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)基礎(chu)及中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)診斷知(zhi)識薄(bo)弱,尚(shang)無臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),而臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習往(wang)往(wang)安排(pai)在(zai)最后一年(nian),兩(liang)者之間間距長達三四年(nian),臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)會不(bu)(bu)夠,導致(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)多(duo)死記硬背,對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)理(li)(li)解(jie)不(bu)(bu)夠深(shen)入(ru),缺(que)乏(fa)對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物功用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)解(jie)和(he)(he)應用(yong)意識。因(yin)(yin)此(ci),中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)類或(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)畢業(ye)后也普遍存在(zai)著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)相關(guan)理(li)(li)論知(zhi)識和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)相脫節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)。中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)專業(ye)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)因(yin)(yin)缺(que)乏(fa)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)會,導致(zhi)了(le)(le)動(dong)手(shou)操作能(neng)力(li)、中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)辯證(zheng)思維能(neng)力(li)、對(dui)疾病綜合處(chu)理(li)(li)能(neng)力(li)、理(li)(li)法方(fang)(fang)(fang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)運用(yong)能(neng)力(li)等臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)能(neng)力(li)不(bu)(bu)強,并且對(dui)于中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)集、炮制、中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)飲片(pian)辨識等實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)相關(guan)內容及方(fang)(fang)(fang)法知(zhi)識欠缺(que);中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)專業(ye)類學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)因(yin)(yin)缺(que)乏(fa)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機(ji)會,導致(zhi)了(le)(le)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)論開拓研發能(neng)力(li)不(bu)(bu)足(zu),科研課(ke)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)手(shou)操作能(neng)力(li)不(bu)(bu)強等問題(ti)(ti)。目前,實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究正在(zai)成為中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱點(dian)領域之一。全(quan)國(guo)各中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)院校也對(dui)此(ci)進(jin)行了(le)(le)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)研究,主要(yao)(yao)集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)飲片(pian)觀(guan)摩、上山采(cai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或(huo)開展中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)房(fang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習、門診見習等實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)環(huan)節(jie)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)活動(dong)。這些(xie)都從不(bu)(bu)同側(ce)面(mian)體現了(le)(le)對(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養,但對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)相關(guan)科研、職業(ye)技能(neng)訓練(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)節(jie)和(he)(he)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法,尚(shang)未做明確而具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開展和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施。針對(dui)上述現狀和(he)(he)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti),在(zai)《臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)非常有必要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高[2007]1號(hao)文件規(gui)定,要(yao)(yao)“大(da)(da)力(li)加(jia)強實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge),重點(dian)建設500個左右實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)示范中(zhong)(zhong)心,推進(jin)高校實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容、方(fang)(fang)(fang)法、手(shou)段、隊伍、管理(li)(li)及實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)與創新(xin)。”

二(er)、實(shi)踐教(jiao)學的改革(ge)目標和措施

《臨(lin)床中(zhong)藥(yao)學》課(ke)程涉及知識面(mian)廣,內容龐大,根據專業理論以“必需(xu)、夠用”為原(yuan)則,淡化《臨(lin)床中(zhong)藥(yao)學》課(ke)程中(zhong)一些非重點藥(yao)物的(de)講授,集中(zhong)課(ke)時用于《臨(lin)床中(zhong)藥(yao)學》實(shi)踐環節的(de)教學。目(mu)前國際(ji)先(xian)進(jin)高等教育著(zhu)重于對(dui)學生分析問(wen)題(ti)、解決問(wen)題(ti)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)培(pei)養,側重于實(shi)踐技(ji)能(neng)(neng)訓(xun)練。因此,我們實(shi)踐教學的(de)目(mu)標就是要著(zhu)重關注科(ke)研和職業兩大技(ji)能(neng)(neng)的(de)實(shi)踐培(pei)訓(xun),并根據醫(yi)藥(yao)類專業的(de)不同(tong),靈活選用各種合適(shi)的(de)實(shi)踐教學模式,各有側重,從而強(qiang)化學生各種科(ke)研創新和職業實(shi)訓(xun)實(shi)踐能(neng)(neng)力(li)。

1.科(ke)研(yan)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。《臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)課(ke),其(qi)(qi)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)容主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)體現以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)礎(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)、基(ji)本知識技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征,要(yao)(yao)(yao)求學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生牢(lao)固掌握臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao),以(yi)發揚中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特色和(he)優勢。考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生后(hou)(hou)期會學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)到(dao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)相(xiang)關課(ke)程,為(wei)(wei)避免重復性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),因此(ci)在(zai)科(ke)研(yan)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)環節中(zhong)(zhong)我(wo)們主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)強調(diao)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)。中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)即中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)功效(xiao))性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)和(he)特征的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)概括,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)指導(dao)下(xia)認識和(he)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),并(bing)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)闡明其(qi)(qi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)機(ji)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)依據。中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)究(jiu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)總論(lun)部分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)補充,是(shi)(shi)(shi)整(zheng)個實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu),對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生在(zai)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),有(you)助(zhu)于(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生在(zai)未來從事臨(lin)(lin)(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)更(geng)好(hao)、更(geng)準確地處方用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),提(ti)高(gao)行醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li),同(tong)時(shi)對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類(lei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生后(hou)(hou)期開(kai)展(zhan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)或進一步(bu)科(ke)研(yan)深造也(ye)打下(xia)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。具體實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)實(shi)施中(zhong)(zhong),我(wo)們采用(yong)(yong)啟發式(shi)、引導(dao)式(shi)等(deng)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法,因材施教(jiao),增設(she)緊貼學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生相(xiang)關專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)簡便(bian)、效(xiao)果顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)經典中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),制定(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)講(jiang)義,同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)增加部分(fen)(fen)探索性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),在(zai)教(jiao)師(shi)指導(dao)下(xia),由學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生自行選擇規(gui)模較小,周期較短(duan)、難度(du)適中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)題(ti)(ti)目(mu)或結合(he)教(jiao)師(shi)科(ke)研(yan)課(ke)題(ti)(ti),由學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生獨(du)立完(wan)成,增強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生發現問題(ti)(ti)和(he)解(jie)決問題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li),培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生初步(bu)形(xing)成良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)意(yi)識和(he)科(ke)研(yan)習(xi)慣。最(zui)后(hou)(hou)通過研(yan)究(jiu)報告、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)標書或者畢業(ye)(ye)論(lun)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)撰寫來評估學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生綜合(he)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效(xiao)果。以(yi)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)科(ke)研(yan)創新(xin)訓練計(ji)(ji)劃項目(mu)等(deng)系(xi)列大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生科(ke)技(ji)創新(xin)活動(dong)為(wei)(wei)載體,作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)指導(dao)老師(shi),我(wo)們已(yi)經指導(dao)數名本科(ke)生獲(huo)得省(sheng)級和(he)國家級大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生創新(xin)科(ke)研(yan)項目(mu),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)圍繞(rao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五方面展(zhan)開(kai):①四性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),如(ru)選用(yong)(yong)寒熱兩性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)附子、干姜和(he)知母、石(shi)膏分(fen)(fen)別觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)(cha)對(dui)(dui)發熱動(dong)物解(jie)熱或導(dao)致動(dong)物體溫升(sheng)高(gao)等(deng)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。②五味(wei)(wei),如(ru)觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)(cha)辛(xin)味(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)紫蘇與紫蘇芳香揮發油在(zai)辛(xin)味(wei)(wei)“能(neng)(neng)(neng)散能(neng)(neng)(neng)行”(刺(ci)激汗腺分(fen)(fen)泌、擴(kuo)張皮膚毛細(xi)血管、抗菌(jun)、擴(kuo)張血管、改善血循(xun)環等(deng))的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別。③歸經,如(ru)選用(yong)(yong)示(shi)蹤(zong)劑(ji),經尾靜脈注入動(dong)物體內(nei)(nei),不(bu)同(tong)時(shi)間(jian)取動(dong)物器官組(zu)織,測定(ding)各器官組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)放射性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強度(du),將其(qi)(qi)換算成示(shi)蹤(zong)劑(ji)含量,即可(ke)反映藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物在(zai)體內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位分(fen)(fen)布及(ji)特點(dian),間(jian)接提(ti)示(shi)其(qi)(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)機(ji)體內(nei)(nei)敏感的(de)(de)(de)(de)靶器官,驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證(zheng)其(qi)(qi)歸經部位。④升(sheng)降浮沉,如(ru)觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)(cha)黃芩生用(yong)(yong)、酒制、炭用(yong)(yong)等(deng)不(bu)同(tong)炮制方法對(dui)(dui)升(sheng)降浮沉的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。⑤毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),如(ru)選用(yong)(yong)附子、細(xi)辛(xin)等(deng)有(you)毒中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)灌胃實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)動(dong)物,觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)(cha)其(qi)(qi)毒副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

2.職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。今(jin)年6月(yue)國務院(yuan)印發《關于加(jia)快發展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)代(dai)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定》,提(ti)(ti)出(chu)以(yi)促進(jin)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為導(dao)向,引導(dao)普通(tong)本科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)轉型(xing)(xing)發展(zhan)(zhan)為應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)型(xing)(xing)高(gao)等學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao),加(jia)快培(pei)(pei)養(yang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)人(ren)才(cai)。現(xian)代(dai)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教育(yu)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心在(zai)于注重培(pei)(pei)養(yang)實踐(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,兼顧知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和(he)(he)(he)(he)素質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調(diao)發展(zhan)(zhan),培(pei)(pei)養(yang)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復合(he)(he)型(xing)(xing)人(ren)才(cai),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭力和(he)(he)(he)(he)發展(zhan)(zhan)潛力。響應(ying)國家號召,我們按社(she)會對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)類技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)崗(gang)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)虛擬(ni)(ni)(ni)和(he)(he)(he)(he)現(xian)實相結合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),成(cheng)功建立(li)以(yi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)(jian)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式(shi)。首(shou)先,考(kao)慮到真(zhen)(zhen)實工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),我們采用(yong)(yong)(yong)現(xian)代(dai)創新(xin)教育(yu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)手段,結合(he)(he)《臨床(chuang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》課程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,建立(li)生(sheng)動(dong)形(xing)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多元化(hua)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)實踐(jian)(jian)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環(huan)境———互動(dong)式(shi)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)房(fang)(fang),并(bing)配合(he)(he)計算(suan)機軟件應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong),讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)身臨其境,就(jiu)像在(zai)真(zhen)(zhen)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)環(huan)境下參與(yu)相關工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),真(zhen)(zhen)正體(ti)會到所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)在(zai)實際工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),可(ke)以(yi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)激發學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)興趣(qu),并(bing)為學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)走(zou)上社(she)會和(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)崗(gang)位做好充分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準備。互動(dong)式(shi)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)房(fang)(fang)就(jiu)是仿真(zhen)(zhen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)房(fang)(fang)架構(gou)空間布置(zhi),將中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)師(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)處方(fang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)師(shi)調(diao)配等一(yi)系列過程融為一(yi)體(ti),既節省教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)時間,又(you)降低教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)成(cheng)本。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)互動(dong)式(shi)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)房(fang)(fang)交互特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),首(shou)先在(zai)CNK“I中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國典型(xing)(xing)病例大(da)(da)全(quan)數(shu)據庫”搜集典型(xing)(xing)病例,把一(yi)些(xie)真(zhen)(zhen)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)(xing)問題展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)在(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)面(mian)(mian)前,“患(huan)(huan)者”提(ti)(ti)出(chu)所患(huan)(huan)疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不適,“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)師(shi)”推薦正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)師(shi)”鑒別、炮制等調(diao)配和(he)(he)(he)(he)制備中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)來說,互動(dong)式(shi)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)房(fang)(fang)是培(pei)(pei)養(yang)臨床(chuang)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和(he)(he)(he)(he)自主(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好辦法(fa)(fa),能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)所示(shi)病案進(jin)行分(fen)析(xi)、確立(li)治法(fa)(fa)、選(xuan)擇(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)提(ti)(ti)前進(jin)入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)師(shi)角(jiao)色(se),加(jia)深理(li)解選(xuan)擇(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng),體(ti)會到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)靈(ling)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)類專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)來說,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)互動(dong)式(shi)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)房(fang)(fang)交互特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),熟悉如何(he)審方(fang),如何(he)規范(fan)拉斗(dou)、如何(he)抓(zhua)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、稱(cheng)量和(he)(he)(he)(he)倒(dao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等,對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)植物形(xing)態、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)飲片的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)炮制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、注意事項及中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)湯劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制備方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、特(te)殊中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)煎服方(fang)法(fa)(fa)等有基(ji)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)(shi)了解,讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)更好記住中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、功效及主(zhu)(zhu)治。

為使(shi)臨(lin)床中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模式不僅僅拘(ju)泥于模擬實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)環境,真(zhen)實(shi)環境下(xia)的(de)社會實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)畢業(ye)(ye)實(shi)習兩個階(jie)段(duan)對鍛煉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)必不可少。社會實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)階(jie)段(duan),主要利(li)用課余時(shi)間去藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物園辨(bian)認(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),熟(shu)悉中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)形狀和(he)功效,或(huo)利(li)用寒暑假時(shi)間,組織學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)到(dao)(dao)野(ye)外(wai)開展中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資源(yuan)分布調(diao)查(cha),辨(bian)認(ren)采(cai)集動(dong)植藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物并(bing)制作(zuo)成(cheng)標本或(huo)建立宣傳(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)社會服(fu)務(wu)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)平臺,向社會大(da)眾(zhong)介紹(shao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)相關的(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi),弘(hong)揚中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)化(hua),將知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)運(yun)用于實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian),并(bing)在實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)收獲課堂上所沒有(you)的(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)。畢業(ye)(ye)實(shi)習階(jie)段(duan)主要指加強與醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)聯系,開展產學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)合(he)作(zuo)教(jiao)育,建立校外(wai)大(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)教(jiao)育實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)基(ji)地,有(you)目的(de)有(you)計劃地安排學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)深入到(dao)(dao)實(shi)習基(ji)地,使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在真(zhen)實(shi)的(de)環境下(xia),獲得(de)第一手感性知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi),真(zhen)正體會到(dao)(dao)所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專業(ye)(ye)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)在實(shi)際(ji)工作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)作(zuo)用,以進一步提高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)際(ji)工作(zuo)的(de)能(neng)(neng)力。最終,通過資源(yuan)調(diao)查(cha)研(yan)究論(lun)文(wen)、研(yan)究調(diao)查(cha)報告或(huo)者(zhe)畢業(ye)(ye)論(lun)文(wen)的(de)撰寫來評估學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)培訓的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效果(guo)。

篇7

【摘要】 目的(de)優化草(cao)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)方法(fa),比較(jiao)草(cao)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)、附子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)品(pin)(pin)及市售(shou)炮(pao)(pao)制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)含(han)量,為相(xiang)關中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)測定(ding)和(he)臨床(chuang)應用提(ti)供(gong)參考。方法(fa)分別(bie)用7種(zhong)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)方法(fa)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)附子(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian),比較(jiao)各方法(fa)對(dui)3種(zhong)雙酯(zhi)型生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)效率(lv),并測定(ding)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)及其炮(pao)(pao)制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)含(han)量。結果10%氨水乙醚冷浸法(fa)對(dui)3種(zhong)雙酯(zhi)型生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)提(ti)取(qu)(qu)效率(lv)最高(gao)。炮(pao)(pao)制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)含(han)量明顯低于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao),各種(zhong)炮(pao)(pao)制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)含(han)量差別(bie)也比較(jiao)大(da)。結論(lun)采用10%氨水乙醚冷浸法(fa),高(gao)效液相(xiang)色譜-紫外光譜(HPLC2UV)法(fa)對(dui)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)行提(ti)取(qu)(qu)和(he)含(han)量測定(ding),能真實反映(ying)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)效和(he)毒(du)性成分。不(bu)同的(de)炮(pao)(pao)制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)含(han)量差別(bie)較(jiao)大(da),臨床(chuang)應用應有差別(bie)。

【關鍵詞】 提(ti)取方(fang)法(fa) 草(cao)烏 附子 烏頭(tou)堿類生物(wu)堿

在烏頭(tou)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)及炮(pao)制品中(zhong),生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)既是藥(yao)(yao)(yao)效(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)同(tong)時也(ye)是毒性成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)[1],而且穩定(ding)性不(bu)(bu)好,很(hen)容易降解[2],所以生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)取方(fang)法(fa)(fa)在其成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)分(fen)析中(zhong)十分(fen)重要。目前有關生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)取方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有很(hen)多[3~5],但是,各(ge)種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)對雙酯(zhi)型生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)取效(xiao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較(jiao)研究尚無報道。中(zhong)醫臨床常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烏頭(tou)類(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)為附(fu)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制品,市售的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)子(zi)(zi)炮(pao)制品飲片(pian)按(an)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制方(fang)法(fa)(fa)分(fen)為鹽附(fu)子(zi)(zi)、黑附(fu)片(pian)、白附(fu)片(pian)、淡(dan)附(fu)子(zi)(zi)、熟附(fu)片(pian)及炮(pao)附(fu)子(zi)(zi)等(deng)[6],但是,不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)制方(fang)法(fa)(fa),必然會造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian)含量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),在使(shi)用上應(ying)有所區別。本文比(bi)較(jiao)了(le)7種提(ti)取方(fang)法(fa)(fa)對烏頭(tou)類(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)3種雙酯(zhi)型生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)取效(xiao)率(lv),并測(ce)定(ding)烏頭(tou)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)及其炮(pao)制品中(zhong)烏頭(tou)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian)含量(liang),以期準確(que)測(ce)定(ding)附(fu)子(zi)(zi)中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)物堿(jian),為保證(zheng)此類(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨床應(ying)用更為安全合理提(ti)供(gong)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。

1 儀器與試劑

1.1 儀器(qi)LC-10A高效液相儀(Shimadzu,日本);超聲清洗器(qi)(Autoscience,天津);高速離(li)心機(Eppendorf,德國);電子(zi)天平(Sartorius,德國)。

1.2 試劑(ji)烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)堿,中(zhong)烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)堿和次烏(wu)頭(tou)(tou)堿對照品(pin)購自(zi)中(zhong)國(guo)藥品(pin)生物制品(pin)檢定所。生附子、生草(cao)烏(wu)購自(zi)四川江油,制草(cao)烏(wu)、黑附片、白(bai)附片、鹽附子、淡附子購自(zi)吉林省長(chang)春市吉深藥店(dian),經(jing)長(chang)春中(zhong)醫藥大學王(wang)淑敏教(jiao)授鑒定均為(wei)正品(pin)。甲(jia)醇為(wei)色譜純, 水(shui)為(wei)去(qu)離子水(shui),乙(yi)醚(mi)、二(er)氯(lv)甲(jia)烷等其他試劑(ji)為(wei)分(fen)析純。

2 方法與結果

2.1 方(fang)法學(xue)考(kao)查

2.1.1 色譜條件(jian)Agilent extended C18色譜柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流動相為(wei)甲醇∶0.1%三乙胺(an)(65∶35);流速為(wei)0.6 ml·min-1;檢(jian)測波長(chang)為(wei)230 nm;柱溫為(wei)30℃;樣(yang)品經過0.45 μm微孔(kong)濾膜過濾,濾液(ye)進樣(yang)10 μl。

2.1.2 標準(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)精密稱取中(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)次烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)對(dui)照品適量(liang)置于容量(liang)瓶中(zhong),加(jia)入(ru)二(er)氯甲(jia)烷溶(rong)解并定容,得濃度為1.08 mg·ml -1的中(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、1.12 mg·ml -1的烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)1.22 mg·ml -1的次烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)標準(zhun)(zhun)品儲備液。每種對(dui)照品溶(rong)液分(fen)別進樣(yang)2,4,6,8,10 μl,高(gao)效液相色譜(pu)法(fa)測定。以(yi)濃度(μg·ml-1)對(dui)峰面(mian)積(ji)計(ji)算回歸曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)。得到中(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)標準(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)方(fang)程(cheng)(cheng)為Y=20 672.0X-58 377.5,r=0.999 5;烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)標準(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)方(fang)程(cheng)(cheng)為Y=18114.2X-28 544.2,r=0.999 9;次烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的標準(zhun)(zhun)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)方(fang)程(cheng)(cheng)為Y=186 632X-13 386.7,r=0.999 3。說明烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)5.6~112 μg·ml -1、中(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)5.4~108 μg·ml -1,次烏(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)6.1~122 μg·ml -1 的濃度范圍內均呈(cheng)良好的線(xian)性。

2.1.3 重(zhong)復(fu)性實驗同一生(sheng)草烏(wu)(wu)粉末按優選的提取方(fang)法(fa)操作,提取6份(fen)溶(rong)液,HPLC測定(ding),記錄(lu)烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)、中烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)、次烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)峰面積(ji)。烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)、中烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)和次烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)含量的RSD值分別為4.32%,3.57%和4.84%。說明(ming)方(fang)法(fa)重(zhong)復(fu)性較好。

2.1.4 回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率(lv)(lv)實(shi)驗精(jing)密稱取已知含量的生(sheng)草烏(wu)(wu)粉(fen)末18份(fen),每份(fen)0.2 g。第(di)1個6份(fen)分別加(jia)(jia)入0.05 mg烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian),第(di)2個6份(fen)分別加(jia)(jia)入0.4 mg中烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian),第(di)3個6份(fen)分別加(jia)(jia)入0.2 mg次烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian),同法操作計算含量,烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)的平(ping)(ping)均回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率(lv)(lv)為91.2%,RSD值(zhi)為2.84%;中烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)的平(ping)(ping)均回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率(lv)(lv)為90.4%,RSD值(zhi)為3.12%;次烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)的平(ping)(ping)均回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率(lv)(lv)為92.8%,RSD值(zhi)為3.10。表明方法回(hui)(hui)收(shou)率(lv)(lv)較好(hao)。

2.1.5 穩定性實驗(yan)同一生草烏(wu)(wu)粉末樣品(pin)溶液保存于-80℃冰箱(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong),于放入冰箱(xiang)后第4,8,12,18,24小(xiao)時測定,計算含量。24 h內烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)、中(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)烏(wu)(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)(jian)含量的RSD值(zhi)分(fen)別為5.21%,4.35%和(he)6.24%。表(biao)明提取(qu)液在(zai)-80℃冰箱(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)24 h內較穩定。

2.2 提取方法的優(you)選

2.2.1 水(shui)提氯仿萃(cui)取(qu)法(fa) 稱生草烏2.0 g于(yu)帶塞錐形瓶中,加(jia)(jia)30 ml蒸餾水(shui),振蕩6 h后,轉移至(zhi)50 ml離(li)心(xin)管中,3 000 r·min-1離(li)心(xin)20 min,取(qu)上(shang)清液,沉淀水(shui)洗2次,合并上(shang)清液,用10%氨(an)水(shui)調pH值為10,分別加(jia)(jia)入15,5,5 ml氯仿萃(cui)取(qu)3次,合并氯仿層,蒸干。加(jia)(jia)甲醇(chun)溶(rong)解,定容至(zhi)25 ml。

2.2.2 酸提法稱生(sheng)草烏2.0 g于帶塞錐(zhui)形瓶中,加(jia)30 ml 0.04% HCl,振蕩6 h,轉(zhuan)移(yi)至50 ml離(li)心管(guan)中,3 000 r·min-1離(li)心20 min,取上(shang)清液,沉淀用(yong)0.04%HCl洗2次(ci),合并上(shang)清液,加(jia)0.04%HCl定容至50 ml。

轉貼于

2.2.3 酸提乙(yi)醚萃取(qu)法稱生草烏2.0 g于帶塞錐(zhui)形(xing)瓶中(zhong),加30 ml 0.04% HCl,振蕩6 h,轉移至50 ml離心(xin)管(guan)中(zhong),3 000 r·min-1離心(xin)20 min,取(qu)上(shang)清液,沉淀0.04% HCl洗(xi)2次,合并(bing)上(shang)清液,用10%氨(an)水調pH值為10,加入15,5,5 ml乙(yi)醚萃取(qu)3次,合并(bing)乙(yi)醚層,蒸干。加甲醇溶解,定(ding)容至25 ml。

2.2.4 酸提氯仿萃(cui)取法稱生草烏2.0 g于帶(dai)塞錐形瓶中,加(jia)30 ml 0.04%HCl,振(zhen)蕩6 h,轉移至50 ml離心管中,3 000 r·min-1離心20 min,取上清液,沉(chen)淀用0.04%HCl洗2次,合(he)并上清液,用10%氨水調pH值(zhi)為10,加(jia)入(ru)15,5,5 ml氯仿萃(cui)取3次,合(he)并氯仿層,蒸(zheng)干。加(jia)甲醇溶解,定容至25 ml。

2.2.5 氨水乙(yi)(yi)醚(mi)(mi)(mi)冷浸(jin)(jin)法稱生草烏(wu)2.0 g于帶(dai)塞錐形瓶中(zhong),加4 ml10%氨水,加30 ml乙(yi)(yi)醚(mi)(mi)(mi),振(zhen)蕩5 min,冷浸(jin)(jin)6 h,轉移至(zhi)(zhi)50 ml離心(xin)管中(zhong),3 000 r·min-1離心(xin)5 min,取乙(yi)(yi)醚(mi)(mi)(mi)層,沉淀用乙(yi)(yi)醚(mi)(mi)(mi)洗2次,合(he)并乙(yi)(yi)醚(mi)(mi)(mi)層,蒸干。加甲醇溶(rong)解,定容至(zhi)(zhi)25 ml。

2.2.6 氨水(shui)乙(yi)醚超聲(sheng)提取(qu)法(fa)稱(cheng)生草(cao)烏2.0 g于帶塞錐形瓶中,加4 ml 10%氨水(shui),加30 ml乙(yi)醚,超聲(sheng)30 min,轉(zhuan)移至(zhi)50 ml離心管中,3 000 r·min-1離心5 min,取(qu)乙(yi)醚層(ceng),沉淀用乙(yi)醚洗2次,合并乙(yi)醚層(ceng),蒸干。加甲醇溶解,定容至(zhi)25 ml。

2.2.7 酸(suan)超(chao)聲(sheng)提氯仿萃取法(fa)稱生草烏2.0 g于帶塞錐形瓶中,加(jia)30 ml 0.04%HCl,超(chao)聲(sheng)30 min,轉移至50 ml離心管中,3 000 r·min-1離心20 min,取上清液,沉淀(dian)5 ml0.04%HCl洗2次,合并(bing)上清液,用10%氨水調pH值(zhi)為10,加(jia)入15,5,5 ml氯仿萃取3次,合并(bing)氯仿層,蒸干。加(jia)甲醇溶解,定(ding)容至25 ml,。

采用“2.1.1”項(xiang)下的色譜條件(jian)對上述(shu)7種提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)方(fang)法(fa)所得(de)樣品(pin)進(jin)行含量測定。得(de)到結(jie)果見表(biao)1。各種提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)方(fang)法(fa)的提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)率(3種生物堿(jian)之和)順序為:氨(an)乙醚(mi)冷浸(jin)>酸提(ti)(ti)(ti)>酸超聲(sheng)提(ti)(ti)(ti)氯仿(fang)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)>氨(an)乙醚(mi)超聲(sheng)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)>酸提(ti)(ti)(ti)氯仿(fang)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)>酸提(ti)(ti)(ti)乙醚(mi)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)>水(shui)提(ti)(ti)(ti)氯仿(fang)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。確定氨(an)乙醚(mi)冷浸(jin)為最有效的提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)方(fang)法(fa)。

表1 不同提取方法雙酯型烏(wu)頭堿的含量(略)

2.3 草烏(wu)(wu)(wu)、附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)藥及炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)的含(han)量(liang)(liang)分析分別準確(que)稱取(qu)白(bai)(bai)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)片(pian)、炮(pao)(pao)(pao)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)、黑附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)片(pian)、淡附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)、生(sheng)草烏(wu)(wu)(wu)、生(sheng)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)、制(zhi)(zhi)草烏(wu)(wu)(wu)粉末各(ge)0.4 g,加10%氨水0.5 ml潤(run)濕,加乙醚10 ml,浸泡過夜(ye),取(qu)乙醚層,藥渣用(yong)乙醚1 ml洗2次,合(he)并(bing)乙醚層,蒸干,加色譜(pu)純甲醇定容(rong)至2 ml。采用(yong)“2.1.1”項下(xia)的色譜(pu)條件對樣(yang)品(pin)進行(xing)測定。利用(yong)當日(ri)標準曲線(xian)計算提(ti)取(qu)液中(zhong)3種雙酯型(xing)生(sheng)物堿(jian)的含(han)量(liang)(liang),每種樣(yang)品(pin)均取(qu)3份平行(xing)操(cao)作。實驗結果見表2。不同(tong)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)方法得到(dao)的炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)中(zhong)各(ge)生(sheng)物堿(jian)含(han)量(liang)(liang)差(cha)別較大。生(sheng)草烏(wu)(wu)(wu)、生(sheng)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)及各(ge)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)中(zhong)雙酯型(xing)生(sheng)物堿(jian)的含(han)量(liang)(liang)順序為,生(sheng)草烏(wu)(wu)(wu)>生(sheng)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)>制(zhi)(zhi)草烏(wu)(wu)(wu)>黑附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)片(pian)>淡附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)>白(bai)(bai)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)片(pian)>炮(pao)(pao)(pao)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)子(zi)(zi)。

表2 各種烏頭(tou)類中藥中烏頭(tou)類生(sheng)物堿含量(略)

3 討論

效率較高(gao)的(de)烏(wu)頭(tou)類(lei)生物(wu)堿(jian)提(ti)取(qu)方法是氨乙醚(mi)和稀鹽酸提(ti)取(qu)法,這是由(you)于烏(wu)頭(tou)堿(jian)類(lei)雙(shuang)酯(zhi)二(er)萜(tie)生物(wu)堿(jian)的(de)極性較小,易溶于乙醚(mi)、氯(lv)仿(fang)等有機溶劑。雖然烏(wu)頭(tou)類(lei)生物(wu)堿(jian)難溶于水(shui),但(dan)是人們在服用烏(wu)頭(tou)屬中藥時基本采用水(shui)煎煮的(de)方法,所以本實驗比較了分別以乙醚(mi),氯(lv)仿(fang)和水(shui)為溶解的(de)7種提(ti)取(qu)方法。

水提(ti)(ti)取(qu)氯(lv)仿萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)提(ti)(ti)取(qu)率最(zui)低(di)(di),這是(shi)烏頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)在水中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度較低(di)(di),不能(neng)全(quan)部被溶(rong)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緣故(gu)。氨(an)乙(yi)醚(mi)(mi)冷(leng)浸法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)取(qu)率最(zui)高,這是(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)烏頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)在堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)下以游離型(xing)存(cun)在,能(neng)充分溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)劑而被萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)出來。其余方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)取(qu)率均低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)氨(an)乙(yi)醚(mi)(mi)冷(leng)浸法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。烏頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)在酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)環(huan)境(jing)下成鹽(yan)導致水溶(rong)性(xing)增大(張洪(hong)貴(gui).《毒性(xing)烏頭生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)堿(jian)(jian)代謝產物(wu)研(yan)究》. 吉林(lin)大學(xue)2006博士生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)畢業論文),故(gu)酸(suan)(suan)提(ti)(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)取(qu)率較高,但是(shi)烏頭堿(jian)(jian)在酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)水溶(rong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)度仍然低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)在乙(yi)醚(mi)(mi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)性(xing)。酸(suan)(suan)提(ti)(ti)乙(yi)醚(mi)(mi)萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)酸(suan)(suan)提(ti)(ti)氯(lv)仿萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)在萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong),烏頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)被分配(pei)在水層(ceng)一部分,導致提(ti)(ti)取(qu)不完全(quan),所以提(ti)(ti)取(qu)率要低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)氨(an)乙(yi)醚(mi)(mi)冷(leng)浸法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。氨(an)乙(yi)醚(mi)(mi)超(chao)(chao)聲提(ti)(ti)取(qu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)酸(suan)(suan)超(chao)(chao)聲提(ti)(ti)氯(lv)仿萃(cui)(cui)取(qu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)在超(chao)(chao)聲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong),溶(rong)劑內部產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)導致不穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烏頭類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)水解(jie)而使提(ti)(ti)取(qu)率下降。

炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)品與生(sheng)藥相(xiang)比較,提取液中(zhong)雙酯型(xing)生(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)含量(liang)(liang)明顯(xian)減少,毒性大(da)大(da)降低。制(zhi)(zhi)草烏的各成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)含量(liang)(liang)明顯(xian)高于其它炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa),因此在使用時(shi)應適量(liang)(liang)。炮(pao)附子中(zhong)雙酯型(xing)生(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)含量(liang)(liang)非常低,中(zhong)烏頭(tou)(tou)堿(jian)(jian)、烏頭(tou)(tou)堿(jian)(jian)、次烏頭(tou)(tou)堿(jian)(jian)均未檢(jian)出(chu),因此在烏頭(tou)(tou)類中(zhong)藥臨床應用中(zhong)總結(jie)出(chu)來(lai)的“僅(jin)炮(pao)附子能大(da)量(liang)(liang)入藥”,從化學成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)分(fen)析(xi)上是(shi)合(he)理的。

【參考文獻】

[1] 楊 姝,金振輝,羊曉(xiao)東,等.烏頭屬植物(wu)的化學成分及(ji)藥理作用(yong)研究進展[J]. 云南農(nong)業大學學報,2007,22(2):293.

[2] 黃勤安(an),張聿梅,何 軼,等. 烏(wu)頭堿(jian)水(shui)解(jie)轉化規律的研究[J]. 中國(guo)中藥雜志, 2007,32(20):2143.

[3] 徐(xu)建東,王洪泉,姜翠敏,等. 附子提取(qu)工藝的優化選擇[J]. 遼寧中醫雜志,2000,27(2):88.

[4] 萬里翔,張岳峰,侯大(da)斌. 烏頭總堿的純化工(gong)藝(yi)及中烏頭堿的純化研究[J]. 安徽農業科學(xue),2008,36(12):5044.

篇8

中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)是(shi)理論與實(shi)踐并(bing)重的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科,其(qi)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)實(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)環節。現(xian)階(jie)段實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主要(yao)以(yi)各專(zhuan)業(ye)課(ke)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)為(wei)主,如(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)鑒定學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)炮(pao)制學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)制劑學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)等,如(ru)何(he)體現(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統性,如(ru)何(he)建立各學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)聯系(xi),如(ru)何(he)培(pei)養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合運用(yong)所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)知識(shi)解(jie)決(jue)問題是(shi)亟待解(jie)決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵問題。通(tong)過(guo)對中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)設計(ji)性實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進(jin)行研究與探討,建立系(xi)統教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法,提高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)主動性,增強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合能力和科研意識(shi),將為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)發展,中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養提供(gong)有利支撐,為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改革提供(gong)思路和參考。

關鍵詞:

中藥學;設計性實驗;課程建設

中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)院校的(de)(de)重點專(zhuan)業(ye)之(zhi)一,其專(zhuan)業(ye)培(pei)養目標為(wei)培(pei)養適應(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)事業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)需(xu)要,均(jun)衡、全面發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),具備中(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)(ji)礎理(li)論、基(ji)(ji)本(ben)知識(shi)、基(ji)(ji)本(ben)技能(neng)以及綜(zong)合運用(yong)知識(shi)解決實(shi)(shi)(shi)際工作領(ling)域具體問題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)能(neng)力,掌握一定的(de)(de)人文社會(hui)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、自(zi)然科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳統文化知識(shi),能(neng)從事中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)臨(lin)床應(ying)用(yong)、生(sheng)產技術(shu)、行業(ye)管理(li)、專(zhuan)業(ye)市(shi)場營銷、新藥(yao)開發(fa)(fa)、產品研(yan)制(zhi)、教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科研(yan)等方(fang)面工作,具有良好(hao)職(zhi)業(ye)道德,富(fu)有創新意識(shi)的(de)(de)高素質應(ying)用(yong)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)專(zhuan)門人才和(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)技術(shu)型(xing)高層次人才[1]。中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)是理(li)論與實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐并(bing)重的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科,其實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)重要環節。現階(jie)段實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)主要以各專(zhuan)業(ye)課實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)為(wei)主,如(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)鑒定學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)炮制(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)制(zhi)劑學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)等,如(ru)何(he)體現中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)系統性(xing),如(ru)何(he)建立各學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)聯(lian)系,如(ru)何(he)培(pei)養學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合運用(yong)所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)知識(shi)解決問題(ti)(ti)是亟待解決的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)問題(ti)(ti)[2]。通過對中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)設計性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進(jin)行研(yan)究(jiu)與探討,建立系統教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法,提(ti)(ti)高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)主動性(xing),增強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合能(neng)力和(he)(he)科研(yan)意識(shi),將為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人才的(de)(de)培(pei)養提(ti)(ti)供有利支(zhi)撐,為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改革提(ti)(ti)供思路和(he)(he)參考。

1教學目的

中藥(yao)(yao)學科(ke)傳(chuan)(chuan)統實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)模式的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)內(nei)容多(duo)為(wei)理論教(jiao)(jiao)學的(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證。教(jiao)(jiao)學方(fang)法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是由教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)將實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)器具準(zhun)備齊全(quan),根據(ju)“實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)指(zhi)導”詳(xiang)細講解實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)目的(de)(de)(de)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)原理、操(cao)作步驟(zou)、注意事(shi)項等,學生(sheng)依據(ju)“實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)指(zhi)導”中的(de)(de)(de)步驟(zou)進(jin)行操(cao)作,觀察實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)現象,記(ji)錄(lu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程,最(zui)后按(an)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)將實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中觀察的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)數據(ju)進(jin)行處(chu)(chu)理,得出結論,撰寫實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)報告[3]。驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)證性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學目的(de)(de)(de)是通過(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)已(yi)(yi)學過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)理論知識(shi),加深(shen)對理論知識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)理解和掌(zhang)握(wo)[4]。設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)別(bie)于傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)中藥(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)模式,綜合性(xing)(xing)體(ti)現在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)內(nei)容已(yi)(yi)擴展(zhan)到中藥(yao)(yao)學各專業知識(shi)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)基礎知識(shi)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)基本(ben)技能(neng),因而具有(you)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)復合性(xing)(xing),實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)手段與方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)特點(dian)[5]。設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)體(ti)現在(zai)(zai)該實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是由教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)指(zhi)定(ding)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)項目的(de)(de)(de)范圍、實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)目的(de)(de)(de)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),由學生(sheng)自行設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案、確定(ding)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)條件、選擇實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)器材、加以實(shi)(shi)(shi)施并對結果(guo)進(jin)行綜合分(fen)析處(chu)(chu)理。中藥(yao)(yao)綜合設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)學生(sheng)綜合多(duo)學科(ke)知識(shi)和多(duo)種(zhong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)原理、方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、手段來設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案,還要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)學生(sheng)運用已(yi)(yi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)專業知識(shi)去發現、分(fen)析和解決問題。其目的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)于培養學生(sheng)掌(zhang)握(wo)科(ke)研設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)和步驟(zou),激發學生(sheng)學習的(de)(de)(de)主動性(xing)(xing)、創(chuang)造性(xing)(xing),提高學生(sheng)自主學習能(neng)力、認識(shi)能(neng)力,開拓學生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新意識(shi)。

2教學內容

以溫里劑“四(si)逆(ni)湯”為例,其處方組成為制(zhi)附(fu)片(pian)、干姜、炙(zhi)甘草。具有溫中祛寒,回陽救逆(ni)的(de)功(gong)效[6]。教師指(zhi)定研(yan)究主題為四(si)逆(ni)湯的(de)藥學研(yan)究,學生(sheng)根據所給范圍進行實驗(yan)設(she)計。

2.1相關(guan)文獻查閱及實驗項(xiang)目綜述(shu)撰寫

通過查閱《中國藥典(dian)》,中國知網、PubMed等(deng)數據庫,小結四逆湯(tang)(tang)的(de)文獻資料,撰寫四逆湯(tang)(tang)處方(fang)中飲片研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)進(jin)展綜述,分析四逆湯(tang)(tang)的(de)藥學(xue)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、藥理研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、毒理研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、質量(liang)評價、臨(lin)床應(ying)用的(de)現(xian)狀及(ji)發展趨勢,找出(chu)存在的(de)問(wen)題,明(ming)確(que)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)目標,為實(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)案設計奠定基(ji)礎。

2.2分組(zu)制定設(she)計性實驗方案

在綜(zong)合(he)整理(li)(li)四逆湯相(xiang)(xiang)關文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上,對(dui)(dui)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)問題感興(xing)趣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)生3~5人自(zi)由組(zu)(zu)(zu)合(he),根據設(she)計(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求及查閱資料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況,并(bing)(bing)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)所(suo)學(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業知(zhi)識圍繞實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)目標(biao)擬定(ding)和完(wan)善實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an),論(lun)證(zheng)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),分(fen)析實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種問題,形成實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(初稿(gao));以小組(zu)(zu)(zu)方(fang)式匯(hui)報實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an),教師組(zu)(zu)(zu)織學(xue)(xue)生聽(ting)取匯(hui)報,并(bing)(bing)針對(dui)(dui)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、合(he)理(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、完(wan)整性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、操作性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等相(xiang)(xiang)關問題進行(xing)(xing)(xing)引導(dao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)價;學(xue)(xue)生根據教師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)價對(dui)(dui)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)修訂(ding),完(wan)成實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)修訂(ding)稿(gao)。此項工作以學(xue)(xue)生為(wei)主(zhu)體,指(zhi)導(dao)教師參與共同(tong)確(que)定(ding)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)。各小組(zu)(zu)(zu)根據選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課題研(yan)(yan)(yan)讀相(xiang)(xiang)關文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)資料,復習相(xiang)(xiang)關基礎(chu)知(zhi)識和實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技能(neng),設(she)計(ji)(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an),然后各小組(zu)(zu)(zu)與指(zhi)導(dao)教師共同(tong)討論(lun),確(que)定(ding)合(he)理(li)(li)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an),作為(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。各組(zu)(zu)(zu)撰(zhuan)寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)報告(gao)應(ying)(ying)包括(kuo):(1)課題名稱:要能(neng)盡量(liang)把全(quan)篇內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)切表達(da)出(chu)來。(2)立(li)題依(yi)據:主(zhu)要論(lun)述研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、意義,研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、可(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等內(nei)容。(3)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de):任何(he)一個實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)都要求有明確(que)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但(dan)應(ying)(ying)注意目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不能(neng)過多,以1~3個實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)宜,并(bing)(bing)且通(tong)過選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)能(neng)夠達(da)到(dao)目標(biao)。(4)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)原(yuan)理(li)(li):主(zhu)要簡(jian)述采用(yong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)依(yi)據。(5)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)材料:包括(kuo)處方(fang)飲片(pian)來源(yuan)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)動物、試劑(ji)、試藥(yao)(yao)、儀器、材料、對(dui)(dui)照(zhao)(zhao)品和對(dui)(dui)照(zhao)(zhao)物質等。(6)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)及操作步驟:為(wei)設(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點。如(ru)(ru)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題目為(wei)四逆湯處方(fang)藥(yao)(yao)物炮制(zhi)(zhi)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan),則應(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)處方(fang)中(zhong)附片(pian)、干姜、甘草所(suo)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)炮制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)優(you)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan),炮制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據,選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)何(he)種考(kao)察(cha)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),如(ru)(ru):單因素(su)考(kao)察(cha)、正交設(she)計(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)、均勻設(she)計(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)等,各炮制(zhi)(zhi)工藝條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)和水平如(ru)(ru)何(he)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze),確(que)定(ding)關鍵工藝技術參數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)及水平。若(ruo)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀及化(hua)學(xue)(xue)成分(fen)為(wei)主(zhu)要評(ping)(ping)價指(zhi)標(biao)時(shi),對(dui)(dui)傳(chuan)統(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀如(ru)(ru)何(he)評(ping)(ping)價,對(dui)(dui)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)成分(fen)如(ru)(ru)何(he)測定(ding),是否需(xu)要進行(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)學(xue)(xue)考(kao)察(cha),供(gong)試液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)備方(fang)法(fa)(fa),樣(yang)品制(zhi)(zhi)備及檢測批次以保證(zheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)。(7)數(shu)據處理(li)(li):對(dui)(dui)檢測的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據處理(li)(li),如(ru)(ru)含(han)量(liang)計(ji)(ji)算、方(fang)差分(fen)析、綜(zong)合(he)評(ping)(ping)分(fen)等。(8)注意事項:為(wei)保證(zheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)、可(ke)靠,實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程中(zhong)需(xu)要注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事項均在這(zhe)里(li)列出(chu)。(9)參考(kao)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian):主(zhu)要列出(chu)本(ben)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)用(yong)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian),需(xu)要給出(chu)電子版便于查證(zheng)。

2.3實驗實施

準(zhun)備(bei):學生(sheng)(sheng)依據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方案(an)(修訂(ding)稿(gao)),向教(jiao)學實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)管理(li)(li)部門提(ti)交所需試藥和(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)物品(pin)的(de)清單,預(yu)訂(ding)使用實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室(shi)和(he)大型儀器(qi)的(de)時間。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan):學生(sheng)(sheng)按照(zhao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方案(an)進行(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),并(bing)作(zuo)好原(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)。根據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際情況及(ji)出(chu)現的(de)問題,及(ji)時與(yu)教(jiao)師溝通(tong),調(diao)整(zheng)優化實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方案(an)(終稿(gao))。注意事項:(1)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中應按照(zhao)設計要求進行(xing)全(quan)程認真的(de)觀察,并(bing)及(ji)時準(zhun)確全(quan)面地(di)記(ji)進行(xing)錄(lu);(2)如發現預(yu)期(qi)之(zhi)外(wai)的(de)情況,可按原(yuan)設計進行(xing)必要調(diao)整(zheng);(3)對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結果必須進行(xing)全(quan)面地(di)整(zheng)理(li)(li)分析,對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)數據必須按統計學要求進行(xing)準(zhun)確地(di)處理(li)(li)。

2.4總結實驗結果撰寫實驗報告

學生根據(ju)原始記錄,分析(xi)、歸納、整理實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)數據(ju),討(tao)論實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結果、實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)中遇到的主要(yao)(yao)問(wen)題及自(zi)己認為的解決(jue)辦法,并撰寫實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)報告(gao)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)報告(gao)撰寫要(yao)(yao)求(qiu):(1)檢查設計性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)是(shi)否按設計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)完成,如未完成,應客觀地(di)、事實(shi)(shi)(shi)求(qiu)是(shi)地(di)找出原因,共同討(tao)論實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結果的可信度;(2)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結論應符合邏(luo)輯,是(shi)由實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結果推導(dao)而來,以養成科學嚴謹的科研素質;(3)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結果無論是(shi)符合預期(qi)還(huan)是(shi)與(yu)預期(qi)不符甚至相(xiang)反,均需實(shi)(shi)(shi)事求(qiu)是(shi)地(di)分析(xi)討(tao)論。

2.5實(shi)驗分析與總結

同組同學對(dui)(dui)實(shi)驗整個過(guo)程進(jin)行(xing)自我評價(jia),指導教師從學生的(de)實(shi)驗原(yuan)始記錄、實(shi)驗報告中找出普遍存(cun)在的(de)問題(ti)進(jin)行(xing)集中分析,并對(dui)(dui)實(shi)驗方案的(de)合(he)理性、實(shi)驗操作的(de)正確性及論文的(de)寫(xie)作情況等進(jin)行(xing)評價(jia)總結(jie)。

3結語

中(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)作(zuo)為醫藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)重要組成部分,是理論(lun)與(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐并重的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)。其實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)具有涉及(ji)面廣,綜合性(xing)(xing)強,知(zhi)識(shi)點多等特點。各學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)均蘊含著操(cao)作(zuo)技(ji)能(neng),綜合性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、設(she)(she)計性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)又(you)充分融合了各種(zhong)專(zhuan)業(ye)基礎(chu)知(zhi)識(shi)點和方法(fa)(fa)。只有將(jiang)傳(chuan)統技(ji)術(shu)與(yu)現(xian)代科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)技(ji)術(shu)有機結合,才能(neng)揭示中(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)內涵(han),傳(chuan)承學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)和技(ji)術(shu)。通(tong)過中(zhong)藥(yao)設(she)(she)計性(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)課程(cheng)的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)與(yu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),使學(xue)(xue)(xue)生掌握(wo)中(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)各學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)基本操(cao)作(zuo)方法(fa)(fa)和技(ji)能(neng),培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)創新性(xing)(xing)思維和探索(suo)求知(zhi)精神。結合化學(xue)(xue)(xue)、藥(yao)理、毒理及(ji)現(xian)代科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)技(ji)術(shu)進行中(zhong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),以闡明中(zhong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用和原理,為中(zhong)藥(yao)工藝(yi)規范化與(yu)飲片質(zhi)量標準化研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)奠定基礎(chu)。滿足中(zhong)藥(yao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業(ye)人才的(de)(de)培養要求,全面提升學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)綜合素質(zhi),為學(xue)(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)個(ge)人發展、就業(ye)打下良好(hao)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。

作者:陶偉(wei)(wei)偉(wei)(wei) 單鑫 李琳 陳剛 單位(wei):南京(jing)中醫(yi)藥大學基礎醫(yi)學院

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[4]姚衛峰(feng),鄧海山,池玉(yu)梅,等.中(zhong)藥學專業分析化學實(shi)驗(yan)課程的交互性教學[J].中(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)醫(yi)藥現代(dai)遠程教育(yu),2012,10(16):75-76.

篇9

晚清時期的(de)(de)一天,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫張錫純用(yong)大(da)承氣(qi)(qi)湯,診(zhen)治一患熱(re)證(zheng)便秘(mi)的(de)(de)老人無(wu)(wu)果,只得另請劉(liu)老中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫診(zhen)治。劉(liu)老察(cha)舌(she)切脈(mo),四診(zhen)合(he)參,備感證(zheng)清法明,方藥合(he)理(li),為何(he)無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)?略加(jia)思忖后,立加(jia)威(wei)靈(ling)仙(xian)一味。待病(bing)(bing)者煎湯服(fu)藥不久(jiu),腹(fu)(fu)(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)竟汩汩作響(xiang),隨即(ji)排出燥屎(shi)數枚,繼而又(you)瀉下(xia)(xia)一些清便,須臾之(zhi)間(jian),病(bing)(bing)人熱(re)退(tui)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)平,康復(fu)如初。張錫純不知劉(liu)老中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫使(shi)用(yong)威(wei)靈(ling)仙(xian)的(de)(de)奧(ao)秘(mi),便登門求教。劉(liu)老中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫解(jie)疑道:“老者屬(shu)熱(re)入陽明證(zheng),用(yong)大(da)承氣(qi)(qi)湯正確(que)無(wu)(wu)誤,但病(bing)(bing)者年邁,其臟腑(fu)之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)郁滯(zhi),原(yuan)先(xian)所(suo)用(yong)湯藥停滯(zhi)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),難人大(da)腸(chang),故久(jiu)不奏效(xiao)。須借威(wei)靈(ling)仙(xian)走(zou)竄之(zhi)功(gong)以觸發之(zhi),可直(zhi)(zhi)搗臟腑(fu)滯(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),力促停于(yu)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)大(da)承氣(qi)(qi)湯液下(xia)(xia)行,便如沖(chong)墻倒壁之(zhi)勢直(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)大(da)腸(chang),大(da)便通(tong)利,熱(re)病(bing)(bing)自愈(yu)。”張錫純深悟其理(li)。此后,凡遇(yu)此類病(bing)(bing)人,多用(yong)本法,效(xiao)如桴(fu)鼓。

張(zhang)錫純博覽(lan)典籍,精研(yan)醫(yi)理,注(zhu)重實踐,既重視對中(zhong)醫(yi)經典著作的研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),又引(yin)入西(xi)方醫(yi)學成果,研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)西(xi)醫(yi)新(xin)說,溝通融匯(hui)中(zhong)西(xi)醫(yi)學,力(li)倡醫(yi)學“衷中(zhong)參西(xi)”。衷中(zhong)者:根本(ben)(ben)也(ye),不背(bei)離前(qian)祖,同(tong)道(dao)無異(yi)議(yi),是立業(ye)之基(ji);參西(xi)者:輔助也(ye),借(jie)鑒有(you)益(yi)者,師門無厚非(fei),為發(fa)展(zhan)之翼。他(ta)主張(zhang):“西(xi)醫(yi)用藥在局部,是重在病(bing)之標也(ye);中(zhong)醫(yi)用藥求原(yuan)因,是重在病(bing)之本(ben)(ben)也(ye)。究(jiu)(jiu)之標本(ben)(ben)原(yuan)宜兼顧。…‘由斯知(zhi)中(zhong)藥與(yu)西(xi)藥相助為理,誠能(neng)相得益(yi)彰。”

張錫純(chun)所著(zhu)《醫(yi)(yi)學衷(zhong)中(zhong)參西錄(lu)(lu)》一(yi)書(shu)共分(fen)(fen)八冊(ce)(ce),先后陸續刊行(xing)于(yu)世。一(yi)至三冊(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方劑(ji),多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自擬(ni),計(ji)34門。第四(si)冊(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)物篇,收(shou)錄(lu)(lu)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)84種(zhong)(zhong)、西藥(yao)(yao)45種(zhong)(zhong)。第五冊(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在當(dang)時全國各醫(yi)(yi)學報發表的論文,包括醫(yi)(yi)論、藥(yao)(yao)物論、疾病診治(zhi)論和(he)(he)有(you)關中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)典籍的議論等,并附(fu)信函往(wang)來。第六(liu)冊(ce)(ce)名為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《志(zhi)誠堂醫(yi)(yi)案(an)》,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)醫(yi)(yi)案(an)匯集(ji)和(he)(he)詩作。第七冊(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傷寒論講義,末附(fu)溫病遣方九首。第八冊(ce)(ce)包括醫(yi)(yi)話(hua)拾零(ling)及醫(yi)(yi)評。統稿后的目錄(lu)(lu)主要分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)醫(yi)(yi)方、藥(yao)(yao)物、醫(yi)(yi)論、醫(yi)(yi)話(hua)和(he)(he)醫(yi)(yi)案(an)。《醫(yi)(yi)學衷(zhong)中(zhong)參西錄(lu)(lu)》出版(ban)后,即風行(xing)海內外,成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)學醫(yi)(yi)者的啟蒙(meng)教(jiao)材。張錫純(chun)尚撰(zhuan)有(you)《代數鑒源(yuan)》和(he)(he)《易經圖說》;另有(you)詩作《種(zhong)(zhong)菊軒詩草》,曾附(fu)編于(yu)《醫(yi)(yi)學衷(zhong)中(zhong)參西錄(lu)(lu)》第六(liu)冊(ce)(ce)。

張(zhang)錫(xi)純臨床(chuang)主(zhu)張(zhang)中(zhong)西(xi)藥并(bing)(bing)用,引用西(xi)醫器械于(yu)中(zhong)醫診斷。這種中(zhong)西(xi)匯通的(de)(de)思(si)想,成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)西(xi)醫結合(he)的(de)(de)嚆矢(shi)。張(zhang)錫(xi)純認為(wei):“臨證(zheng)調方(fang)者,必須(xu)細心斟(zhen)酌,詳審(shen)病(bing)機(ji),隨時(shi)體驗(yan),息(xi)息(xi)與病(bing)機(ji)相(xiang)符,而(er)后百用不至一(yi)失也。”臨證(zheng)講(jiang)(jiang)究細察(cha)厘定病(bing)情,要(yao)求病(bing)歷記(ji)載(zai)完(wan)整,用藥講(jiang)(jiang)求實效,診療(liao)主(zhu)張(zhang)脾胃并(bing)(bing)重,升降兼施。治(zhi)陰虛(xu)勞(lao)熱(re)強調滋補脾胃,扶正固本。對大氣下陷(xian)之喘、寒飲結胸、氣郁諸證(zheng)的(de)(de)治(zhi)療(liao)多有創新(xin),辨(bian)證(zheng)施治(zhi)與組方(fang)用藥別具(ju)一(yi)格。

張(zhang)(zhang)錫純(chun)還注重中藥(yao)(yao)的(de)加工(gong)炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi),并主張(zhang)(zhang)中藥(yao)(yao)材原汁原味的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)或(huo)鮮用(yong)(yong)(yong)。他認(ren)為:“藥(yao)(yao)物有非制(zhi)(zhi)過不(bu)可(ke)(ke)服者,若(ruo)(ruo)半夏(xia)、附子、杏仁(ren)(ren)諸有毒之(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)皆是(shi)也。”前人炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)半夏(xia)失宜易(yi)致嘔吐,為了用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)安(an)全,他改(gai)進炮(pao)制(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa),還自創馬錢(qian)子制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)、血(xue)余炭制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)和硫化鋁制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)等。黃芪入湯劑(ji),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)即是(shi)熟用(yong)(yong)(yong),不(bu)必先以蜜炙;若(ruo)(ruo)取龍骨、牡蠣收澀之(zhi)效(xiao),可(ke)(ke)以煅用(yong)(yong)(yong),若(ruo)(ruo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以滋(zi)陰(yin)及斂(lian)火(huo),皆不(bu)可(ke)(ke)煅。張(zhang)(zhang)錫純(chun)善用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao),他認(ren)為:有些(xie)藥(yao)(yao)物須生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)則(ze)藥(yao)(yao)力(li)渾全,如(ru)石膏、黃芪、山藥(yao)(yao)、赭石、龍骨、牡蠣、乳香、沒藥(yao)(yao)、大(da)麥芽、山楂、雞內(nei)金(jin)、白芍、蜈蚣(gong)、水(shui)蛭(zhi)、赤(chi)石脂和甘草等,炙用(yong)(yong)(yong)或(huo)煅用(yong)(yong)(yong)則(ze)藥(yao)(yao)力(li)減弱或(huo)無效(xiao),甚(shen)至可(ke)(ke)引起相(xiang)反的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。他指出:“水(shui)蛭(zhi)最(zui)宜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong),切忌火(huo)炙;乳香、沒藥(yao)(yao)最(zui)宜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong),若(ruo)(ruo)炒用(yong)(yong)(yong)則(ze)流(liu)通之(zhi)力(li)頓減;桃仁(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)取其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)之(zhi)氣;山藥(yao)(yao)宜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者煮汁飲之(zhi),不(bu)可(ke)(ke)炒用(yong)(yong)(yong),否則(ze)服之(zhi)無效(xiao);赭石生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)重墜涼鎮,能降胃止血(xue)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)血(xue),毫不(bu)傷氣分,若(ruo)(ruo)煅用(yong)(yong)(yong)既(ji)不(bu)能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)血(xue),且具有開(kai)破之(zhi)性(xing),多用(yong)(yong)(yong)令人泄瀉。”

篇10

中(zhong)(zhong)藥學包括制(zhi)劑(ji)、分析、鑒(jian)定(ding)、炮制(zhi)、化學等(deng)方面,是理論知識(shi)(shi)和實(shi)踐(jian)能(neng)(neng)力要求(qiu)較強的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)。中(zhong)(zhong)藥學專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)本(ben)科生(sheng)要達到具有(you)初步的(de)(de)(de)獨立業(ye)務工作能(neng)(neng)力,除了學習(xi)(xi)較系統的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)理論知識(shi)(shi),還(huan)必須經(jing)過(guo)比較長時間的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)才能(neng)(neng)打下(xia)基礎。經(jing)過(guo)3年多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)書本(ben)知識(shi)(shi)學習(xi)(xi)和一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)教學實(shi)驗(yan),學生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)理論知識(shi)(shi)掌(zhang)握(wo)較多(duo),但實(shi)際(ji)工作能(neng)(neng)力,如試(shi)驗(yan)設計、儀(yi)器操作、高(gao)效液相色(se)譜法含量測定(ding)、中(zhong)(zhong)藥制(zhi)劑(ji)制(zhi)備、科研思(si)維(wei)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力還(huan)是相當(dang)欠缺的(de)(de)(de)。因此(ci),畢(bi)業(ye)專(zhuan)(zhuan)題(ti)實(shi)習(xi)(xi)對(dui)培養學生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)能(neng)(neng)力來說(shuo),是非(fei)常(chang)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)階段。

多年(nian)來,由于考(kao)研(yan)和(he)(he)就業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力,對(dui)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畢業專題實(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了(le)很(hen)(hen)大影響。考(kao)研(yan)前,學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)沒(mei)有心思(si)投(tou)入實(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)。如通過考(kao)研(yan)初(chu)試(shi),還需要時(shi)間進行復(fu)習(xi)(xi)、復(fu)試(shi)。未通過初(chu)試(shi)或不考(kao)研(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)面(mian)臨找(zhao)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)煎熬,經(jing)常請假面(mian)試(shi),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單位甚至面(mian)試(shi)通過就要求學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)上班(ban)。實(shi)(shi)際上,按照中(zhong)(zhong)藥學(xue)專業本(ben)科生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)畢業實(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)畢業論文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求,實(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)時(shi)間是(shi)比較緊(jin)(jin)張的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如果不抓緊(jin)(jin),或不重視(shi),學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自己(ji)收獲不大。一些(xie)實(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)經(jing)驗(yan)沒(mei)有學(xue)到,或沒(mei)有領會,很(hen)(hen)多學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在走上工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)崗位,進入實(shi)(shi)際工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現自己(ji)對(dui)很(hen)(hen)多業務(wu)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不能(neng)勝任,很(hen)(hen)多試(shi)驗(yan)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)沒(mei)有掌握,這時(shi)才體會到實(shi)(shi)際操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)能(neng)力、實(shi)(shi)際經(jing)驗(yan)和(he)(he)科研(yan)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要性。

如何在有限的(de)實(shi)習(xi)時間讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生學(xue)(xue)到(dao)較(jiao)多的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)知識,寫(xie)(xie)出質量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)畢(bi)業論(lun)(lun)文(wen)(wen),我們(men)通過(guo)幾年的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)探索,找到(dao)了提髙中藥學(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)業本(ben)科生畢(bi)業專(zhuan)題實(shi)習(xi)效率的(de)方(fang)法,即(ji)及時安排課(ke)題,認(ren)真帶教;布置文(wen)(wen)獻綜述寫(xie)(xie)作,定期(qi)檢(jian)查,指導(dao);鼓勵學(xue)(xue)生互(hu)相(xiang)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)、共同提高(gao);結(jie)合(he)課(ke)題內容(rong)講課(ke),討論(lun)(lun);指導(dao)畢(bi)業論(lun)(lun)文(wen)(wen)寫(xie)(xie)作。現(xian)論(lun)(lun)述如下。

1.及時安排(pai)課題和認真(zhen)帶教

及時安排課(ke)題(ti)(ti),使(shi)學生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)夠盡早(zao)進入角色。課(ke)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)難(nan)度以學生(sheng)(sheng)經過努力,能(neng)(neng)在實習期間完(wan)成課(ke)題(ti)(ti),并寫出質量較髙的(de)(de)畢業論(lun)文為宜。課(ke)題(ti)(ti)太難(nan),學生(sheng)(sheng)容易(yi)產生(sheng)(sheng)急躁情緒;課(ke)題(ti)(ti)太容易(yi),學生(sheng)(sheng)會覺得收獲不大,實際能(neng)(neng)力提(ti)髙不大。一(yi)般可(ke)以安排以下課(ke)題(ti)(ti):某(mou)復(fu)方(fang)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)君藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)含量測(ce)定研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),或(huo)正(zheng)交試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗優(you)選某(mou)復(fu)方(fang)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)提(ti)取工藝條(tiao)件研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),或(huo)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有效(xiao)部(bu)(bu)位的(de)(de)純化研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)等。使(shi)學生(sheng)(sheng)通(tong)過完(wan)成課(ke)題(ti)(ti),學會課(ke)題(ti)(ti)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗設計,掌握一(yi)些基本的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方(fang)法,如高效(xiao)液相色譜儀的(de)(de)操作,中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)含量測(ce)定的(de)(de)方(fang)法學研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),正(zheng)交試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗的(de)(de)設計、計算,以及具(ju)體的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗操作方(fang)法等,鍛煉自己的(de)(de)科研(yan)(yan)思維能(neng)(neng)力。帶(dai)有研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)老(lao)師(shi)可(ke)以安排研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)具(ju)體帶(dai)教,讓學生(sheng)(sheng)參加(jia)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)(sheng)課(ke)題(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分工作,但(dan)指(zhi)導(dao)老(lao)師(shi)要經常到場指(zhi)導(dao)。指(zhi)導(dao)老(lao)師(shi)經常到場,能(neng)(neng)了解學生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)具(ju)體情況,試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗能(neng)(neng)力,領悟(wu)能(neng)(neng)力,適時回(hui)答(da)學生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti),并通(tong)過具(ju)體的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗指(zhi)導(dao)、講解,學生(sheng)(sheng)領會深刻,記(ji)憶清晰(xi)。

2.盡早安排學生撰寫(xie)文獻(xian)綜(zong)述

撰(zhuan)寫文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)綜(zong)(zong)述,對(dui)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)學(xue)生分(fen)析、綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)別人的(de)試驗(yan)方(fang)法、經(jing)驗(yan),提(ti)高(gao)(gao)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)素質有很(hen)好的(de)效果,可以(yi)使學(xue)生利用業余(yu)時間。文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)綜(zong)(zong)述的(de)內容應結合(he)(he)實習課題,通過文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)查閱(yue),使學(xue)生對(dui)自(zi)己(ji)畢業專題的(de)研究狀況有較深入(ru)了解;通過搜集文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)資(zi)料(liao)的(de)過程,可熟悉科學(xue)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)查找和(he)積累資(zi)料(liao)的(de)方(fang)法,提(ti)高(gao)(gao)學(xue)生的(de)歸納、分(fen)析、綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)能(neng)力(li),有利于獨立工作能(neng)力(li)和(he)科研能(neng)力(li)的(de)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)。

布置(zhi)任務前講述(shu)《如(ru)何查(cha)閱文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)寫作(zuo)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)綜(zong)述(shu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講座,內容包括文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)綜(zong)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,原(yuan)始(shi)資料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)查(cha)閱方(fang)法,文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)綜(zong)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格式、內容,原(yuan)始(shi)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸納、整理、分析(xi)(xi)等,規定完成文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)綜(zong)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian),讓學(xue)生(sheng)有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)。學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接受、領悟能力(li)不同,其分析(xi)(xi)、綜(zong)合、寫作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)也有較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別(bie)。指(zhi)(zhi)導老師不時地檢查(cha)、指(zhi)(zhi)導過程是不可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。通過檢查(cha)、指(zhi)(zhi)導,了解學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平,并針對性地指(zhi)(zhi)導。經過反復幾次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢查(cha)、指(zhi)(zhi)導、修改,學(xue)生(sheng)能寫出較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)綜(zong)述(shu),提高(gao)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)(xi)、綜(zong)合能力(li),為將來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)打下一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。

3.利用實驗室條件、氛圍(wei),讓學生互相(xiang)學習(xi)、提高

在一(yi)個(ge)大實驗(yan)(yan)室中,有較(jiao)好的(de)(de)實驗(yan)(yan)條(tiao)件和較(jiao)多的(de)(de)儀器設備(bei);有帶教經驗(yan)(yan)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)老師(shi);有良好的(de)(de)教學研究氛圍。不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)老師(shi)的(de)(de)專業不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),承擔(dan)的(de)(de)課題不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong),進行不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)試驗(yan)(yan),涉及中藥(yao)(yao)提取、純(chun)化(hua),中藥(yao)(yao)化(hua)學分離,中藥(yao)(yao)含量測定等。每個(ge)學生跟著指導老師(shi),一(yi)般(ban)只完成一(yi)個(ge)大課題中由一(yi)部分,不(bu)(bu)可能涉及到很多試驗(yan)(yan)。

為(wei)了利用(yong)良好的實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)條件和(he)氛圍,我們讓(rang)做不(bu)同(tong)課題內容(rong)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)生互相(xiang)觀看,互相(xiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習、討論(lun),了解其他實(shi)驗(yan)方法(fa)和(he)知識,如(ru)做提(ti)取工藝(yi)研(yan)究的學(xue)(xue)(xue)生到做化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)成(cheng)分(fen)分(fen)離(li)(li)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)生處(chu)了解中藥(yao)有效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)分(fen)離(li)(li)的方法(fa);做化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)成(cheng)分(fen)分(fen)離(li)(li)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)生到儀器(qi)室(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習高效(xiao)液相(xiang)色(se)譜法(fa)測定中藥(yao)有效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)的含量;在(zai)進行C02超臨界萃(cui)取中藥(yao)揮發性成(cheng)分(fen)、中藥(yao)提(ti)取物噴霧干燥試驗(yan)時,讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生去觀看學(xue)(xue)(xue)習,這(zhe)樣(yang),學(xue)(xue)(xue)生沒有親手參(can)加某(mou)些具體實(shi)驗(yan),也可以通過學(xue)(xue)(xue)習、討論(lun)了解熟悉不(bu)同(tong)的儀器(qi),拓展自己的知識和(he)思路。

4.畢業實(shi)(shi)習(xi)的(de)中后期(qi),結合實(shi)(shi)際安(an)排(pai)講(jiang)座

學(xue)(xue)生經過一(yi)段(duan)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)習,對課題的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計、操作等有(you)(you)了一(yi)定實(shi)(shi)踐經驗后,及時(shi)安(an)排部分(fen)講座。講座的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)讓學(xue)(xue)生經過從(cong)理論(lun)到實(shi)(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)后,再(zai)從(cong)實(shi)(shi)踐到理論(lun),達到一(yi)個質的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛躍,對課堂(tang)上(shang)(shang)學(xue)(xue)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)知識有(you)(you)更深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)理解。講座的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容主(zhu)要有(you)(you):正交(jiao)試驗在中藥研究(jiu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong),中藥含量測定方法(fa)學(xue)(xue)考察(cha);髙效液相(xiang)色譜儀操作方法(fa)和(he)注意事項等。這(zhe)些(xie)課程(cheng)多(duo)是(shi)學(xue)(xue)生們(men)在試驗中參(can)加的(de)(de)(de)(de),也是(shi)將來走上(shang)(shang)工作崗位(wei)上(shang)(shang)用(yong)(yong)得較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知識,同時(shi)也是(shi)學(xue)(xue)生們(men)在課堂(tang)學(xue)(xue)習時(shi)因(yin)為(wei)缺少實(shi)(shi)踐機會而較難深刻理解的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)。

講(jiang)(jiang)座(zuo)采用多媒體形式(shi),理(li)論結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)實際,包括一(yi)些(xie)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實例(li)、圖譜、表格,簡便易(yi)懂,使學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)通過(guo)聽課(ke)對(dui)課(ke)堂(tang)上(shang)曾經聽過(guo)、但較難(nan)領會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識點很快有(you)了深(shen)刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印象(xiang)和理(li)解。原課(ke)堂(tang)講(jiang)(jiang)課(ke)時,學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)沒有(you)實踐基礎(chu),只能死記硬(ying)背(bei),現(xian)在(zai)(zai)有(you)了一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐基礎(chu),其講(jiang)(jiang)課(ke)效(xiao)果遠(yuan)遠(yuan)優于課(ke)堂(tang)上(shang)純書本(ben)知識講(jiang)(jiang)課(ke)。如在(zai)(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)授(shou)《正交(jiao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)研究中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用》課(ke)程中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)如何選(xuan)(xuan)擇正交(jiao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗表,如何結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)課(ke)題(ti)實際情(qing)況設計因素(su)水平,正交(jiao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方法(fa),注意事項,試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗結(jie)(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算分析,正交(jiao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗助(zhu)手軟件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作等內容(rong)進(jin)行(xing)論述,學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)易(yi)明(ming)白并熟悉、掌握(wo);在(zai)(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)授(shou)《高效(xiao)液相(xiang)色譜法(fa)測定中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)含量方法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究》中(zhong)(zhong),對(dui)供試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制備(bei)方法(fa),陰性對(dui)照品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制備(bei),方法(fa)專屬性考察,流動(dong)相(xiang)和流動(dong)相(xiang)比例(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇,以及(ji)其他方法(fa)學(xue)考察內容(rong),結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)具(ju)體實例(li)、圖譜進(jin)行(xing)講(jiang)(jiang)解,學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)易(yi)掌握(wo)含量測定方法(fa)學(xue)考察的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong);對(dui)高效(xiao)液相(xiang)色譜儀(yi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作和常見(jian)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)實例(li)進(jin)行(xing)講(jiang)(jiang)解,為學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)將來走上(shang)工作崗位積累一(yi)定經驗。講(jiang)(jiang)座(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)針對(dui)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)給予回(hui)答,很受學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)歡迎。

5.認真指導修改學生的畢(bi)業論(lun)文

畢業(ye)專題(ti)做完后(hou),指導老師結合(he)課(ke)題(ti)對學生(sheng)的畢業(ye)論(lun)文進(jin)行認真指導、修改,讓學生(sheng)通過撰(zhuan)寫畢業(ye)論(lun)文,初步掌握撰(zhuan)寫學術論(lun)文的方法(fa)。