導語(yu)：如何才能寫好一(yi)篇(pian)工程變更論文，這就需要搜集整理更多的資(zi)料和(he)文獻，歡迎閱(yue)讀由公(gong)務員之家整理的十(shi)篇(pian)范文，供(gong)你(ni)借鑒(jian)。

篇1

1．1設計(ji)變更和修改

在建設工程施工的設計階段，經常出現縮短設計周期的現象，導致工程的初步設計和可行性研究無法滿足國家和行業標準，而且，工程量的不確定性為建設單位增加了成本。例如，設計人員隨意變更工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)，提高(gao)標準，或(huo)設計(ji)精度(du)較低，在(zai)具體施工(gong)(gong)時(shi)出現(xian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)。同時(shi)，設計(ji)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)會受到(dao)地(di)質勘查情況、設計(ji)規范(fan)和標準、建筑材料等客觀(guan)因素的(de)影響(xiang)。此外，預(yu)算編制過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中部重視施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)象的(de)簽證情況，例如基坑(keng)排水、土方坍塌、不可預(yu)見地(di)下障礙物恢復或(huo)拆除、施工(gong)(gong)條件(jian)(jian)改變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)、自然災害等情況，都需要進行現(xian)場(chang)簽證。當(dang)建筑設計(ji)會隨著施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中客觀(guan)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化而(er)(er)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，從而(er)(er)導致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，使結算超出預(yu)算。

1．2計算工程量出現誤差

在(zai)進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)計(ji)算(suan)時，要計(ji)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)。設計(ji)圖紙的(de)(de)清晰和全面(mian)決定了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)計(ji)算(suan)的(de)(de)準確(que)程(cheng)度。但是由(you)于(yu)建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)在(zai)前期準備階段，對地質地形等環(huan)境(jing)(jing)勘查不清楚(chu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)外部(bu)自然環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)等原因，會影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)計(ji)算(suan)時的(de)(de)精確(que)度。而且(qie)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)在(zai)實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中，可能(neng)會根據具體情況改(gai)變(bian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)順序、方法或(huo)技術，導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)變(bian)更。

2工程概況

某隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)長(chang)7394米，其中(zhong)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)進口長(chang)3694米，最大(da)(da)(da)涌水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)1200m3/d，正常涌水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)350m3/d，在(zai)實際(ji)施工(gong)中(zhong)，隨著掘進深度(du)的(de)加(jia)(jia)深，洞內(nei)出水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)逐漸增大(da)(da)(da)，日涌水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)達到4800m3/d，實際(ji)涌水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)超出設(she)(she)計最大(da)(da)(da)涌水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)4倍(bei)多，安裝原先布設(she)(she)的(de)排水(shui)(shui)設(she)(she)施無法滿足正常施工(gong)，需(xu)增加(jia)(jia)抽水(shui)(shui)設(she)(she)備、管線(xian)及抽水(shui)(shui)人員(yuan)，造(zao)成(cheng)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)成(cheng)本增加(jia)(jia)，并影響施工(gong)進度(du)，確定變更后，通過各(ge)方努力，最終抽水(shui)(shui)變更增加(jia)(jia)費用(yong)780萬(wan)元。

3對工程(cheng)變更的控(kong)制和(he)處(chu)理

3．1加強對(dui)施工合同的管(guan)理

一(yi)方面，在(zai)(zai)投招標(biao)階段(duan)，應(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)科學合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類型。從工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計價的(de)(de)(de)角度來看，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以分為固(gu)定價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、成本加(jia)(jia)酬(chou)金(jin)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、可調(diao)(diao)價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)三種類型。其(qi)中固(gu)定價適用(yong)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)期短(duan)、規(gui)(gui)模(mo)小、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)建設內(nei)容明確(que)(que)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng);成本加(jia)(jia)酬(chou)金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式適用(yong)于風險(xian)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)設計邊(bian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng);通常(chang)其(qi)他情況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)可調(diao)(diao)價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式時，要按照建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)和(he)(he)(he)特點進行(xing)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)。該(gai)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)采(cai)用(yong)可調(diao)(diao)價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式，實體消(xiao)耗部(bu)分實行(xing)市(shi)場(chang)價、定額量(liang)，非實體消(xiao)耗部(bu)分通過計算得出(chu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)，除了允許變(bian)更項(xiang)目和(he)(he)(he)鋼(gang)材價格(ge)外(wai)，其(qi)他價格(ge)均不得調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)，按照實際情況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)計算工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)。另一(yi)方面，要對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風險(xian)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方式和(he)(he)(he)范圍進行(xing)嚴格(ge)控制(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)不影響合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)公正性的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)下，對(dui)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)范圍進行(xing)適當調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)，是合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風險(xian)量(liang)化，可以避免(mian)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)不確(que)(que)定性和(he)(he)(he)漏(lou)洞。在(zai)(zai)該(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂階段(duan)，對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)做出(chu)了嚴格(ge)規(gui)(gui)定，風險(xian)費(fei)用(yong)由施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位自行(xing)計算，且(qie)綜合(he)(he)(he)考(kao)慮自身(shen)實力、市(shi)場(chang)狀況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)(gui)進行(xing)報價，中標(biao)后不得計取其(qi)他措施(shi)費(fei);設備材料價格(ge)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)動價格(ge)均由雙方簽(qian)字確(que)(que)認，作(zuo)為竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)核算依據。

3．2采取科(ke)學合理的工程計價方式(shi)

工程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)計價(jia)是由招標(biao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)和承(cheng)包(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)根據規范的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)依(yi)據一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)規則(ze)對工程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)進行清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)編(bian)制，投標(biao)方根據自(zi)身實力(li)填報工程(cheng)(cheng)項目單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)價(jia)，滿(man)足了(le)市(shi)場競爭需求，體現了(le)企業實力(li)，有利于工程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)合理和投資控(kong)制。工程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)計價(jia)方式為各個投標(biao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)提(ti)供了(le)公平的(de)(de)(de)競爭平臺，且能夠作為支付進度價(jia)款的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。當出(chu)現工程(cheng)(cheng)變更時，工程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計價(jia)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也(ye)為合同(tong)調整和索賠提(ti)供了(le)參考(kao)標(biao)準。

4對工(gong)程索賠(pei)的有效管理

4．1提高索賠(pei)意識

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)是法律和(he)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)規定的正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)權利，承包方(fang)(fang)應(ying)提高索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)意識。正(zheng)確看待(dai)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)，建立完善的索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)機制。相關負(fu)責人應(ying)在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的基礎上(shang)，深入分析合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)基本條(tiao)款(kuan)和(he)相關內容，從中發現索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)應(ying)基于實事求(qiu)是的基本原則，通過(guo)妥善協商和(he)合(he)(he)(he)理計(ji)算確定索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)價(jia)格(ge)。針對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)中可(ke)(ke)能(neng)出現變(bian)(bian)更(geng)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)的條(tiao)款(kuan)，例如工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目變(bian)(bian)更(geng)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量增加、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)條(tiao)件(jian)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)、延長工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料價(jia)格(ge)上(shang)漲(zhang)、調(diao)整匯率等，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)負(fu)責人要進(jin)行(xing)透徹分析，做好索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)要求(qiu)合(he)(he)(he)理、適當(dang)(dang)。此外，還可(ke)(ke)以借鑒(jian)類型工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)案例，為(wei)自身索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)權提供有力論證。該工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中鋼(gang)(gang)板樁的市場(chang)價(jia)格(ge)變(bian)(bian)動增加了施工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)雙方(fang)(fang)經過(guo)協商，在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)總(zong)找(zhao)出鋼(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建材(cai)(cai)價(jia)格(ge)調(diao)整相關的條(tiao)款(kuan)，為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)賠(pei)(pei)提供了合(he)(he)(he)法依據。

4．2重視索(suo)賠(pei)材料的收集

由于各種外界因素的影(ying)響，該工程的工期(qi)延長，增(zeng)加了額外費用(yong)。這(zhe)些(xie)費用(yong)當中包含需要(yao)索(suo)賠的內容，但(dan)是(shi)要(yao)索(suo)賠成功必須有明確(que)的文(wen)件依(yi)據。所(suo)以(yi)在發生工程變更時要(yao)進行詳細(xi)的跟蹤記錄(lu)。其中需要(yao)收(shou)集的索(suo)賠材料(liao)包括施工日記、會議記錄(lu)、施工進度表、書面指(zhi)示和相關影(ying)像(xiang)資料(liao)，同時要(yao)對一些(xie)口頭指(zhi)示或環境變化情況進行記錄(lu)，妥善保存各種票據和修改圖紙、現場簽證等。

5總結

篇2

1.1設計更改

設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)更(geng)改是(shi)指(zhi)由(you)于設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)本身存在(zai)問(wen)題(ti)，需要設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)承擔成本的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)變更(geng)。此(ci)(ci)類變更(geng)產生原因主(zhu)要包括：設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)錯誤、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)漏項、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)不合理、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)深(shen)度(du)不夠或設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)輸入資料(liao)錯誤等。設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)更(geng)改在(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)變更(geng)總量(liang)中所占比例較小，引(yin)起的(de)(de)工程量(liang)變動通常很少，在(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)階段可控性相對較強。對于設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)而言，此(ci)(ci)類變更(geng)是(shi)工程設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)最直接體(ti)現，是(shi)工程造價的(de)(de)直接影響因素(su)，因此(ci)(ci)通常作為設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)內部變更(geng)分析的(de)(de)重點。

1.2設計洽商

設(she)(she)計(ji)洽(qia)商是(shi)指由于非單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)錯誤引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)，并由提出變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位或部門(men)承(cheng)擔變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)投資費用的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)。此類變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)通常是(shi)為了增加(jia)合同約定(ding)(ding)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)附屬(shu)功(gong)能，產生原因(yin)主要包(bao)括(kuo)：用戶要求發(fa)生變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)、建設(she)(she)單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)會議決定(ding)(ding)、施工單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊要求、設(she)(she)備(bei)或材料(liao)(liao)代用、監理單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)合理化(hua)建議、測(ce)繪資料(liao)(liao)等(deng)外來設(she)(she)計(ji)資料(liao)(liao)錯誤等(deng)。設(she)(she)計(ji)洽(qia)商雖然(ran)在設(she)(she)計(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)總量(liang)中所占比例(li)較大，但受客(ke)觀因(yin)素影響明顯，在設(she)(she)計(ji)階段可控性仍然(ran)不強，因(yin)此通常不作為變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)重點。事(shi)實(shi)上，在設(she)(she)計(ji)產品(pin)質量(liang)控制(zhi)過程(cheng)中，只要把(ba)握住導致設(she)(she)計(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)層次(ci)原因(yin)，無(wu)論是(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)更(geng)改(gai)還(huan)是(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)洽(qia)商，都能在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度上得到(dao)控制(zhi)。

2設計變更產生原(yuan)因及分(fen)析

以下(xia)從外部因素和(he)內(nei)部因素兩個方面進行分析，旨在揭示設計(ji)變更的(de)本(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)原因，為設計(ji)單位提高設計(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)提供思(si)路。

2.1外(wai)部(bu)因素分析(xi)

對于(yu)設(she)計(ji)單位(wei)而言，外(wai)部(bu)因素是指企業以外(wai)的(de)(de)因素，包括(kuo)顧客方、宏觀環(huan)境和(he)(he)分包方、設(she)備供貨方等相(xiang)關方，通常導致設(she)計(ji)洽商的(de)(de)發生(sheng)。外(wai)部(bu)因素分析能夠(gou)督(du)促設(she)計(ji)單位(wei)審視自(zi)身(shen)面臨(lin)的(de)(de)機遇(yu)和(he)(he)潛在的(de)(de)風險(xian)，利于(yu)組織及時調整運營戰略，從(cong)而保證建設(she)項目順利進展(zhan)。

2.1.1顧(gu)客需(xu)求變(bian)動是導致設計變(bian)更(geng)的(de)最主要因素

以顧客為(wei)關注焦(jiao)點，是質量管理八項原(yuan)則之首，也(ye)(ye)是企業發(fa)展應該踐行的(de)宗旨(zhi)。顧客需求(qiu)和期望的(de)變(bian)化，輕則造(zao)成設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)內容的(de)更(geng)改變(bian)動(dong)，重則顛覆原(yuan)有的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)思路和理念。某設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單位近5年(nian)工程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)洽商統計(ji)結果顯示，由于顧客需求(qiu)變(bian)動(dong)引(yin)起的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)洽商不僅(jin)數(shu)量最(zui)多，發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)費用(yong)也(ye)(ye)最(zui)高。因此，設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單位應重視與業主單位的(de)前(qian)期溝通，盡量細化設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)相(xiang)關輸入(ru)資料。特(te)別是對于工程(cheng)總承包(bao)項目，應建立順暢的(de)溝通渠道(dao)，爭(zheng)取在設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)階(jie)段解決主要分歧，最(zui)大程(cheng)度降低(di)變(bian)更(geng)費用(yong)。

2.1.2宏觀環境(jing)變(bian)化間接影響設計變(bian)更發(fa)生量

經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟周期、宏觀經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟政(zheng)策(ce)和(he)(he)市(shi)場(chang)需求等客(ke)觀環(huan)境因素會(hui)(hui)(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)目決策(ce)發生(sheng)調整(zheng)，從(cong)而引(yin)起設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更。在(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟不景(jing)氣或行業(ye)(ye)形勢(shi)低(di)迷(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)期，市(shi)場(chang)需求疲(pi)軟、政(zheng)府審批(pi)困難和(he)(he)銀行信貸收緊直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)業(ye)(ye)主方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投資決策(ce)，從(cong)而導(dao)致(zhi)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更改(gai)。例如，某(mou)鋼鐵項(xiang)(xiang)目由(you)于(yu)市(shi)場(chang)低(di)迷(mi)和(he)(he)缺乏(fa)(fa)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)、信貸支(zhi)持，業(ye)(ye)主方(fang)(fang)(fang)將原(yuan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5000m3高(gao)爐(lu)改(gai)為3500m3高(gao)爐(lu)。高(gao)爐(lu)容(rong)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)會(hui)(hui)(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)參數的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)系列變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，如果(guo)此(ci)時(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)開(kai)展，將會(hui)(hui)(hui)引(yin)發大(da)量(liang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更。另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)，原(yuan)材料(liao)和(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)供應(ying)情況(kuang)也會(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)(dui)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更產(chan)生(sheng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。市(shi)場(chang)供給短缺將會(hui)(hui)(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)材料(liao)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備臨時(shi)更換(huan)，從(cong)而導(dao)致(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更。3.1.3分包(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備供貨方(fang)(fang)(fang)等其他相(xiang)關(guan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)因素設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)一(yi)個整(zheng)體，雖然通常是(shi)由(you)某(mou)一(yi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位負(fu)責完成，但在(zai)實(shi)施(shi)過程(cheng)中卻(que)可(ke)能涉及到多個相(xiang)關(guan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)某(mou)些(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目，由(you)于(yu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位在(zai)人力資源方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)匱乏(fa)(fa)，或者在(zai)某(mou)些(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)環(huan)節技術相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)薄弱，往往會(hui)(hui)(hui)將部分設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)分包(bao)。在(zai)大(da)型工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目中，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備數量(liang)多且(qie)繁雜，各(ge)個設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)供應(ying)商都要(yao)與(yu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)進行對(dui)(dui)接。如此(ci)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)介入(ru)到設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中，這就要(yao)求作(zuo)(zuo)為總承包(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位關(guan)注(zhu)與(yu)各(ge)分包(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)及設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備供應(ying)商協同(tong)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)。如果(guo)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)或幾方(fang)(fang)(fang)未按進度計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃向其他相(xiang)關(guan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)提(ti)(ti)供完整(zheng)無誤(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術資料(liao)，就會(hui)(hui)(hui)延誤(wu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進度，進而導(dao)致(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)拖期。同(tong)時(shi)，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)資料(liao)提(ti)(ti)出方(fang)(fang)(fang)應(ying)特別注(zhu)重提(ti)(ti)出資料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精準(zhun)性。漏(lou)提(ti)(ti)、錯提(ti)(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)參數不僅會(hui)(hui)(hui)造(zao)成設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)返工(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)和(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)效(xiao)率(lv)，更對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價產(chan)生(sheng)直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。

2.2內(nei)部因素分析

 內部因素可(ke)以看作是企業自身的因素，主要包括人員素質(zhi)、制度規范(fan)和(he)管理水(shui)平等。內部因素既是設計(ji)質(zhi)量統計(ji)分析(xi)的重(zhong)點，也是減少設計(ji)變更的突破口(kou)。

2.2.1設計人(ren)員的綜合素質是影響設計變更的關(guan)鍵因素

首(shou)先，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)力(li)是(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)應具備的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)基(ji)本素質(zhi)，也(ye)是(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直接影(ying)響因(yin)素。相關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業知識(shi)(shi)匱(kui)乏、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)深(shen)度不(bu)夠和(he)(he)圖面(mian)(mian)表述不(bu)清晰(xi)是(shi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)力(li)不(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，這些問題不(bu)僅(jin)會(hui)引發(fa)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)，影(ying)響工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)，嚴重(zhong)者可(ke)能(neng)(neng)導致工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)故(gu)。例如，鋼(gang)鐵(tie)冶(ye)金工(gong)藝專(zhuan)(zhuan)業設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)由于缺乏管道(dao)系統應力(li)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)知識(shi)(shi)，在設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管道(dao)支架時只是(shi)粗略給(gei)出荷載和(he)(he)位移等設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)參數。管道(dao)支架的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)載力(li)不(bu)夠會(hui)給(gei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)故(gu)埋下隱患(huan)，而(er)承(cheng)載力(li)過大(da)則會(hui)引起(qi)不(bu)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費，增加工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投資。二者都(dou)會(hui)影(ying)響設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)，從而(er)引發(fa)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)。其(qi)次(ci)，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗和(he)(he)閱歷是(shi)影(ying)響設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)素。圖紙(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)經(jing)驗和(he)(he)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)技術服(fu)務經(jing)驗相輔相成，缺一(yi)不(bu)可(ke)。一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)參與設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)項目越(yue)多，越(yue)能(neng)(neng)有效關(guan)注影(ying)響圖紙(zhi)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵點，從而(er)降低(di)圖面(mian)(mian)錯誤率。另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)技術服(fu)務次(ci)數越(yue)多，對(dui)施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求把(ba)握越(yue)準確(que)，對(dui)做好以后的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作具有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實作用，從而(er)有效減(jian)少設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)。實踐證(zheng)明，加深(shen)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熟悉程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度，能(neng)(neng)夠顯著減(jian)少圖紙(zhi)中(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)碰撞干(gan)涉類問題。最(zui)后，設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)續提(ti)升(sheng)是(shi)減(jian)少設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)。所謂意(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)、責任心(xin)和(he)(he)職(zhi)業化程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度。質(zhi)量(liang)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)淡薄，表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)對(dui)于設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)失誤造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)負面(mian)(mian)影(ying)響缺乏認知。這種(zhong)情況引發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后果往(wang)往(wang)最(zui)為(wei)嚴重(zhong)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過較長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓加以提(ti)升(sheng)。責任心(xin)缺失，通(tong)常表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)敷衍(yan)了事(shi)，對(dui)圖面(mian)(mian)檢查(cha)不(bu)屑一(yi)顧。職(zhi)業化程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度低(di)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)圖面(mian)(mian)文字(zi)敘述含糊(hu)不(bu)清、圖表格式不(bu)統一(yi)和(he)(he)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)單位使用不(bu)規范等。

2.2.2企業制度不完(wan)善、設計流程(cheng)不合理是(shi)造成(cheng)設計變更的內在(zai)根源(yuan)

管理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)程序文件(jian)規(gui)范了企業(ye)的(de)運(yun)行準則，為(wei)(wei)組(zu)織有效運(yun)行和(he)(he)發展(zhan)提供框架。設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)應根據(ju)自身實(shi)際及(ji)(ji)時更(geng)(geng)新文件(jian)，規(gui)范管理(li)(li)，避免由(you)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)漏洞或流程不順(shun)暢導致的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)。一些設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)工(gong)期，草(cao)率發圖之(zhi)后再組(zu)織各專業(ye)進(jin)(jin)行圖紙(zhi)會審(shen)的(de)做法看似贏(ying)得(de)了時間(jian)，實(shi)則埋下(xia)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)返工(gong)隱患。又如，許多(duo)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)在設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)驗證(zheng)環節(jie)采(cai)用三(san)級(ji)審(shen)核(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，本意(yi)是設(she)(she)置多(duo)重保(bao)障，把控圖紙(zhi)質量，實(shi)質上(shang)卻由(you)于(yu)責(ze)任分(fen)散(san)而(er)削弱了審(shen)核(he)(he)效果。各級(ji)審(shen)核(he)(he)人員(yuan)的(de)層層推諉導致審(shen)核(he)(he)工(gong)作流于(yu)形(xing)式(shi)，可以(yi)避免的(de)問題(ti)難以(yi)得(de)到及(ji)(ji)時更(geng)(geng)正。還(huan)有部分(fen)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)為(wei)(wei)申報優質工(gong)程等獎項，刻意(yi)壓縮設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)數量。從(cong)短期看該(gai)行為(wei)(wei)或許能(neng)為(wei)(wei)企業(ye)帶來(lai)經濟上(shang)的(de)利益(yi)，但從(cong)長遠角度(du)考慮，瞞報設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)(geng)數量嚴重影(ying)響質量統計(ji)(ji)分(fen)析數據(ju)，無法使管理(li)(li)者真實(shi)了解(jie)企業(ye)現有設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)水平，不利于(yu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)質量的(de)持續改進(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)企業(ye)的(de)發展(zhan)。

2.2.3管(guan)理水平欠佳(jia)是導(dao)致(zhi)設(she)計變更(geng)的隱性因(yin)素

設(she)計(ji)(ji)單位的(de)管理人(ren)員普(pu)遍為技(ji)術出身，缺(que)乏相關的(de)管理專(zhuan)業背景(jing)，加(jia)之設(she)計(ji)(ji)任務繁重緊迫，崗位培訓參與度較低，管理能力的(de)缺(que)失在(zai)一定程度上(shang)制約了(le)設(she)計(ji)(ji)質量(liang)的(de)提升。一方面，設(she)計(ji)(ji)經理編(bian)制進度計(ji)(ji)劃不(bu)盡(jin)科學，設(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員無(wu)(wu)法(fa)合理安排自(zi)身工作(zuo)，為保證(zheng)工期(qi)只能草率交付成品(pin)圖紙，通(tong)過(guo)后期(qi)補(bu)發大量(liang)設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更保證(zheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)質量(liang)。另一方面，設(she)計(ji)(ji)部門領導質量(liang)意(yi)識不(bu)高，對(dui)本專(zhuan)業設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更缺(que)乏系統的(de)整理分析。圖紙設(she)計(ji)(ji)中存在(zai)的(de)共性問題無(wu)(wu)法(fa)得到有(you)效(xiao)溝通(tong)和(he)解決，導致設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更頻發。

3基于設計變更(geng)原(yuan)因分析的改進建議

對(dui)于(yu)單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)項目(mu)而言，設(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位僅需考(kao)慮設(she)(she)計(ji)更改(gai)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，設(she)(she)計(ji)洽(qia)商產生的(de)(de)(de)相應費(fei)用(yong)由提(ti)出單(dan)位承擔。而對(dui)于(yu)總承包項目(mu)來說，作為(wei)承包方的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)單(dan)位則需要綜(zong)合考(kao)慮設(she)(she)計(ji)更改(gai)和設(she)(she)計(ji)洽(qia)商，因為(wei)任何設(she)(she)計(ji)變更引起的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程造(zao)價變動都會對(dui)企業效益造(zao)成直接影(ying)響(xiang)。為(wei)此(ci)，應把設(she)(she)計(ji)更改(gai)作為(wei)分析和改(gai)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)重點，同(tong)時有針對(dui)性地關注設(she)(she)計(ji)洽(qia)商。設(she)(she)計(ji)洽(qia)商主要通過加強(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)部溝通進(jin)行改(gai)善，而設(she)(she)計(ji)更改(gai)則需要從強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)員工(gong)培訓、完善企業制度和提(ti)升管理水平等方面進(jin)行改(gai)進(jin)。

3.1強化對外(wai)溝通能力，提(ti)升設計(ji)效率及精準(zhun)度

3.1.1重視前期溝通(tong)，細化設計輸(shu)入(ru)

方案階段(duan)是(shi)項目建設(she)最關(guan)(guan)鍵的(de)階段(duan)，該(gai)階段(duan)技術(shu)工作做得(de)充分(fen)，對(dui)以后的(de)施(shi)工圖設(she)計(ji)起著至關(guan)(guan)重要的(de)作用。設(she)計(ji)經理(li)應在(zai)項目前期(qi)充分(fen)發揮紐帶作用，通(tong)過與業(ye)(ye)主的(de)反復溝通(tong)深入細化設(she)計(ji)輸(shu)入資料，并及時準(zhun)確地(di)轉(zhuan)達給相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)設(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)。只有充分(fen)了解(jie)業(ye)(ye)主需求，確保方案的(de)可信度和準(zhun)確性，才能從源(yuan)頭杜絕設(she)計(ji)變更(geng)的(de)產生。

3.1.2完善溝通渠道，提升設計精準度

為確保設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)內容的(de)(de)準確性(xing)和適宜性(xing)，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)需(xu)要(yao)與(yu)相(xiang)關(guan)人(ren)員(yuan)進行溝(gou)通。無論是企業外部(bu)的(de)(de)業主(zhu)單位、設(she)(she)備供貨(huo)方和設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)分包方，還是企業內部(bu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)專(zhuan)業人(ren)員(yuan)和進駐施工現場(chang)的(de)(de)技術服(fu)務人(ren)員(yuan)，任何環節溝(gou)通不順(shun)暢或(huo)不及時都(dou)會直接影響設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)進度，繼而(er)(er)引(yin)發設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)。企業應(ying)配備完善的(de)(de)基礎設(she)(she)施，搭(da)建通暢便捷的(de)(de)溝(gou)通渠道，確保設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員(yuan)能(neng)(neng)夠通過互聯網、長途電話、現場(chang)考察等多(duo)種形(xing)式及時獲(huo)取所需(xu)信息(xi)。從而(er)(er)提(ti)升設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)效率(lv)和精準度，降低設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變更(geng)的(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)性(xing)。

3.1.3以后續服務為支撐，動態(tai)反(fan)饋顧客信(xin)息

設(she)(she)(she)計成品的(de)(de)交付并不(bu)意味(wei)著設(she)(she)(she)計工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)終結(jie)。顧(gu)客回訪作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)企(qi)業外部溝(gou)通的(de)(de)重要渠道，既(ji)能(neng)(neng)動態掌(zhang)握顧(gu)客滿意度，為(wei)設(she)(she)(she)計工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)查缺(que)補漏(lou)，又能(neng)(neng)體現(xian)企(qi)業的(de)(de)服務意識(shi)和管理水平(ping)，塑造企(qi)業良好形象。企(qi)業只(zhi)有及時獲取反(fan)饋信息，不(bu)斷總(zong)結(jie)經驗教訓，才能(neng)(neng)在以(yi)后的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計中精(jing)益求精(jing)，實(shi)現(xian)設(she)(she)(she)計質量的(de)(de)持續改進。

3.2推進(jin)培訓工作常態化(hua)，確保員工素質的全方(fang)位提升

適(shi)宜有效(xiao)的(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)訓能夠(gou)提升設(she)(she)計人員的(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業能力和(he)質量意識，為企(qi)(qi)業創造更高價值。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，應(ying)注重(zhong)設(she)(she)計人員的(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業技能培(pei)(pei)養。為保證培(pei)(pei)訓效(xiao)果，培(pei)(pei)訓應(ying)深入淺出，形式多樣。可以通過交流研討、案(an)例(li)分析、培(pei)(pei)訓講座(zuo)等(deng)形式營造學習氛圍(wei)，提升員工的(de)(de)業務水平和(he)設(she)(she)計經(jing)驗(yan)。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，應(ying)重(zhong)視企(qi)(qi)業制度和(he)體系(xi)文件(jian)的(de)(de)普(pu)及(ji)教育。為適(shi)應(ying)外部環(huan)境變(bian)化和(he)企(qi)(qi)業運營需要，企(qi)(qi)業制度和(he)體系(xi)需要不斷更新調整(zheng)。統一(yi)的(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)訓能夠(gou)從(cong)源頭保證工作(zuo)流程標準化，從(cong)而提高工作(zuo)效(xiao)率和(he)設(she)(she)計質量。

3.3完善(shan)企業管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)，簡化設計工作流程

適宜(yi)的(de)制(zhi)度是(shi)企(qi)業運行(xing)的(de)有(you)力支(zhi)撐，能夠提(ti)高(gao)企(qi)業管理(li)效率和發展速度。管理(li)部門應定期收集員工(gong)反饋意(yi)見(jian)，根(gen)(gen)據企(qi)業運行(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)暴露(lu)的(de)問題(ti)對制(zhi)度和流程進(jin)行(xing)優化(hua)梳(shu)理(li)。例(li)如(ru)對于先發圖后會審(shen)的(de)現象，應充分(fen)發揮(hui)質量部門的(de)監督(du)作用(yong)，并建(jian)立相應的(de)考核(he)(he)機(ji)制(zhi)，確保設(she)計(ji)過(guo)程符合程序(xu)文件規(gui)定。針(zhen)對審(shen)核(he)(he)人(ren)責任分(fen)散的(de)問題(ti)，可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)減少審(shen)核(he)(he)層(ceng)級，或(huo)重(zhong)新明確各級審(shen)核(he)(he)人(ren)的(de)分(fen)工(gong)和權責，來(lai)避免工(gong)作內容(rong)和權責的(de)交叉。需要注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)是(shi)，搭建(jian)體系的(de)同時(shi)應注(zhu)重(zhong)資源(yuan)配(pei)套。例(li)如(ru)，某設(she)計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更未(wei)與原圖共(gong)同歸檔(dang)，導(dao)致(zhi)設(she)計(ji)人(ren)員在參考圖紙時(shi)無(wu)法獲得(de)準確的(de)設(she)計(ji)輸入資料，設(she)計(ji)成品(pin)錯誤重(zhong)復率居(ju)高(gao)不(bu)下(xia)。通(tong)過(guo)了解得(de)知該設(she)計(ji)單(dan)位(wei)設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更未(wei)歸檔(dang)的(de)原因是(shi)檔(dang)案室缺乏(fa)空間。企(qi)業應在完(wan)善制(zhi)度的(de)同時(shi)，及時(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)檔(dang)案柜數量或(huo)擴充檔(dang)案室有(you)效容(rong)積(ji)。制(zhi)度建(jian)設(she)不(bu)應停留在文件層(ceng)面，還要通(tong)過(guo)提(ti)供資源(yuan)和考核(he)(he)機(ji)制(zhi)加(jia)以(yi)完(wan)善。有(you)效的(de)管理(li)制(zhi)度能夠從根(gen)(gen)源(yuan)解決設(she)計(ji)工(gong)作中(zhong)的(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)，對減少設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更的(de)意(yi)義(yi)是(shi)深(shen)遠而(er)持續的(de)。

3.4提(ti)升(sheng)企業(ye)管理(li)水平，推進質量監(jian)督管理(li)

為適(shi)應(ying)(ying)市(shi)場需(xu)要(yao)，設(she)計(ji)單位的(de)(de)主營(ying)業務(wu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)從(cong)單一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)擴大為涵蓋從(cong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)咨(zi)詢(xun)到(dao)售后服務(wu)的(de)(de)全流程(cheng)服務(wu)。在這種形勢下(xia)，如何及時轉變(bian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)思路，提升管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)，是企(qi)業亟(ji)需(xu)解決的(de)(de)問題。首(shou)先，應(ying)(ying)建(jian)立(li)激勵機制，鼓(gu)勵管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人員通(tong)過(guo)繼(ji)續教育、考取資格證書等(deng)渠道自(zi)修(xiu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)學(xue)理(li)(li)(li)論知識，提升管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)意識。其次，企(qi)業應(ying)(ying)通(tong)過(guo)建(jian)立(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)創(chuang)新小組，組織交流研討會等(deng)方式促進管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)人員定期交流總結，分享管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)經(jing)驗，提升管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)能力。最后，應(ying)(ying)妥(tuo)善協調部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)領導和(he)設(she)計(ji)經(jing)理(li)(li)(li)之間的(de)(de)關(guan)系，明確職責(ze)分工(gong)(gong)，避免“多頭”管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)對(dui)設(she)計(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)造(zao)成的(de)(de)負面(mian)影響。同(tong)時，應(ying)(ying)充分發揮質(zhi)量(liang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，質(zhi)量(liang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)能夠指導設(she)計(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)梳理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)流程(cheng)，提高質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)。另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，質(zhi)量(liang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)可(ke)以(yi)督促設(she)計(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)嚴謹(jin)制圖(tu)，確保設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更處于(yu)可(ke)控水平(ping)。需(xu)要(yao)注意的(de)(de)是，質(zhi)量(liang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)應(ying)(ying)保持一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)獨立(li)性。這不僅能夠保證質(zhi)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)公正客觀，更避免了(le)設(she)計(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)對(dui)于(yu)質(zhi)量(liang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)過(guo)度(du)依(yi)賴(lai)。

4結語

篇3

【關鍵詞】變更(geng)簽證；管理對策；工(gong)程造(zao)價

中(zhong)圖分(fen)類號(hao)：TU723.5文獻標識碼(ma)： A 文章(zhang)編號(hao)：

1、工程(cheng)變(bian)更的概念分析

建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施，一般由(you)決策(ce)(可行性(xing)研究(jiu)與論證經濟評價)、設(she)計、招標投(tou)標、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)算(suan)和(he)決算(suan)及評估(gu)等(deng)階段組成。它是一項(xiang)系統工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，在任(ren)何(he)一個環節出現(xian)問(wen)題，都(dou)可能導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)是多方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de):有源自業(ye)主對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目部分功能、用途、規模、標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)；有采(cai)自設(she)計單位對(dui)圖紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修改及為(wei)解(jie)決設(she)計不(bu)完善和(he)各專(zhuan)業(ye)之間相互矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)；有施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位從優(you)化施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案考慮(lv)，對(dui)設(she)計圖紙(zhi)(zhi)及其錯漏提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)；有監(jian)理單位發現(xian)圖紙(zhi)(zhi)中存在問(wen)題后提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)等(deng)。當然還(huan)有某(mou)些(xie)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位為(wei)了中標采(cai)取超(chao)低價報價策(ce)略(lve)，一旦中標簽訂(ding)合同后，便想方設(she)法(fa)進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)。還(huan)有可能是現(xian)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)資規模較大，技(ji)術含量不(bu)斷提(ti)高，建(jian)(jian)設(she)周(zhou)期長；建(jian)(jian)設(she)材料、設(she)備規格多，價格變(bian)(bian)(bian)化大；新技(ji)術新工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝不(bu)斷出現(xian)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合同不(bu)可能對(dui)整(zheng)(zheng)個施工(gong)(gong)(gong)期間出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況作出完整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)見和(he)約定。

2、變更簽證的內(nei)容及其(qi)作用

2.1變更簽證的(de)內容

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中保證施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)、完(wan)善工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，糾正設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)錯誤以及滿足現場(chang)條件變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)(er)進行(xing)(xing)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)修改(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。一般包括(kuo)原(yuan)(yuan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)出具的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)通知單(dan)(dan)和由施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)征(zheng)得原(yuan)(yuan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)同意的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)聯絡單(dan)(dan)兩種。在(zai)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)組織(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)參(can)加的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)交底會上，經(jing)(jing)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)和建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)提(ti)出，各方研(yan)究同意而(er)(er)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖的(de)做法，都屬(shu)于設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，為此而(er)(er)增(zeng)加新的(de)圖紙或設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)都由設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)或建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)負責。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)，由于某些(xie)方面的(de)需(xu)要，建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)要求改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)某些(xie)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法，或增(zeng)減某些(xie)具體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目等，征(zheng)得設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)同意后(hou)應(ying)提(ti)出設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中，遇到(dao)一些(xie)原(yuan)(yuan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)未預(yu)料到(dao)的(de)具體情況(kuang)，需(xu)要進行(xing)(xing)處理(li)而(er)(er)發(fa)生設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)，這類設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)應(ying)注明(ming)(ming)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目、位(wei)置、變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因、做法、規格和數量(liang)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)后(hou)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖，經(jing)(jing)相關方簽(qian)字(zi)確認。

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)簽證，主要(yao)是指施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中就施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖紙、設(she)計(ji)變更(geng)所確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內容以外(wai)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖預算(suan)或(huo)預算(suan)定(ding)額取費中未包含而施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中實(shi)際(ji)發生(sheng)費用的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)內容所辦理的(de)(de)(de)簽證。由(you)于(yu)(yu)建設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)原因(yin)，未按合(he)同規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)和要(yao)求提供(gong)材(cai)料、場地、設(she)備(bei)等造成(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)停(ting)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、窩工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)損失；由(you)于(yu)(yu)建設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)決定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中途(tu)停(ting)建、緩建或(huo)由(you)于(yu)(yu)設(she)計(ji)變更(geng)以及(ji)設(she)計(ji)錯誤(wu)等造成(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)停(ting)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、窩工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)倒運(yun)、人員和機具的(de)(de)(de)調遷(qian)等損失；在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中由(you)于(yu)(yu)建設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)原因(yin)發生(sheng)停(ting)水停(ting)電，造成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不能順利(li)進行(xing)且時(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)長，造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)經濟損失； 在(zai)技措技改(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，由(you)于(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作面過于(yu)(yu)狹小、作業(ye)(ye)超過一定(ding)高度，需(xu)要(yao)使(shi)用大型(xing)機具方(fang)可(ke)保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)順利(li)進行(xing)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)發生(sheng)時(shi)需(xu)及(ji)時(shi)將現場實(shi)際(ji)條件和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案通告建設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)，并在(zai)征得建設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)同意(yi)后(hou)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。

2.2變(bian)更簽證的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)

工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)主(zhu)要(yao)依(yi)(yi)(yi)據有招投標文(wen)件、施工(gong)合(he)同(tong)、圖紙、設計變(bian)更(geng)(geng)、現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)、定(ding)額以及階段資(zi)料匯編等法規(gui)性(xing)文(wen)件，而變(bian)更(geng)(geng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)以書(shu)面(mian)的(de)形式記錄了施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)發生(sheng)的(de)特(te)殊費用，直接關(guan)系到(dao)建(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)和(he)施工(gong)單位(wei)的(de)切身利(li)益，是(shi)(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)依(yi)(yi)(yi)據。特(te)別是(shi)(shi)對一(yi)些合(he)同(tong)約定(ding)固定(ding)總價(jia)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，結(jie)算(suan)時要(yao)依(yi)(yi)(yi)據設計變(bian)更(geng)(geng)和(he)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)進(jin)行造(zao)價(jia)調整。現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)是(shi)(shi)記錄現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)發生(sheng)情況的(de)第(di)一(yi)手資(zi)料，通過(guo)對現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的(de)分析、審核，可為(wei)索賠(pei)(pei)事件的(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)提供依(yi)(yi)(yi)據，并據此正確計算(suan)索賠(pei)(pei)費用。及時準(zhun)確真實的(de)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)是(shi)(shi)造(zao)價(jia)人員最終進(jin)行結(jie)算(suan)的(de)有力證(zheng)據，重(zhong)(zhong)視和(he)加強(qiang)施工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中變(bian)更(geng)(geng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的(de)管理(li)(li)，是(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)控(kong)制工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)、提高(gao)投資(zi)效(xiao)益的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)途徑。

3、變(bian)更簽證常(chang)見的問(wen)題(ti)

變更簽證中常見的(de)問題，有的(de)表(biao)現在施工(gong)單位方面(mian)，有的(de)表(biao)現在建設單位方面(mian)，有的(de)二者兼(jian)而有之。

就(jiu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)而(er)言，一般通(tong)(tong)過(guo)研究合同的(de)(de)細節，熟悉合同單(dan)(dan)(dan)價或當(dang)地定(ding)(ding)(ding)額及有關文件(jian)的(de)(de)詳細內(nei)容，打“球”，將(jiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場已經(jing)發生或即將(jiang)發生，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合同條(tiao)款以及定(ding)(ding)(ding)額文件(jian)中(zhong)沒有明(ming)確(que)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)內(nei)容，及時(shi)以簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)式(shi)和建設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)、監理人(ren)員交換意見(jian)，利用(yong)建設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)不了解工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結算知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)弱點(dian)來達到虛(xu)報、多報工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)而(er)增(zeng)加造價的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。具(ju)體如當(dang)某些合同外(wai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)急需(xu)處理時(shi)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)往往夸(kua)大事(shi)實(shi)，要求簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)；當(dang)處理一些復(fu)雜、耗(hao)時(shi)較長(chang)的(de)(de)合同外(wai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)時(shi)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)經(jing)常請建設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)、監理人(ren)員去(qu)現場觀看，等時(shi)過(guo)境遷(一般不超(chao)過(guo)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)時(shi)效)而(er)他們只記事(shi)情(qing)不記尺寸時(shi)再去(qu)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)；對(dui)某些非(fei)關鍵部(bu)位(wei)(wei)但影響交通(tong)(tong)等的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，故意拖時(shi)完成，建設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)了盡(jin)快完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，騰出交通(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)道，通(tong)(tong)常會(hui)要求施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)趕工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，這(zhe)樣施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)就(jiu)可以賺取趕工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)措(cuo)施(shi)費；對(dui)地下障礙(ai)物(wu)以及建好(hao)需(xu)拆(chai)除的(de)(de)臨時(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)拆(chai)除后再簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)；施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)發生材(cai)料(liao)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)情(qing)況時(shi)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)辦理材(cai)料(liao)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)內(nei)容不明(ming)確(que)，沒有詳圖(tu)或具(ju)體使(shi)用(yong)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)，而(er)只提供增(zeng)加材(cai)料(liao)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)。

時(shi)間是(shi)(shi)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)基(ji)本要素之一，也是(shi)(shi)簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)準確度的(de)基(ji)礎，這就要求雙方代表(biao)(biao)就當時(shi)工(gong)程現場實際(ji)發生的(de)事情進行準確測(ce)量、描述、辦理簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)手(shou)續(xu)(xu)，但是(shi)(shi)有的(de)建設單位現場代表(biao)(biao)不負責任，當時(shi)不辦理，口頭(tou)答應，事后靠追(zhui)記補辦，甚(shen)至(zhi)于在結(jie)算審(shen)計過程中還在補辦簽(qian)證(zheng)(zheng)手(shou)續(xu)(xu)。

4、規范管理變更簽證的對策(ce)

4.1變更(geng)簽證(zheng)應注意的事項

4.1.1把熟悉合同作為投資控(kong)制(zhi)工作的第一(yi)步(bu)

應著力(li)熟悉(xi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，特別注意有(you)(you)關(guan)投資控(kong)制(zhi)的條款(kuan)(kuan)。因(yin)為在很多合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中，建設(she)單位會根(gen)據(ju)自身的條件和要求(qiu)約(yue)定一些特殊條款(kuan)(kuan)。比如，有(you)(you)的項(xiang)目合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)約(yue)定現場簽證(zheng)必須有(you)(you)總監簽字才能(neng)生效，無總監簽字的現場簽證(zheng)不能(neng)作(zuo)為結算和索(suo)賠的依據(ju)。

4.1.2明確變(bian)更的原(yuan)因

在現場簽證中應(ying)明確變(bian)更的(de)原因(yin)，搞清(qing)是(shi)由哪一方提出(chu)變(bian)更請求(qiu)的(de)以及為何提出(chu)變(bian)更請求(qiu) 只有明確變(bian)更的(de)原因(yin)，才能找到由此產(chan)生的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)、費(fei)用、工期的(de)直接承擔者。

4.1.3變(bian)更的相關依據(ju)力求詳(xiang)盡規范

變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)內容的(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據應由文字說(shuo)明、圖紙、施工(gong)記(ji)(ji)錄或照(zhao)片、錄像等組成，力求詳盡。要用專業(ye)的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)術(shu)語詳細敘述變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)事件(jian)的(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)，包括實施過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)施工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)、所用材料、投入的(de)(de)人力和機(ji)械、當時的(de)(de)工(gong)作環(huan)境等，并配(pei)以變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)前后的(de)(de)圖紙以便(bian)對照(zhao)，若圖紙無法表述，則(ze)應以照(zhao)片或其他形式記(ji)(ji)錄在案。只有(you)作詳盡規范的(de)(de)描述，才能(neng)為(wei)計(ji)算變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)所發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)費用提供準確的(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據。

4.2變更(geng)簽(qian)證(zheng)的簽(qian)發原(yuan)則(ze)及管控要點

4.2.1嚴(yan)格按三方協商的程序(xu)簽認

設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更無論由(you)(you)哪方提出(chu)，均應(ying)由(you)(you)建設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)、設(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)協(xie)商，經確(que)認后由(you)(you)設(she)計(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)發(fa)出(chu)相應(ying)圖紙(zhi)或說明(ming)，并辦理簽發(fa)手(shou)續，下(xia)發(fa)有關(guan)部門付諸實施(shi)。確(que)因原(yuan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)不能保證施(shi)工(gong)質量、設(she)計(ji)(ji)遺漏或錯誤以及與現(xian)場(chang)條件不符無法施(shi)工(gong)而必須更改設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)，應(ying)按設(she)計(ji)(ji)變更程序(xu)進行。

一般情況下，即使變(bian)更(geng)(geng)要求在(zai)技術(shu)經(jing)濟(ji)上(shang)可能是合(he)理的(de)，也(ye)應(ying)全面(mian)考慮，將變(bian)更(geng)(geng)以后產(chan)生的(de)效益與(yu)現場變(bian)更(geng)(geng)引起施工(gong)單位的(de)索賠所產(chan)生的(de)損失，加以比較，權衡(heng)輕重后再做(zuo)決定(ding)。工(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)引起的(de)造(zao)價增(zeng)減幅度應(ying)控制在(zai)預算(suan)范圍(wei)之內，若確需變(bian)更(geng)(geng)而(er)(er)有(you)可能超預算(suan)時(shi)，更(geng)(geng)要慎重。對于必須變(bian)更(geng)(geng)但(dan)因設計變(bian)更(geng)(geng)而(er)(er)增(zeng)加較高費用的(de)，則應(ying)進行方案(an)優選，利(li)用價值工(gong)程(cheng)原理，選擇經(jing)濟(ji)合(he)理的(de)設計變(bian)更(geng)(geng)方案(an)。

4.2.2嚴格管(guan)理(li)現場經(jing)費簽證

凡涉及經濟費用(yong)支出的(de)停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、窩(wo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)簽(qian)證、機械(xie)臺班簽(qian)證等，由現(xian)場建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)代(dai)表(biao)認真核(he)實后簽(qian)證，并注明原因、背景、時間、部(bu)位(wei)等。應(ying)在合同(tong)中約定(ding)的(de)，不能(neng)以(yi)(yi)簽(qian)證形(xing)式出現(xian)；合同(tong)中沒(mei)約定(ding)的(de)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)浮動工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資、議(yi)價項目、材(cai)料價格等，應(ying)由有關(guan)管(guan)理人員以(yi)(yi)補充(chong)協議(yi)的(de)形(xing)式約定(ding)，現(xian)場施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)代(dai)表(biao)不能(neng)以(yi)(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)證的(de)形(xing)式取(qu)代(dai)。應(ying)在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織方案中體現(xian)和審批(pi)的(de)內容，不能(neng)隨(sui)便做工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)證處理。建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)要(yao)至少保留一(yi)份(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)證單(dan)，避免添(tian)加涂改等現(xian)象。并且要(yao)求施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)編號報(bao)審，避免重復簽(qian)證。

5、結語

以(yi)上(shang)終述，加強(qiang)變更和(he)簽(qian)證工(gong)(gong)作是建(jian)設單(dan)位控制造價的(de)(de)(de)一項重要管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作，也(ye)是現場管(guan)理水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)體現。明確和(he)規范參(can)與建(jian)設各(ge)方的(de)(de)(de)責、權、利(li)，建(jian)立健(jian)全工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)簽(qian)證管(guan)理制度，加強(qiang)和(he)完善工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)同管(guan)理，保證建(jian)設單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)資金得以(yi)高效(xiao)利(li)用，發揮(hui)最大的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資效(xiao)益(yi)。

篇4

【關鍵詞】房屋建筑工(gong)程(cheng)造價管理控制

中圖(tu)分類(lei)號：TU723.5文獻(xian)標識碼： A 文章編號：

一．引言。

工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)總投(tou)資(zi)(zi)和(he)分項投(tou)資(zi)(zi)合理(li)性(xing)和(he)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)效益的(de)主要依(yi)(yi)據之(zhi)一。在(zai)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)土地價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格、建筑安(an)裝產品和(he)設備價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格的(de)合理(li)性(xing)時，就(jiu)必須利用工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)資(zi)(zi)料，在(zai)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)建設項目償貸能(neng)力、獲利能(neng)力和(he)宏觀效益時，也(ye)(ye)可依(yi)(yi)據工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)建筑安(an)裝企(qi)業管理(li)水平(ping)和(he)經營(ying)成果(guo)的(de)重要依(yi)(yi)據。工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)控制職能(neng)表現在(zai)兩(liang)方(fang)面：一方(fang)面是(shi)它對投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)控制，即在(zai)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)各個(ge)階段，根(gen)據對造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)多次性(xing)預算和(he)評(ping)估，對造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)進行全(quan)過(guo)程多層次的(de)控制；另一方(fang)面，是(shi)對以(yi)承(cheng)包(bao)商為代(dai)表的(de)商品和(he)勞務供(gong)應企(qi)業的(de)成本控制。 

二.工程造價(jia)的(de)控制。

對業主而言，首先要嚴(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)工程簽(qian)證。簽(qian)證是(shi)(shi)工程實(shi)施過(guo)程中對已簽(qian)定合同的(de)(de)彌補，是(shi)(shi)施工過(guo)程中的(de)(de)動態調(diao)整，從合理控(kong)制(zhi)造價的(de)(de)角度(du)出發(fa)，對涉(she)及費用的(de)(de)簽(qian)證應(ying)把握以下原則：

1. 正確把握簽證的(de)計(ji)價(jia)原則，嚴(yan)格按照合同約定(ding)的(de)計(ji)價(jia)方式計(ji)算(suan)費用，同時簽證要及時，尤其是一(yi)些隱(yin)蔽工程的(de)簽證，最好在隱(yin)蔽之前(qian)核定(ding)，避免事后扯皮；

2. 簽(qian)證應盡量(liang)做到有據可依(yi)，盡量(liang)把簽(qian)證圖紙化；

3. 業主要加強內部管(guan)理(li)機制，對(dui)項(xiang)目管(guan)理(li)人員分工(gong)明確，權取明確。

對承包商而言，作(zuo)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主體，可從施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)科學制定多角度、多方(fang)面(mian)采取措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，加強(qiang)管理(li)，提高質量、縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、降低成本(ben)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)包含了(le)(le)材料的(de)(de)比選采購、項目管理(li)機(ji)構設(she)置，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準備及人(ren)、材、機(ji)資源配(pei)備、分部分項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、分包管理(li)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等，是對施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目全面(mian)了(le)(le)解后制定的(de)(de)、統領項目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)的(de)(de)鋼領性(xing)(xing)文件(jian)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)應從實(shi)際出發，符合工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際情(qing)況，具有可操作(zuo)性(xing)(xing)，能夠切實(shi)用以(yi)指導施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)各方(fang)面(mian)管理(li)。本(ben)文僅(jin)以(yi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)選擇、質量保證體系的(de)(de)建立和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)監督、材料設(she)備的(de)(de)采購管理(li)、合格人(ren)員的(de)(de)配(pei)備幾(ji)個方(fang)面(mian)來說明施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段的(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)控制問(wen)題(ti)。

1.施工方案的選擇。

施工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計應體現(xian)降低(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)本的措施，選用經濟合(he)理的施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案。如在基(ji)礎施工(gong)(gong)階段，土方(fang)機(ji)械的合(he)理選用和配合(he)、基(ji)坑圍護方(fang)案、井點設(she)置(zhi)等都(dou)對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)本產(chan)生較大的影(ying)響(xiang)。

2. 健(jian)全工(gong)程質量保證(zheng)體系，嚴格按照施工(gong)工(gong)藝施工(gong)，防止返工(gong)造成(cheng)浪費和(he)損失。

每個工程(cheng)項目都要建立以項目經理(li)為組長的質(zhi)量保證體系(xi)，各工序要設有(you)專(zhuan)職(zhi)或兼職(zhi)的質(zhi)檢員，對(dui)工程(cheng)施工全過程(cheng)的質(zhi)量進行有(you)效的監督(du)和控(kong)制，質(zhi)量管理(li)有(you)章可循，落(luo)實到人。

3. 材料、設備的采購和管理。

材(cai)(cai)(cai)料費占工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總造價(jia)的(de)(de)60—70％，材(cai)(cai)(cai)料費是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目成本控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)關鍵內容，必(bi)須加強材(cai)(cai)(cai)料在預算—計劃—采購(gou)—簽收—領用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)—使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)—監督(du)—回(hui)收等各(ge)個環節的(de)(de)責(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)，落實到(dao)人(ren)。采購(gou)前應掌(zhang)握材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、設(she)備的(de)(de)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)報價(jia)和(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)，采購(gou)時(shi)要及時(shi)認真地分(fen)析材(cai)(cai)(cai)料市場(chang)的(de)(de)價(jia)格走勢，對(dui)商品(pin)混凝土、鋼材(cai)(cai)(cai)、砂石料等大宗材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)采購(gou)應多(duo)家比(bi)選(xuan)，大型(xing)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目也可以(yi)組織供應商進行(xing)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)，在質量(liang)、服務、價(jia)格方(fang)面反復比(bi)較，從中(zhong)選(xuan)優；材(cai)(cai)(cai)料設(she)備進入(ru)施工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)要有嚴格的(de)(de)驗收制(zhi)(zhi)度，對(dui)其數量(liang)和(he)質量(liang)進行(xing)簽收，不(bu)符合要求的(de)(de)，堅決拒簽；材(cai)(cai)(cai)料在使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，要嚴格按照施工(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料消耗定額(e)(e)和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度安(an)排用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)料，限額(e)(e)領用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，并對(dui)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)上(shang)進行(xing)監督(du)，防止浪費，合理使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)資源。

4. 合(he)格施工人員的配(pei)備。

一般說來(lai)，人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費約(yue)占工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的12％左右，人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費主要根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目所需用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)量(liang)以(yi)及(ji)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單價(jia)而確定(ding)。由(you)于目前農村剩余(yu)勞動(dong)力的不斷(duan)增加，城市建(jian)筑勞動(dong)力的主要來(lai)源(yuan)是外來(lai)民(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場中(zhong)以(yi)班(ban)組(zu)承包(bao)的方式較(jiao)多(duo)。由(you)于勞動(dong)力來(lai)源(yuan)不同(tong)，技(ji)術水平也存在較(jiao)大差異，有必要對各個班(ban)組(zu)進行(xing)篩選(xuan)(xuan)，選(xuan)(xuan)用技(ji)術熟練的班(ban)組(zu)承包(bao)各工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)種的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)，這樣能從現場施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)這第一道(dao)環(huan)節控制施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)、減(jian)少浪費、縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、降低(di)成本和(he)造價(jia)。

綜上所述，施工(gong)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)造(zao)價控制與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量、進(jin)(jin)度、材料和人(ren)力的(de)合理(li)利用密切(qie)相關，需要(yao)業(ye)主、承包商(shang)共同努(nu)力，才能實現(xian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目施工(gong)的(de)順利進(jin)(jin)展，實現(xian)即定(ding)的(de)各項目標(biao)，取得社會(hui)效益(yi)和經(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)的(de)雙豐收。

三(san)．工(gong)程造(zao)價的管(guan)理。

1.工(gong)程造價管理(li)一是建設(she)工(gong)程投資費用(yong)管理(li)，二是工(gong)程價格管理(li)。

2.建設(she)工程投資費用管(guan)理是(shi)為了(le)實現投資的(de)預期目標，在擬定的(de)規劃、設(she)計方(fang)案(an)的(de)條件(jian)下(xia)，預測、計算、確定和監控工程造價及(ji)其變(bian)動的(de)系統活動。

3.工程價(jia)格管(guan)(guan)理(li)分兩個層(ceng)次。在微觀(guan)層(ceng)次上，是生(sheng)產企(qi)業在掌握市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)格信息的基礎上，為實(shi)現(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)目標而進行(xing)(xing)的成本控制、計價(jia)、訂價(jia)和競(jing)價(jia)的系統活動。在宏(hong)觀(guan)層(ceng)次上，是政府(fu)根據社會經濟發(fa)展的要(yao)求(qiu)，利用法律手段(duan)、經濟手段(duan)和行(xing)(xing)政手段(duan)對價(jia)格進行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和調控，以及通過市(shi)場(chang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)規范市(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體價(jia)格行(xing)(xing)為的系統活動。

四．施(shi)工階(jie)段的(de)管理控(kong)制(zhi)。

1. 加強工(gong)程質量(liang)管理(li) 在施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)，返修工(gong)程越多，工(gong)程費用就越多。必(bi)須(xu)實行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)現場管理(li)責任(ren)制，搞好(hao)整修項目的單位工(gong)程、分部工(gong)程及隱(yin)蔽工(gong)程的檢(jian)查監督(du)和質量(liang)驗收(shou)，否則很難及時發現和找出問題，以保證工(gong)程質量(liang)。 

2. 加強工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進度(du)控(kong)制 拖延工(gong)(gong)(gong)期時間越長，管(guan)理費、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)費等各種(zhong)費用(yong)支出就(jiu)越大。狠抓管(guan)理，控(kong)制住合理工(gong)(gong)(gong)期工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價就(jiu)有所降低。合理組織施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，正確(que)安排施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)是保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)期的重(zhong)要(yao)條件。加強施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的組織協調(diao)，把大型(xing)(xing)機械和中小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)機械，把機械化(hua)(hua)和半(ban)機械化(hua)(hua)結合起(qi)來，合理確(que)定材料(liao)、機械、資金(jin)及勞(lao)動(dong)力(li)等最佳(jia)組合方式(shi)，搞好物資的合理調(diao)運，就(jiu)可以避免(mian)不(bu)必要(yao)的重(zhong)復工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，節省人力(li)、物耗、降低成(cheng)本。

3. 強(qiang)工(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)管理，嚴(yan)格控制工(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng) 做到不準隨意變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)批準圖紙，不準隨意提(ti)高(gao)設(she)計標準。即使是必(bi)須進(jin)行(xing)(xing)的變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)，也要嚴(yan)格按程(cheng)序進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，避免發(fa)生工(gong)程(cheng)管理人員只(zhi)管簽證，不管算帳的問題，造成投資失(shi)控的嚴(yan)重(zhong)后果。 

施工階段的(de)造價是工程建設中最主要環(huan)節，需要重點(dian)把握。

 細(xi)化(hua)施工(gong)(gong)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管理(li)，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)控(kong)制中，首(shou)要任務是材(cai)料價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)控(kong)制。首(shou)先，市場(chang)經(jing)濟為材(cai)料的(de)供(gong)應(ying)提(ti)供(gong)了多(duo)種渠道，且品種價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)繁多(duo)，應(ying)密切(qie)注意市場(chang)行情，掌握第一手施工(gong)(gong)情況及材(cai)料信息，為竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)結算提(ti)供(gong)有力的(de)依據。其次(ci)，嚴(yan)格(ge)控(kong)制項目內(nei)容變(bian)(bian)更，在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中引起變(bian)(bian)更的(de)原因很多(duo)，如工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)、設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)更、業(ye)主原因等等，為工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)變(bian)(bian)更留下(xia)了可能。因此，在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，必須(xu)(xu)嚴(yan)格(ge)把握變(bian)(bian)更關(guan)，對必須(xu)(xu)發生(sheng)的(de)設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)更，須(xu)(xu)經(jing)設計(ji)單位代表、建設單位代表、監理(li)代表幾方共同簽(qian)字(zi)認(ren)可。最(zui)后，要嚴(yan)格(ge)現場(chang)簽(qian)證和隱蔽工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)記錄的(de)管理(li)，避免因現場(chang)簽(qian)證不嚴(yan)導致(zhi)結算時的(de)扯皮現象(xiang)，影響工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)控(kong)制。

五.結束語。

加強工(gong)程進度控(kong)制 拖延工(gong)期時間越(yue)長(chang)，管理(li)(li)(li)費、人(ren)工(gong)費等各(ge)種費用支出就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)大。狠抓管理(li)(li)(li)，控(kong)制住合(he)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)期工(gong)程造價就(jiu)(jiu)有所降(jiang)低(di)。合(he)理(li)(li)(li)組織施(shi)(shi)工(gong)，正確安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)序是保證工(gong)期的(de)(de)重要(yao)條件。加強施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)組織協調，把大型(xing)機械和中小(xiao)型(xing)機械，把機械化和半機械化結合(he)起來(lai)，合(he)理(li)(li)(li)確定材料、機械、資金及(ji)勞動(dong)力等最佳組合(he)方式，搞好(hao)物資的(de)(de)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)調運，就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)避免不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)(de)重復(fu)工(gong)作，節省人(ren)力、物耗、降(jiang)低(di)成本。 

參考文獻：

【1】李玲(ling) 房屋建(jian)筑工程造價管理與控制探討[期刊論文] 《財經界(jie)》 2011年18期

【2】周峰 淺論(lun)房(fang)屋建(jian)筑工程(cheng)造(zao)價管理與控(kong)制[期刊(kan)論(lun)文] 《大觀周刊(kan)》2012年10期

【3】桑(sang)天錕 探究房屋(wu)建筑(zhu)工(gong)程造價現存(cun)問題(ti)及解決措施[期(qi)(qi)刊論(lun)文] 《城市建設理論(lun)研(yan)究（電子版）》2013年3期(qi)(qi)

【4】羅伯雅 房屋建筑工程造(zao)價的動(dong)態管理與控制成(cheng)本[期(qi)刊論文] 《城市(shi)建設(she)理論研究（電子版）》2011年16期(qi)

【5】汪濤 論(lun)房屋(wu)建(jian)筑工程(cheng)項目(mu)的造價(jia)管理(li)與控制[期刊論(lun)文] 《城(cheng)市建(jian)設理(li)論(lun)研究（電子版(ban)）》2013年2期

篇5

【關鍵詞】房(fang)地(di)(di)產(chan)開(kai)發(fa) 房(fang)地(di)(di)產(chan)成本成本控制(zhi)管(guan)理(li)思考控制(zhi)

中圖分(fen)類號(hao)：[F235.91]文獻(xian)標(biao)識碼(ma)： A 文章編號(hao)：

一．引言

我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)經濟發展(zhan)迅猛，并一度成(cheng)為(wei)我國(guo)國(guo)民經濟建設的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)柱行(xing)(xing)業(ye)。在地(di)(di)(di)方經濟發展(zhan)中，房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)了主要收(shou)入力量。由于房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)本身的(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速發展(zhan)，越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)外商開始投(tou)資(zi)(zi)國(guo)內房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)，導(dao)致房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)市場過于火爆，房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)迎來(lai)了寸土(tu)寸金的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)。大規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)建設，導(dao)致土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)逐漸變(bian)成(cheng)稀有資(zi)(zi)源，土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)價格直(zhi)線上(shang)漲，同(tong)時(shi)又存在過高的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)屋空置率。為(wei)避免出(chu)現房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)泡沫，政(zheng)府通過運(yun)用財(cai)政(zheng)政(zheng)策(ce)、金融(rong)政(zheng)策(ce)和(he)稅收(shou)政(zheng)策(ce)等(deng)對房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)進行(xing)(xing)調(diao)控，防止房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)屋價格上(shang)漲過快(kuai)。政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)控和(he)外資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)入，使的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)競爭(zheng)加(jia)(jia)劇，為(wei)保證房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)開發企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)永續(xu)經營(ying)，對開發成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)控制成(cheng)為(wei)必(bi)然手段。

二.對房地產開發成(cheng)本控制的分析。

1.房(fang)地產開發成本的組(zu)成和控(kong)制方法(fa)。

一個(ge)房地產項目的主要開發成本包括以(yi)下內(nei)容(rong)：

（1）土地成本。

（2）前期費用。

（3）工程成本。

（4）管理成本。

（5）營銷成本。

（6）財務成本。

（7）其他費用。

成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)制是(shi)以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)為基點(dian)(dian)，根據預(yu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)，對實際生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切(qie)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)資料消耗通過(guo)指(zhi)導、限制和監督，及時糾(jiu)正偏(pian)差(cha)(cha)，促(cu)使(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)下降，事(shi)項(xiang)預(yu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)。在房地產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)中(zhong)，土地成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、管理成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、財(cai)務(wu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)及稅費(fei)等在項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)開(kai)始初期(qi)(qi)即(ji)可基本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)確定(ding)(ding)，其變化(hua)(hua)幅度較(jiao)(jiao)小，可控(kong)(kong)性(xing)相對較(jiao)(jiao)弱；前期(qi)(qi)費(fei)用、工程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、營銷成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)會隨(sui)著(zhu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)而(er)變化(hua)(hua)，其中(zhong)涉及因素較(jiao)(jiao)多而(er)且(qie)較(jiao)(jiao)復雜，在前期(qi)(qi)預(yu)算和后(hou)期(qi)(qi)統計中(zhong)，差(cha)(cha)異較(jiao)(jiao)大，這(zhe)部分具有(you)可控(kong)(kong)性(xing)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)。在成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)制中(zhong)要以(yi)工程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)制為主，將營銷成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)和工程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)為控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)(dian)。

在房地產(chan)(chan)開(kai)發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)開(kai)始階段，要對項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)各(ge)(ge)建(jian)立(li)成本控(kong)制目(mu)(mu)標，將目(mu)(mu)標按類別分解(jie)，責任落(luo)實到(dao)部(bu)門。房地產(chan)(chan)開(kai)發(fa)單位成立(li)有公(gong)司總經理為首的成本控(kong)制小組(zu)，定期對各(ge)(ge)個項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的開(kai)發(fa)成本進行全面的分析、評估、檢查(cha)，對項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)成本和預算產(chan)(chan)生差距的部(bu)分要及時糾正(zheng)，并提出解(jie)決措施(shi)。

2.房地產開發成本(ben)在各階(jie)段的控(kong)制要點。

（1）初期階段。

在房(fang)地(di)產方案設計階段(duan)，要對(dui)市場需(xu)求進(jin)行調查了(le)解，建多(duo)少層、多(duo)少花園、配置哪些(xie)基礎設施(shi)等(deng)，通(tong)過容積(ji)(ji)率指標(biao)控制面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)。通(tong)過比(bi)較(jiao)確定單體平面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)戶型(xing)，對(dui)戶型(xing)做多(duo)方案的(de)設計，對(dui)建筑面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、套(tao)內(nei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)公攤面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)進(jin)行比(bi)例(li)測算(suan)，確定最合理(li)的(de)戶型(xing)結構和(he)(he)搭配，以取得最大銷(xiao)售面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)。對(dui)各方案搭配的(de)配套(tao)設施(shi)、綠化面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、道(dao)路等(deng)進(jin)行土地(di)成本和(he)(he)建造成本的(de)分析和(he)(he)比(bi)較(jiao)，對(dui)各方案的(de)建設工(gong)期、銷(xiao)售預(yu)期及價格等(deng)做以比(bi)較(jiao)，編制投資(zi)的(de)預(yu)算(suan)額度。

在初步設計中，要(yao)按(an)照批準的(de)(de)設計任務，對(dui)(dui)設計規模和(he)標準、工(gong)程數量和(he)預算指標等方面進(jin)行控制，充分(fen)考慮施(shi)工(gong)可能(neng)出現的(de)(de)問題和(he)處理的(de)(de)經濟性。對(dui)(dui)施(shi)工(gong)圖設計時，要(yao)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)同(tong)形式的(de)(de)基礎(chu)工(gong)程以(yi)及不(bu)同(tong)結(jie)構體系對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程造價的(de)(de)影響進(jin)行比(bi)(bi)較，選擇(ze)合適的(de)(de)基礎(chu)形式和(he)結(jie)構體系，對(dui)(dui)施(shi)工(gong)方法和(he)材料選用(yong)等細節部分(fen)要(yao)注(zhu)意把握(wo)。通過分(fen)析比(bi)(bi)較，要(yao)在保持功能(neng)不(bu)變(bian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下，盡量使成本降低。

在選(xuan)擇(ze)施工方案時，要(yao)(yao)對施工設備的選(xuan)擇(ze)、基(ji)礎土方、運輸(shu)方案、材(cai)(cai)料費用(yong)等進(jin)行(xing)比較選(xuan)擇(ze)。材(cai)(cai)料選(xuan)擇(ze)時，要(yao)(yao)考慮材(cai)(cai)料質(zhi)量、價格(ge)以及運輸(shu)的成本(ben)，選(xuan)擇(ze)機(ji)器(qi)設備時，要(yao)(yao)對機(ji)器(qi)的運行(xing)成本(ben)和使用(yong)壽命以及配件價格(ge)和維修費用(yong)進(jin)行(xing)比較。

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)設計(ji)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)階(jie)段，要(yao)根據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)文件，按(an)照各(ge)專業工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)定額(e)(e)的(de)計(ji)算(suan)規則，計(ji)算(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量，結(jie)合(he)實際的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案，安(an)裝現(xian)行(xing)的(de)規定，確(que)定單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)或單(dan)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)造價(jia)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)編制時(shi)，要(yao)盡量采用限額(e)(e)設計(ji)，確(que)定各(ge)設計(ji)階(jie)段的(de)造價(jia)計(ji)價(jia)，嚴格(ge)控(kong)制不(bu)合(he)理(li)的(de)變更，保證總的(de)投資額(e)(e)不(bu)超標。在(zai)進行(xing)成本預(yu)(yu)算(suan)時(shi)，要(yao)對(dui)歷史數據進行(xing)搜集整理(li)，結(jie)合(he)當(dang)前的(de)市(shi)場實際情況，對(dui)材料(liao)、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)、稅費按(an)照市(shi)場價(jia)格(ge)進行(xing)調整。對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)概況、建設的(de)標準以及經濟指標和技(ji)術(shu)指標進行(xing)明確(que)。

設計階(jie)段是開發成(cheng)本中最關鍵的(de)階(jie)段，其對(dui)工程造(zao)價影響的(de)可(ke)能(neng)性為(wei)70%-90%，控制工程造(zao)價的(de)關鍵在于施工前(qian)的(de)投資決策和設計階(jie)段。

（2）施工階段。

在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，常常出(chu)現使(shi)用材料(liao)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量以及設(she)計的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，隨之帶來的(de)是成(cheng)本目(mu)(mu)標和預算不相(xiang)符。這種情況下(xia)，要(yao)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更原(yuan)因進行控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更要(yao)在(zai)不提高建(jian)設(she)標準、不影(ying)響工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)范圍的(de)情況下(xia)，同時(shi)要(yao)建(jian)立工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更的(de)相(xiang)關制(zhi)度(du)，進行嚴格的(de)審核。在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段，要(yao)嚴格控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和材料(liao)的(de)消耗(hao)管理，對市場價格信息要(yao)加強了解(jie)，要(yao)嚴格控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更，按照合同約定撥付工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)進度(du)款。

在施(shi)工時要建立工程變更審查(cha)和流程制度，要充分對(dui)市場價格進行(xing)了解和調查(cha)，對(dui)材(cai)料和設備要建立確認(ren)(ren)質量確認(ren)(ren)價格的制度。

（3）竣工階段。

竣工階段要對(dui)合(he)同(tong)條款(kuan)進行(xing)審核(he)，按(an)照圖紙(zhi)核(he)實(shi)施工量和單價，要檢查隱蔽驗收(shou)記(ji)錄。

三.房地產開發成本控制的思考。

目(mu)前(qian)(qian)，我國很多地(di)(di)(di)區普遍(bian)存在(zai)房(fang)(fang)(fang)價(jia)偏高的(de)情況，在(zai)這種環境(jing)下，消(xiao)費者(zhe)信心未(wei)恢(hui)復，對樓市的(de)觀望(wang)情緒較濃，對房(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)投資性被(bei)壓(ya)抑。前(qian)(qian)幾(ji)年的(de)高價(jia)拿地(di)(di)(di)項目(mu)在(zai)這幾(ji)年的(de)集中上市，房(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)(chan)(chan)上存在(zai)大量存貨，這對房(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企業的(de)資金也(ye)帶來了壓(ya)力。消(xiao)費者(zhe)的(de)觀望(wang)必將導致價(jia)格(ge)的(de)下跌，成(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)因素將變得(de)更加敏感(gan)，房(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)(chan)(chan)開發商對成(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)控制將變得(de)越來越重要。

房地(di)產(chan)行業習(xi)慣(guan)通過在(zai)招(zhao)投標中低價(jia)中標進行成(cheng)本控制，從(cong)另(ling)一(yi)方榨取(qu)利潤。在(zai)現在(zai)的(de)情況下，要(yao)轉變成(cheng)準(zhun)確了解客戶需(xu)求(qiu)，做(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)高(gao)性價(jia)比的(de)房產(chan)。在(zai)招(zhao)標階段(duan)和(he)(he)施工階段(duan)的(de)成(cheng)本控制的(de)同時(shi)，也要(yao)注(zhu)意關注(zhu)產(chan)品(pin)定位和(he)(he)設(she)計的(de)管理(li)。在(zai)進行成(cheng)本控制中，不能當(dang)當(dang)只(zhi)做(zuo)(zuo)好成(cheng)本的(de)預(yu)算(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)核算(suan)(suan)，更要(yao)將核算(suan)(suan)變成(cheng)實(shi)際的(de)控制。

在土地成(cheng)本(ben)中，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)盡(jin)可能的(de)爭取優(you)惠(hui)價格同時要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)項目(mu)可行性(xing)研究和(he)論證。在前期(qi)(qi)費用(yong)中，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)利(li)用(yong)優(you)惠(hui)政策，爭取減(jian)免費用(yong)。在工程(cheng)成(cheng)本(ben)中，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)設計出最具性(xing)價比的(de)產品，開展(zhan)設計階段的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控制和(he)限額設計，嚴(yan)格控制工程(cheng)變(bian)更審核(he)，加(jia)強(qiang)采購管理和(he)新工藝(yi)的(de)應用(yong)。在后(hou)期(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)營銷(xiao)策略進行跟蹤確(que)認，對(dui)各成(cheng)本(ben)費用(yong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)確(que)定(ding)支出標準，同時加(jia)大費用(yong)支出的(de)審查力度。

四．結束語

通過(guo)(guo)施(shi)(shi)工前的(de)設(she)計階段(duan)和施(shi)(shi)工實(shi)際控(kong)制(zhi)階段(duan)以及(ji)后期(qi)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)核算，成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)要貫穿(chuan)房(fang)地產(chan)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)全過(guo)(guo)程。房(fang)地產(chan)開(kai)發(fa)企(qi)業(ye)通過(guo)(guo)各階段(duan)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)可(ke)以提高(gao)投資(zi)效益(yi)和增強(qiang)管理(li)(li)水平，在成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)，要多(duo)(duo)比(bi)較多(duo)(duo)評價，多(duo)(duo)預(yu)測多(duo)(duo)核算，多(duo)(duo)管理(li)(li)多(duo)(duo)控(kong)制(zhi)。做好成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)，優化(hua)管理(li)(li)，以最少的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，滿足需求的(de)功(gong)能，獲得利潤(run)的(de)最大化(hua)，這樣(yang)才能保證企(qi)業(ye)健(jian)康發(fa)展。

參考文獻：

[1] 薛由(you)慶 房(fang)地(di)產開發成本控制的對策 [期刊論文]《福建(jian)商業(ye)高等(deng)專科學(xue)校學(xue)報》2001,(05)

[2] 曹(cao)晨琦 淺析房地產開(kai)發成(cheng)本控(kong)制[期(qi)刊論(lun)文] 《現代經(jing)濟信息》2009,(07)

[3] 何孫秀(xiu),金誠 房地(di)產開發(fa)成本控制與管理思考[期(qi)刊(kan)論(lun)文] 《中國新技(ji)術新產品》 2010,(15)

[4] 蔡東紅(hong) 論房地產開發企業項(xiang)目(mu)成本控制管理(li)[期刊論文] 《現代經濟信息(xi)》2012,(07)

[5] 史俊霞房地產開發成本控制的(de)問(wen)題及相關(guan)對(dui)策(ce) [期刊論(lun)文] 《金融經濟(ji)》2008,(24)

篇6

【關鍵詞】施(shi)工(gong)組織，公(gong)路工(gong)程(cheng)，造價，管理措施(shi)

中圖分類號：X734 文獻標識碼：A 文章(zhang)編號：

一.前言

改革開放以來，我國(guo)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發展迅速，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規模不斷(duan)擴大，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量不斷(duan)提高，作業(ye)標準日漸規范，覆蓋(gai)全國(guo)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路網(wang)絡已經日漸形成(cheng)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為我國(guo)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)快速增長和人們(men)生(sheng)活水(shui)平的(de)(de)提高做出(chu)了巨大貢獻，但在取得諸(zhu)多成(cheng)就的(de)(de)同(tong)時，也存在著(zhu)(zhu)很多問題(ti)，比如，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價高，超投(tou)(tou)資(zi)現象嚴(yan)重，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經濟(ji)效益低下等(deng)。其中最為嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)問題(ti)之(zhi)一便是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價控制不力。在整(zheng)個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)對整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)十分重要的(de)(de)影響。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計是(shi)否(fou)具有(you)科學性合理(li)性，將直接(jie)關系到整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)(de)高低。因此(ci)，加強對公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)階段的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價管理(li)，對提高整(zheng)個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)效益，有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)十分重要的(de)(de)意義。

二(er).公路工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施工(gong)組(zu)織設計

1.施工組織設(she)計的(de)概述

在(zai)公路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中，要結合公路(lu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)目標(biao)(biao)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝特點，通(tong)過將有(you)限(xian)的人力，物力，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場地等多方面(mian)的因素綜(zong)合考慮，合理(li)組(zu)織，確定整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)公路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，并(bing)確定有(you)效的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)措施(shi)(shi)，從而實現整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的高效，優質(zhi)，安全文明，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)低等多方目標(biao)(biao)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計是(shi)(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)公路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程組(zu)織階段的核(he)心，及(ji)時施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位報價(jia)的重(zhong)要根據，又(you)是(shi)(shi)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)審核(he)的基(ji)礎，更是(shi)(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)公路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)的強有(you)力的舉措之(zhi)一，是(shi)(shi)影響(xiang)到整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)最為關鍵的因素，因此，做好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計，對整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)的管理(li)，有(you)著巨大的促進作用。

2．公路(lu)工程施工組織設計(ji)的重要原則

（一）科學設計(ji)，合(he)(he)理(li)配置。在進行施工(gong)組織設計(ji)時候，要綜合(he)(he)考慮(lv)到整(zheng)個項目工(gong)程(cheng)的施工(gong)流程(cheng)，合(he)(he)理(li)分布工(gong)序(xu)，使(shi)得各種工(gong)序(xu)施工(gong)井(jing)然有序(xu)，保證各個工(gong)序(xu)之間可以流水線生(sheng)產，保證機械設備人員施工(gong)的效(xiao)率。同時嚴格控制工(gong)程(cheng)項目的施工(gong)進度。

（二(er)）要在設(she)計中做好(hao)各種(zhong)項目(mu)工(gong)程的(de)施(shi)工(gong)準備，從機(ji)械設(she)備的(de)準備，到(dao)建筑施(shi)工(gong)材料，到(dao)施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員的(de)到(dao)崗(gang)和培訓，都做好(hao)統一的(de)規(gui)劃設(she)計，保證可(ke)以順利(li)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)。

（三(san)）科(ke)學規(gui)范的設(she)計(ji)(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工方(fang)法，結合工程項目(mu)的實(shi)際情況，對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工方(fang)法做出科(ke)學合理的設(she)計(ji)(ji)，同時，要引進(jin)(jin)新(xin)的設(she)備和先進(jin)(jin)的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工技術，降低(di)各種施(shi)(shi)(shi)工消耗，加強(qiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工監督設(she)計(ji)(ji)，保證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工的質量。

三.公路工程(cheng)施工組織設計對(dui)工程(cheng)造價的影響(xiang)

1．施(shi)工方案(an)的(de)選擇

在(zai)公路工程(cheng)中，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工組織階(jie)段，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工組織設計對整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)的選擇(ze)有著至關重要(yao)的影(ying)響。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)必(bi)須在(zai)綜合考慮到(dao)整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)公路工程(cheng)的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工條件(jian)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工經濟因(yin)(yin)素(su)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工技術因(yin)(yin)素(su)等多(duo)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面的基礎上(shang)，通(tong)過科學合理的比較(jiao)，評(ping)判，分析，并制定選擇(ze)合理，有效并且(qie)工程(cheng)造價(jia)較(jiao)低的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)。不同的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工方(fang)(fang)(fang)案(an)，不僅僅會影(ying)響到(dao)整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)公路工程(cheng)的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工工期，更(geng)會對整(zheng)體工程(cheng)造價(jia)的高低有著很(hen)重要(yao)的影(ying)響。

2．施工工期

在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織階段，要用(yong)最為優(you)化(hua)(hua)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案來確(que)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期。公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)合理工(gong)(gong)(gong)期不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)會直接(jie)影響到工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)消耗，也會使(shi)得(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中資金流轉的(de)速度(du)加快，從而使(shi)得(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設期間(jian)各種投資貸款的(de)利息降低，從而也促進了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)優(you)化(hua)(hua)。

3．施工組織平面布置

施工組織(zhi)對(dui)施工的(de)(de)(de)(de)平面(mian)布置有著(zhu)十分重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，而(er)施工組織(zhi)平面(mian)將會對(dui)直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)費用起到決定作用。合理科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工平面(mian)布置，不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)可以很(hen)大(da)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)少工程(cheng)施工設備機械的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)輸(shu)和(he)搬(ban)遷，降(jiang)低土方的(de)(de)(de)(de)往返運(yun)輸(shu)等浪費情況，也很(hen)大(da)程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)低了(le)運(yun)輸(shu)費用，減(jian)低了(le)工程(cheng)造(zao)價。

四.施(shi)工組織(zhi)階段公路工程的概預(yu)算和造(zao)價(jia)管理(li)措施(shi)

1.編制施(shi)工(gong)組織設計與預算定額(e)相結合

（一(yi)）在公(gong)路(lu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)階段中，要(yao)(yao)對(dui)公(gong)路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中預算定額(e)使用的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝和(he)(he)方法(fa)以及分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)項說明都有(you)著(zhu)深刻的(de)了解，對(dui)一(yi)些按照合同或者是(shi)規定要(yao)(yao)采用分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)項的(de)公(gong)路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)預算定額(e)中，要(yao)(yao)重要(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析其施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場的(de)條件和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，并作出科學合理(li)組織(zhi)設計(ji)。

（二）熟(shu)悉預算定額規定的工(gong)程量(liang)計算規則

在很多(duo)公路施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，很多(duo)的(de)分部(bu)分項的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計量都與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)有著密切的(de)關(guan)聯(lian)，在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong) 組織階(jie)段，要對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場條件等(deng)相關(guan)的(de)內容作出很清晰的(de)規劃設(she)計，如此可(ke)以更加方(fang)便的(de)套用(yong)定額(e)，便于對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)控制管理(li)。

（三）開展限額設計(ji),有效控制(zhi)造(zao)價(jia)

積極推行(xing)限額(e)設(she)(she)(she)計,健全設(she)(she)(she)計經濟責任制(zhi)(zhi)。設(she)(she)(she)計人員(yuan)應熟悉掌(zhang)握建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程預(yu)(yu)算(suan)定(ding)額(e)及(ji)(ji)費用定(ding)額(e),熟悉建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)價格,然(ran)后(hou)按項目(mu)投資(zi)估算(suan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)初步(bu)設(she)(she)(she)計及(ji)(ji)概算(suan),(這(zhe)些(xie)是建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)內容，我是公路工(gong)程到(dao)時(shi)答(da)辯時(shi)，問些(xie)施工(gong)組(zu)織的(de)(de)內容，我還答(da)不出來呢)再用初步(bu)設(she)(she)(she)計概算(suan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)施工(gong)圖(tu)(tu)設(she)(she)(she)計及(ji)(ji)概算(suan)。因此,各專業在保證功(gong)能及(ji)(ji)技術(shu)指(zhi)標的(de)(de)前提下,必須制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)雙贏策(ce)略(lve),合(he)(he)理(li)分解和(he)使用投資(zi)限額(e)融施工(gong)圖(tu)(tu)設(she)(she)(she)計和(he)施工(gong)圖(tu)(tu)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)為一體(ti),把技術(shu)和(he)經濟有機結合(he)(he)起來。嚴(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)(de)全面性、精確(que)性和(he)各級(ji)設(she)(she)(she)計審核制(zhi)(zhi),避(bi)免形(xing)成施工(gong)中的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計變更和(he)投資(zi)限額(e)突破。(做(zuo)為設(she)(she)(she)計院(yuan)的(de)(de)，能寫這(zhe)條嗎？這(zhe)是作(zuo)為業主(zhu)身份寫的(de)(de))2.施工(gong)圖(tu)(tu)預(yu)(yu)算(suan)的(de)(de)編制(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)施工(gong)組(zu)織設(she)(she)(she)計編制(zhi)(zhi)應同步(bu)

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖預(yu)(yu)算是(shi)(shi)指按照特定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法完成項(xiang)目的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所需的(de)(de)材料(liao)、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械臺班等(deng)預(yu)(yu)算價格編制(zhi)和(he)確定(ding)(ding)。而(er)(er)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)(she)計(ji)主要是(shi)(shi)為完成該項(xiang)目施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)而(er)(er)確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法及(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝。一(yi)旦某個施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法有(you)變更，則施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖預(yu)(yu)算相應(ying)部分(fen)的(de)(de)價格也應(ying)隨之而(er)(er)調整。如(ru)地(di)基土方(fang)處(chu)理時，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)(she)計(ji)因地(di)下(xia)水(shui)位線需設(she)(she)置泵、井(jing)點等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)排水(shui)降(jiang)水(shui)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖預(yu)(yu)算中應(ying)列出相應(ying)的(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)算工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程量及(ji)單價。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖預(yu)(yu)算的(de)(de)編制(zhi)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)(she)計(ji)編制(zhi)應(ying)同步(bu)進(jin)行(xing)，它們之間有(you)著密(mi)不可(ke)分(fen)的(de)(de)關系，一(yi)個的(de)(de)變動(dong)(dong)將牽(qian)動(dong)(dong)著另一(yi)個的(de)(de)變動(dong)(dong)，所以它們要同步(bu)進(jin)行(xing)以便于控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價。

3. 采用合同措施,有效控制造價

針對目前設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員經濟觀念(nian)淡(dan)薄,設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)更隨心所欲(yu)。筆者認為(wei)應在設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)同經濟條(tiao)款上,增加設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)更及(ji)修改的(de)(de)費用額度限制(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)款,如(ru)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)更費超出(chu)施(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)同價(jia)的(de)(de)某一比例(如(ru)5% )時,則(ze)扣(kou)罰(fa)一定比例的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)費(設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)質保(bao)金)。采取一定的(de)(de)約束力是對設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)規(gui)范、設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)、工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)與概(gai)預算指標等各方面控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)一種舉措。

五.結束語

伴隨(sui)我國(guo)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速(su)發(fa)展，區域間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)文(wen)化交流將(jiang)會越來越頻繁(fan)，對(dui)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)會越來越大(da)(da)(da)，要求(qiu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)會變(bian)得越發(fa)嚴(yan)格。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價將(jiang)會對(dui)整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量和進(jin)度(du)(du)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期等都產(chan)生很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，因此(ci)，必須將(jiang)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價控制(zhi)在比較(jiao)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內，如此(ci)，既可以讓有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資源得到更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)用，也(ye)(ye)(ye)可以大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提高整(zheng)個(ge)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織階段對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價有(you)著巨大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)織設計(ji)，將(jiang)會大(da)(da)(da)幅度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價，同時保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量，維護多方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)，因此(ci)，要充分發(fa)揮多方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量，共同配合，做好(hao)公(gong)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織，設計(ji)出合理(li)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)案，實現工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)益(yi)，促進(jin)整(zheng)個(ge)公(gong)路交通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康有(you)序發(fa)展。

參考文獻；

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[2]孟慶新 周(zhou)曉(xiao)東淺談施工(gong)組織(zhi)設計對工(gong)程造價的(de)影響 [期刊論文] 《科技資訊》 -2008年(nian)17期

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篇7

關鍵詞:建(jian)筑工(gong)程;工(gong)程結算(suan);造價管理

1.引言

工程(cheng)造價是指建設(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目從籌建到竣(jun)工驗(yan)收、交付(fu)使(shi)用(yong)前(qian)的全部(bu)費(fei)用(yong),包括設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)及工器具購置費(fei)用(yong)、建筑安(an)裝工程(cheng)費(fei)用(yong)、工程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)其他(ta)費(fei)用(yong)、預備(bei)費(fei)、建設(she)(she)(she)期(qi)貸款利息(xi)和有關稅金(jin)。

本論文主要針對(dui)國內(nei)建筑工(gong)程(cheng)預結算中(zhong)所存在的問題進行(xing)分(fen)析,并據此(ci)提出一些具(ju)體的工(gong)程(cheng)造價控(kong)制(zhi)措施與建議(yi),以此(ci)和廣大(da)同行(xing)分(fen)享。

2.當前(qian)建(jian)筑工程(cheng)預結算中的問題分析

2.1預(yu)結算(suan)成本管理的地位嚴重(zhong)削弱

一些單位在經營成(cheng)(cheng)果的考(kao)核兌(dui)現中,不能實(shi)事求是地反(fan)映(ying)成(cheng)(cheng)本管理(li)的真實(shi)水平,被一時的“大規模、高產值、高效(xiao)益(yi)”的虛假繁榮所(suo)迷惑,只(zhi)看一時效(xiao)益(yi)高低(di),不問效(xiao)益(yi)來源,只(zhi)知盈虧多少,不知盈在哪里、虧在何(he)方。不進行成(cheng)(cheng)本考(kao)核,拋開成(cheng)(cheng)本管理(li)抓效(xiao)益(yi)的做法造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)一些單位管理(li)粗(cu)放、效(xiao)率低(di)下、潛虧嚴(yan)重(zhong)、發(fa)展(zhan)緩慢。

2.2預(yu)結算中忽視工程項目(mu)“質量成本”和“工期成本”的管理和控(kong)制。

“質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)”分為內部故(gu)障成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(如(ru)返工(gong)、停工(gong)等(deng)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)的(de)費(fei)(fei)用)、外部故(gu)障成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(如(ru)保修、索賠等(deng)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)的(de)費(fei)(fei)用)、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)預防費(fei)(fei)用和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢驗費(fei)(fei)用等(deng)四類。保證質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)往(wang)往(wang)會引(yin)起(qi)(qi)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)變化(hua),但不(bu)能(neng)因此把(ba)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)與成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)對立起(qi)(qi)來(lai)。長期以(yi)來(lai),我國施工(gong)企(qi)業習慣(guan)于強(qiang)調工(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),而對工(gong)程成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)關心不(bu)夠,造成(cheng)工(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)雖然有了(le)較大提高(gao),但增(zeng)加了(le)提高(gao)工(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)所付出的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben),使經(jing)濟效益不(bu)理想,企(qi)業資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)積累不(bu)足。

“工(gong)(gong)期(qi)成本(ben)”是指(zhi)為(wei)實現工(gong)(gong)期(qi)目標或合同(tong)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)而采取相應措施所發生的一(yi)切費(fei)用。工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目都有其特(te)定的工(gong)(gong)期(qi)要(yao)求,保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)往(wang)往(wang)會引起成本(ben)的變化。

2.3管(guan)理人(ren)員預結(jie)算經濟觀念不(bu)強。

目前,我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工項(xiang)(xiang)目經(jing)理部(bu)普遍存在一(yi)種(zhong)現象,即在項(xiang)(xiang)目內部(bu),搞(gao)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)負責(ze)技術和質量,搞(gao)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)負責(ze)施(shi)工生產和工程(cheng)進度,搞(gao)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)負責(ze)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)采購及(ji)進場點驗工作。這樣表面上看來(lai)職責(ze)清晰,分工明確,但項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本管理是(shi)(shi)靠大(da)家來(lai)管理、控制的(de)(de)(de)(de),項(xiang)(xiang)目效益(yi)是(shi)(shi)靠大(da)家來(lai)創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果搞(gao)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)為了(le)保證(zheng)工程(cheng)質量,選(xuan)用可(ke)行、卻不(bu)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案施(shi)工,必然會形成保證(zheng)了(le)質量但增大(da)了(le)成本;如(ru)果搞(gao)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)從產品質量角度出(chu)發,采購高(gao)強優質高(gao)價材料(liao)(liao)(liao),即使是(shi)(shi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)使用沒(mei)有一(yi)點浪費,成本還(huan)是(shi)(shi)降不(bu)下來(lai)。

3.建筑(zhu)工(gong)程預結(jie)算管理對(dui)策(ce)探討

3.1 嚴(yan)格執行資金使用計劃

合(he)理(li)(li)編(bian)制和控(kong)制資(zi)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),做(zuo)好建設(she)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)支(zhi)出的(de)(de)分析、預測與控(kong)制。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目實施階(jie)段的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)是建設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中造(zao)(zao)價(jia)所(suo)占比重(zhong)最大的(de)(de)階(jie)段。資(zi)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)編(bian)制在整個建設(she)管理(li)(li)中處于重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)而獨特(te)的(de)(de)地(di)位(wei),要(yao)(yao)控(kong)制好這階(jie)段的(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)支(zhi)出,首先就必須合(he)理(li)(li)安排資(zi)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),通過(guo)編(bian)制資(zi)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),合(he)理(li)(li)確(que)定工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)總目標值(zhi)和各階(jie)段目標值(zhi),使(shi)(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)控(kong)制有所(suo)依據,并為資(zi)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)籌集和協調打下基(ji)礎,從而使(shi)(shi)控(kong)制措施具有針對性(xing);科學(xue)編(bian)制資(zi)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)可以對未來工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)和進(jin)度(du)控(kong)制有所(suo)預測,消除(chu)不必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)浪(lang)費和進(jin)度(du)失控(kong);且在建設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,通過(guo)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)嚴格執(zhi)行(xing),可有效的(de)(de)控(kong)制工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)上升,最大限度(du)地(di)節約投資(zi),提高(gao)投資(zi)效益。

3.2 嚴(yan)格控制工程變更(geng)

嚴(yan)把設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更(geng)關,將工(gong)程(cheng)造價控制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)批準的概算投資內。在(zai)項目實(shi)施(shi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)盡(jin)量減(jian)少設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更(geng),無(wu)特殊情況(kuang)堅決不作設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更(geng)。如(ru)必須(xu)變(bian)更(geng),則應(ying)嚴(yan)格按照國家(jia)規(gui)定和合同約定的程(cheng)序進行,健全設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更(geng)審批制(zhi)(zhi)度。最好做到先(xian)算賬,后花錢,并經原設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單位同意(yi),如(ru)突破總概算必須(xu)經設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)審批單位審查同意(yi),以切(qie)實(shi)防止通過變(bian)更(geng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji),任意(yi)增(zeng)加設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)內容,提(ti)高設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)標準,從而提(ti)高工(gong)程(cheng)造價。

在實(shi)(shi)際施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場的(de)(de)(de)模板,鋼筋,混(hun)凝(ning)土,土方(fang),屋(wu)面防(fang)水,邊坡支護,孔樁......等(deng)等(deng),所有與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)有關的(de)(de)(de)設備、人力,以及客觀(guan)因素如工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術方(fang)案(an)等(deng)等(deng),這些只要稍(shao)有變更,都(dou)會導致施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際問題使得(de)(de)其造(zao)價(jia)在預算(suan)(suan)和結算(suan)(suan)中存在很大差(cha)異,因此(ci),對于我們(men)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)造(zao)價(jia)管理人員而言,就應該深入施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場督促和指導施(shi)(shi)工(gong)隊做好(hao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中發生的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更、圖紙外(wai)(wai)超高(gao)、超深、超寬(kuan)以及各(ge)種特殊施(shi)(shi)工(gong)措施(shi)(shi)發生的(de)(de)(de)預算(suan)(suan)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)有價(jia)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量簽證資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)填報(bao),匯(hui)入工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結算(suan)(suan)依據資(zi)料(liao),配合本(ben)單位的(de)(de)(de)財務部門做好(hao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款的(de)(de)(de)結算(suan)(suan)工(gong)作,使得(de)(de)本(ben)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金能快速回籠。

3.3嚴把設備(bei)材料價(jia)格(ge)關

在(zai)工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)中材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)用量(liang)(liang)和(he)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)是主要(yao)的(de)(de)。材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)費(fei)(fei)在(zai)工(gong)程中常(chang)占有很大(da)的(de)(de)比(bi)例,一(yi)般占預算費(fei)(fei)用的(de)(de)70%,因此,材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)消耗量(liang)(liang)和(he)其價(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)高低對工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)影(ying)響很大(da)。加強設備材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)現場管(guan)理(li)(li),合理(li)(li)堆放(fang)(fang),減少(shao)搬運,降(jiang)低堆放(fang)(fang)、倉儲損耗合同中的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)用量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)。另(ling)一(yi)方面在(zai)合同簽訂之(zhi)前(qian),工(gong)程師應仔(zi)細審核、確(que)定工(gong)程量(liang)(liang)清單、基本(ben)單價(jia),控(kong)制(zhi)主要(yao)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)(ge),在(zai)保質保量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)前(qian)提下,貨比(bi)三家,擇優購(gou)料(liao)(liao)(liao);同時協助施工(gong)方合理(li)(li)組織運輸(shu),就(jiu)近購(gou)料(liao)(liao)(liao),選用最經濟(ji)的(de)(de)運輸(shu)方法,以降(jiang)低運輸(shu)成本(ben),從而有效控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)。

4.結語

隨著我國固(gu)定資產投資力(li)度的(de)進一步加大,工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)咨詢業已成為極具成長性的(de)朝陽行業。但是,由于(yu)市(shi)場競爭機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)不(bu)健全、造(zao)價(jia)(jia)咨詢機(ji)(ji)構的(de)管(guan)理制(zhi)度不(bu)完善等(deng)原(yuan)因,工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)咨詢目前依(yi)然存在很多問(wen)題,本論(lun)文所探(tan)討的(de)問(wen)題也(ye)只是建筑工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)預(yu)結(jie)算(suan)環節的(de)眾(zhong)多問(wen)題中的(de)冰山(shan)一角(jiao),要真正實現工(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)結(jie)算(suan)的(de)合理控制(zhi)與(yu)管(guan)理,還需要廣大預(yu)結(jie)算(suan)技(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)共同努力(li)。

參考文獻:

[1] 周和生,尹貽林.建設項目全過(guo)程(cheng)造(zao)價管理[M].天津:南(nan)開(kai)大學出版(ban)社,2008.

篇8

關鍵詞(ci)：全過程服(fu)務(wu)；造價(jia)控制；造價(jia)管(guan)理

Abstract: in view of the current project cost during the whole process of the present situation of poor cost control, this paper analyzed and discussed in the whole process of whole process cost control and management measures to improve the whole process engineering cost management control the level has a certain significance.

Keywords: process services; Cost control; Cost management

中圖分類號：TU723.3 文獻標(biao)識(shi)碼：A文章編號：

長期(qi)以(yi)來(lai)，我(wo)國工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)全過程(cheng)(cheng)服(fu)務分別由投資(zi)主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門、建(jian)設、設計、審計等部(bu)門負(fu)責(ze)，同(tong)(tong)時也就被孤立的(de)分割在各個部(bu)門和系統，相(xiang)互間無聯系，更無一獨(du)立的(de)造價(jia)控制責(ze)任體(ti)，也就成為許多項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)投資(zi)失控的(de)主(zhu)要原因。本論文主(zhu)要從設計、招投標、施工(gong)、結算等階段(duan)的(de)造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)控制進(jin)行分析，以(yi)期(qi)和同(tong)(tong)行分享，共同(tong)(tong)推(tui)進(jin)我(wo)國工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全過程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)控制管(guan)理(li)水平。

一、項(xiang)目全過程工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)控制(zhi)管理

1、設計階(jie)段的造(zao)價控制

工程(cheng)設計是(shi)全面規劃和具體描述工程(cheng)項目實施(shi)意圖的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)，是(shi)工程(cheng)建設的(de)(de)靈魂。設計階(jie)(jie)段造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)效(xiao)益(yi)顯著，體現在兩個方面。一是(shi)設計階(jie)(jie)段對投(tou)資的(de)(de)影響(xiang)程(cheng)度大(da)，控(kong)制(zhi)效(xiao)果(guo)顯著。二是(shi)設計階(jie)(jie)段造(zao)價控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)效(xiao)率高，投(tou)入產出比大(da)。因此(ci)，此(ci)階(jie)(jie)段需做好以下幾(ji)個方面：

①協助建設單(dan)(dan)位和設計單(dan)(dan)位進行方案優選，通過應用價值工(gong)程對設計方案進行競選比較、技術(shu)經濟分析(xi)，可以從中選出技術(shu)上(shang)(shang)先進、經濟上(shang)(shang)合理、既能滿足功能和工(gong)藝要求，又能降低(di)工(gong)程造價的技術(shu)方案；

②嚴把設計(ji)投資審核關，在(zai)設計(ji)會審時對(dui)合理的質(zhi)量目標下超出投資的設計(ji)問題提出造價審核意(yi)見；

③充分調查分析(xi)市(shi)場上(shang)主要(yao)材(cai)料、設備(bei)的(de)用(yong)途、功能(neng)及(ji)價格，了解建設單位的(de)實(shi)際需求，使主要(yao)材(cai)料、設備(bei)的(de)選(xuan)用(yong)及(ji)采購更趨經(jing)濟(ji)實(shi)惠。

2、招(zhao)投(tou)標階段的造價控制

建設(she)工程招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)投標(biao)階(jie)段(duan)是建筑產品(pin)的(de)需求者經(jing)過(guo)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)活(huo)動確定(ding)產品(pin)的(de)生產者，并簽訂承(cheng)包(bao)合同(tong)的(de)過(guo)程，此階(jie)段(duan)需要確定(ding)項(xiang)目的(de)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)文件、評(ping)標(biao)原則(ze)與方(fang)法、承(cheng)發包(bao)模式(shi)、合同(tong)計價(jia)方(fang)式(shi)、合同(tong)價(jia)格以及合同(tong)條款等內容(rong)。

（1）評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)辦(ban)法(fa)的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)。根(gen)據每個項目的(de)不(bu)同(tong)特點，選(xuan)擇(ze)最適(shi)合本項目的(de)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)辦(ban)法(fa)。深圳市目前施(shi)工招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)中有5種(zhong)常用(yong)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)法(fa)，每種(zhong)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)法(fa)都有各自(zi)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)特點，因此(ci)，招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)人根(gen)據項目的(de)不(bu)同(tong)，認(ren)真選(xuan)取評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)法(fa)，這樣，有利于工程造價的(de)有效控制(zhi)。

（2）深(shen)化、細(xi)化設計圖的(de)(de)(de)(de)審核，重視招標文件的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi) 。①設計圖紙作(zuo)為擬建工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)條件和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)依(yi)據，是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證(zheng)，是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單準確率的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證(zheng)。勘察與(yu)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)和(he)正(zheng)確度(du)，會直(zhi)接影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價正(zheng)確性，影響(xiang)建設項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)。②招標文件編(bian)制(zhi)需要十分細(xi)致全面，它是(shi)(shi)后續簽(qian)訂合同的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據，也是(shi)(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)項目(mu)順利實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要條件。

3、施(shi)工階段的造價控制

施(shi)工(gong)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段是(shi)工(gong)程建設的(de)(de)重要階(jie)(jie)(jie)段，在這一階(jie)(jie)(jie)段中，要將工(gong)程設計(ji)圖(tu)紙變為(wei)物質形態的(de)(de)工(gong)程實(shi)體，需要集中投入(ru)大(da)量的(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)和各種資(zi)源。雖(sui)然在這個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段節約(yue)造(zao)價的(de)(de)可能(neng)性較小，但浪費的(de)(de)可能(neng)性卻很大(da)。因此(ci)，施(shi)工(gong)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)造(zao)價控制仍然十分重要。

施(shi)工階段的造價控制需要從組織、經濟、技術、合同等方面采取(qu)措施(shi)。

①組織(zhi)措施：是指(zhi)從投(tou)(tou)資(zi)控制(zhi)的(de)組織(zhi)管理方面采取(qu)的(de)措施。例如，落實(shi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)控制(zhi)的(de)組織(zhi)機(ji)構和(he)人(ren)員(yuan)，明確各(ge)級投(tou)(tou)資(zi)控制(zhi)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)任(ren)務、職(zhi)能分(fen)工、權利和(he)責任(ren)，改善投(tou)(tou)資(zi)控制(zhi)工作流程。

②經濟措施(shi)：從全(quan)局考慮，如檢查投(tou)資(zi)目標(biao)分解(jie)的合理性，資(zi)金使用計(ji)劃(hua)的保障性，施(shi)工(gong)進度計(ji)劃(hua)的協調性。另外，通過(guo)偏差分析和(he)未完工(gong)程的預測還可(ke)以(yi)發現潛在(zai)問題，及時采取預防措施(shi)，從而取得造(zao)價控制的主動權。

③技(ji)(ji)術措施：不同(tong)的技(ji)(ji)術措施往往會有不同(tong)的經濟效果，因此，運用(yong)技(ji)(ji)術措施糾(jiu)偏時，要對(dui)不同(tong)的技(ji)(ji)術方案(an)進行(xing)技(ji)(ji)術經濟分析綜合評價后加以選擇。

④合(he)(he)同(tong)措施(shi)：合(he)(he)同(tong)措施(shi)在(zai)糾偏(pian)方面(mian)主(zhu)要指(zhi)索(suo)賠(pei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，造價工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)在(zai)發生索(suo)賠(pei)事件后，要認真審查有關索(suo)賠(pei)依據是否符合(he)(he)合(he)(he)同(tong)規定，索(suo)賠(pei)計(ji)算是否合(he)(he)理(li)等，從(cong)主(zhu)動控(kong)制(zhi)的角度出(chu)發，加強日常的合(he)(he)同(tong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，落實合(he)(he)同(tong)規定的責任。轉(zhuan)

4、結算(suan)階段造價控制

結(jie)(jie)算階(jie)段造價控制屬于事(shi)后控制，對于已經成為事(shi)實的(de)項目(mu)的(de)審核更需(xu)要造價人(ren)員(yuan)認真細(xi)致的(de)對待，為了(le)能準確、合理地確定工程造價，使結(jie)(jie)算工作順利進行，在結(jie)(jie)算審查中應注意(yi)使用以下幾種方(fang)法：

①審(shen)查承包人是否(fou)按照(zhao)招標文(wen)件(jian)、施工(gong)圖紙(zhi)及招標人要求的承包范圍完(wan)成工(gong)程建(jian)設，承包人完(wan)成的項目(mu)是否(fou)竣工(gong)驗收(shou)合(he)格(ge)，是否(fou)存在甩項工(gong)作。

②核(he)定(ding)施工工程量，核(he)定(ding)施工工程量是(shi)(shi)工程竣工結(jie)算(suan)審(shen)查(cha)的關鍵。由于(yu)工程量的計算(suan)多并且繁瑣，容(rong)(rong)易造成高估冒算(suan)。因此，一是(shi)(shi)要重點審(shen)核(he)投資比例較大的分項工程；二是(shi)(shi)要重點審(shen)核(he)容(rong)(rong)易混淆或(huo)有漏(lou)洞(dong)的項目。

③審查設計變(bian)更簽證。設計變(bian)更應由原(yuan)設計單(dan)位(wei)出具設計變(bian)更通(tong)知單(dan)和修改圖紙，設計、校審人員簽字(zi)并(bing)加蓋公(gong)章，并(bing)經建設單(dan)位(wei)、監理(li)工程師審查同意。在審查設計變(bian)更時，除了有完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)更手續外，還要(yao)注(zhu)意工程量的(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)(suan)，對計算(suan)(suan)有誤的(de)(de)(de)工程量進行調整(zheng)，對不符合(he)變(bian)更手續要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)不能(neng)列入(ru)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)。

④審(shen)查項目單(dan)價套(tao)用(yong)。主要審(shen)查工(gong)程(cheng)所套(tao)用(yong)單(dan)價是否(fou)(fou)(fou)與工(gong)程(cheng)應(ying)執行的合同及定(ding)額標準相(xiang)(xiang)符，工(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)算所列(lie)各(ge)分項工(gong)程(cheng)清單(dan)與設計文件是否(fou)(fou)(fou)相(xiang)(xiang)符，計算單(dan)位是否(fou)(fou)(fou)一致。正(zheng)確把(ba)握定(ding)額套(tao)用(yong)，避(bi)免高套(tao)、錯(cuo)套(tao)等問(wen)題。

5、 積極推進全過程造價(jia)控(kong)制管理

全過(guo)程造價(jia)管理(li)是一種必然的(de)趨勢。根據科學的(de)依(yi)據，結(jie)合投資理(li)論和實際(ji)(ji)情(qing)況靈活運用專業、綜(zong)合、科學的(de)方法，在(zai)達到(dao)工程最佳(jia)(jia)使(shi)用功能的(de)前提(ti)下，取得最佳(jia)(jia)投資效(xiao)(xiao)益，把控(kong)制(zhi)工程造價(jia)觀(guan)念滲透到(dao)各項設計(ji)和施工技術措施之(zhi)中，提(ti)高工程造價(jia)效(xiao)(xiao)益，即在(zai)技術先(xian)進(jin)條件下的(de)經濟(ji)合理(li)，在(zai)經濟(ji)合理(li)基礎上的(de)技術先(xian)進(jin)，最終使(shi)項目(mu)實際(ji)(ji)結(jie)算總造價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)批(pi)復的(de)概算內。

二、結語

建(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)全過程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)技術(shu)性、專業性很強(qiang)的(de)工(gong)作，它貫穿于項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)設計、招投標和(he)建(jian)設施(shi)工(gong)、竣工(gong)結算各階段。建(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全過程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)在項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)每一(yi)階段都(dou)對造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)進行(xing)嚴格的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制，把控(kong)(kong)(kong)制建(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)成本的(de)觀念(nian)滲透(tou)到工(gong)程的(de)各階段之中。工(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)咨詢機(ji)構應努力參與建(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)全過程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)，從(cong)而(er)合(he)理(li)(li)確定和(he)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制建(jian)設工(gong)程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)，最大限度(du)地發(fa)揮(hui)投資效(xiao)(xiao)益，發(fa)揮(hui)專業人員(yuan)應有(you)的(de)作用。

參考文獻：

[1] 褚一偉. 工程項(xiang)目(mu)目(mu)標成(cheng)本管理與財務風險控(kong)制(zhi)[J]. 合作經濟(ji)與科技, 2007, （9）: 92-93.

篇9

建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目全(quan)過程跟蹤審(shen)(shen)計作(zuo)為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)一種新方法被(bei)應用(yong)到(dao)建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)中，建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目全(quan)過程跟蹤審(shen)(shen)計是由事后結算審(shen)(shen)計向(xiang)事前、事中、全(quan)過程延伸的(de)一種審(shen)(shen)計方法， 這種方法使整個工(gong)(gong)程實施(shi)處(chu)于受控(kong)狀態，能(neng)有(you)效地克服事后監督的(de)局限性，在(zai)促進相關(guan)管理單(dan)位提(ti)高投資效益(yi)方面發揮重要作(zuo)用(yong)，更好地達到(dao)控(kong)制(zhi)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)目的(de)，并可以從源頭上(shang)遏制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設領(ling)域的(de)腐敗，從而(er)對(dui)廉政建(jian)(jian)設產(chan)生積極的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。

一、工程項(xiang)目(mu)造價(jia)全過(guo)程跟蹤審計的(de)重要性

由于建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目具有周期長、投資額大、控(kong)制環節多等特點，因此任何一個環節出現(xian)問題，都可(ke)(ke)能導致重大的(de)損(sun)失浪費(fei)。長期以來，我國建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)主要是(shi)“秋后算賬”式的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)結算審(shen)(shen)計(ji)，沒有或(huo)缺(que)乏必(bi)要的(de)事(shi)前(qian)預防和事(shi)中控(kong)制，因而(er)難以從(cong)根本上(shang)遏制建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)損(sun)失浪費(fei)，審(shen)(shen)計(ji)機(ji)關、審(shen)(shen)計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作也很(hen)難真正對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設項(xiang)(xiang)目發揮審(shen)(shen)計(ji)監督(du)作用。糾(jiu)正這種現(xian)象(xiang)，審(shen)(shen)計(ji)機(ji)關必(bi)須(xu)前(qian)移審(shen)(shen)計(ji)“關口”，實(shi)行(xing)從(cong)前(qian)期準備、建(jian)設實(shi)施直至竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)投入使(shi)用的(de)全過程(cheng)(cheng)跟蹤審(shen)(shen)計(ji)，從(cong)而(er)做到及時發現(xian)并糾(jiu)正問題，避免造成不可(ke)(ke)挽回(hui)的(de)損(sun)失。

近(jin)年來，建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項目(mu)(mu)全過程跟(gen)蹤審(shen)計作為工程造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制的(de)一種新方(fang)(fang)法(fa)被(bei)應用(yong)到(dao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項目(mu)(mu)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控制中，建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項目(mu)(mu)全過程跟(gen)蹤審(shen)計是由事后結(jie)算審(shen)計向事前、事中、全過程延伸的(de)一種審(shen)計方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，這種方(fang)(fang)法(fa)使整(zheng)個(ge)工程實施處于受控狀態，能有效地克服(fu)事后監督的(de)局限性，在促進(jin)相(xiang)關(guan)管理(li)單位提高(gao)投資效益方(fang)(fang)面(mian)發揮重(zhong)要作用(yong)，更好地達到(dao)控制造(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)，并可以從(cong)源頭上遏制工程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)領域的(de)貪污、浪費等現象，從(cong)而對廉政建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)產(chan)生積(ji)極的(de)作用(yong)。

二、工程項(xiang)目(mu)造價全過程跟蹤審計方法

項目發包階段

（1） 完善施工招(zhao)、投標文件的(de)編制及(ji)招(zhao)投標的(de)組織管理。

如(ru)合(he)(he)同(tong)專(zhuan)用條款中(zhong)的(de)(de)第39條中(zhong)有關于“工程量增減15%”規定條款，本意是盡量少(shao)變更合(he)(he)同(tong)單價(jia)，但同(tong)樣也(ye)為有經驗的(de)(de)施工投標方(fang)(fang)低價(jia)的(de)(de)不平衡報價(jia)提供了合(he)(he)理(li)的(de)(de)依據。因此必(bi)須采(cai)用《合(he)(he)同(tong)補遺》等方(fang)(fang)式來(lai)彌補招投標文件的(de)(de)漏(lou)洞。如(ru)政(zheng)府(fu)投資(zi)項目，資(zi)金撥付和(he)工程變更審批環節較多，通用條款中(zhong)的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)限制和(he)業主政(zheng)策(ce)處(chu)理(li)時(shi)承包(bao)商的(de)(de)協助(zhu)責任等易導致索賠的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)，可在《合(he)(he)同(tong)補遺》中(zhong)加以明(ming)確，以便竣工結算審計時(shi)準確定案(an)。

（2）編制合適的標底(di)（或工程量清(qing)單）和控制價(jia)是基礎。

（3）分析評價各(ge)投(tou)標(biao)單位的投(tou)標(biao)書優點和不足(zu)及隱含附加條款。

（4）在招標答(da)疑時盡可能(neng)(neng)彌(mi)補招標文件缺陷(xian)，明(ming)確(que)今后可能(neng)(neng)采(cai)取的(de)一些(xie)控制措施，減少索賠(pei)隱患。

（5）擬定合同措辭(ci)準確(que)，哪怕是“等”也應(ying)推敲使用，避(bi)免由于合同未明確(que)或不嚴謹等原因而造(zao)成(cheng)造(zao)價失控或扯皮現象(xiang)。

3、項目施工階段

（1）審查各項(xiang)合(he)同(tong)的執行情況(kuang)。審查該(gai)項(xiang)目的中(zhong)標單(dan)位及各供(gong)應商是否(fou)認真履行合(he)同(tong)條款，有無(wu)違法分包、轉包工程；審查履約保證金是否(fou)按照投標文件(jian)所述(shu)如實繳納；審查工程進度款的支付，是否(fou)符(fu)合(he)合(he)同(tong)的約定(ding)，對計(ji)量(liang)支付的工程款是否(fou)經(jing)監理(li)、審計(ji)等單(dan)位進行審核，以(yi)避(bi)免超付工程款。

（2）審查內(nei)控制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立、執(zhi)行情(qing)況。審查建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)法人(ren)責任制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)落實情(qing)況，是否建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立健全并執(zhi)行了各項內(nei)控制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。如財務管理(li)及(ji)審核制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，工(gong)程簽證、驗收制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，設(she)備(bei)材料采購、價格(ge)控制(zhi)(zhi)、驗收、領用(yong)、清點制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，安全施工(gong)及(ji)防(fang)火防(fang)盜等制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。應(ying)監督、指(zhi)導項目業主方建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立完善(shan)各項管理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，保(bao)證項目建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)規范運行及(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)金合法使用(yong)。

（3）審查工程設計變(bian)更、施工現場洽商(shang)、簽證等手(shou)續是(shi)否合理、合規、及時、完整、真實。審查工程變(bian)更是(shi)否經業主、施工、設計、監理等簽證，是(shi)否由原(yuan)設計單位出具變(bian)更文件，變(bian)更發(fa)生后是(shi)否在規定(ding)時間內確認由此產生的造價金額。

（4）審查基(ji)建(jian)財(cai)務(wu)核算及賬務(wu)處理是否(fou)符合財(cai)政部《基(ji)本建(jian)設財(cai)務(wu)管(guan)理規定》的(de)要(yao)求，是否(fou)有利于建(jian)設項目的(de)管(guan)理及竣工決算的(de)要(yao)求。

（5）審(shen)查(cha)建設資(zi)(zi)金到位情況是否與資(zi)(zi)金籌集計劃或投(tou)資(zi)(zi)進度相銜接，有(you)無(wu)大量貸款閑置或因(yin)資(zi)(zi)金不到位而造(zao)成停工待料等(deng)損失浪費(fei)現象。

（6）審查建設(she)(she)資金(jin)(jin)是否(fou)(fou)專款專用(yong)；是否(fou)(fou)按照規(gui)定付(fu)款，有無擠占、挪用(yong)建設(she)(she)項目資金(jin)(jin)等問題(ti)；對往來資金(jin)(jin)數(shu)額(e)較大(da)且(qie)長(chang)時間不(bu)能及時結轉(zhuan)的預付(fu)工程款、預付(fu)備料款要查明原(yuan)因，防止出現超(chao)付(fu)工程款的現象。

（7）審查(cha)各(ge)項(xiang)費用的計取是(shi)否符(fu)合(he)有(you)關規定(ding)，設備材料價格(ge)是(shi)否與實際收費情況相符(fu)合(he)，有(you)無人為串標抬高中標價格(ge)及轉移專項(xiang)資金的違法違規問題。

（8）審(shen)查建設項(xiang)目(mu)支出的票據是(shi)否(fou)真實有效，有無利用(yong)(yong)增值(zhi)稅(shui)發票違(wei)規進行(xing)進項(xiang)稅(shui)抵扣以及有無使用(yong)(yong)虛(xu)假發票支出的問題。

4、建設項目竣工驗收階(jie)段的(de)跟蹤審計

（ 1） 竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)階段。審查(cha)的(de)主要內(nei)容包括： 項(xiang)目(mu)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)工(gong)作是(shi)否(fou)(fou)按分(fen)項(xiang)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)、階段驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)和竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)進(jin)行(xing)； 是(shi)否(fou)(fou)按預驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)和正式驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)的(de)程(cheng)序辦(ban)理； 驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)的(de)竣(jun)工(gong)報告、圖(tu)紙、文件(jian)等是(shi)否(fou)(fou)齊全； 驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)過程(cheng)中， 建設單位(wei)、設計、施工(gong)、監理、地方(fang)質量檢查(cha)部(bu)門、行(xing)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)門以(yi)及檔案管(guan)(guan)理等專業(ye)(ye)人員是(shi)否(fou)(fou)到場； 驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)中有(you)(you)關行(xing)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)門提出的(de)問題是(shi)否(fou)(fou)按規定(ding)及時解決(jue)； 相關設備是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有(you)(you)批(pi)準運行(xing)的(de)證明(ming)； 建設項(xiang)目(mu)竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收(shou)后，有(you)(you)關部(bu)門是(shi)否(fou)(fou)及時辦(ban)理了資(zi)產移交手(shou)續。

（ 2） 項目(mu)建成竣工后(hou)的(de)試(shi)運行(xing)。審查的(de)主要內容包括： 建設(she)項目(mu)是否具備使用或試(shi)生(sheng)產等條件；設(she)備、設(she)施是否存在安全(quan)隱患(huan)； 運行(xing)記錄是否齊全(quan)； 試(shi)運行(xing)時是否達(da)(da)到原設(she)計的(de)要求； 是否達(da)(da)到項目(mu)建設(she)時的(de)預期(qi)目(mu)標。

篇10

【關鍵字】房建施工管理(li)水平方法(fa)途徑

中(zhong)圖分類號：TU71 文(wen)獻標識碼：A 文(wen)章編號：

前言

為了能(neng)夠使土地(di)資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用達到(dao)最(zui)大化(hua)，在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，提高工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計合(he)(he)理性(xing)，加強工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量管理，合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用土地(di)資源越(yue)來越(yue)受(shou)到(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視(shi)。由(you)于(yu)當(dang)今城市居民(min)越(yue)來越(yue)重視(shi)生活質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢下，房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量不僅直接關系到(dao)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用壽命(ming)以及(ji)居民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生命(ming)財產安全(quan)，更涉及(ji)到(dao)社會和諧度以及(ji)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自身發展，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行業(ye)必須重視(shi)對房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量管理工(gong)作。

建筑施工(gong)管理(li)工(gong)作所(suo)涉及(ji)的具體管理(li)內容

1、建筑工程(cheng)施工過程(cheng)中對工程(cheng)進(jin)度所進(jin)行的管(guan)理

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度(du)(du)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作是(shi)確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目如期完工(gong)(gong)(gong)的重(zhong)要手段，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度(du)(du)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)有(you)著(zhu)非常明顯的影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期延誤是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)中經常發(fa)生(sheng)的問題。影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度(du)(du)的因(yin)(yin)素也是(shi)多種(zhong)(zhong)多樣的，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計的不合理、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)的不科學、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍(wu)的建(jian)設(she)(she)能力等等多個(ge)方面都會影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)。針對(dui)各種(zhong)(zhong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)因(yin)(yin)素，建(jian)設(she)(she)單位要對(dui)各種(zhong)(zhong)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)因(yin)(yin)素進行深入細致的分析，對(dui)復雜(za)繁重(zhong)的建(jian)設(she)(she)任(ren)務進行合理分配，確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目在規(gui)定的時間內保質(zhi)保量的完成。

2、建筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中的工(gong)程(cheng)質量管(guan)理(li)

質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問題是我國(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程事(shi)業生存(cun)發(fa)展的(de)根本，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)一旦出現問題，將嚴(yan)重影響到我國(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)事(shi)業的(de)發(fa)展，進而對整個(ge)國(guo)民經濟的(de)發(fa)展造(zao)成影響。質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)是施工企業進行(xing)競爭的(de)重要砝碼，面對激烈的(de)市場競爭環境施工企業要不斷地提高自身的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能力，確保工程建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)水平。

3、建(jian)筑工(gong)程施工(gong)中(zhong)的安全管理(li)工(gong)作

建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)目(mu)的(de)在于(yu)通過對施(shi)工(gong)環境(jing)進行有效控制，為施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)營造(zao)(zao)(zao)相對安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)。安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作的(de)有效與否(fou)直接對建(jian)設工(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)人(ren)(ren)身(shen)安(an)全(quan)(quan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成重要(yao)(yao)影(ying)響，工(gong)程(cheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)事故一旦發生還會對施(shi)工(gong)企業的(de)形象以及(ji)信譽(yu)度(du)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成負面影(ying)響。為此在工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設中一定要(yao)(yao)堅持“以人(ren)(ren)為本”的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設理(li)念，充(chong)分保障(zhang)施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)生命財產安(an)全(quan)(quan)。

三．影(ying)響建筑工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)管理的主要因素

1、圖紙設計因素

設計(ji)是所有工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實施的(de)(de)參照，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)設計(ji)階(jie)段(duan)，除(chu)了(le)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)創新性，更要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)的(de)(de)科學性、合(he)理性，但是在實際的(de)(de)設計(ji)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中常會出現(xian)一些(xie)不合(he)規范的(de)(de)地方，例如變形縫間(jian)距(ju)留設過(guo)大、設計(ji)配筋不合(he)理等，這(zhe)些(xie)問(wen)題在根本上對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量造成隱患(huan)，增加了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量管理的(de)(de)難(nan)度。

2、具體施工因素

在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程具體(ti)實施過程中(zhong)，施工(gong)(gong)人員常常為了(le)趕工(gong)(gong)期或者節省成本等原因，不按設計規范執行相關工(gong)(gong)作，雖(sui)然(ran)給施工(gong)(gong)帶來方(fang)便(bian)，但是(shi)對工(gong)(gong)程質量而言卻(que)是(shi)極大的威脅。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程后期，各工(gong)(gong)序間(jian)相互交(jiao)叉，互相影響，如果工(gong)(gong)程管理考慮不夠(gou)周(zhou)全，就會出現施工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)混(hun)亂等情況。

3、戶主因素

戶主在拿到住(zhu)房后，會根(gen)據自(zi)己的需要對(dui)房屋建(jian)筑(zhu)進行一(yi)番裝修或局部(bu)改(gai)建(jian)，在這個(ge)過程中(zhong)很可能破壞了建(jian)筑(zhu)工程原有的線路、管路設(she)施(shi)，造成墻體裂(lie)縫、管道(dao)滲漏和通氣孔堵塞等(deng)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。此(ci)外，新(xin)材料、新(xin)工藝不成熟(shu)，在應用(yong)中(zhong)可能引(yin)發(fa)新(xin)的質(zhi)量問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。

建筑施(shi)工管理中存在的問題

1、安全措施管理混亂(luan)

我國(guo)一些(xie)(xie)項目(mu)施(shi)(shi)工單位安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職務(wu)出(chu)現空缺，甚至不(bu)設(she)置(zhi)安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職務(wu)，有些(xie)(xie)項目(mu)施(shi)(shi)工單位雖然設(she)置(zhi)安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職務(wu)，但安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員不(bu)能擔負起其安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)責任(ren)。此外，組織者很(hen)少對施(shi)(shi)工人(ren)員進行安(an)(an)全(quan)教(jiao)育，施(shi)(shi)工人(ren)員對項目(mu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)了解不(bu)全(quan)面，都可(ke)能在項目(mu)施(shi)(shi)工過程(cheng)中(zhong)發(fa)生工程(cheng)事故。

2、管理機(ji)制不(bu)健(jian)全

在(zai)我國(guo)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)健全是(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中存在(zai)的主要問(wen)題之(zhi)一。一些(xie)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位為了(le)節省建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本，不(bu)(bu)設置(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)，這(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)符合國(guo)家和(he)上級部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)的相(xiang)關規定，還影響(xiang)了(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的質量。一些(xie)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位雖然設置(zhi)了(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)，但是(shi)并沒(mei)有重視這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)，沒(mei)有不(bu)(bu)賦給這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)應(ying)有的權利，造成這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的虛(xu)設。

3、管理質量不(bu)過關

建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術管(guan)理是保證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)重要手段，在(zai)我國一(yi)些(xie)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術管(guan)理質(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)過(guo)關。一(yi)方面(mian)表現在(zai)材料(liao)質(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)過(guo)關，一(yi)些(xie)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)沒有嚴格的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術管(guan)理，為了節省項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)成本，選取低價工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)，導(dao)致豆腐渣工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)出現。另一(yi)方面(mian)表現在(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)規范(fan)，由于(yu)缺乏建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術管(guan)理，一(yi)些(xie)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)不(bu)能(neng)遵照國家標準的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)或(huo)者(zhe)地(di)方標準的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，導(dao)致工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)質(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)過(guo)關和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)不(bu)能(neng)按時完(wan)成現象的(de)發生。

提(ti)高建筑施工管理水平的建議(yi)

1、加強(qiang)質量監督管理體系

加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系，可以解(jie)決一(yi)些(xie)(xie)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)單位只考慮工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進度而(er)忽(hu)略工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)行(xing)為(wei)。加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，這需要(yao)建(jian)立科學的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系以實(shi)現各部(bu)門與(yu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量之間的(de)關系，責(ze)任(ren)到位，責(ze)任(ren)到人。加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系，另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)成本管(guan)(guan)理(li)和監(jian)督(du)(du)，例如(ru)對一(yi)些(xie)(xie)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)的(de)采購指定好計劃，在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)采購結束后注重審查，不給那些(xie)(xie)劣(lie)質(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)進入建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)地的(de)機會。

2、重視施工工程監(jian)理工作

執行工(gong)程(cheng)監理的工(gong)程(cheng)師一般經(jing)驗和閱歷(li)都比較(jiao)豐(feng)富，在設計及施工(gong)監理過程(cheng)中能提出許多積極的降低工(gong)程(cheng)造價的建議，尤(you)其在施工(gong)階段關系到是否要設計變更和工(gong)程(cheng)變更的決定時，他(ta)們往往能根據自身(shen)的技(ji)術(shu)(shu)優勢做(zuo)出合理正確的選(xuan)擇，這一點許多建設方代(dai)表因其經(jing)驗、閱歷(li)及技(ji)術(shu)(shu)受(shou)各方面的條件制(zhi)約(yue)而無法做(zuo)到。

3、做(zuo)好項目(mu)調節(jie)，提高施工效(xiao)率

在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)，各工(gong)(gong)序間難(nan)免交(jiao)叉(cha)，從而相互(hu)制約、相互(hu)影響，如果不加(jia)以(yi)(yi)協(xie)調，可能會出現(xian)現(xian)場(chang)混亂(luan)甚(shen)至(zhi)發生沖突(tu)。組織專門人員做好項目調節，不僅可以(yi)(yi)避免出現(xian)混亂(luan)，而且可以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)施效率(lv)。各項目人員加(jia)強(qiang)交(jiao)流，不僅能夠提(ti)高自身各方面素(su)質，掌握更全(quan)面的知識，還能增(zeng)進彼(bi)此間的感情，增(zeng)強(qiang)隊伍間的融洽氛圍(wei)，提(ti)升施工(gong)(gong)速度(du)。

4、做(zuo)好施工預案(an)，控制工程變更

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)預案是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)的(de)(de)指(zhi)導(dao)，必(bi)須要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)綜合考(kao)慮各(ge)方面(mian)的(de)(de)因素，根據(ju)不同(tong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有針對性(xing)的(de)(de)提出項目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案。對關鍵(jian)部位的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)詳(xiang)加考(kao)察，務必(bi)做到心中有數。不同(tong)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)持續時(shi)間(jian)以(yi)及不同(tong)工(gong)(gong)種間(jian)互相插(cha)入的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)，抓住(zhu)關鍵(jian)問題，使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)刻處(chu)于受控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)范圍(wei)之(zhi)內。對于必(bi)須要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變更的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，設計圖(tu)紙要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及時(shi)更新，以(yi)免對后面(mian)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)造成影響(xiang)。

六．結束語

建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)好(hao)壞(huai)不(bu)(bu)但會直接的(de)影響最終竣工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量的(de)好(hao)壞(huai)，也還會影響到建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)周期的(de)長短(duan)和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際(ji)(ji)使用價值的(de)高(gao)低。不(bu)(bu)過，通過不(bu)(bu)斷的(de)提高(gao)對建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理重要性的(de)認(ren)識，進而再實際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)加強管(guan)(guan)理力度，及(ji)時發現施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)問題(ti)，然后(hou)調整工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)相(xiang)應的(de)措施(shi)(shi)，把建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建立成規范化的(de)管(guan)(guan)理模(mo)式，不(bu)(bu)斷提高(gao)建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)質量和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)社會及(ji)經濟(ji)效益(yi)。

參考文獻：

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