工程項目施工計劃范文
時間:2023-04-09 07:07:58
導語:如何才能寫好一篇(pian)工程項目施工計劃(hua),這就需要搜集整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)更多的資料和文(wen)獻,歡迎閱讀(du)由公(gong)務員之家整(zheng)(zheng)理(li)的十(shi)篇(pian)范文(wen),供(gong)你借(jie)鑒。
篇1
關鍵(jian)詞:施工(gong)進度計劃(hua);施工(gong)工(gong)藝;里程(cheng)碑;任務(wu)分解結構
中圖分(fen)類(lei)號(hao):TL372文獻標識碼(ma): A
1施工進度計劃綜述
科(ke)學(xue)管(guan)理一個(ge)大型建設項目,必須有良好的(de)施工組(zu)織,必須編制一個(ge)邏輯嚴謹(jin)、科(ke)學(xue)可靠、便于(yu)操作的(de)施工計(ji)劃。
1.1施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度計劃,是(shi)規(gui)定(ding)主要施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)和(he)主體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)投產發揮效(xiao)益等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程序和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)強度的(de)(de)技術文(wen)件(jian),是(shi)以擬建工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程為(wei)對象,規(gui)定(ding)各項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順序和(he)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間的(de)(de)技術文(wen)件(jian)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度計劃是(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計的(de)(de)中心內容(rong)。
1.2施工進(jin)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃的種類(lei)和(he)施工組織設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相適應,分為總(zong)體進(jin)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃和(he)單位工程進(jin)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃。大型工程可(ke)采用(yong)多(duo)級(ji)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃系(xi)統進(jin)行控制,在核電站(zhan)建(jian)設中采用(yong)的是(shi)5級(ji)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃控制系(xi)統。
1.3施工進度計劃的(de)編制原則是:從實際出發,注意施工的(de)連續性和均衡(heng)性;按合同規定(ding)的(de)工期(qi)要求(qiu),做到好中求(qiu)快,提高竣工率(lv);講求(qiu)綜(zong)合經濟效果。
1.4施(shi)工進度計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的編制(zhi)表(biao)示方法:主(zhu)要有橫(heng)道(dao)圖(tu)法(又稱甘特圖(tu)法),及網絡圖(tu)法。在大型工程建設(she)中常采用(yong)的是專(zhuan)用(yong)軟件P6進行(xing)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)控制(zhi),并結(jie)合Excel和PPT軟件可制(zhi)作出包含橫(heng)道(dao)圖(tu)、網絡圖(tu)以及表(biao)格等多種表(biao)現(xian)形式。
1.5施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度計劃的主要工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)是:結(jie)合(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)實(shi)際(ji),結(jie)合(he)項(xiang)目特(te)性,根據相近(jin)或類似工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)經驗,合(he)理(li)安排各個工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)及做(zuo)好各工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)之(zhi)間的銜接。
2施工計劃的組成
項(xiang)目施工計(ji)劃主要(yao)(yao)部(bu)分――詳細計(ji)劃編(bian)制(zhi)完成(cheng)之后,需要(yao)(yao)經(jing)過一定的審(shen)核過程(cheng)(cheng)及書面格式才可。通常,一個(ge)完整的施工計(ji)劃,主要(yao)(yao)由項(xiang)目概況、編(bian)制(zhi)依(yi)據、編(bian)制(zhi)原則、工程(cheng)(cheng)日歷、工程(cheng)(cheng)范圍、主要(yao)(yao)里程(cheng)(cheng)碑(關鍵(jian)控(kong)制(zhi)節點(dian))、詳細計(ji)劃、簽字頁幾個(ge)部(bu)分組成(cheng)。
3施工進度計劃的編制
在(zai)掌握了(le)(le)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)技術(shu)文件后,理清了(le)(le)各個專(zhuan)業(ye)之間的(de)工(gong)藝銜接和組(zu)織邏輯,即可(ke)開始編制施工(gong)計劃。
常規的施(shi)工(gong)組織為(wei):首先是(shi)前(qian)期準備(bei)工(gong)作,其(qi)次是(shi)土建(jian)結構施(shi)工(gong),之(zhi)后為(wei)各(ge)個(ge)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)專業(ye)施(shi)工(gong),依次為(wei)設(she)備(bei)就位、管道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)、通(tong)風施(shi)工(gong)、電氣施(shi)工(gong)等(deng),裝(zhuang)(zhuang)修施(shi)工(gong)可(ke)與(yu)各(ge)個(ge)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)專業(ye)施(shi)工(gong)之(zhi)間穿行;在各(ge)個(ge)專業(ye)主(zhu)體工(gong)作施(shi)工(gong)完(wan)成(cheng)后,即可(ke)進(jin)行各(ge)項檢驗試(shi)驗、單體試(shi)運等(deng)作業(ye);最后進(jin)行完(wan)工(gong)前(qian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)修施(shi)工(gong),進(jin)行竣(jun)工(gong)移交等(deng)工(gong)作。
3.1明(ming)確(que)施工(gong)范圍、計劃目標
明確施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)范圍(wei),確定(ding)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃所(suo)(suo)包(bao)含(han)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)范圍(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)內容。相(xiang)應資料,常可以(yi)從(cong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)技術部分中(zhong)獲得。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃目標(biao),主(zhu)要(yao)是指(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期目標(biao)。通常可根據(ju)合(he)同(tong)約(yue)定(ding)所(suo)(suo)確定(ding),合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)會有明確的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期要(yao)求,可以(yi)用(yong)來(lai)作為(wei)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃的目標(biao)。
3.2確定并完善里程碑
里程碑(bei)的制(zhi)定(ding),首先需(xu)要收集(ji)大量工程資料,通過(guo)篩選出類似項目或相近項目的工程施工經驗,并綜合具(ju)有豐(feng)富(fu)經驗的專(zhuan)家意見,才(cai)可制(zhi)定(ding)出里程碑(bei)時(shi)間點。
3.3建(jian)立(li)任務分(fen)解結構(gou)(WBS)
WBS:制定任務(wu)分(fen)(fen)解結構(gou)應從各個(ge)項(xiang)目里(li)程碑開(kai)始(shi)。項(xiang)目里(li)程碑任務(wu)可以(yi)分(fen)(fen)解成幾(ji)個(ge)大的部分(fen)(fen),這些(xie)部分(fen)(fen)稱為工(gong)作包(bao),而每個(ge)工(gong)作包(bao)又(you)包(bao)括了若干更小的項(xiang)目任務(wu)。
3.4確(que)定所需資源
施工(gong)(gong)計劃(hua)中(zhong),必須含(han)有人力動員及機械設備動員的內容,而資(zi)金資(zi)源的內容通常(chang)由(you)財務(wu)部門編制、不包含(han)在施工(gong)(gong)計劃(hua)內容中(zhong)。明確(que)資(zi)源,才可(ke)得知(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)可(ke)用(yong)到的人力、設備資(zi)源,更加有效地進行(xing)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)計劃(hua)編制。
3.5時間估(gu)算、工期估(gu)算
工(gong)期(qi)估算(suan)中,計劃中所涉(she)及的(de)專業(ye)主(zhu)管(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員或專家均(jun)應(ying)(ying)參(can)(can)加(jia),施工(gong)一線的(de)技術人(ren)(ren)(ren)員也(ye)應(ying)(ying)參(can)(can)加(jia),這(zhe)些(xie)專業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員具有(you)的(de)相關知識和(he)經(jing)驗能有(you)效地(di)降低工(gong)期(qi)估算(suan)失(shi)誤(wu)的(de)風(feng)險(xian),保證工(gong)期(qi)估算(suan)的(de)可執行性。
3.6明確(que)各種(zhong)工藝邏輯關系
工(gong)藝(yi)邏輯,主要是指(zhi)相(xiang)同專業(ye)內的各(ge)種(zhong)施工(gong)工(gong)序(xu),依據工(gong)藝(yi)流程所確定的施工(gong)順(shun)序(xu),這種(zhong)順(shun)序(xu)一般不會進(jin)行改變。
3.7明確各(ge)種組織邏輯(ji)關系
施(shi)工(gong)邏輯關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)主要(yao)分(fen)為三種:完成(cheng)(cheng)――開(kai)始(shi)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(FS),只有第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)完成(cheng)(cheng)后,第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)才能開(kai)始(shi),這種關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)較為普遍;開(kai)始(shi)――開(kai)始(shi)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(SS),第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)與(yu)第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)同時開(kai)始(shi),這種關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)不多見;完成(cheng)(cheng)――完成(cheng)(cheng)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(FF),第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)與(yu)第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)同時完成(cheng)(cheng),這種關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)也很普遍。
3.8風(feng)險評估(gu)與管理
在施工(gong)計劃中(zhong),計劃不足和估算失誤(wu)會(hui)給項目(mu)帶來(lai)風險(xian)(xian),以及工(gong)程施工(gong)過程中(zhong),意外情況也(ye)時(shi)有發生,也(ye)會(hui)帶來(lai)風險(xian)(xian)。具體到施工(gong)計劃編制中(zhong),必(bi)須(xu)為風險(xian)(xian)的處(chu)理預留(liu)時(shi)間。
3.9完善(shan)并(bing)優化計劃
3.10.1完善并優(you)化(hua)計(ji)劃(hua),首先從優(you)化(hua)資(zi)源(yuan)的使用開始,對資(zi)源(yuan)使用量(liang)大、使用集中地工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)進行優(you)化(hua);當某個資(zi)源(yuan)被(bei)安(an)排同時實施兩(liang)個以上的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時,這些工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)計(ji)劃(hua)必須(xu)進行優(you)化(hua)。
3.10.2從(cong)關(guan)鍵(jian)路(lu)徑開始(shi)。引(yin)起(qi)關(guan)鍵(jian)路(lu)徑上出現缺口的(de)主(zhu)要原因有:工(gong)作任務(wu)之間的(de)邏輯關(guan)系(如:完(wan)成(cheng)――開始(shi)關(guan)系中的(de)時(shi)間滯(zhi)后、延遲(chi));無法得到資源來(lai)實施排在缺口之后的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)工(gong)作任務(wu)。
3.10.3如(ru)果計劃工期與(yu)計劃目標相比仍然(ran)太長(chang),就需要(yao)壓縮關鍵路(lu)徑上的任務工期。可以在關鍵任務上增加資源,然(ran)后進行比較。
3.10.4考(kao)慮(lv)各工(gong)(gong)作任(ren)務(wu)之間(jian)的邏輯關系,主要考(kao)慮(lv)組織邏輯。關鍵(jian)就(jiu)是看兩個(ge)工(gong)(gong)作任(ren)務(wu)之間(jian)在時間(jian)上是否有必(bi)然聯系,能(neng)否同時平行實施。
4施工進(jin)度(du)計劃的執行(xing)與(yu)控(kong)制
施(shi)工進(jin)度計劃(hua)的(de)編制與執行,主要依據”PDCA”原(yuan)則。所謂PDCA,即是計劃(hua)(Plan)、實施(shi)(Do)、檢(jian)查(Check)、調(diao)整(Adjustment)的(de)首字母組合。施(shi)工進(jin)度計劃(hua),須根據不同部門的(de)要求做出側重點(dian)不同的(de)展示。在(zai)核電建設項目中,采用多級計劃(hua)的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)方法進(jin)施(shi)工計劃(hua)管(guan)理(li)(li)。
4.13級目(mu)標計劃及跟蹤
大型工程項目中,3級目標計劃(hua)是作為合同(tong)計劃(hua)來執行的,合同(tong)簽訂后(hou)3級計劃(hua)將不再變更(geng)。3級計劃(hua)的跟蹤(zong)更(geng)新(xin),可使得管理層(ceng)高層(ceng)人員更(geng)好(hao)的了解施(shi)工進展,掌(zhang)握施(shi)工現(xian)狀與目標計劃(hua)之間的差異。
4.24級目標計劃及跟(gen)蹤(zong)
4級(ji)目(mu)標計劃,是依據(ju)3級(ji)目(mu)標計劃進(jin)行細(xi)化、編制(zhi)的。4級(ji)計劃是指導現場施(shi)工(gong)的計劃,應由施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位編制(zhi),管(guan)理單(dan)(dan)位負責把關、審核。4級(ji)計劃的跟(gen)蹤,以月度跟(gen)蹤為宜,可根據(ju)使用需要選用相應的視(shi)圖。
4.3六月前(qian)瞻滾動(dong)4級計劃(hua)
此計(ji)(ji)劃是(shi)4級計(ji)(ji)劃跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)的一種展(zhan)示(shi)形式,主要是(shi)展(zhan)示(shi)上月(yue)完成(cheng)狀況、本(ben)月(yue)及下月(yue)執行(xing)計(ji)(ji)劃以(yi)及前瞻2、3、4月(yue)預估計(ji)(ji)劃。此計(ji)(ji)劃可以(yi)提(ti)前預估5月(yue)之(zhi)內的跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)內容,主要針對設計(ji)(ji)風險及采購(gou)風險進行(xing)預警。
4.4六周前(qian)瞻滾(gun)動4級計劃
此(ci)計(ji)劃(hua)也是(shi)4級(ji)計(ji)劃(hua)跟(gen)蹤的一種展示形(xing)式,主(zhu)要是(shi)展示上周完成狀(zhuang)況(kuang)、本周及(ji)前瞻4月執行計(ji)劃(hua)。此(ci)計(ji)劃(hua),主(zhu)要是(shi)便于施工(gong)管理(li)部門及(ji)施工(gong)現場準備(bei)工(gong)作。
4.5設計、采購狀態跟蹤
設計、采購(gou)狀態(tai)的計劃跟蹤形式,主(zhu)要采用的是六月前(qian)(qian)瞻(zhan)滾動4級(ji)計劃。設計、采購(gou)狀態(tai)在(zai)(zai)計劃中屬于施(shi)工前(qian)(qian)期工作,設計風(feng)險和采購(gou)風(feng)險是影(ying)響(xiang)工程進展的主(zhu)要風(feng)險,在(zai)(zai)大(da)型(xing)工程施(shi)工風(feng)險中占據60%以上,是風(feng)險預警的主(zhu)要部(bu)分。
4.62周前瞻(zhan)滾動5級計劃
此計劃可用來直接指導現場施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)作,計劃采用格式比較(jiao)靈活,可采用列表(biao)或文本描述等格式,便(bian)于(yu)指導施(shi)工(gong)現場工(gong)作。
4.7風險
大型工程項目施工中,總會存在風險。識別風險、風險評估、規避風險,是項目管理過程中一項必要的工作。大型工程項目中,常見的風險有設計因素、采購因素、前期施工延誤、質量因素等,施工計劃可(ke)有效地預警(jing)設計因(yin)素和采購因(yin)素。
5總結
大(da)型工程項目(mu)施工計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua),通過多級計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)管控的(de)方(fang)法,可(ke)有(you)效地(di)從宏觀規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)面(mian)至(zhi)現場操(cao)作層(ceng)面(mian)通過計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)進行施工管理(li);在計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)執行過程中,采用(yong)滾(gun)動計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)跟蹤的(de)方(fang)法,對(dui)工程進展統(tong)籌(chou)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)及項目(mu)管理(li)提供可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)依據。
大(da)型工程項目施工管理是(shi)一(yi)(yi)項很復雜的工作,作為進度(du)控制人員(yuan)只能從施工計(ji)劃管理方(fang)面(mian)做一(yi)(yi)些簡單的介(jie)紹(shao)和說明(ming),這也是(shi)本文的初(chu)衷,歡迎大(da)家(jia)探討。
參考文獻:
[1]建筑施(shi)工手冊(ce).
[2]RichardJones,England.PROJECTManagementSurvival,2008:22-112.
篇2
施(shi)工(gong)總承包的計(ji)劃管(guan)(guan)理(li)被動,傾(qing)向于計(ji)劃技術方面(mian),不注重(zhong)對計(ji)劃管(guan)(guan)理(li)方法過程(cheng)的關注,其實(shi)計(ji)劃本身的計(ji)劃更加(jia)重(zhong)要,管(guan)(guan)理(li)者應(ying)該從項目前期開始(shi)建立具體的各方協作(zuo)平臺方案(an),使工(gong)程(cheng)的參與(yu)者都能在統(tong)一的平臺下,各司其職,讓計(ji)劃工(gong)程(cheng)師掌握高效(xiao)和管(guan)(guan)理(li)信息的方法。
關鍵詞:
施工總承包;項目計劃(hua);管理問題(ti)
近年(nian)來(lai),我國的房(fang)地(di)產市場(chang)呈(cheng)現粗獷(guang)式(shi)的發展,隨著(zhu)發展速度(du)減緩,對工程(cheng)管(guan)理提出(chu)了(le)更高的要求。在(zai)施工總承包項目中(zhong)也增設了(le)計劃工程(cheng)師的崗位(wei),項目上(shang)單(dan)獨成立(li)計劃部來(lai)加(jia)強對工期的把控(kong),但(dan)是效果卻不盡(jin)如人意,凸顯(xian)出(chu)來(lai)的問題。本文(wen)對此問題做總結調查并提出(chu)后續建議。
1施(shi)工總承包項目計(ji)劃(hua)管理階段
有研究者將計(ji)劃(hua)分為四(si)個(ge)階段,可行性計(ji)劃(hua)、預(yu)投(tou)標(biao)計(ji)劃(hua)、建造(zao)前(qian)期計(ji)劃(hua)、施(shi)工(gong)計(ji)劃(hua)。施(shi)工(gong)計(ji)劃(hua)是指(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)開(kai)始兩個(ge)月之(zhi)后(hou)至項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)完(wan)工(gong)的過程施(shi)總承包(bao)的計(ji)劃(hua)往(wang)往(wang)處于(yu)施(shi)工(gong)計(ji)劃(hua)階段,在(zai)主體結構開(kai)始施(shi)工(gong)階段才具備(bei)一份總控進(jin)度(du)計(ji)劃(hua)表。計(ji)劃(hua)編制人員涉入(ru)時間晚,權(quan)限(xian)不足,業(ye)主信息途徑往(wang)往(wang)對總包(bao)單位不透明(ming),信息不知道(dao)。
2計劃工程(cheng)師的角色(se)定(ding)位
計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)一個(ge)系統的(de)(de)(de)決策過程(cheng),部分人認為(wei)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)師對(dui)(dui)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)負(fu)(fu)全(quan)責(ze),但(dan)是(shi)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)認為(wei)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)師負(fu)(fu)責(ze)編制計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua),對(dui)(dui)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)實施不負(fu)(fu)責(ze)任,項(xiang)目(mu)經理可以對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)進行統籌決策,項(xiang)目(mu)經理對(dui)(dui)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)負(fu)(fu)全(quan)責(ze),在總承包管理中,計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位往往是(shi)作為(wei)項(xiang)目(mu)經理的(de)(de)(de)眼睛,對(dui)(dui)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)編制的(de)(de)(de)可行性和(he)(he)及時性負(fu)(fu)責(ze),對(dui)(dui)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)起監(jian)督(du)的(de)(de)(de)作用,但(dan)是(shi)如何監(jian)督(du),如何評監(jian)督(du)的(de)(de)(de)效果,卻(que)沒有明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)和(he)(he)要求。
3施工總(zong)承包(bao)項(xiang)目計劃(hua)管理過程問題
在(zai)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)跟(gen)進計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)過程中(zhong),擅用(yong)(yong)猜測(ce)和(he)(he)(he)估計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)是(shi)最普遍(bian)的(de)(de),計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師(shi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)沒有(you)(you)那(nei)么多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)精力(li)去收集(ji)和(he)(he)(he)分(fen)析(xi)數據和(he)(he)(he)資料,原因如下(xia):(1)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)資源受(shou)限,有(you)(you)一(yi)些在(zai)沒有(you)(you)圖紙、合約、方(fang)案沒有(you)(you)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)要(yao)(yao)求對(dui)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)進行編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi),只能(neng)憑(ping)借(jie)猜測(ce)和(he)(he)(he)經驗(yan)。甚至通(tong)過電話(hua)交流就完成(cheng)總控(kong)進度計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)。(2)在(zai)實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong),很多(duo)(duo)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)獲取(qu)(qu)都有(you)(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)權限,而(er)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師(shi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)權限不(bu)(bu)夠(gou),收集(ji)這(zhe)些信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)難度很大(da)(da)。(3)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)緊張(zhang),領導者往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)受(shou)限于(yu)(yu)(yu)其他(ta)因素,臨時(shi)(shi)決策編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)也要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),但是(shi)卻被要(yao)(yao)求幾(ji)天的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)完成(cheng),勢必(bi)會拍(pai)腦袋、憑(ping)借(jie)經驗(yan)和(he)(he)(he)猜測(ce)。(4)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)項目往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)有(you)(you)上百個(ge)(ge)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)需要(yao)(yao)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi),而(er)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)有(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)少任務作(zuo)(zuo)業,邏(luo)輯關系(xi),就需要(yao)(yao)幾(ji)十(shi)條甚至更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi),整理與(yu)(yu)收集(ji)那(nei)些分(fen)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)同部門,不(bu)(bu)同專業、不(bu)(bu)同參與(yu)(yu)者的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)獲取(qu)(qu)難度有(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)大(da)(da)可想而(er)知;(5)實際編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制(zhi)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師(shi)僅有(you)(you)1-2名,一(yi)般從(cong)學習計(ji)(ji)算機的(de)(de)人員,沒有(you)(you)培訓,沒有(you)(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)經驗(yan),這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)候再(zai)缺(que)乏正(zheng)確的(de)(de)引導,勢必(bi)在(zai)涉及方(fang)方(fang)面面各(ge)個(ge)(ge)專業的(de)(de)海(hai)量(liang)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)中(zhong)迷失。(6)領導者對(dui)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師(shi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)方(fang)法(fa)不(bu)(bu)當,往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)安排較多(duo)(duo)灰色(se)地帶的(de)(de)事情(qing),例如書寫會議(yi)紀(ji)要(yao)(yao)、宣傳(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)、整理資料,占用(yong)(yong)了大(da)(da)量(liang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)精力(li),必(bi)然會顧(gu)此薄彼,做(zuo)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)沒做(zuo)好。歸于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)點(dian),信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)管理對(dui)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)尤(you)其重要(yao)(yao),而(er)我(wo)們在(zai)建(jian)筑過程中(zhong)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)存(cun)在(zai)嚴重的(de)(de)“信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)孤島”[1],其結果必(bi)然導致(zhi)我(wo)們花費(fei)大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)精力(li)去搜(sou)尋(xun)、分(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)利用(yong)(yong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi),各(ge)參與(yu)(yu)方(fang)自身建(jian)設的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)管理系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong),由于(yu)(yu)(yu)缺(que)乏統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)標準,數據異構性(xing)強,資源共(gong)享(xiang)率低(di),因此,信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)管理落(luo)后(hou)是(shi)整個(ge)(ge)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)管理體(ti)系(xi)落(luo)后(hou)的(de)(de)最直(zhi)接(jie)體(ti)現(xian),特(te)別是(shi)在(zai)復雜工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)。
4計劃編制流程
計(ji)劃(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)涉(she)及參與方方方面面,專業知識方方面面,確沒有(you)切實可(ke)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)方案(an)來改變計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)不合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態,計(ji)劃(hua)管理過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)落實需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)從上(shang)到(dao)下逐層(ceng)推動,要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度流程(cheng)(cheng),最開始決策者要(yao)(yao)(yao)創建一個(ge)項目(mu)參與各方共同(tong)協同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)臺,分清(qing)職責(ze)權限,逐級落實,單憑項目(mu)上(shang)計(ji)劃(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)努(nu)力是遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不夠的(de)(de)(de)[2]。好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)劃(hua)必(bi)須有(you)團(tuan)隊協同(tong)來做,而不是某位計(ji)劃(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)個(ge)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),包括(kuo)計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)編制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)劃(hua)不在于編制(zhi)一份可(ke)行(xing)及時的(de)(de)(de)任務邏輯時間表(biao),不是計(ji)劃(hua)監(jian)督過程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)定期關鍵線路分析,而是提出(chu)協同(tong)辦法,使工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)參與者都(dou)能在統(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)臺下,參與到(dao)計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)編制(zhi)和執行(xing)過程(cheng)(cheng)中。
5管理者對計劃(hua)技術重點關注
5.1計(ji)劃關(guan)鍵節點的插入
在(zai)商業(ye)(ye)復雜計(ji)劃(hua)過程(cheng)中(zhong),管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)更加關于與(yu)計(ji)劃(hua)節點的(de)插入和資源(yuan)需求(qiu)(qiu)情況(kuang)。對于計(ji)劃(hua)節點插入,特別是(shi)在(zai)商業(ye)(ye)建筑中(zhong),涉(she)及專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)較(jiao)多,如(ru)(ru)何(he)協調(diao)好(hao)各(ge)(ge)個專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)銜(xian)接時(shi)間就成(cheng)了管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)重點關注對象(xiang)。計(ji)劃(hua)涉(she)及圖紙、材料、合約(yue)、現(xian)(xian)場(chang)施工(gong)等方方面面,如(ru)(ru)何(he)協調(diao)好(hao)尤其重要,而項目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)往(wang)往(wang)要求(qiu)(qiu)抓住關鍵(jian)線路(lu),筆者(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)這是(shi)不合理(li)(li)的(de)。關鍵(jian)線路(lu)作為(wei)簡單(dan)項目可能不會有(you)大的(de)問題(ti),但(dan)是(shi)涉(she)及像商業(ye)(ye)綜合體(ti)這種復雜項目,已經(jing)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)單(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)關鍵(jian)線路(lu),各(ge)(ge)個環節都有(you)可能出現(xian)(xian)問題(ti),因此,關鍵(jian)線路(lu)可能并不是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao),隨(sui)著項目進(jin)展(zhan)[3],關鍵(jian)線路(lu)也隨(sui)時(shi)可能發生變化。而且當前(qian)進(jin)度的(de)滯后(hou)情況(kuang)并不能夠敏(min)感的(de)在(zai)之前(qian)設定(ding)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)關鍵(jian)線路(lu)上體(ti)現(xian)(xian)出來。如(ru)(ru)何(he)將各(ge)(ge)個專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)統籌協同,全(quan)(quan)面監控(kong)仍舊沒(mei)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)成(cheng)熟的(de)方案,僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)憑(ping)借項目計(ji)劃(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)師的(de)經(jing)驗定(ding)期(qi)作一(yi)(yi)(yi)些進(jin)度分析報告,反饋(kui)給領(ling)導者(zhe)(zhe),因為(wei)涉(she)及專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)如(ru)(ru)此之多,全(quan)(quan)面的(de)進(jin)度分析報告報領(ling)導者(zhe)(zhe)需要3~5天,此時(shi)時(shi)效性已過。
5.2勞(lao)動力、材料設(she)備資源需求
對于(yu)資(zi)源需(xu)(xu)求供應(ying),建筑(zhu)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)總承包(bao)計劃部并(bing)沒有(you)做到有(you)效(xiao)把(ba)控,尤其是(shi)在商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中,涉及專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)多,材(cai)(cai)料多,在這(zhe)些紛繁的(de)材(cai)(cai)料計劃中并(bing)沒有(you)深(shen)入的(de)把(ba)控,一(yi)般是(shi)由項目(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師安排,非(fei)常(chang)局(ju)限被動(dong)。對材(cai)(cai)料采用集(ji)團集(ji)中采購的(de)的(de)供應(ying)鏈(lian)模式,成(cheng)立專(zhuan)門的(de)材(cai)(cai)料設備公(gong)司,以縮短供貨時(shi)間,精簡(jian)流(liu)程,節約(yue)成(cheng)本。集(ji)團統一(yi)管(guan)理(li),形成(cheng)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)。例如恒(heng)大地產材(cai)(cai)料設備公(gong)司運作高(gao)(gao)效(xiao),得到了材(cai)(cai)料設備商(shang)的(de)廣泛認可(ke)。借助軟(ruan)件(jian)平臺,實現(xian)信息的(de)快(kuai)速傳(chuan)遞(di),這(zhe)對后續計劃管(guan)理(li)也將是(shi)一(yi)個好的(de)起(qi)點。對于(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)力的(de)需(xu)(xu)求,從多個商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體的(de)經驗(yan)來看(kan),作為(wei)總包(bao),一(yi)般不會有(you)自己的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍,而是(shi)作為(wei)管(guan)理(li)者。從社會發展角度看(kan),建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)水(shui)平不斷提高(gao)(gao),專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技術工(gong)(gong)(gong)人技能(neng)正在統一(yi)化(hua),工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)穩(wen)定,這(zhe)對計劃管(guan)理(li)也是(shi)一(yi)個好的(de)因(yin)素。企業(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)以從所經歷的(de)項目(mu)中總結經驗(yan),形成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)數據庫。
6結束語
整體來說(shuo),當前(qian)(qian)總承包的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)管理被動,傾向(xiang)于計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)技術方(fang)(fang)面,不(bu)注重對計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)管理方(fang)(fang)法(fa)過程的(de)(de)(de)改進(jin),然而計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)本身的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)更加重要。計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)工(gong)(gong)程師(shi)花了大量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)時間在學(xue)習和盡(jin)可能(neng)應用他們(men)學(xue)到的(de)(de)(de)知識,但是他們(men)非常渴(ke)望應用新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)來改進(jin)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),掌握高(gao)效和管理信息的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。管理者(zhe)應該(gai)從項目(mu)前(qian)(qian)期開始建立具體的(de)(de)(de)各方(fang)(fang)協作(zuo)(zuo)平臺方(fang)(fang)案,使工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)參(can)與者(zhe)都能(neng)在統一的(de)(de)(de)平臺下,各司其職(zhi),而不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是單靠項目(mu)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)工(gong)(gong)程師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)(liang)。
作者:秦偉
參考文獻:
[1]俞(yu)宗(zong)衛.進(jin)度控制理論和方法(fa)的探(tan)討[J].基建優化,2007,(3):21.
篇3
關鍵詞:市政工(gong)程;建(jian)設項目(mu);施工(gong)技術;方案
在社(she)會主(zhu)義經濟的(de)(de)大(da)背景(jing)下,任何企業的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)都要堅持以高新技(ji)(ji)術為導(dao)向,市政工(gong)程建(jian)設行業的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)也(ye)要遵循這一經濟規律。目前(qian),我國(guo)市政工(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術仍然相對比較落后,難以適應(ying)時展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)需求,必須適時作出調整與提高,進而實現促進市政施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)新目標。
1、施工技(ji)術(shu)方案(an)分(fen)類和內容(rong)
一般來說(shuo)。施工技術方案可大致(zhi)分(fen)為3類(lei)。
1.1施工組織設計
為了滿足投資(zi)者的要(yao)求,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備階段必(bi)須編(bian)制安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備和組織(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)活(huo)動(dong)的指導(dao)性技術經濟文件――施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設(she)計。它的主要(yao)作用是依據合同對建設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價的要(yao)求,統籌(chou)安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度與程(cheng)序,選(xuan)擇(ze)合理的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案,進(jin)行各(ge)項準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,使工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在最佳狀態(tai)下有秩序的進(jin)行,獲(huo)取(qu)最佳技術經濟效(xiao)果(guo)。
(1)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)內容(rong):選定(ding)(ding)(ding)合理的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)和(he)進(jin)度(du)計(ji)劃;選定(ding)(ding)(ding)有效的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)勞動組(zu)織方(fang)(fang)式,包括現場的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織機(ji)構;選定(ding)(ding)(ding)經濟技(ji)(ji)術(shu)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)機(ji)械和(he)工(gong)(gong)具;制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)總體技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案和(he)重大(da)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案;核定(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)力(li)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)機(ji)具、材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)需用(yong)量和(he)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)供應計(ji)劃;確定(ding)(ding)(ding)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)總平面布置(zhi);核定(ding)(ding)(ding)生產、輔助生產設(she)施(shi)(shi)及(ji)生活(huo)設(she)施(shi)(shi)等(deng);施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計(ji)中還應包括該項目(mu)要(yao)實行的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項管理程(cheng)序(xu)、質量控(kong)制(zhi)程(cheng)序(xu)、調度(du)協調等(deng),最好還附上這些程(cheng)序(xu)運行過程(cheng)中使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)表格。
(2)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計的(de)編(bian)制(zhi)原(yuan)則:保證(zheng)整(zheng)個建設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)按合(he)同規(gui)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期交付生(sheng)產使(shi)用(yong);合(he)理安排(pai)(pai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程序,按照生(sheng)產裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)投產次序,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量大小(xiao)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)難易程度(du)安排(pai)(pai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃;充分利(li)用(yong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業面與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)空間,采(cai)用(yong)平行流水、合(he)理交叉作(zuo)業,合(he)理地安排(pai)(pai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)次序,以爭取時間;注(zhu)意施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)季節的(de)變化(hua),安排(pai)(pai)好(hao)冬(dong)、雨(yu)季施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)與措施(shi)(shi)(shi);開展機械化(hua)、預制(zhi)化(hua)、裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配化(hua)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化(hua)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。
1.2單(dan)項施工技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)案
(1)單(dan)項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)內容:在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang),根據施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)計(ji)劃,要先(xian)后編制(zhi)各個(ge)單(dan)項工(gong)程的(de)(de)詳細施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an),包括施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)法、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)程序(xu)和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)組(zu)織措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);還包括有各個(ge)單(dan)項工(gong)程的(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)計(ji)劃、工(gong)藝、平面布(bu)置及人力、機(ji)具、物資動(dong)員等(deng)。單(dan)項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)要充(chong)分體(ti)(ti)現施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)指導思想,符合(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)總體(ti)(ti)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)水(shui)平、裝備水(shui)平和(he)管(guan)理水(shui)平,達到施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織設(she)計(ji)規定的(de)(de)綜合(he)效益。
(2)編制(zhi)(zhi)單(dan)項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)方案的(de)原則(ze):單(dan)項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)方案要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設計中(zhong)規定的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、質量(liang)的(de)要(yao)求。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)先進與(yu)經(jing)濟合理、有利可圖相(xiang)結合;按照生(sheng)產裝置(zhi)投(tou)用次(ci)序(xu)安(an)排施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)計劃;按照施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)對象的(de)質量(liang)要(yao)求,盡(jin)早培訓專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術(shu)力量(liang);施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機具的(de)選用要(yao)符合經(jing)濟先進的(de)原則(ze);物資儲備(bei)供應(ying)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)相(xiang)適應(ying);開(kai)展機械化(hua)、預制(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)、裝配化(hua)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化(hua)作業(ye)(ye),減(jian)少(shao)現場作業(ye)(ye)時(shi)間;確保(bao)(bao)安(an)全施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),盡(jin)量(liang)減(jian)少(shao)高空(kong)作業(ye)(ye);采用平(ping)行流水、主體交(jiao)叉施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)法和組織均衡施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye);考慮現場氣象條件,安(an)排好冬季、雨季施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)措施(shi)(shi)(shi),以增(zeng)加施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)時(shi)間;按照各(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)種工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)及驗(yan)收規范的(de)特定技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)求,制(zhi)(zhi)訂相(xiang)應(ying)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)和質量(liang)保(bao)(bao)證體系等(deng)。
1.3施工技(ji)術管(guan)理程序(xu)
現場(chang)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)管理程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)主要包括(kuo):總圖(tu)管理程(cheng)序(xu)(xu),圖(tu)樣(yang)、資料及標(biao)準(zhun)化管理程(cheng)序(xu)(xu),施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方案編制(zhi)和審批程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、開工(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、圖(tu)樣(yang)會審程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、中間交接程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、竣(jun)工(gong)驗收程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)等。這些程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)也應(ying)在施(shi)工(gong)準(zhun)備階段制(zhi)訂,并作為施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方案的一項重要內(nei)容。
2、施工(gong)技術方(fang)案在施工(gong)中(zhong)的地位(wei)和(he)作用
從(cong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類可(ke)見(jian),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)貫穿于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)準備、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)及竣工(gong)(gong)驗收整個過(guo)(guo)程。不僅在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)準備階段對(dui)整個項目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)提(ti)出(chu)科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃和預見(jian),而(er)且直接指導(dao)各項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),在整個施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程中起主導(dao)作用(yong)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優劣,對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)起著決定(ding)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。優化的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an),在技術(shu)上必(bi)定(ding)是(shi)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和可(ke)行的(de)(de)(de)(de),在組織管理上必(bi)定(ding)是(shi)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)和科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de),由(you)此決定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)水平(ping)一(yi)定(ding)是(shi)高的(de)(de)(de)(de),質量、速度(du)和成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)效(xiao)益(yi)也是(shi)好的(de)(de)(de)(de),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)是(shi)項目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中能否取得綜合(he)效(xiao)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎工(gong)(gong)作之一(yi)。
3、施(shi)工技術(shu)方(fang)案優化
3.1施(shi)工技術(shu)方案優化的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)
基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是(shi)國家擴大再生(sheng)產、發(fa)展國民(min)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)手段(duan)之一。要(yao)(yao)在(zai)控制基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)質(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)(shang),盡(jin)量縮短建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)周(zhou)期(qi),盡(jin)快發(fa)揮投資效(xiao)(xiao)益。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)項(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)階段(duan),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)間大約(yue)占項(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)周(zhou)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50%,,在(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)也占有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。因(yin)此,搞好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)對搞好基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)起著決定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)過程是(shi)一個不斷開發(fa)、采用新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)管(guan)理(li)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。必須改變過去施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)靠(kao)拍腦袋、憑經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊作(zuo)法(fa),建(jian)立(li)起科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)理(li)優(you)化(hua)系統,要(yao)(yao)使技(ji)術(shu)落后、效(xiao)(xiao)益低下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)部門成(cheng)為現(xian)代化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產企(qi)業。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)化(hua)必將提高施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)水(shui)(shui)平、管(guan)理(li)水(shui)(shui)平和(he)裝備水(shui)(shui)平,同(tong)時(shi)促(cu)進人員素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高,促(cu)進人才的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)培(pei)養。反過來,人員素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改善和(he)技(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理(li)人才的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涌現(xian)也會大大加速(su)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)化(hua),由此形成(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)平不斷提高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良性(xing)循環。其(qi)結果(guo)必將提高基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合效(xiao)(xiao)益,加速(su)國民(min)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,同(tong)時(shi)也為施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業本(ben)(ben)身提高經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益和(he)生(sheng)存發(fa)展創造了(le)有利條件。
3.2施工技術方(fang)案優化(hua)的程(cheng)序和方(fang)法
施工技(ji)術方(fang)案的優化(hua)應遵循一(yi)(yi)定的程(cheng)序,采用(yong)一(yi)(yi)定的方(fang)法,使優化(hua)更(geng)加科學(xue)化(hua)。一(yi)(yi)般的程(cheng)序和方(fang)法簡述如下:
(1)了(le)解(jie)和(he)(he)研(yan)究優(you)(you)化(hua)對象以優(you)(you)化(hua)施(shi)工(gong)組織設(she)(she)(she)計為例,必須詳細了(le)解(jie)和(he)(he)研(yan)究建設(she)(she)(she)項目的(de)(de)內容和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)合同,了(le)解(jie)現場(chang)各(ge)種條件(jian),查閱設(she)(she)(she)計文(wen)件(jian)及有(you)關(guan)施(shi)工(gong)驗(yan)收規范,還要了(le)解(jie)項目的(de)(de)工(gong)期,技術(shu)關(guan)鍵(jian)和(he)(he)技術(shu)難點等(deng)。從施(shi)工(gong)承包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)說,還必須了(le)解(jie)總承包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)及建設(she)(she)(she)單位(wei)的(de)(de)各(ge)方面情(qing)況,例如管理(li)能力和(he)(he)水平,能提供的(de)(de)機具和(he)(he)其(qi)他條件(jian),對施(shi)工(gong)承包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)采取的(de)(de)承包(bao)(bao)方式(shi)及管理(li)方式(shi)等(deng)。這些內容都是進行施(shi)工(gong)組織設(she)(she)(she)計優(you)(you)化(hua)的(de)(de)基礎條件(jian),必須深(shen)入(ru)準確(que)細致調(diao)查、研(yan)究,如果發生差(cha)錯,將直(zhi)接(jie)影響優(you)(you)化(hua)質量(liang)。
(2)如(ru)果優化對象與過去承建(jian)的項目相(xiang)同(或相(xiang)類似),查閱(yue)(yue)和(he)研(yan)(yan)究歷史資(zi)(zi)料(liao)就格(ge)外重要。要注意,查閱(yue)(yue)研(yan)(yan)究的資(zi)(zi)料(liao)應是(shi)實際發(fa)生的原始記錄,而不是(shi)計劃性(xing)的資(zi)(zi)料(liao);特(te)別要對這些資(zi)(zi)料(liao)的真實性(xing)和(he)準(zhun)確性(xing)做出(chu)鑒定和(he)判斷。
3.3制定總體(ti)方案
在了(le)解和(he)研究了(le)兩類資料之后,做(zuo)出(chu)完成施(shi)工活動的(de)總(zong)體方案,包括總(zong)體的(de)技術(shu)水平(ping)(ping)、裝備水平(ping)(ping)、管理水平(ping)(ping)和(he)勞動生(sheng)產率(lv)水平(ping)(ping)等,并且這種總(zong)體方案最(zui)好制定兩個以上。
3.4總體方案分(fen)析比較
首(shou)先與類似(si)施(shi)工活動的總體(ti)方案比較,然后(hou)對新制(zhi)訂(ding)的兩個(ge)以上(shang)的總體(ti)方案進(jin)行(xing)比較。比較時盡量采用(yong)數理方法,至少要(yao)用(yong)分(fen)(fen)項打分(fen)(fen)綜合評分(fen)(fen)法。分(fen)(fen)析比較后(hou)做出結果報(bao)告,提交技術(shu)(shu)部(bu)門或技術(shu)(shu)委員會和技術(shu)(shu)負責人審查(cha),經領(ling)導批準后(hou)執行(xing)。
3.5實施過程
實(shi)施(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)一定(ding)要(yao)有專(zhuan)人負責督促,做好各項原(yuan)始(shi)記錄;并將(jiang)原(yuan)始(shi)記錄作為實(shi)施(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)中分析研究問題的(de)依據,還要(yao)供今(jin)后(hou)參閱。例如(ru),現(xian)場組對1臺50003氨(an)罐,要(yao)詳細(xi)記錄下各項技術方(fang)案的(de)執行情況,諸如(ru)執行過(guo)程(cheng)中對方(fang)案所做的(de)補充和修改,總(zong)體方(fang)案使(shi)用時(shi)間(jian),耗用各類工種(zhong)工時(shi),各類機具(ju)臺班,采用的(de)臨時(shi)措施(shi)和臨時(shi)設施(shi),消耗的(de)施(shi)工材(cai)料及成本決算等。
3.6完工總結(jie)報告
完工(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后應(ying)有一(yi)個(ge)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)結(jie)報(bao)告(gao),內容應(ying)包括總(zong)(zong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期實際進度表、總(zong)(zong)人力消耗(hao)、機具臺班、物資消耗(hao)、材料(liao)采購,當地資源使用情(qing)況、采用的(de)新技(ji)術、質(zhi)量評定、安全事故總(zong)(zong)結(jie)、臨時設(she)施(shi)情(qing)況、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程決算報(bao)告(gao)等。這類完工(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)結(jie)報(bao)告(gao)是―個(ge)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)開始就要抓這項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,做出真(zhen)實準確記錄。長(chang)期的(de)資料(liao)積(ji)累和(he)數據分析將(jiang)會大大提高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業的(de)技(ji)術水(shui)平和(he)管(guan)理水(shui)平。
參考文獻
篇4
關鍵詞:市政工(gong)程;建設(she)項目;施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術;方案
1 施工技術方案分類和內(nei)容
一般來說。施工技術方案可大致分(fen)為3類。
1.1施工組織設計
為了(le)滿足投資者的(de)要求(qiu),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)準備(bei)(bei)階段必須編制(zhi)安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)準備(bei)(bei)和(he)組織施(shi)(shi)工(gong)活動的(de)指導性技術經濟文件(jian)——施(shi)(shi)工(gong)組織設計。它的(de)主要作用是(shi)依據合(he)同(tong)對(dui)建(jian)設工(gong)期、工(gong)程質量、工(gong)程造價(jia)的(de)要求(qiu),統(tong)籌(chou)安排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)進(jin)度與程序,選擇(ze)合(he)理的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方案,進(jin)行(xing)各項準備(bei)(bei)工(gong)作,使工(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)在(zai)最佳狀(zhuang)態下有秩序的(de)進(jin)行(xing),獲取最佳技術經濟效果。
(1)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)織設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)主要內容:選定(ding)(ding)合理的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)程序(xu)和進度計(ji)(ji)劃(hua);選定(ding)(ding)有效的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)勞動組(zu)(zu)織方式,包(bao)括現場的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織機(ji)構;選定(ding)(ding)經濟技(ji)術(shu)先進的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)機(ji)械和工(gong)(gong)具(ju);制定(ding)(ding)總體技(ji)術(shu)方案和重大技(ji)術(shu)方案;核定(ding)(ding)人(ren)力、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)機(ji)具(ju)、材料的(de)(de)需用量和確定(ding)(ding)供應計(ji)(ji)劃(hua);確定(ding)(ding)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)總平面布置;核定(ding)(ding)生產(chan)、輔助生產(chan)設(she)施(shi)(shi)及生活(huo)設(she)施(shi)(shi)等;施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)織設(she)計(ji)(ji)中還應包(bao)括該項目要實行的(de)(de)各項管理程序(xu)、質量控制程序(xu)、調(diao)(diao)度協調(diao)(diao)等,最好還附上這(zhe)些程序(xu)運行過程中使用的(de)(de)表格。
(2)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設計的(de)(de)編制(zhi)原(yuan)則:保證整個建設項(xiang)目按(an)合同規定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)交付生產使用;合理(li)安(an)排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序,按(an)照(zhao)生產裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)投產次(ci)序,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量大(da)小(xiao)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難(nan)易程(cheng)度安(an)排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃;充分利用施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)面與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)空間,采用平行(xing)流(liu)水、合理(li)交叉作業(ye),合理(li)地安(an)排施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)次(ci)序,以(yi)爭取(qu)時間;注意施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)季節的(de)(de)變(bian)化,安(an)排好(hao)冬、雨季施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目與(yu)措施(shi)(shi);開展機械化、預(yu)制(zhi)化、裝(zhuang)配化、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。
借鑒國內外先進(jin)經濟的成(cheng)熟(shu)施工經驗,選定施工技術方案;合理(li)布置(zhi)施工總平面,節(jie)約用(yong)地;方便(bian)工人的生(sheng)產和生(sheng)活(huo)。
1.2單項(xiang)施工技術方案(an)
(1)單(dan)項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方案(an)的(de)內容:在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設計(ji)的(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),根(gen)據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃(hua),要(yao)先后編制各個單(dan)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)詳細(xi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方案(an),包括(kuo)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序和技(ji)(ji)術(shu)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi);還(huan)包括(kuo)有各個單(dan)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)具體(ti)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃(hua)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、平面布置及人(ren)力、機具、物資動員等(deng)。單(dan)項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方案(an)要(yao)充分體(ti)現施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設計(ji)的(de)指(zhi)導(dao)思想,符(fu)合(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設計(ji)的(de)總體(ti)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方案(an)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)水(shui)平、裝備水(shui)平和管理水(shui)平,達(da)到施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設計(ji)規定的(de)綜合(he)(he)效益。
(2)編制(zhi)單項(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術方案的原(yuan)則:單項(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術方案要(yao)保證施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji)中規定(ding)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的要(yao)求。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術先進與(yu)經(jing)濟合(he)理、有利可圖相(xiang)結(jie)合(he);按照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)生(sheng)產(chan)裝置投用(yong)次序安(an)排施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度計(ji)劃;按照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)對象的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)要(yao)求,盡早(zao)培(pei)訓專業(ye)技(ji)(ji)術力量(liang);施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機具的選用(yong)要(yao)符(fu)合(he)經(jing)濟先進的原(yuan)則;物資儲備供應與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度相(xiang)適應;開(kai)展機械(xie)化、預制(zhi)化、裝配(pei)化、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化作(zuo)業(ye),減少現場(chang)作(zuo)業(ye)時間;確保安(an)全施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),盡量(liang)減少高空作(zuo)業(ye);采(cai)用(yong)平行(xing)流水、主體交(jiao)叉施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法和(he)組織均衡施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業(ye);考慮現場(chang)氣(qi)象條件,安(an)排好冬季(ji)(ji)、雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)措施(shi),以增加施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)時間;按照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)各工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及(ji)驗(yan)收(shou)規范的特定(ding)技(ji)(ji)術要(yao)求,制(zhi)訂(ding)相(xiang)應技(ji)(ji)術措施(shi)和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保證體系等。
1.3施工技術管理程序(xu)
現場施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術管理程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)主(zhu)要包括:總圖管理程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu),圖樣、資料(liao)及標準化管理程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu),施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術方(fang)案編制和審批程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)、開工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)、圖樣會(hui)審程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)、中間交接(jie)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)、竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)等。這(zhe)些程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)也(ye)應(ying)在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)準備階段制訂,并(bing)作(zuo)為施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術方(fang)案的一項重要內容。
2 施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術方案在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)中的地位和作用(yong)
從(cong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術方案的(de)分(fen)類可見,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術方案貫(guan)穿于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準備(bei)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)及竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收整個過(guo)程。不僅在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準備(bei)階(jie)段(duan)對整個項目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)提出科(ke)學的(de)規劃和(he)預見,而且直接指(zhi)導各項施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)實施(shi),在(zai)整個施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中起(qi)主導作用。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術方案的(de)優劣,對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)起(qi)著決(jue)定(ding)性(xing)的(de)作用。優化的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術方案,在(zai)技(ji)術上(shang)必定(ding)是先進的(de)和(he)可行的(de),在(zai)組織管理上(shang)必定(ding)是嚴格的(de)和(he)科(ke)學的(de),由此決(jue)定(ding)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)平一(yi)定(ding)是高的(de),質量、速(su)度和(he)成本的(de)綜(zong)合效(xiao)益也是好的(de),施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術方案是項目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中能(neng)否取得綜(zong)合效(xiao)益的(de)基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)作之一(yi)。
3 施(shi)工技術方案優化
3.1施工技術(shu)方案優化(hua)的目的
基本(ben)(ben)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是(shi)國家擴(kuo)大再生產、發展國民經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)手段(duan)之一。要(yao)在(zai)控制基本(ben)(ben)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)成本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上,盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)縮(suo)短(duan)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)周期(qi),盡(jin)快發揮(hui)投資效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)項(xiang)目建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)階段(duan),施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時間大約(yue)占(zhan)項(xiang)目建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)周期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50%,,在(zai)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)成本(ben)(ben)上也占(zhan)有重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。因此(ci),搞(gao)好施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)對搞(gao)好基本(ben)(ben)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)起(qi)著決定性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)一個不斷(duan)開發、采(cai)用新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)管理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。必(bi)須改(gai)變過(guo)(guo)去(qu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)靠拍腦袋、憑經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊作法,建立起(qi)科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數理(li)(li)優化(hua)系統(tong),要(yao)使技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)落(luo)后、效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)低下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)部門成為現(xian)代化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化(hua)必(bi)將提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)水(shui)平、管理(li)(li)水(shui)平和(he)裝備水(shui)平,同時促進人(ren)(ren)員素質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高,促進人(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發培養。反過(guo)(guo)來,人(ren)(ren)員素質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涌(yong)現(xian)也會大大加速施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優化(hua),由此(ci)形成施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)平不斷(duan)提高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)性循環。其結果必(bi)將提高基本(ben)(ben)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi),加速國民經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,同時也為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)本(ben)(ben)身提高經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)和(he)生存發展創(chuang)造了有利條件。
3.2施工技(ji)術方案優化的原則
優(you)化(hua)原則應是(shi):在符(fu)合國家有關政策法令、特別(bie)是(shi)深化(hua)改(gai)革的(de)(de)方針和(he)(he)要求,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)合同文件、設計文件及施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)標(biao)準規(gui)范的(de)(de)前提下,充分考慮國情、現(xian)場(chang)具體條(tiao)件及施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)自身的(de)(de)技(ji)術水(shui)(shui)(shui)平、管理水(shui)(shui)(shui)平和(he)(he)裝(zhuang)備水(shui)(shui)(shui)平,盡量采用先進的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術、先進的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)備、科學的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)(he)現(xian)代化(hua)的(de)(de)管理技(ji)術,使(shi)整(zheng)個施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)實現(xian)最高的(de)(de)綜合效(xiao)益。
3.3施工技(ji)術(shu)方案優化的程序和方法
施工技術方(fang)案的(de)優(you)化應遵循一定的(de)程序(xu),采用一定的(de)方(fang)法,使優(you)化更加科(ke)學化。一般(ban)的(de)程序(xu)和方(fang)法簡述如下(xia):
(1)了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)優(you)化(hua)對象以優(you)化(hua)施工(gong)組(zu)織設計(ji)為(wei)例(li),必須詳(xiang)細(xi)了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)研(yan)究(jiu)建設項(xiang)目的(de)內(nei)容和(he)(he)施工(gong)合同,了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)現場各種條件,查(cha)閱設計(ji)文件及有關施工(gong)驗收規范,還要了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)項(xiang)目的(de)工(gong)期,技術(shu)關鍵和(he)(he)技術(shu)難點等(deng)。從施工(gong)承(cheng)包單位(wei)說,還必須了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)總承(cheng)包單位(wei)及建設單位(wei)的(de)各方面情況,例(li)如管(guan)理能力和(he)(he)水平,能提供的(de)機具和(he)(he)其他條件,對施工(gong)承(cheng)包單位(wei)采(cai)取的(de)承(cheng)包方式(shi)及管(guan)理方式(shi)等(deng)。這(zhe)些內(nei)容都是(shi)進行施工(gong)組(zu)織設計(ji)優(you)化(hua)的(de)基(ji)礎條件,必須深(shen)入準確細(xi)致調查(cha)、研(yan)究(jiu),如果(guo)發生差(cha)錯(cuo),將直接影響優(you)化(hua)質量。
(2)如果優化(hua)對(dui)(dui)象與過去(qu)承建的項目相(xiang)同(或相(xiang)類似),查(cha)閱和研究歷史資(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)就(jiu)格外重要。要注意,查(cha)閱研究的資(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)應是實際發生的原始(shi)記錄,而不是計劃性(xing)(xing)的資(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao);特(te)別要對(dui)(dui)這些資(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的真實性(xing)(xing)和準確性(xing)(xing)做出鑒定和判斷。
3.4制定(ding)總體方(fang)案
在(zai)了解和研究(jiu)了兩(liang)類(lei)資料之后,做出完(wan)成施(shi)工活動的(de)總體方(fang)案(an),包括總體的(de)技術水平(ping)(ping)、裝備水平(ping)(ping)、管理水平(ping)(ping)和勞動生(sheng)產率水平(ping)(ping)等,并且(qie)這種總體方(fang)案(an)最好制(zhi)定兩(liang)個以上。
3.5總體方案(an)分析比較
首先與(yu)類似(si)施(shi)工(gong)活動(dong)的總體方案比(bi)較(jiao),然(ran)后對新制訂的兩個以上的總體方案進行(xing)比(bi)較(jiao)。比(bi)較(jiao)時盡量采用數理方法,至少(shao)要用分項打分綜合評分法。分析比(bi)較(jiao)后做(zuo)出結果(guo)報告,提(ti)交(jiao)技(ji)術部門或技(ji)術委員會和(he)技(ji)術負責人審(shen)查,經領(ling)導批準(zhun)后執行(xing)。
3.6實施過程
實施(shi)過程一定要(yao)有專人負責督促,做(zuo)好各項原(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu);并(bing)將原(yuan)始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)作(zuo)為實施(shi)過程中(zhong)(zhong)分析研(yan)究問題的依據(ju),還要(yao)供今后參閱。例如(ru),現(xian)場組(zu)對1臺50003氨罐,要(yao)詳細(xi)記(ji)錄(lu)下各項技術方(fang)案的執行(xing)情(qing)況(kuang),諸如(ru)執行(xing)過程中(zhong)(zhong)對方(fang)案所(suo)做(zuo)的補充和修(xiu)改,總(zong)體(ti)方(fang)案使用時間,耗用各類工(gong)種工(gong)時,各類機具臺班,采用的臨時措施(shi)和臨時設施(shi),消耗的施(shi)工(gong)材料及成(cheng)本決算等。
篇5
關鍵詞:PPP模式;公(gong)共(gong)服務(wu);鄉鎮(zhen)氣化
黨的(de)(de)(de)十提出要(yao)(yao)堅持走中(zhong)國特色新型(xing)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)、信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)、城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)、農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)代化(hua)(hua)道路,推動(dong)信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)深度融合,工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)良性互動(dong),城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)代化(hua)(hua)相互協調,促進工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)、信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)(hua)、城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)、農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)代化(hua)(hua)同步(bu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。當前新型(xing)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)將成為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國經(jing)(jing)濟新的(de)(de)(de)增長點,積極穩妥(tuo)地(di)推進城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)不僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)擴大(da)內需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)手段,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)轉變經(jing)(jing)濟增長的(de)(de)(de)必然途(tu)徑(jing)。近(jin)年來,隨(sui)著經(jing)(jing)濟社會水平的(de)(de)(de)不斷提高,大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染治理、經(jing)(jing)濟轉型(xing)升(sheng)級、空氣(qi)質量改善等對于清潔能(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求日趨強烈,天然氣(qi)作為(wei)(wei)清潔能(neng)源,利用的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍和(he)(he)(he)領域日益廣(guang)泛。目前,城市(shi)近(jin)郊的(de)(de)(de)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)和(he)(he)(he)農村(cun),大(da)多數都輸氣(qi)管(guan)網覆(fu)蓋范(fan)圍,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)距離氣(qi)源相對較遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)和(he)(he)(he)農村(cun),天然氣(qi)利用還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)盲(mang)點。鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一項民生工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)推進城鄉統(tong)籌發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)內容,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)受管(guan)網投資(zi)大(da)、回收周期長、地(di)區經(jing)(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)狀況及用戶承(cheng)受能(neng)力(li)等多方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)影響和(he)(he)(he)制約(yue),需(xu)要(yao)(yao)對氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)方式(shi)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施等進行深入研究論證。
1PPP模式的基本內涵(han)
自從1982年PPP模式(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)英國(guo)提出后,歐美發(fa)達國(guo)家紛(fen)紛(fen)將該模式(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)基(ji)礎設施(shi)建設,逐步在(zai)全球(qiu)推(tui)廣應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。PPP模式(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)一(yi)種新型融資模式(shi)(shi)(shi),是(shi)指政府(fu)公(gong)共部門在(zai)與非(fei)政府(fu)的主(zhu)體(企業、專業化(hua)機構等(deng))合作過程中,使非(fei)政府(fu)主(zhu)體利用(yong)(yong)其(qi)所掌握的資源(yuan)參與提供公(gong)共工程等(deng)公(gong)共產品和服務(wu),在(zai)實(shi)(shi)現政府(fu)公(gong)共部門的職能的同(tong)時,民營部門獲(huo)得一(yi)定利益(yi)。PPP模式(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)伙伴關系、利益(yi)共享(xiang)和風險分擔3個重(zhong)要(yao)特征,具有(you)(you)擴大融資、規范管理(li)、緩解地方債務(wu)壓力等(deng)功能。鄉鎮氣化(hua)工程是(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)的民生工程,也(ye)是(shi)地方重(zhong)要(yao)的基(ji)礎設施(shi),可當采(cai)取PPP模式(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)推(tui)進。
2PPP模式應用案(an)例-以陜西省(sheng)鄉鎮氣化工(gong)程為例
2.1基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)情(qing)況
2008年底,陜西省(sheng)開(kai)始實施“氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)陜西”工(gong)程,全面鋪開(kai)實施城(cheng)市、鄉鎮、農村(cun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)工(gong)程。截至2017年6月,全省(sheng)先(xian)后建成投運輸(shu)(shu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)干(支)線(xian)35條,長(chang)輸(shu)(shu)高壓管網里程近3500公里,日輸(shu)(shu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能力4786萬方(fang),年輸(shu)(shu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規(gui)模165.75億方(fang)。建成1座(zuo)(zuo)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)調(diao)控指揮中心、2座(zuo)(zuo)應急(ji)搶險器材中心、3座(zuo)(zuo)維搶修中心及9座(zuo)(zuo)壓縮天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(CNG)加氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)母站及楊凌(ling)液化(hua)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(LNG)應急(ji)儲備(bei)調(diao)峰工(gong)廠(chang),形成了管道天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(NGP)、壓縮天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(CNG)、液化(hua)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(LNG)為(wei)主的多(duo)(duo)(duo)渠道、多(duo)(duo)(duo)產品的供給和服務組合(he)。依(yi)托(tuo)省(sheng)內天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生產企業和國家過境(jing)管網,取得資源年配置總量達186億立方(fang)米,基本形成“東、西、南、北(bei)、中”多(duo)(duo)(duo)點(dian)、多(duo)(duo)(duo)品種、多(duo)(duo)(duo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)源的供給格局。
2.2鄉鎮氣化情況
截至目前,全(quan)(quan)省10個(ge)(ge)(ge)市(shi)(shi)(shi)及楊凌示范區(qu)(qu)、西咸(xian)新區(qu)(qu)均(jun)已通(tong)(tong)達(da)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)天然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),107個(ge)(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(區(qu)(qu))、167個(ge)(ge)(ge)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)以及部(bu)分城市(shi)(shi)(shi)郊區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)農(nong)村實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua),全(quan)(quan)省市(shi)(shi)(shi)級城市(shi)(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)率(lv)平(ping)均(jun)達(da)到85%,縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)率(lv)平(ping)均(jun)達(da)到50%,已通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)率(lv)平(ping)均(jun)達(da)到33%。陜西成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)國內第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)省內縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)級城市(shi)(shi)(shi)天然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)全(quan)(quan)覆蓋的(de)(de)省份(fen)。從供(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)方式上看(kan),關(guan)中(zhong)地(di)區(qu)(qu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)供(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有18個(ge)(ge)(ge),利(li)用(yong)(yong)CNG氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有14個(ge)(ge)(ge);陜北地(di)區(qu)(qu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)供(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有17個(ge)(ge)(ge),利(li)用(yong)(yong)CNG氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有6個(ge)(ge)(ge);陜南地(di)區(qu)(qu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)供(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有7個(ge)(ge)(ge),利(li)用(yong)(yong)CNG氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有18個(ge)(ge)(ge)。從供(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)基本(ben)情況來看(kan),大多數實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)分兩種,一(yi)是(shi)(shi)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)為(wei)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)轄區(qu)(qu)內的(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)村,如綏德縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)明州鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、藍(lan)田縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)藍(lan)關(guan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等(deng);二是(shi)(shi)一(yi)些大中(zhong)城市(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)身就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)由區(qu)(qu)、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)組成(cheng)(cheng),如西安(an)長安(an)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)灤鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、灞(ba)橋(qiao)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)灞(ba)橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等(deng),這類鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)方式與其(qi)所在城市(shi)(shi)(shi)或縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)方式相同,因為(wei)納(na)入了大管(guan)(guan)網系統(tong)中(zhong),成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)可進(jin)行分攤,供(gong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)企業(ye)可以承受。以這種方式通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)占已通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)約70%~80%。從人(ren)(ren)口(kou)規(gui)模來看(kan),陜西鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)規(gui)模基本(ben)在0.4萬~0.8萬人(ren)(ren)之間,用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)戶主要包括居民生活(huo)用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、公福商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、冬季(ji)采(cai)暖用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三類。
2.3當(dang)期陜(shan)西鄉鎮氣化(hua)存在的主要(yao)問題
(1)用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規模(mo)較小(xiao)。全省有鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)1200余個(ge),每(mei)個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)平均人口不足(zu)1萬(wan)人,除(chu)少數(shu)(shu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)有工業用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)需(xu)求外,大(da)部分鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)僅(jin)有居民用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)需(xu)求,每(mei)個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)平均年用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量僅(jin)40萬(wan)立方米,且上(shang)升空間有限,發展(zhan)潛力(li)不足(zu),整體用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規模(mo)較小(xiao)。(2)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)方式(shi)(shi)需(xu)要進(jin)(jin)一步論證(zheng)。采用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)道方式(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),需(xu)要投(tou)資(zi)超過150萬(wan)元(yuan),而按當前天然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)價格測算,經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)企業年營(ying)(ying)業收(shou)入約20萬(wan)元(yuan)。整體看,管(guan)(guan)道氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)投(tou)資(zi)大(da),收(shou)益低(di),因此運營(ying)(ying)企業建(jian)(jian)設輸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)(guan)道的積極性不高,更(geng)(geng)傾向于選擇收(shou)益較高的CNG/LNG方式(shi)(shi)供氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),區(qu)域(yu)管(guan)(guan)道氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)進(jin)(jin)程較為緩(huan)慢。(3)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)用(yong)(yong)戶消(xiao)費(fei)能力(li)有限。據了(le)解,鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)天然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)初裝費(fei)普(pu)遍在3000元(yuan)~8000元(yuan),由于用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人數(shu)(shu)較少,導致分攤安裝費(fei)用(yong)(yong)較大(da),普(pu)通鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、農村(cun)(cun)家庭(ting)難以接(jie)受。(4)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)方式(shi)(shi)有待細化(hua)(hua)(hua)。城市(shi)燃氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)施特許經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權管(guan)(guan)理,先期取得區(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)權的部分企業,更(geng)(geng)偏好于投(tou)資(zi)經(jing)(jing)濟基礎好、人口集中、設施完善的城市(shi)、縣區(qu),忽(hu)視鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、農村(cun)(cun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。因此,政(zheng)府主管(guan)(guan)部門應區(qu)別對待,對于鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、農村(cun)(cun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工程,鼓勵采用(yong)(yong)PPP模(mo)式(shi)(shi)推進(jin)(jin)項目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設運營(ying)(ying)。
2.4PPP模式應用于鄉(xiang)鎮氣化工(gong)程的(de)可行性分(fen)析
(1)政(zheng)策環(huan)(huan)境寬松。2014年以來,國家陸(lu)續出臺(tai)了(le)一(yi)系列政(zheng)策文(wen)件,鼓(gu)勵基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)采(cai)用PPP模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi),陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)出臺(tai)了(le)《政(zheng)府和社(she)會(hui)(hui)資本合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(PPP)項(xiang)(xiang)目庫管理暫(zan)行辦法》《陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)推進(jin)政(zheng)府和社(she)會(hui)(hui)資本合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(PPP)三年行動計劃(2017-2019年)》,以及相(xiang)關鼓(gu)勵政(zheng)策,從水利(li)設(she)施(shi)、交通設(she)施(shi)、天然氣(qi)等多個領域選(xuan)擇了(le)一(yi)大(da)批PPP合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)項(xiang)(xiang)目,近三年將(jiang)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)300余個PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目,這為(wei)鄉(xiang)鎮氣(qi)化(hua)PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目提(ti)供良好的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策支持(chi)。(2)“雙贏”或“多贏”合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機制(zhi)較(jiao)為(wei)成熟。PPP模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)是政(zheng)府部(bu)門與社(she)會(hui)(hui)資本建(jian)立合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)伙伴關系,共同(tong)推進(jin)公(gong)共項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)或提(ti)供公(gong)共服務,需要通過簽訂相(xiang)關合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)協議,明確(que)各方權利(li)義務,充分發揮各自優勢,共同(tong)承擔風險,實現“雙贏”和“多贏”。目前,陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)在交通設(she)施(shi)、環(huan)(huan)保、天然氣(qi)等領域已有較(jiao)多成熟的(de)(de)(de)PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目示(shi)范案(an)(an)例,擁(yong)有豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)建(jian)設(she)運營(ying)經驗和完善的(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機制(zhi)。(3)擁(yong)有可借鑒的(de)(de)(de)實踐案(an)(an)例。陜西(xi)渭南市(shi)氣(qi)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成果被國家發展改革委(wei)于列入(ru)2015年首批13個PPP項(xiang)(xiang)目典型(xing)案(an)(an)例。銅川市(shi)耀(yao)州區“美麗鄉(xiang)村(cun)氣(qi)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)”列入(ru)國家財政(zheng)部(bu)PPP示(shi)范項(xiang)(xiang)目,通過公(gong)開(kai)方式(shi),選(xuan)定了(le)投資主體,項(xiang)(xiang)目建(jian)設(she)正(zheng)有序實施(shi),這為(wei)其他地區鄉(xiang)鎮氣(qi)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)采(cai)取PPP模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)提(ti)供一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)借鑒作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。
3相關建議
3.1制(zhi)定完善相(xiang)關法律法規,營造良好的政策環(huan)境
鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)氣化PPP項(xiang)目是(shi)(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)較為復(fu)雜的(de)(de)系(xi)統工程,涉及簽(qian)約(yue)、設計、建設、運營管理(li)等諸多程序,需要(yao)相關法律法規加以規范(fan)(fan),明確界(jie)定政府、社會資本等各方(fang)的(de)(de)責任義務(wu)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)研(yan)究建立適(shi)應(ying)PPP模式推(tui)廣應(ying)用的(de)(de)配套(tao)政策(ce)措(cuo)施,公(gong)開標準實施程序,規范(fan)(fan)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)氣化工程項(xiang)目實施。二是(shi)(shi)完(wan)善(shan)風(feng)險分擔機(ji)制(zhi)和利益平衡機(ji)制(zhi),嚴格監督已簽(qian)署PPP協議的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資主(zhu)體,按照約(yue)定履行責任義務(wu),對高(gao)效完(wan)成項(xiang)目投(tou)(tou)資任務(wu)的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資主(zhu)體給予一(yi)定獎勵(li)。三是(shi)(shi)加強(qiang)政策(ce)引導,強(qiang)化項(xiang)目政策(ce)、資金、土(tu)地等方(fang)面支持,營造上(shang)下聯動、齊抓(zhua)共(gong)管、協同(tong)推(tui)進(jin)的(de)(de)工作氛圍,共(gong)同(tong)推(tui)進(jin)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)氣化工作。
3.2創(chuang)新完(wan)善投融(rong)資機制,拓寬(kuan)項(xiang)目融(rong)資渠道
鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)氣化(hua)工程(cheng)建(jian)設應堅持(chi)采取“政府(fu)主導,市場(chang)運(yun)作(zuo)”的(de)方式(shi),按照“誰(shui)投資(zi),誰(shui)受益,誰(shui)承擔(dan)風險(xian)”的(de)原則,積極拓寬投資(zi)渠道。一是(shi)創新(xin)金(jin)融信貸服務(wu),鼓勵鼓勵金(jin)融機(ji)構支(zhi)持(chi)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)氣化(hua)PPP項目融資(zi),提供差異化(hua)的(de)金(jin)融服務(wu)。二是(shi)堅持(chi)國(guo)有(you)經(jing)濟為主導,采取獨(du)資(zi)、合(he)資(zi)、合(he)作(zuo)、股份制、BOT、PPP等多種(zhong)投資(zi)建(jian)設和經(jing)營(ying)形式(shi),積極引入社會(hui)資(zi)本和外資(zi),促進投資(zi)主體多元化(hua),加快鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)氣化(hua)工程(cheng)建(jian)設。
3.3建立(li)PPP項目儲備庫,科學選擇試點(dian)項目
各級政(zheng)府主管部門應研究(jiu)設立(li)PPP項(xiang)目(mu)實施領導小組,及時向(xiang)社(she)會公開(kai)項(xiang)目(mu)信息,建(jian)(jian)立(li)PPP模式鄉鎮氣化工程項(xiang)目(mu)庫(ku),選擇投(tou)資(zi)規模較(jiao)大、投(tou)資(zi)效益相對(dui)較(jiao)好、合(he)作關系(xi)長期(qi)穩定(ding)、可研論(lun)證相對(dui)成(cheng)熟的(de)在(zai)建(jian)(jian)、擬建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目(mu),最大程度引進各類社(she)會資(zi)本參與(yu),對(dui)于(yu)已建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)投(tou)運(yun)的(de)鄉鎮項(xiang)目(mu),也可研究(jiu)采用PPP模式,吸引新的(de)社(she)會資(zi)本參與(yu),盤活存量資(zi)產,化解現有債(zhai)務。
3.4加(jia)強人才培養和專業機構(gou)培育,更(geng)好服務項目建設(she)
PPP模式要應用于鄉(xiang)鎮氣化工程領域,涉及燃氣管(guan)網(wang)設施設計(ji)、財(cai)務(wu)(wu)會計(ji)、法律事務(wu)(wu)、金融服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)、運營管(guan)理(li)等(deng)方面(mian),既需(xu)要熟悉(xi)該模式的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)型(xing)(xing)、復合(he)型(xing)(xing)人才,也需(xu)要經驗豐富(fu)的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)咨(zi)詢服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)。因此(ci)要加強人才培(pei)養和專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)培(pei)育一(yi)方面(mian)要加強與高校(xiao)院(yuan)所、國外相關(guan)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)等(deng)單位合(he)作,加快專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)人才培(pei)養,另一(yi)方面(mian)要培(pei)育相關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)咨(zi)詢服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)機(ji)構(gou)(gou),建立完善PPP咨(zi)詢行業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)制度和規(gui)范,更(geng)好(hao)地服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)和保障項目建設。
3.5強(qiang)化安全風險管理,確(que)保鄉鎮氣(qi)化工程穩健運營(ying)
鑒于鄉鎮氣化工(gong)程建(jian)設(she)運(yun)營(ying)的特殊要求(qiu),在項目引資(zi)(zi)和(he)建(jian)設(she)運(yun)營(ying)過程中(zhong),要高度重(zhong)視(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)風險管(guan)理(li),確保(bao)項目穩健運(yun)營(ying)。一是深入調查、審(shen)慎選擇社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本。政府(fu)部門(men)、國有企業(ye)在公(gong)開引進社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本合(he)作時,科學設(she)定資(zi)(zi)格門(men)檻,嚴格要求(qiu)安(an)(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產,比如社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本具有建(jian)設(she)運(yun)營(ying)同類工(gong)程的業(ye)績、經驗、專業(ye)資(zi)(zi)質,具備(bei)良好(hao)的安(an)(an)全(quan)防(fang)范(fan)意識和(he)技術能(neng)力,無重(zhong)大生(sheng)(sheng)產安(an)(an)全(quan)和(he)質量事故記錄等。二是強化安(an)(an)全(quan)監管(guan),在股權合(he)作項目公(gong)司中(zhong)要構建(jian)完善安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)制度體系,設(she)定專門(men)機構和(he)人員,配備(bei)安(an)(an)全(quan)設(she)施,定期監督檢查安(an)(an)全(quan)工(gong)作,確保(bao)不(bu)發生(sheng)(sheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)事故。
參考文獻
[1]金永祥(xiang).中國PPP發(fa)展(zhan)發(fa)展(zhan)的五個(ge)階段,城鎮化和PPP[M].經濟出版社,2014.
[2]張軍令.PPP模式(shi)在(zai)城市基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)中的應用(yong)分析——以長春市地下綜合管(guan)廊項目為例[D].吉林大(da)學(xue),2016.
[3]白銳(rui).城市基(ji)礎設施(shi)建設項目PPP模(mo)式(shi)應用研究(jiu)[D].重(zhong)慶交通大學,2012.
[4]蔡今思.借鑒國際PPP運用(yong)經驗支持公共基礎設(she)施(shi)建設(she)[J].中國財政,2014(09).
篇6
第二條由區(qu)政府分管領導(dao)擔任組長(chang)、區(qu)發(fa)展和改革局(ju)、監(jian)察(cha)局(ju)、財政局(ju)、建設局(ju)、審計(ji)局(ju)、安監(jian)局(ju)、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)辦等(deng)有關部門為成員(yuan)單(dan)位(wei),組成重(zhong)點(dian)工程(cheng)、實事項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)督(du)查(cha)考(kao)核小組,負責對全(quan)區(qu)重(zhong)點(dian)工程(cheng)、實事項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)進(jin)行督(du)查(cha)、考(kao)核。考(kao)核對象為重(zhong)點(dian)工程(cheng)、實事項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)責任單(dan)位(wei)。
本辦(ban)法(fa)所指重(zhong)(zhong)點工程(cheng)、實事(shi)項目(mu)(mu),是(shi)指列入(ru)我區(qu)年度重(zhong)(zhong)點工程(cheng)、實事(shi)項目(mu)(mu)計劃(hua)的項目(mu)(mu)。
第三條每(mei)年(nian)第三季度(du),區發(fa)改(gai)局征(zheng)集有關部門、街道項目計劃(hua)意見后(hou),編制下(xia)一年(nian)度(du)重(zhong)點工程(cheng)、實事項目投資計劃(hua),上報區政(zheng)府(fu),經區政(zheng)府(fu)常務會(hui)(hui)議審(shen)核報區委常委會(hui)(hui)通過后(hou),提交區人大審(shen)議。下(xia)一年(nian)度(du)年(nian)初由區政(zheng)府(fu)或區政(zheng)府(fu)辦公室下(xia)達當年(nian)區重(zhong)點工程(cheng)、實事項目投資計劃(hua),確定重(zhong)點工程(cheng)、實事項目年(nian)度(du)考核目標。
第四條(tiao)建立重點工(gong)(gong)程、實(shi)事項(xiang)目(mu)年(nian)度(du)目(mu)標責(ze)任(ren)(ren)制。把責(ze)任(ren)(ren)分別落實(shi)到(dao)具體(ti)部(bu)門和有(you)關責(ze)任(ren)(ren)人,對項(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)行年(nian)度(du)目(mu)標管理。每年(nian)年(nian)度(du)重點工(gong)(gong)程、實(shi)事項(xiang)目(mu)計劃公(gong)布后,政府主要領導同(tong)各(ge)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)單位負(fu)責(ze)人簽(qian)訂(ding)年(nian)度(du)目(mu)標責(ze)任(ren)(ren)狀。
第五條各責(ze)任單位要(yao)按照年度重點工程(cheng)、實(shi)事(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)計劃的(de)要(yao)求(qiu),完成年度目(mu)標和(he)形象進度目(mu)標,并(bing)按每(mei)兩月一次聯(lian)絡員例會及時報送項(xiang)目(mu)進展(zhan)情況。
第六(liu)條以(yi)年度項目形(xing)象進(jin)度情況、項目基建(jian)程序、重點工程質量、安全生產(chan)、項目管理、投(tou)資控制、資金爭取、廉政建(jian)設等方面為考核內(nei)容。
考核實行(xing)百分制(zhi),基本分100分。
(一)年度(du)(du)項目(mu)形象進度(du)(du)計劃完成(cheng)情況,基本分(fen)為30分(fen):
1.超額完成(cheng)年(nian)度項目(mu)建設形象進(jin)度計劃要求的加5分;
2.完(wan)成年(nian)度項目建設形象(xiang)進度計劃要求的(de)得(de)基(ji)本(ben)分;
3.未(wei)完成年度(du)項目建設形(xing)象進度(du)計劃(hua)要求的酌情扣分(fen)。
(二)項目基建(jian)程序,基本分(fen)為(wei)20分(fen):
1.符合(he)(he)或基本(ben)符合(he)(he)項目基建程(cheng)序(xu)要求的得基本(ben)分;
2.不符合基建程序(xu)要求的(de)每(mei)項扣3分(fen)。包(bao)括立項、規劃(hua)、土地、環評(ping)、概預算等;
3.未按規定開展招投標、政府采(cai)購、審計等工(gong)作的不得基本分。
(三(san))工(gong)程質量,基本分為(wei)20分:
1.工程質量合格(ge)得基本分;
2.未能通過(guo)質(zhi)量驗(yan)收不得基(ji)本分;
3.獲(huo)市(shi)姑(gu)杯加(jia)5分、省(sheng)魯班獎(jiang)加(jia)10分;
注:非基建項目單位得20分。
(四)項(xiang)目管理,基本分為(wei)25分:
1.責任單(dan)位設(she)有(you)(you)重點(dian)工(gong)程、實事項目工(gong)作領導小組,設(she)專門分管領導和聯絡員、有(you)(you)明確的目標責任制得基本分;
2.及(ji)時、準確(que)地向區發改局上報(bao)實事(shi)項目、重點(dian)工程月報(bao)的(de)(de),得基本分;未報(bao)的(de)(de),每次(ci)扣5分;未及(ji)時報(bao)的(de)(de),每次(ci)扣2分,扣完為止;
3.按時參(can)加聯絡員會議的,得基本(ben)分(fen);缺(que)席一次,扣2分(fen),扣完為止(zhi)。
(五)投(tou)資控制,基本(ben)分(fen)為(wei)5分(fen):
1.項目投資(zi)低于概算的加2分;
2.項目投資不超概算的得基本(ben)分;
3.項目投資超概算的扣(kou)2分。
注:特殊情(qing)況經發改部(bu)門批準者除外(wai)。
(六)爭(zheng)取(qu)市級及以上政府(fu)性資金(屬市以上項目除外)加(jia)分(fen):
1.爭(zheng)取到(dao)50萬(wan)元(含50萬(wan)元)以(yi)下加2分;
2.爭取(qu)到(dao)50萬-100萬元(yuan)(yuan)(含100萬元(yuan)(yuan))的加5分;
3.爭取到(dao)100萬以上的加(jia)10分(fen)。
(七(qi))圓滿完成市(shi)、區(qu)人(ren)大、政協視察的(de)每次加(jia)5分,最高加(jia)分不超過20分。
(八)在建設(she)項目中(zhong)當年出現嚴重(zhong)違反廉政建設(she)的、出現重(zhong)大安全(quan)、質(zhi)量事故的,實行一票否決。
第八條對重點工(gong)程、實事項目的督查考(kao)核采(cai)取以下形式(shi):
(一)隨(sui)機檢查。區發(fa)改(gai)局根據實際情況,采(cai)取隨(sui)機方式進(jin)行考(kao)核,隨(sui)時發(fa)現(xian)并解決問(wen)題,保證重(zhong)點工程、實事(shi)項目(mu)的順利進(jin)行。
(二)定期督查。每(mei)兩(liang)個月,區發改局召(zhao)開聯絡(luo)員工(gong)作(zuo)會議,對重點工(gong)程、實事項目(mu)進展情況進行(xing)小結,了解工(gong)作(zuo)進度,總結經驗,發現問題,及時上(shang)報區政府。
(三)年(nian)末考核(he)。每年(nian)年(nian)末,區(qu)(qu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)考核(he)工作小(xiao)組(zu)對重點工程、實事(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的完成(cheng)情況進行全面考核(he)。責任單位(wei)于每年(nian)年(nian)底根(gen)據(ju)考核(he)內容和(he)辦法進行自(zi)我考核(he),并將(jiang)自(zi)評結果及有關(guan)材(cai)料和(he)依(yi)據(ju)報區(qu)(qu)發改局;次年(nian)1月份由項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)考核(he)小(xiao)組(zu)對項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)承辦單位(wei)進行考核(he),提出考核(he)初步結果,并將(jiang)考核(he)意見報區(qu)(qu)政府審批,最(zui)終(zhong)形成(cheng)考核(he)結果。
第(di)九條區發改局根據考核結(jie)果(guo)提出評比獎懲方案,上報區政府審(shen)定(ding)并進行總結(jie)表彰。
(一(yi))區政府對完成重點(dian)工程、實事(shi)項目(mu)任務、目(mu)標成績突(tu)出(chu)的責任單位及個人予(yu)以通報表揚,并給予(yu)一(yi)定的物質(zhi)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵。獎(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)從區政府核撥的重點(dian)工程、實事(shi)項目(mu)專項經費中列支。
(二)對沒有完成重點工程(cheng)、實(shi)(shi)事項目(mu)全年(nian)計劃任(ren)(ren)務、因(yin)故調出重點工程(cheng)、實(shi)(shi)事項目(mu)全年(nian)計劃、在項目(mu)實(shi)(shi)施過程(cheng)中發生違反(fan)國家有關法律法規(gui)行為(wei)的(de)(de)責任(ren)(ren)單位及責任(ren)(ren)人,取消年(nian)終評優資格。對工作(zuo)實(shi)(shi)績較(jiao)差的(de)(de),予(yu)以通報批評。
篇7
關鍵(jian)詞: 《化工基礎》課(ke)程 項目教學法 實踐
《化工(gong)(gong)基礎》是應用化學(xue)、食品、生(sheng)(sheng)物工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)類等專業(ye)必修(xiu)的(de)一門(men)基礎課程(cheng)。課程(cheng)主要是通過讓(rang)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)解(jie)化工(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)流(liu)程(cheng)中的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原理,培養學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)化工(gong)(gong)實驗研究(jiu)能(neng)力,提高(gao)利用基本(ben)化工(gong)(gong)原理理論(lun)分析解(jie)決化工(gong)(gong)實際問題的(de)能(neng)力。目前(qian)化學(xue)系在化學(xue)、應用化學(xue)兩個專業(ye)中開設(she)了(le)該課程(cheng),因此如何上好這門(men)課,完成課程(cheng)要求達到的(de)教學(xue)目標就成為擺在教師面前(qian)的(de)首要任務。
20世(shi)紀(ji)90年代以(yi)來,人才(cai)培(pei)養(yang)質(zhi)量(liang)與社(she)會(hui)對(dui)人才(cai)要(yao)求之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾日益突出,矛(mao)盾主要(yao)表現在(zai)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容與生產實際脫節,教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法與學(xue)(xue)生實際脫節。項目(mu)(mu)(mu)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)法作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法,萌芽(ya)于(yu)(yu)18世(shi)紀(ji)歐洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)讀教(jiao)育(yu)和19世(shi)紀(ji)美國的(de)(de)(de)合作(zuo)教(jiao)育(yu),經(jing)(jing)過發(fa)展,到20世(shi)紀(ji)中后(hou)期逐漸(jian)趨于(yu)(yu)完善。項目(mu)(mu)(mu)教(jiao)育(yu)模式(shi)(shi)是建立(li)在(zai)工(gong)業社(she)會(hui)基礎上現代教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)形式(shi)(shi),它以(yi)大生產和社(she)會(hui)性的(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)(yi)為(wei)內容,為(wei)社(she)會(hui)培(pei)養(yang)實用型(xing)人才(cai)為(wei)直(zhi)接目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)人才(cai)培(pei)養(yang)模式(shi)(shi)。這與傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法有本(ben)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)不同,傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法以(yi)老(lao)師(shi)教(jiao)為(wei)主,學(xue)(xue)生聽從老(lao)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)指揮被(bei)動學(xue)(xue)習,目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)授(shou)知識,顯然(ran),這種(zhong)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)已經(jing)(jing)落后(hou)于(yu)(yu)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)進程。
目(mu)前在國內高等院校開(kai)展項(xiang)目(mu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐尚處在研(yan)究(jiu)探(tan)索(suo)的(de)(de)(de)初級階段,因此,在類似(si)于(yu)化(hua)工(gong)基礎這樣(yang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐性很(hen)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)專業課中(zhong)開(kai)展項(xiang)目(mu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)索(suo)和(he)研(yan)究(jiu),有著非常重要的(de)(de)(de)科研(yan)價值和(he)現實(shi)(shi)(shi)意義。本(ben)文就以化(hua)學(xue)系開(kai)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)《化(hua)工(gong)基礎》課程為例,通過研(yan)究(jiu)項(xiang)目(mu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)創新特(te)(te)征、基本(ben)內容、項(xiang)目(mu)設(she)(she)計原則等方面(mian),并(bing)結合《化(hua)工(gong)基礎》課程的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)特(te)(te)點,理論聯(lian)系實(shi)(shi)(shi)際,分(fen)析如何(he)利用項(xiang)目(mu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)法(fa)突出(chu)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)內容的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)用性,達到增強(qiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)效果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。
一、項目教學法(fa)的創(chuang)新特(te)征和基(ji)本內容
1.項目教學(xue)法的創(chuang)新特(te)征。
項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)教學(xue)(xue)法就是(shi)師生為(wei)實(shi)施一個完整的項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)工(gong)作以團隊的形式進行的教學(xue)(xue)活動(dong),其核心是(shi)在教學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)實(shi)踐“學(xue)(xue)生為(wei)中(zhong)心,教師為(wei)主(zhu)導,項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)為(wei)載體,訓練為(wei)主(zhu)線,任務為(wei)驅動(dong)”的教學(xue)(xue)觀念,項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)教學(xue)(xue)法有以下創(chuang)新。
(1)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)主體和教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)模式的創新。項目教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)法特別強調教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師與(yu)學(xue)生(sheng)、學(xue)生(sheng)與(yu)學(xue)生(sheng)之間的互動(dong),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師從知(zhi)識的講授(shou)者(zhe)(zhe)轉變成(cheng)為項目實施的組織者(zhe)(zhe)和指導者(zhe)(zhe);要求學(xue)生(sheng)從被動(dong)的接受者(zhe)(zhe)變為主動(dong)的參與(yu)者(zhe)(zhe)。
(2)教(jiao)學內容(rong)安排(pai)上的(de)(de)創(chuang)新。項目教(jiao)學法強調“項目”實施的(de)(de)完整(zheng)性和連續(xu)性,所以在教(jiao)學內容(rong)安排(pai)上,不再(zai)局限(xian)于(yu)某一門課程(cheng)或某一章節的(de)(de)內容(rong)。學生通過(guo)完成一個完整(zheng)的(de)(de)“項目”來獲(huo)取知(zhi)識(shi),這更有利于(yu)突出新舊知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)連貫性和延續(xu)性。
(3)課(ke)程(cheng)評(ping)價(jia)原則的(de)創新。項目(mu)教(jiao)學法是以項目(mu)完成(cheng)情況和學生在項目(mu)實施過程(cheng)中的(de)表現兩方面來評(ping)價(jia)學生學習,打破了(le)以期末(mo)成(cheng)績的(de)高(gao)低來評(ping)價(jia)學生優(you)差(cha)的(de)傳統。
2.實(shi)施(shi)項(xiang)目教(jiao)學(xue)的基本內容及設計原則(ze)。
項目(mu)教學(xue)模式的(de)基本內容(rong)主(zhu)要由以下四個(ge)教學(xue)階段(duan)組成:項目(mu)任務準(zhun)備―計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)制定―計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)實施―自我評(ping)估和檢查(cha)評(ping)估。其中(zhong)貫穿這個(ge)教學(xue)模式的(de)關鍵是(shi)“項目(mu)”,項目(mu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)實施項目(mu)教學(xue)的(de)前提條件。因此,教師必須重視項目(mu)的(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji),一般(ban)應(ying)遵循以下幾個(ge)原則。
(1)全面性(xing)。在設計項目(mu)時,既要(yao)把握(wo)教學(xue)內容的(de)知識(shi)性(xing),又(you)要(yao)滿足課程的(de)能(neng)力和素質要(yao)求,使學(xue)生在完成項目(mu)的(de)過(guo)程中運用舊知識(shi)鉆研新知識(shi),并在教師的(de)引導(dao)下,通過(guo)各種教學(xue)活動(dong)去完成項目(mu)。
(2)可操作(zuo)性。項目的內容難(nan)度適宜,使學(xue)(xue)生在實(shi)(shi)施過(guo)程中充分運(yun)用已(yi)經(jing)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)的知識,通過(guo)自(zi)己的操作(zuo)與思考,使所學(xue)(xue)的知識和技(ji)能(neng)進一(yi)步得到(dao)加深與鞏固,使學(xue)(xue)生的學(xue)(xue)習能(neng)力、綜合(he)運(yun)用知識的能(neng)力和實(shi)(shi)際操作(zuo)的能(neng)力得到(dao)提(ti)高。
(3)層(ceng)次性。在設(she)計項(xiang)目(mu)時,要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)項(xiang)目(mu)由易到(dao)難、由局部到(dao)整體、由單(dan)項(xiang)到(dao)綜合,循序漸進,使學習內容呈階梯式地層(ceng)層(ceng)遞進。
(4)啟發(fa)性。項目應(ying)是具(ju)有一(yi)定深度、能啟發(fa)學(xue)生思考的問(wen)題。
二、項目(mu)教(jiao)學法在《化工基(ji)礎》課程中的實踐
根(gen)據項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)教學(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)的基(ji)本內容(rong)和設(she)計原則(ze),聯系《化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)基(ji)礎》課程(cheng)的教學(xue)(xue)內容(rong),在2008級應用(yong)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)專業的教學(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)中應用(yong)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)教學(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)進(jin)行實(shi)(shi)踐教學(xue)(xue),我們設(she)計了傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)熱、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)質等(deng)6個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。每個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又(you)依據教學(xue)(xue)時間和進(jin)度(du)的不(bu)同,分成不(bu)同的單元(yuan),這(zhe)些單元(yuan)包括理論知識和實(shi)(shi)踐操作(zuo)兩部分。下(xia)面以其中一個(ge)典(dian)型項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)流量(liang)計流量(liang)系數(shu)測(ce)定為例,介(jie)紹(shao)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)教學(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)在《化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)基(ji)礎》中的具(ju)體實(shi)(shi)踐步驟。
1.項目準備過程(cheng)。
流(liu)量計流(liu)量系數測定的(de)項目(mu)(mu)教(jiao)學實(shi)施(shi)分(fen)理(li)論(lun)知(zhi)識構建和實(shi)踐操作兩部分(fen)。理(li)論(lun)知(zhi)識構建過程(cheng)是先(xian)由(you)教(jiao)師(shi)講(jiang)授(shou),比如(ru)流(liu)體性質、流(liu)體流(liu)動的(de)基本規律、流(liu)量測定原(yuan)理(li)、離心泵操作等最為基礎(chu)的(de)知(zhi)識,然后由(you)學生分(fen)組圍繞工程(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)進行討論(lun),通過知(zhi)識遷移、協作討論(lun),查找教(jiao)材及有關資(zi)料等,完(wan)成相(xiang)應(ying)項目(mu)(mu)理(li)論(lun)知(zhi)識的(de)準備。
實踐操(cao)作(zuo)在(zai)化(hua)工(gong)試驗(yan)室(shi)按預先確定(ding)的程(cheng)序進行(xing),如管(guan)道(dao)、流量計、離心泵、壓力(li)表安裝、故障排除等項目,項目組(zu)成(cheng)員在(zai)項目實施(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)進行(xing)分(fen)工(gong)協作(zuo),各司其(qi)職(zhi),而且成(cheng)員間還要(yao)協作(zuo)解決(jue)實施(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)遇(yu)到的問題。在(zai)實施(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)中(zhong),教師的職(zhi)責主(zhu)要(yao)是現場(chang)指導、檢查、解惑,具體操(cao)作(zuo)由學生獨立完成(cheng)。
2.計劃制定。
項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)準(zhun)備(bei)完(wan)(wan)畢之后(hou),要(yao)(yao)對項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)涉及的(de)問題進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)(fen)析,確定(ding)操作步(bu)驟,制(zhi)定(ding)整(zheng)個操作計劃。經過討論,流(liu)量(liang)計流(liu)量(liang)系數測定(ding)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)又(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)離心泵的(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)使用、壓差計的(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)使用、流(liu)體計量(liang)方(fang)法和實驗數據處理(li)四個子項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)。尤其(qi)是一些關(guan)鍵環(huan)節如離心泵安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時需要(yao)(yao)注意那些因素,流(liu)體的(de)計量(liang)方(fang)法有哪些,如何分(fen)(fen)(fen)析和處理(li)數據等問題,可能(neng)學(xue)生開始(shi)考慮得并不全面,因此(ci)教師要(yao)(yao)參(can)與到學(xue)生的(de)討論中去(qu),隨討論的(de)深入逐(zhu)漸把計劃完(wan)(wan)善。
3.計劃實施。
首先,各項目組(zu)(zu)(zu)按(an)照自己(ji)預定計(ji)劃獨(du)立地(di)進(jin)行(xing)實(shi)(shi)驗安裝(zhuang)和測量(liang),通(tong)過(guo)改變流(liu)(liu)量(liang)測定不同流(liu)(liu)速下(xia)孔板(ban)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)計(ji)和文氏管流(liu)(liu)量(liang)計(ji)的(de)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)系數,并(bing)與操(cao)作流(liu)(liu)動(dong)型態作對(dui)比,在(zai)此期間,各項目組(zu)(zu)(zu)之間可以相互討論和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)。然后(hou),教師根據各小組(zu)(zu)(zu)實(shi)(shi)驗過(guo)程中(zhong)出現的(de)問題,對(dui)有關項目組(zu)(zu)(zu)成員進(jin)行(xing)指點(dian),將項目組(zu)(zu)(zu)遇到的(de)共性(xing)問題在(zai)課堂上進(jin)行(xing)講解。最后(hou),學生根據實(shi)(shi)驗結果(guo)上交(jiao)實(shi)(shi)驗報告。
4.學生自我評估(gu),教師檢查評估(gu)。
項(xiang)目(mu)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后(hou),教師把評分(fen)(fen)表分(fen)(fen)發到學生手中(zhong),讓(rang)學生自(zi)我評估(gu),評價項(xiang)目(mu)包(bao)括實(shi)驗數(shu)據是(shi)否(fou)正確,操作(zuo)過(guo)程是(shi)否(fou)合理(li),技術要求是(shi)否(fou)滿足實(shi)際(ji)應用等。綜合多(duo)方面的評價意見確定出項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果(guo)的分(fen)(fen)數(shu)。設(she)計的評分(fen)(fen)標準為:課程總成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績=過(guo)程考(kao)核(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績×20%+任務結(jie)果(guo)考(kao)核(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績×60%+答辯評估(gu)考(kao)核(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績×20%,最終確定項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果(guo)的分(fen)(fen)數(shu)。
篇8
在世界經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)全(quan)球化(hua)整合持續加(jia)速的背景下,隨著國(guo)(guo)(guo)有石油(you)(you)工(gong)程(cheng)建設企(qi)業(ye)(ye)實施“走出去”戰略的不斷深化(hua),特(te)別(bie)是在當下長(chang)期低(di)油(you)(you)價(jia)的大環(huan)境下,能(neng)(neng)否(fou)培(pei)(pei)育一批(pi)可以同(tong)時開展國(guo)(guo)(guo)內和(he)海外業(ye)(ye)務,能(neng)(neng)夠在國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)舞臺上與(yu)一流公司同(tong)臺競(jing)技的國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)化(hua)人才,直(zhi)接決定著企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的市(shi)場(chang)競(jing)爭力。本文(wen)旨(zhi)在分析國(guo)(guo)(guo)有石油(you)(you)工(gong)程(cheng)建設企(qi)業(ye)(ye)如何(he)依據國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)特(te)點,健全(quan)管理(li)體系,完善組織架構、創(chuang)新培(pei)(pei)養方法,培(pei)(pei)養出一批(pi)適合國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)特(te)征的國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)化(hua)項目(mu)管理(li)人才,從而提高(gao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)競(jing)爭力和(he)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)效益。
關鍵詞:
石油;工程建(jian)設;國際(ji)化人才;培養(yang)
隨(sui)著國內油(you)氣產量的逐年遞減,各(ge)大油(you)公司都在大力(li)開拓海外(wai)市場(chang)。國有(you)石油(you)工程建設企(qi)業也都將目光瞄向國際市場(chang),不僅是(shi)企(qi)業發展(zhan)的需(xu)(xu)要,更(geng)是(shi)新(xin)形勢下生存(cun)的選(xuan)擇(ze)。然而,這(zhe)部分企(qi)業往(wang)往(wang)存(cun)在有(you)項(xiang)(xiang)目,沒人才(cai)的問題。所以,挖(wa)掘(jue)、選(xuan)拔、培養(yang)企(qi)業所需(xu)(xu)要的、高(gao)素質的,復合(he)型、開拓型的國際化項(xiang)(xiang)目管理人才(cai)才(cai)能從根本上(shang)提升(sheng)國際化競爭能力(li),為企(qi)業發展(zhan)帶來活(huo)力(li)和經濟(ji)效益。
一、國(guo)際化項目管理人才的特點(dian)
(一(yi))國際工程的特點
國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)指一(yi)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)某一(yi)個方面、某一(yi)個階段或全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)參與(yu)者來自(zi)不同的(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia),并且(qie)按照國(guo)際(ji)(ji)通用(yong)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理模(mo)式和方法(fa)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)比國(guo)內項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)制約因素(su)(su)更多,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)復雜,撬裝化(hua)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)強,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設周期長,受(shou)不可預見的(de)(de)因素(su)(su)增多,尤其(qi)是(shi)材料(liao)的(de)(de)運(yun)輸清關和資源國(guo)法(fa)律,受(shou)當地政府的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理和干(gan)預。主要特點體現在:1.國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)一(yi)個跨越多學科的(de)(de)系(xi)統工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。2.國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)跨文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)經濟活動(dong)。3.國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要求非常嚴格的(de)(de)合同管(guan)(guan)理。4.國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)場風(feng)險與(yu)利潤并行(xing)(xing)。5.國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)場基(ji)本由(you)發(fa)達國(guo)家(jia)壟斷(duan)。6.國(guo)際(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)場總體上是(shi)一(yi)個持續穩定不斷(duan)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)市(shi)場。7.東道(dao)國(guo)對用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制度(du)的(de)(de)限(xian)制越來越嚴格。
(二)國際化項目管理(li)人才的需求分析
國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)非(fei)常復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化環境,除(chu)了(le)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)本(ben)(ben)身(shen)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一次性、獨(du)特性和(he)唯一性之(zhi)外,國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)又是(shi)(shi)一門跨多(duo)(duo)(duo)個(ge)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)和(he)多(duo)(duo)(duo)個(ge)學(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)(de)(de)新學(xue)(xue)科,這(zhe)些(xie)特性的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合要求(qiu)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)素質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)提出了(le)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。1.國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)要求(qiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)遠離本(ben)(ben)土,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可變因(yin)素多(duo)(duo)(duo),往往具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)語(yu)言障礙、文化風(feng)俗差(cha)異、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準差(cha)異、安全環保限制、資金緊張、材料短缺、勞務(wu)限制等(deng)(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內難(nan)以想象的(de)(de)(de)(de)困難(nan)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)涉及到(dao)(dao)組織(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、合同管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、物資管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、財(cai)務(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)眾多(duo)(duo)(duo)業(ye)(ye)務(wu),這(zhe)些(xie)都對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)素質(zhi)(zhi)提出了(le)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。因(yin)而,國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員應(ying)該具(ju)(ju)(ju)備強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)意(yi)識(shi),敢(gan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)開拓市場(chang)應(ying)對(dui)市場(chang)風(feng)險(xian)并善(shan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)化風(feng)險(xian)為(wei)收(shou)(shou)益(yi);熟悉(xi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng),善(shan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)策略(lve)編標(biao)(biao)(biao)報價中(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)獲取項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu);熟悉(xi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式,能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)運用(yong)FIDIC合同條(tiao)件(jian)進(jin)行(xing)合同管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)獲取經(jing)營效益(yi);有(you)堅(jian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu),會應(ying)用(yong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)中(zhong)難(nan)題;對(dui)市場(chang)及費用(yong)敏感(gan),實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)變化對(dui)經(jing)營收(shou)(shou)支影響能(neng)(neng)(neng)做到(dao)(dao)心中(zhong)有(you)數(shu);善(shan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)溝通(tong)(tong)與(yu)談判,能(neng)(neng)(neng)促使合同各方合作(zuo)并維護本(ben)(ben)公司利益(yi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)素質(zhi)(zhi)。總之(zhi),對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)企業(ye)(ye)來說,國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)應(ying)是(shi)(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)愛崗(gang)敬業(ye)(ye)和(he)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)視野的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合型(xing)(xing)、外向(xiang)型(xing)(xing)、開拓型(xing)(xing)、創新型(xing)(xing),能(neng)(neng)(neng)按國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準創精品工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高級管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)。2.國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)結構(gou)要求(qiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)結構(gou)主要包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)結構(gou)兩個(ge)類別(bie)。(1)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)主要包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)三(san)部(bu)分(fen):①工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。一般指在一個(ge)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)領(ling)域具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)結構(gou)和(he)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu),這(zhe)個(ge)領(ling)域可以是(shi)(shi)土建(jian),也可以是(shi)(shi)機械、石油(油氣(qi)儲(chu)運)、化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、水(shui)利、電力(li)(li)、通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。②管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、運籌學(xue)(xue)、組織(zhi)行(xing)為(wei)學(xue)(xue)、市場(chang)學(xue)(xue)、管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)信息(xi)系統、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、合同管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)估價以及有(you)關法(fa)律(lv)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。③經(jing)濟學(xue)(xue)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)經(jing)濟學(xue)(xue)、會計學(xue)(xue)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經(jing)濟學(xue)(xue)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)貿(mao)易(yi)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)金融、保險(xian)以及公司理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)財(cai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。(2)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)主要包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)三(san)部(bu)分(fen):①基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)部(bu)分(fen),即國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承包(bao)(bao)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)律(lv)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式等(deng)(deng)(deng)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)。②項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)部(bu)分(fen),即項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)可行(xing)性研究(jiu)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)采購管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、HSSE(健康、安保、安全、環境)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)合同管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、設計管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、開試車管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。③專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)部(bu)分(fen),即國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)英(ying)(ying)語(yu)聽(ting)力(li)(li)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)英(ying)(ying)語(yu)口語(yu)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)英(ying)(ying)語(yu)閱(yue)讀、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)信函(han)寫(xie)作(zuo)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。
二、國際化項目管理人(ren)才的培養途徑
經過對所(suo)在企業(ye)實際(ji)情況分(fen)析,認(ren)為國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)才培(pei)養的(de)途徑一般有:1.招聘知名高校(xiao)“(國(guo)際(ji))工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理”專(zhuan)業(ye)優秀畢業(ye)生(sheng);2.利用內外部師(shi)資(zi)資(zi)源進行(xing)國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理方面的(de)系統和(he)專(zhuan)題培(pei)訓;3.借助國(guo)外或(huo)中(zhong)外“聯合體”承包項(xiang)目(mu)培(pei)養國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)才;4.利用現(xian)有國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu),內部師(shi)資(zi)采取“技術服務+現(xian)場培(pei)訓”的(de)方式(shi)解決海外項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)員(yuan)不易集中(zhong)培(pei)訓的(de)問題;5.積極引(yin)進第三國(guo)和(he)當(dang)地優秀的(de)人(ren)才。
(一)引進高等(deng)學校“工(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理”專業(ye)畢(bi)業(ye)生
該(gai)方向的(de)(de)(de)(de)畢(bi)業生(sheng)在學校已經完成了技(ji)術和管(guan)理相關基礎(chu)知識以及專(zhuan)業課程學習,并且具(ju)備一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)外語聽(ting)說讀寫能(neng)力,是(shi)企業補(bu)充國際化人才的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效來源。該(gai)專(zhuan)業畢(bi)業生(sheng)經過(guo)短期培訓便可上項目實習鍛煉,輔以現(xian)場實踐指導,會很快(kuai)適應各專(zhuan)業管(guan)理崗位的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu),特別是(shi)對合同管(guan)理、索賠(pei)管(guan)理等商(shang)務(wu)方面(mian)有很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)充效益。
(二)針對(dui)大項(xiang)目組織國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)管理培(pei)訓班
國(guo)際大(da)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)需(xu)(xu)求的(de)(de)人力資源往往很龐(pang)大(da),企(qi)業通常的(de)(de)做法都是集(ji)中優勢(shi)力量組建項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經理部執行項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)任務。此時,對(dui)擬派(pai)往項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經理部的(de)(de)人員(yuan)進行6個(ge)月左右的(de)(de)專項培(pei)訓(xun)顯得尤為(wei)重要,一(yi)般能夠收到良(liang)好效果。培(pei)訓(xun)內容通常包括國(guo)際工(gong)程項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管理相(xiang)關課程,還應注意外語(yu)強化訓(xun)練和(he)有關應用軟件學習。這類學員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要有良(liang)好的(de)(de)外語(yu)基礎和(he)一(yi)定的(de)(de)工(gong)程實踐經驗(yan),所以(yi)要經過選拔(ba),才能達到預期(qi)的(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標。實踐證(zheng)明,這種培(pei)訓(xun)方式的(de)(de)“產出/投入”比(bi)是非常高的(de)(de)。
(三)舉辦短期專項培訓班
此(ci)類培(pei)訓班主要是(shi)針對(dui)部分人員的(de)(de)特(te)需需求進行的(de)(de)專項培(pei)訓,這(zhe)部分人員可以(yi)按照專業進行劃(hua)分,比如合(he)同管理、投標報價、風(feng)險管理、索賠(pei)管理、FIDIC合(he)同條件等。培(pei)訓班的(de)(de)特(te)點就是(shi)時間短針對(dui)性強,以(yi)解決實(shi)際(ji)問題為目(mu)的(de)(de)。通(tong)過實(shi)踐證明,聘請業內專家以(yi)咨(zi)詢(xun)研討的(de)(de)方式進行座談式培(pei)訓效果(guo)最(zui)佳,能夠提升學員解決問題的(de)(de)實(shi)戰(zhan)能力。
(四)在中外“聯營體”項(xiang)目中培(pei)養人才
石油工程建(jian)設企業和(he)資源國(guo)(guo)公(gong)司(si)或是(shi)國(guo)(guo)外公(gong)司(si)組成聯(lian)(lian)營體(ti)(ti)承攬項目(mu)是(shi)經常性做(zuo)法(fa),能(neng)夠達到(dao)取長補短,獲得雙贏的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。在以“聯(lian)(lian)營體(ti)(ti)”實(shi)施項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong),也是(shi)向國(guo)(guo)外公(gong)司(si)學習提升的(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好機會。企業可以在自身能(neng)力偏弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)方面選(xuan)拔(ba)優秀人才參加聯(lian)(lian)營體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo),進入核心部(bu)門擔當一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職務(wu),這樣可以參與(yu)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)討(tao)論(lun)與(yu)決策,達到(dao)在工作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)培養人的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),切忌只是(shi)在聯(lian)(lian)營體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)充當勞務(wu)分包的(de)(de)(de)(de)角色。實(shi)踐證明(ming),在聯(lian)(lian)營體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)開展國(guo)(guo)際化人才培養是(shi)學習先進,趕超國(guo)(guo)際領先的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)途(tu)徑。
(五)在工程實踐中培養鍛煉人才(cai)
在(zai)實戰中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)提升本身就(jiu)是人(ren)才培養最好(hao)的方(fang)法和(he)途徑。每個人(ren)在(zai)現(xian)場都會遇到許(xu)多棘手(shou)的問題,因而不(bu)應(ying)(ying)該(gai)只(zhi)要求他(ta)們只(zhi)做好(hao)本職工(gong)作,更應(ying)(ying)要求他(ta)們及時總結(jie)經驗和(he)教訓,寫成論(lun)文(wen)或報告(gao),他(ta)們在(zai)撰寫論(lun)文(wen)或報告(gao)的過程中(zhong)(zhong)必然(ran)要去學(xue)(xue)習(xi)有(you)關理論(lun)、整理有(you)關數據,才能總結(jie)出帶有(you)指導性的經驗。一(yi)個工(gong)程在(zai)實施過程中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)該(gai)陸續出版一(yi)批論(lun)文(wen)或報告(gao),供大家交流(liu)學(xue)(xue)習(xi),在(zai)竣工(gong)后則應(ying)(ying)編印論(lun)文(wen)集(ji)或工(gong)程總結(jie)(包(bao)括技術、管理等方(fang)面)。
(六)利用國外資源開(kai)展“工作(zuo)式”人才(cai)培養(yang)
選派一定數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優秀專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)術和管(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)(ren)員赴國(guo)際知名工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)公司開展(zhan)為(wei)期(qi)1-2年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)式(shi)培(pei)(pei)訓是國(guo)際化(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)成長較為(wei)快速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通道。工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)式(shi)培(pei)(pei)訓可以(yi)在石油工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)“走(zou)出去”初(chu)(chu)期(qi)大力(li)推(tui)動企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)國(guo)際化(hua)(hua)運營和管(guan)(guan)理(li)體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速(su)成熟。在工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)式(shi)培(pei)(pei)訓過程(cheng)中(zhong),不(bu)僅(jin)學習(xi)技(ji)術知識和管(guan)(guan)理(li)技(ji)巧,更為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學習(xi)處理(li)各類問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新理(li)念和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)風(feng),并且(qie)可以(yi)快速(su)提(ti)升外(wai)語水平(ping)。隨著(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)式(shi)培(pei)(pei)訓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)會更加(jia)豐富,可以(yi)從(cong)初(chu)(chu)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)術培(pei)(pei)訓逐步擴展(zhan)到項目管(guan)(guan)理(li)、HSE專(zhuan)項管(guan)(guan)理(li)、費用(yong)控制(zhi)等;培(pei)(pei)訓方式(shi)從(cong)跟著(zhu)干,逐步延(yan)伸到現(xian)場學習(xi)和老師上門送教的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“走(zou)出去、請進(jin)來(lai)”有機結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新模式(shi)。通過有效實施工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)式(shi)培(pei)(pei)訓,可以(yi)為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)(pei)養一批緊跟行業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)趨勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際化(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)才(cai),實現(xian)國(guo)際先(xian)進(jin)經驗(yan)為(wei)我(wo)所用(yong)。此外(wai),應重視屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和當(dang)地管(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)引(yin)進(jin)。一般國(guo)家(jia)都對(dui)本(ben)國(guo)承包商提(ti)供各種方便(bian)與支(zhi)持(chi),而對(dui)國(guo)外(wai)承包商設置一些障(zhang)礙,這就要求承包商要屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua),充分利用(yong)當(dang)地人(ren)(ren)力(li)資源和政策法(fa)律環境,降低(di)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)運營成本(ben)、規避(bi)風(feng)險。這就警示企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)要努力(li)采用(yong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)策略(lve),盡量利用(yong)當(dang)地管(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)(ren)才(cai),同時可以(yi)相互(hu)學習(xi)。既可以(yi)解(jie)決國(guo)際化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)不(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾,也可以(yi)利用(yong)國(guo)外(wai)資源培(pei)(pei)養人(ren)(ren)才(cai)。
三(san)、國際化項目管理人才(cai)培養的保障措施(shi)
1.戰略層(ceng)面創造良(liang)好的人(ren)才環境(jing)。
旨在推進(jin)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)石油工(gong)程建(jian)設(she)企(qi)業(ye)應始終(zhong)堅(jian)持“人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)是(shi)第一資本”的(de)(de)(de)理(li)念,將國(guo)際(ji)(ji)化(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)一項重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)戰略工(gong)程常抓不(bu)懈(xie)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)在競爭中處(chu)于有利地(di)位,企(qi)業(ye)要建(jian)立、完(wan)善人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培(pei)訓制度,形成整套(tao)體(ti)系(xi)(xi),為(wei)(wei)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)化(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)創造良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)環境。良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)環境是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)得以發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)環境。作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導,要充分解(jie)放(fang)思想,深入(ru)(ru)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)市場中,挖(wa)掘、發(fa)現(xian)有能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai),為(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)所用,為(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)帶來良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)新活(huo)力(li),注入(ru)(ru)新生命、新血液。企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導者(zhe)還應更加(jia)(jia)注重(zhong)(zhong)對職工(gong)和(he)新人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓和(he)使用,做到(dao)按能力(li)分配崗位,這樣(yang)才(cai)能為(wei)(wei)企(qi)業(ye)形成良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)結構(gou),發(fa)揮(hui)每一個(ge)員工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)優勢。只有不(bu)斷(duan)加(jia)(jia)大(da)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)化(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)投(tou)入(ru)(ru),通(tong)過不(bu)斷(duan)健全管理(li)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)、完(wan)善組織架構(gou)、創新培(pei)養(yang)(yang)方(fang)法、強化(hua)業(ye)務實踐、打造特色文化(hua),國(guo)際(ji)(ji)化(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)工(gong)作(zuo)才(cai)能取(qu)得了(le)明顯(xian)成效(xiao)。
2.戰術層面建立完善的培養體系。
在使(shi)用人才(cai)之(zhi)后,還要(yao)注重對人才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)規劃。人才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)成長要(yao)經過“培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)——使(shi)用——再培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)——再使(shi)用”的(de)(de)(de)良性循環機制(zhi)(zhi)。培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)時做到(dao)(dao)因(yin)才(cai)施教、實事求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)(shi),分(fen)層(ceng)次、分(fen)批(pi)次的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)。培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)出能夠適應(ying)市場需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和企業(ye)特(te)點,并(bing)能符(fu)合(he)現代企業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)復合(he)型人才(cai)。同時,訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)要(yao)做到(dao)(dao)制(zhi)(zhi)度化和多(duo)樣(yang)化。制(zhi)(zhi)度化是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)工作的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度化,在培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)工作中,要(yao)有一套相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)制(zhi)(zhi)度來(lai)組(zu)織人才(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun),這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)才(cai)能做到(dao)(dao)有序(xu)、有效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行。對綜合(he)型人才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)課按照這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)方案(an),一是(shi)(shi)崗(gang)位培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun),針對不同的(de)(de)(de)崗(gang)位采取(qu)不同的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)方式。二是(shi)(shi)送(song)出去培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)。可讓(rang)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)對象到(dao)(dao)對口的(de)(de)(de)高校、大專院(yuan)校或(huo)者是(shi)(shi)其他(ta)企業(ye)去參加(jia)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun),學習先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)、組(zu)織等優秀經驗(yan)、好方法、好技術(shu),取(qu)他(ta)人之(zhi)長補自身之(zhi)短。三是(shi)(shi)輪換培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)。把(ba)要(yao)參加(jia)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)工進(jin)行劃分(fen),分(fen)層(ceng)次、分(fen)批(pi)次的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)行培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)。
3.制(zhi)度層面建立完(wan)善的成長機制(zhi)。
一(yi)是要有(you)評(ping)價機制(zhi)。培訓有(you)無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果(guo),人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)培養是否見效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),關鍵要有(you)一(yi)套科學的(de)考(kao)(kao)核(he)(he)評(ping)價機制(zhi)。對企業員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)考(kao)(kao)核(he)(he)分(fen)成等(deng)級(ji)(ji)遞進模式(shi),由(you)初級(ji)(ji)上(shang)升到中(zhong)級(ji)(ji)再上(shang)升到高(gao)級(ji)(ji)。結合職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)自(zi)身情況(kuang)和(he)職業生涯,制(zhi)定培訓計劃、考(kao)(kao)核(he)(he)目(mu)(mu)標,給予員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)鼓(gu)勵(li),激(ji)(ji)勵(li)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作績效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)再上(shang)新臺階。二是要有(you)激(ji)(ji)勵(li)機制(zhi)。要建立員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)績效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)與政治(zhi)待(dai)(dai)遇、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)配(pei)、職業生涯發展等(deng)掛鉤的(de)激(ji)(ji)勵(li)制(zhi)度。在對員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)考(kao)(kao)核(he)(he)時,根(gen)據員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作績效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)給予不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)政治(zhi)待(dai)(dai)遇。還可以根(gen)據員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)努力與否,績效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)好與否,在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)、酬勞(lao)分(fen)配(pei)時,可以相應地提高(gao)獎金,這樣能(neng)夠激(ji)(ji)勵(li)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在今后的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)更(geng)加努力。三是要有(you)共享平(ping)(ping)臺。項目(mu)(mu)的(de)管(guan)理水平(ping)(ping)是靠參建的(de)每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)的(de)管(guan)理能(neng)力和(he)水平(ping)(ping)來體現的(de),優秀的(de)項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理思維(wei)、理念和(he)經(jing)驗是隨著(zhu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)流動而傳播的(de),企業要建立一(yi)個(ge)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)流動機制(zhi)和(he)共享平(ping)(ping)臺,在企業內部、各個(ge)子公(gong)司(si)之間、不(bu)(bu)(bu)同項目(mu)(mu)之間促進人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)交流,并(bing)定期(qi)(qi)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)定期(qi)(qi)舉行經(jing)驗座(zuo)談會,組(zu)織海外(wai)項目(mu)(mu)回派(pai)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)向國內人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)傳授海外(wai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作經(jing)驗。
四、結束語
總之,對于國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)項(xiang)目管(guan)理人(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang)必(bi)須(xu)上升到企業(ye)(ye)戰(zhan)略層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)。只有在戰(zhan)略層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)重視國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)養(yang),才(cai)能在技術(shu)層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)制(zhi)度層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)執行好。同時,在具體培(pei)養(yang)過程中要(yao)理論和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)并重,有實(shi)(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)補充(chong)系統理論知識,有理論知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)須(xu)參與實(shi)(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)鍛煉,這(zhe)樣(yang)才(cai)能打(da)造出既懂理論又有實(shi)(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合性優秀國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)項(xiang)目管(guan)理人(ren)才(cai)。大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)案例反復表明,知識型、創新型的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)人(ren)才(cai)往往是(shi)新理念的(de)(de)(de)(de)創建者(zhe)、新技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創造者(zhe)、新市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開拓者(zhe)和(he)(he)新途(tu)徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)引領(ling)者(zhe),也是(shi)企業(ye)(ye)抓住市場(chang)競(jing)爭主動權(quan),占領(ling)新業(ye)(ye)務發展制(zhi)高點的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)備利器。企業(ye)(ye)只有搶先取(qu)得(de)國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)項(xiang)目管(guan)理人(ren)才(cai)優勢,才(cai)能在激烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)競(jing)爭中取(qu)得(de)主動權(quan)和(he)(he)制(zhi)勝權(quan)。
作者:王振 單位(wei):大慶油田工(gong)程建設培(pei)訓中(zhong)心
參考文獻:
[1]焦(jiao)瑩瑩.企(qi)業人才培(pei)養的新途徑(jing):基于(yu)勝(sheng)任力的學習與(yu)培(pei)訓[J].大眾科技,2008,(01).
[2]孫玉芝.淺談企(qi)業人才培(pei)養制度的完善(shan)[J].山東勞動保障(zhang),2007,(08).
篇9
關(guan)鍵詞:計價課(ke)程;行(xing)動導向(xiang)性;四段(duan)式(shi)教(jiao)學(xue)方式(shi)
中圖(tu)分(fen)類(lei)號:G642.0 文獻標志(zhi)碼:A 文章編號:1674-9324(2014)37-0172-03
高職工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是當前熱門專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之一。這(zhe)也是我(wo)(wo)國近些年房地(di)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)迅猛發展的(de)(de)(de)一個帶動作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教師,應該(gai)為(wei)(wei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)可持續發展思考,不(bu)斷(duan)探(tan)索專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教學(xue)(xue)改(gai)革。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)而言(yan),主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)核心課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就是各種計價(jia)(jia)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(《建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》、《安裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》、《市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》、《園(yuan)林(lin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》等)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)這(zhe)類(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),都是政(zheng)策性(xing)、技術性(xing)、經濟性(xing)、實踐性(xing)很強的(de)(de)(de)綜合性(xing)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)能僅靠課(ke)(ke)(ke)堂講解的(de)(de)(de)方式傳授知識就能達到掌握技能的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)以(yi)上情(qing)況(kuang),筆者以(yi)我(wo)(wo)院該(gai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)一些實際情(qing)況(kuang)為(wei)(wei)例,從該(gai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)調(diao)研(yan)入手(shou),剖析學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)崗位知識、能力和素質要(yao)求,調(diao)查學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)課(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)習效(xiao)率,分析專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)才培養方案(an),以(yi)《市(shi)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》為(wei)(wei)例剖析課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)標準(zhun)。聯系造價(jia)(jia)員(yuan)實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),提出基于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)導向的(de)(de)(de)以(yi)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)行動為(wei)(wei)中心的(de)(de)(de)計價(jia)(jia)類(lei)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四段式教學(xue)(xue)模式及對(dui)(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)方法。該(gai)模式經過實踐取得(de)了不(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。
一、對專業(ye)現狀分析與調查
1.對專(zhuan)業崗(gang)位(wei)、知識與能力(li)分析。工(gong)程(cheng)造價專(zhuan)業就業崗(gang)位(wei)主要從事(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)造價文件――招投標(biao)書(shu)、預結算書(shu)等(deng)的(de)編制(zhi)工(gong)作。核心能力(li):識讀圖(tu)紙的(de)能力(li),造價文件編制(zhi)和審核能力(li),工(gong)程(cheng)招投標(biao)、合同(tong)管理能力(li),項(xiang)目管理能力(li),等(deng)等(deng)。
2.對工(gong)程造價專業教學計劃(hua)課程設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)析。教學計劃(hua)中,主要課程的(de)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)依(yi)據就(jiu)是專業崗位、知識能力分(fen)析。(見(jian)表1)
3.對(dui)該(gai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業畢(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)、實(shi)習生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)。調(diao)(diao)查(cha)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)于學(xue)(xue)完(wan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業計價課程后的(de)感受,很大(da)一(yi)部分同(tong)學(xue)(xue)的(de)感受是(shi)(shi)聽(ting)起來(lai)明(ming)白(bai),看起來(lai)也懂(dong)(dong),做起來(lai)就出現很多問題。也就是(shi)(shi)眼高手低、自己(ji)(ji)獨立(li)不(bu)(bu)能做項目(mu)。具體存(cun)在的(de)問題有:列項模糊、施(shi)工工藝不(bu)(bu)了(le)解、施(shi)工圖看不(bu)(bu)懂(dong)(dong)、構造做法不(bu)(bu)夠(gou)熟悉、算量容易忽略細節(jie)、容易漏算和(he)重復(fu)計算、定額應用不(bu)(bu)合理等。針對(dui)這些情況,筆者(zhe)認為(wei)最主要的(de)原(yuan)因是(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)實(shi)際操作訓練太少。盡管(guan)我們在實(shi)踐環節(jie)的(de)教學(xue)(xue)已經占(zhan)有非常大(da)的(de)比(bi)例。但是(shi)(shi)在學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)里學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)還是(shi)(shi)過分依賴老師(shi),自己(ji)(ji)完(wan)成(cheng)任務(wu)的(de)能力(li)(li)太差。所以在專(zhuan)(zhuan)業課教學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)應該(gai)加(jia)大(da)對(dui)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)實(shi)際操作能力(li)(li)訓練,應該(gai)重視強調(diao)(diao)以學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)行動為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)教學(xue)(xue)模式,這樣(yang)就會提升學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)自主學(xue)(xue)習能力(li)(li)和(he)適(shi)崗能力(li)(li)。
二、以(yi)工作過(guo)程為導向的課程教學(xue)設計(ji)
對于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)專(zhuan)業(ye),學生的(de)(de)(de)就業(ye)崗位群主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)設單(dan)(dan)位、房地產(chan)開發企業(ye)、施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)、咨(zi)詢公司等(deng)單(dan)(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理部門(men)。從(cong)事的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)編制(zhi)概(gai)算書(shu)、招投標(biao)書(shu)、施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)預算書(shu)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結算書(shu)等(deng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)件。不管是(shi)(shi)哪種造(zao)價(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)件,總的(de)(de)(de)編制(zhi)流程(cheng)(cheng)基本是(shi)(shi)相同的(de)(de)(de)。總體的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)都是(shi)(shi)審圖(tu)(tu)識圖(tu)(tu)―計量―計價(jia)(jia)―取費匯總―形成(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)件的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。針對這些(xie)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)知識、技能、素質(zhi)等(deng),在(zai)高(gao)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)課教學中,對于(yu)《建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》、《市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》、《安裝工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》、《園林工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)計價(jia)(jia)》等(deng)計價(jia)(jia)課程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)教學過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng),最行之有效的(de)(de)(de)教學過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)應該做到以下幾(ji)點。
首(shou)先做到以工作過程為(wei)導向(xiang)的(de)課(ke)程教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)設(she)計(ji)(ji)。這就要求(qiu)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)設(she)計(ji)(ji)需根(gen)據(ju)計(ji)(ji)價(jia)課(ke)程定位和目(mu)標,從造(zao)價(jia)員(yuan)的(de)職業(ye)能(neng)力(li)出發,以造(zao)價(jia)員(yuan)真實(shi)工作過程為(wei)導向(xiang),以典型(xing)造(zao)價(jia)工作任務為(wei)載體,參照造(zao)價(jia)員(yuan)職業(ye)資格考試大綱要求(qiu),理論(lun)和實(shi)踐一體化(hua)設(she)計(ji)(ji),根(gen)據(ju)針對崗位,接軌職業(ye)標準,適用本地,貼近實(shi)際的(de)原則,選(xuan)取教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容。(見圖1)
其次要(yao)在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)重(zhong)視實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)練(lian)。圍繞課程能力目標(biao),選用實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程圖紙,以(yi)編制造(zao)價文(wen)件(招投標(biao)書(shu)、預算書(shu)等)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程為(wei)(wei)導(dao)向(xiang),以(yi)造(zao)價員職業(ye)能力培養為(wei)(wei)主線,邊學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)邊用,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)用結合,階(jie)段循環,過(guo)(guo)(guo)程考核(he),把學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)實踐(jian)、任(ren)(ren)務(wu)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)練(lian)、考核(he)評(ping)價貫(guan)穿教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)全(quan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程。重(zhong)視學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)校(xiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)與(yu)實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)一致性(xing),有針對性(xing)地采(cai)取(qu)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)驅動、項(xiang)目導(dao)向(xiang)、課堂(tang)與(yu)實習(xi)地點(dian)一體(ti)化(hua)等行動導(dao)向(xiang)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式(shi)。具體(ti)表現在(zai)(zai):(1)課堂(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue):以(yi)項(xiang)目為(wei)(wei)導(dao)向(xiang),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程和教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程相統一,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理論和實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)一體(ti)化(hua)設(she)計(ji)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)室(shi)即(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)地點(dian)即(ji)校(xiao)內的(de)(de)開放式(shi)實訓(xun)(xun)(xun)基地,選取(qu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)典型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程案例,邊教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)邊做,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)傅化(hua),學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人化(hua),符合認知規律,能提高教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效(xiao)率和教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效(xiao)果。以(yi)完成(cheng)一個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)計(ji)價為(wei)(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)依據(ju),實踐(jian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)貫(guan)穿教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)全(quan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程。(2)實訓(xun)(xun)(xun)周教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue):設(she)計(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)性(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)任(ren)(ren)務(wu),以(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)為(wei)(wei)主體(ti),模(mo)擬(ni)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)真實場景,實現角色模(mo)擬(ni),完成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)。在(zai)(zai)分(fen)散教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)基礎上,通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)集中(zhong)實踐(jian),使學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)動手能力有了(le)質的(de)(de)飛躍。
三、“行動導向”下的四(si)段式教(jiao)學模式,各階段采用(yong)不同的教(jiao)學方法
行(xing)動導向教(jiao)(jiao)學方(fang)法(fa),強(qiang)調(diao)學生的參與性(xing)、實踐性(xing)和互動性(xing),體現(xian)“以(yi)學生為本”的職業(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)育思想。通過(guo)(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)師引導、師生互動,突出“我(wo)(wo)聽到的,我(wo)(wo)會(hui)忘記;我(wo)(wo)看到的,我(wo)(wo)會(hui)了解;我(wo)(wo)做(zuo)過(guo)(guo)的,我(wo)(wo)會(hui)記住”的思想。
四段(duan)式教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模(mo)式在教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)不(bu)同階段(duan),采用不(bu)同的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方法。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師僅僅是(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)設計者(zhe)、組(zu)織(zhi)者(zhe)、引導者(zhe)、協(xie)調(diao)者(zhe),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)中突出學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體作(zuo)用,發揮(hui)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)觀能(neng)動(dong)性(xing)、創造性(xing)和(he)團隊意識。小組(zu)協(xie)作(zuo)完成學(xue)(xue)習(xi)項(xiang)目任務,期間小組(zu)每個成員通力合作(zuo)完成、各取所(suo)長,體現了教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)趣味(wei)性(xing)和(he)互動(dong)性(xing)。
行動導向教學方法的具體優點歸納如(ru)下。
1.注(zhu)重學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)行(xing)動,有利于學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)創新能(neng)力(li)的(de)形成。在教學(xue)過程中以(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作過程為導向,學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)習的(de)環(huan)境類似將來(lai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)環(huan)境工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,工(gong)(gong)(gong)作項(xiang)目有老師(shi)安排,分(fen)解項(xiang)目任(ren)務(wu)(wu),小(xiao)組(zu)協作完成項(xiang)目任(ren)務(wu)(wu),由組(zu)員互(hu)評(ping)、小(xiao)組(zu)長打(da)分(fen)、老師(shi)點評(ping)等(deng)多個(ge)討(tao)論環(huan)節。討(tao)論過程中充分(fen)發揮(hui)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)主觀(guan)能(neng)動性和創新思維。采(cai)用實際案例(li)進行(xing)分(fen)析,擴展了學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)眼(yan)界,給學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)潛能(neng)的(de)發揮(hui)提供了廣闊的(de)空(kong)間。
2.教(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)作用(yong)發生了(le)變化。教(jiao)師(shi)主要(yao)任務是引導學(xue)生學(xue)習(xi),并(bing)與學(xue)生一道對學(xue)習(xi)過程和(he)(he)結(jie)果進行(xing)評價。而不是以往(wang)的(de)(de)滿堂灌輸。以學(xue)生為主體(ti),教(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)工作量并(bing)沒有減(jian)輕,相反,教(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)任務更(geng)重(zhong),因為老(lao)師(shi)在(zai)(zai)備(bei)課(ke)時(shi),要(yao)根據(ju)教(jiao)學(xue)目標,圍繞教(jiao)學(xue)重(zhong)點(dian),設計出層次清、質量高的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),準備(bei)在(zai)(zai)課(ke)堂教(jiao)學(xue)中的(de)(de)“互動”環節(jie)拋(pao)給(gei)學(xue)生,解決這些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)。總之,在(zai)(zai)“自(zi)學(xue)”環節(jie)中,老(lao)師(shi)和(he)(he)學(xue)生都(dou)在(zai)(zai)研究教(jiao)學(xue)目標、教(jiao)材,都(dou)會站在(zai)(zai)不同的(de)(de)角度和(he)(he)高度上發現問(wen)題(ti)。這樣(yang),就(jiu)變傳統的(de)(de)老(lao)師(shi)一個(ge)人備(bei)課(ke)為全(quan)體(ti)師(shi)生共(gong)同備(bei)課(ke),這樣(yang)就(jiu)把一個(ge)人的(de)(de)智慧擴大為全(quan)體(ti)人智慧的(de)(de)匯(hui)聚(ju)。
3.評(ping)價方法(fa)發生(sheng)了變(bian)化。不唯分數,而是注重評(ping)價的(de)(de)過程(cheng)性(xing)(xing)和開(kai)放性(xing)(xing)。在行動導向教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)法(fa)的(de)(de)大框(kuang)架下,結合(he)工(gong)程(cheng)計價類課程(cheng)的(de)(de)課程(cheng)性(xing)(xing)質(專業性(xing)(xing)、實踐性(xing)(xing)、應用(yong)型),提出四(si)段式教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方法(fa)。四(si)段式教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模式是在“三段式開(kai)放性(xing)(xing)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)法(fa)”的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上演變(bian)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)。教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模式可以歸納為:課前引導―課內指導―課后訓練―評(ping)價研討。這種四(si)段式的(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模式遵循(xun)(xun)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)認知學(xue)(xue)習規律,設(she)計教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)工(gong)程(cheng)方案。從簡單到(dao)復雜,從個案到(dao)綜(zong)合(he),從局(ju)部到(dao)整(zheng)體。整(zheng)個教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)對于能(neng)(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)培養(yang)遵循(xun)(xun):基(ji)礎能(neng)(neng)(neng)力―單項能(neng)(neng)(neng)力―專項能(neng)(neng)(neng)力―綜(zong)合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。(見表2)
表2中反映的(de)是(shi)四段(duan)式(shi)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)在《市政工程計價(jia)》課程中的(de)應用(yong)情(qing)況(kuang),從(cong)不同的(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過程對學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)和(he)教(jiao)師主體的(de)工作任務、采用(yong)的(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法、完成的(de)學(xue)(xue)習成果、用(yong)到的(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)資源等幾(ji)個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)進(jin)行了列舉。這種教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)對于培(pei)養(yang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)能力(li)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)優點主要表現在以下方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)。
1.加強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)自主(zhu)(zhu)性,提高自學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能力(li)。這主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)現在(zai)課前引(yin)(yin)(yin)導學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)階段,采用(yong)的教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方法:引(yin)(yin)(yin)導文法、合作研討(tao)法等(deng)。需要(yao)老師(shi)充分準備(bei)高質量的引(yin)(yin)(yin)導材料,其(qi)實主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)就是隨(sui)堂(tang)圖紙和(he)計價(jia)依(yi)據(ju)(定額、價(jia)格信息等(deng))。要(yao)求學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對該學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)模塊的內(nei)容(rong)認(ren)真識(shi)圖,探求研討(tao)計價(jia)依(yi)據(ju),為上課互動做基礎。要(yao)求學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自主(zhu)(zhu)完成。
2.激(ji)發學(xue)(xue)習興趣,培養思考能力。這主要表(biao)現在課內指導學(xue)(xue)習階段,采用(yong)的教學(xue)(xue)方法(fa)(fa)主要是案例教學(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)、項(xiang)目教學(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。利用(yong)案例,邊(bian)講(jiang)邊(bian)練(lian),聯系實際項(xiang)目,交流補(bu)充,尋(xun)找(zhao)共(gong)性。
3.養成團(tuan)隊協(xie)作意識,提高解決問題的(de)能力(li)。這主要(yao)表現在課后訓練、評價研討(tao)階段,采用(yong)的(de)教學(xue)方法(fa)主要(yao)是任務(wu)驅動法(fa)、分組(zu)討(tao)論法(fa)等。針(zhen)對圖紙和(he)自編習題集中的(de)任務(wu)按小組(zu)共同討(tao)論,相互啟發,要(yao)求團(tuan)結(jie)協(xie)作,最終形成該模塊的(de)造(zao)價文件(jian),再交換審查(cha),形成審查(cha)意見。
總(zong)之,教學(xue)模式的(de)改革(ge),增強了學(xue)生主體的(de)能動(dong)性,學(xue)生學(xue)習的(de)積極(ji)性也調動(dong)了起(qi)來(lai),通(tong)過邊學(xue)邊做、學(xue)練結合,達到了學(xue)以致(zhi)用的(de)效果(guo)。
參考文獻:
[1]姜(jiang)大源.職(zhi)業教(jiao)育(yu)學(xue)新論[M].北京:教(jiao)育(yu)科學(xue)出版社,2007.
[2]姜大源.“學習領域”――工作過程(cheng)導向的課程(cheng)模式――德國職(zhi)業教育(yu)課程(cheng)改革的探索與突破[J].職(zhi)教論(lun)壇,2004,(24).
[3]聶華.論行動導向教學(xue)(xue)法在高(gao)職教學(xue)(xue)中的應用[J].企(qi)業(ye)家天地,2011,(04).
[4]石偉平.我國職業教育課程改革(ge)中的問題與思路[J].中國職業技術(shu)教育,2005,(31).
篇10
關(guan)鍵詞:成本控制;即時化;企業管理
0 引言
成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)企(qi)業(ye)成(cheng)本(ben)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)重(zhong)要手段,在建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)發展戰略中具(ju)有非常重(zhong)要的(de)地(di)位,對于(yu)推動企(qi)業(ye)改善經營管(guan)(guan)理,提高(gao)自身(shen)經濟效益有著(zhu)重(zhong)要作(zuo)用(yong)。工程規模的(de)大小不同及(ji)管(guan)(guan)理體制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)差(cha)異都會導致成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)面的(de)差(cha)別。有了成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)則,成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)措施以及(ji)嚴密的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)體系,用(yong)統一的(de)規范、責(ze)任(ren)來約束和(he)指導工程參建(jian)人員的(de)工作(zuo),就有利于(yu)達到“增收節支、增產節約”的(de)共同目(mu)標。
1工程項目中的成(cheng)本控制(zhi)要素
建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)項目中的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)控制主要體現在(zai)材料成(cheng)本(ben)、機(ji)械費用、人工(gong)費用及管理費用的(de)控制這幾個方面(mian)。
1.1 材料成(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)
材料(liao)成(cheng)本的控制(zhi)(zhi)主要體(ti)現在材料(liao)價格控制(zhi)(zhi)和用(yong)量控制(zhi)(zhi)兩個方面(mian)。
材(cai)(cai)(cai)料價格控(kong)制(zhi)包括(kuo)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料買(mai)價控(kong)制(zhi)和運費(fei)控(kong)制(zhi)。購(gou)買(mai)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料時,應認真研究調查(cha)市場的(de)行情(qing),貨比三家(jia),在保質保量(liang)的(de)前提下(xia)擇優購(gou)料,就近購(gou)料。然后采用合理和經濟的(de)運輸方式組織運輸,以(yi)降低(di)運輸成本費(fei)用。材(cai)(cai)(cai)料購(gou)買(mai)過程中(zhong)還應合理確(que)定采購(gou)批次和批量(liang),盡可能降低(di)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)儲備(bei)量(liang)及流動資(zi)金占用率。
要(yao)合理(li)控(kong)制材料(liao)的(de)用量,應實行限額領料(liao)制度,堅持按(an)定額確定的(de)材料(liao)消費量,各(ge)班組只能(neng)在規定限額內分(fen)期分(fen)批領用,如超出限額領料(liao),要(yao)分(fen)析原因(yin),及(ji)時采(cai)取糾正(zheng)措施(shi)。還要(yao)改進施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術,推廣使用各(ge)種低(di)(di)耗(hao)的(de)新(xin)(xin)工(gong)藝、新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術和新(xin)(xin)材料(liao)。此外,還應加強現場(chang)管理(li),降低(di)(di)堆放、倉儲(chu)損耗(hao),認真計量驗收,降低(di)(di)料(liao)耗(hao)水平(ping)。
1.2 機械費用控制(zhi)
在施工(gong)成本中控(kong)制機械(xie)費(fei)用(yong)的(de)(de)方法(fa)主(zhu)要是機械(xie)設備(bei)的(de)(de)合理利(li)用(yong)和正確選(xuan)配,充分利(li)用(yong)現有機械(xie)設備(bei)、內部合理調度,力求提高主(zhu)要機械(xie)的(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)率(lv),在設備(bei)選(xuan)型(xing)配套中,注意一機多用(yong),降低設備(bei)零星配件的(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)和設備(bei)維護(hu)人(ren)員的(de)(de)數量。
1.3 人(ren)工費控制(zhi)
人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費用(yong)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)主要在控(kong)制(zhi)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)數量(liang)方面(mian)執行(xing)。首(shou)先要以(yi)勞(lao)動定額為根據將定額用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)量(liang)計算出,并(bing)將文明(ming)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、安全生(sheng)產及(ji)零星用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)按(an)定比例(li)(li)進(jin)行(xing)包(bao)(bao)干控(kong)制(zhi);其次要提(ti)高班組(zu)的(de)組(zu)織管(guan)理(li)水平和生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)技(ji)術水平,合(he)理(li)進(jin)行(xing)勞(lao)動組(zu)織,提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作效率,盡量(liang)避(bi)免和減少無效勞(lao)動。對于技(ji)術含量(liang)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)單位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程,可分包(bao)(bao)給分包(bao)(bao)商,采取(qu)包(bao)(bao)干控(kong)制(zhi),降低(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費。此外,還(huan)應通過(guo)減少窩(wo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)浪費、改善勞(lao)動組(zu)織、加強培訓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作和技(ji)術教(jiao)育、實行(xing)合(he)理(li)的(de)獎懲制(zhi)度(du)、加強勞(lao)動紀律、壓縮和控(kong)制(zhi)輔助用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和非生(sheng)產用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員的(de)比例(li)(li)等最大程度(du)地(di)降低(di)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)數量(liang)。
1.4 管理費用(yong)控制(zhi)
要(yao)以工程難易程度和工程規模大小等因素為根據(ju)(ju)設(she)置(zhi)項(xiang)目管理機構,按照組織設(she)計原則,因職(zhi)選人(ren),因事(shi)設(she)職(zhi),各(ge)負其責,各(ge)司其職(zhi)。對(dui)于一(yi)專多能(neng)的(de)復合型人(ren)才要(yao)優先(xian)選拔,這樣能(neng)減(jian)少不必要(yao)的(de)崗位,使管理人(ren)員的(de)費(fei)用降低。此外(wai),對(dui)于項(xiang)目部的(de)招待(dai)費(fei)應特(te)別控制(zhi),要(yao)根據(ju)(ju)企(qi)業相(xiang)關規定制(zhi)定出招待(dai)標準,從(cong)管理層內(nei)部做(zuo)起,對(dui)各(ge)項(xiang)費(fei)用嚴格控制(zhi),嚴禁鋪張(zhang)浪費(fei)。
2 傳(chuan)統(tong)的成(cheng)本(ben)控制方法及其(qi)弊端
建筑企業當前普遍采用的成(cheng)(cheng)本控制方法主要(yao)是月度成(cheng)(cheng)本控制法,即每月初提出當月的成(cheng)(cheng)本計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)與(yu)資(zi)源消(xiao)耗(hao)數量,每月末通(tong)過會計(ji)(ji)報表的形式計(ji)(ji)算實(shi)際施工中(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)的資(zi)源耗(hao)用,通(tong)過計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)與(yu)實(shi)際的對比(bi)來評價(jia)工程(cheng)經(jing)濟指(zhi)標是否完成(cheng)(cheng)。
這種(zhong)月度成(cheng)本(ben)控制的(de)(de)(de)方法比(bi)較適用(yong)于制造類(lei)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)工廠車間(jian),而(er)建筑工地的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際情況(kuang)與企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)工廠車間(jian)相比(bi)環境要差很多(duo),也不(bu)可(ke)能把工地上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)所有人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)、材料與機械的(de)(de)(de)消耗量(liang)快速準(zhun)確地計算清楚,這是非常不(bu)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de),這種(zhong)管理(li)方法既(ji)無(wu)法明確項(xiang)目部人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)責任,同時(shi)也無(wu)法對他們的(de)(de)(de)工作效果進行精確評估;這種(zhong)管理(li)習慣(guan)也使得項(xiang)目中出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)超(chao)額的(de)(de)(de)原因不(bu)能即時(shi)發現(xian)與解決。
3 成本控制即時化及其實現方(fang)式
3.1 成本控制的即時(shi)化
對施工成(cheng)本(ben)進行即時(shi)化控制就是(shi)(shi)要求施工現場管理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)記錄每天的(de)機械、材料使用(yong)數量、用(yong)工數量與工程完成(cheng)數量,經(jing)過(guo)交接班人(ren)員(yuan)、值(zhi)班調度人(ren)員(yuan)或(huo)者項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)經(jing)理(li)的(de)抽(chou)檢(jian)合格,然(ran)后再通過(guo)計(ji)算(suan)機軟件的(de)分析比(bi)較計(ji)算(suan)當天是(shi)(shi)否實(shi)現成(cheng)本(ben)指標(biao)。從某種意義上來講,成(cheng)本(ben)控制的(de)即時(shi)化就是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)提高成(cheng)本(ben)分析和成(cheng)本(ben)信息反(fan)饋的(de)頻(pin)率,不(bu)斷(duan)尋求適當的(de)途徑以降低成(cheng)本(ben),增強項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)可控性和透明性,為實(shi)現成(cheng)本(ben)控制目(mu)標(biao)創造條件。
有實驗對(dui)比月度成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制與即時化成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制兩(liang)種方法的效果,結果表明:由于(yu)即時化成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制采用了發現問題(ti)即時糾正(zheng)的措(cuo)施,實際成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)相(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)計(ji)劃(hua)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的波動(dong)小,CV在工(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)后可(ke)達收支(zhi)平衡狀(zhuang)態,這說(shuo)明即時化成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制相(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)月度成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)控(kong)制有一定的優(you)越性。
3.2 成本(ben)控制即(ji)時(shi)化的實(shi)現
3.2.1優化項目資源(yuan)配置
項目資源配置對成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)程度(du)及方(fang)法(fa)有直接影響,當前(qian)許(xu)多國有控股的(de)(de)大型施(shi)工企業(ye)的(de)(de)工程成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)基本(ben)上是(shi)由(you)施(shi)工隊(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)和分(fen)包(bao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de),而控制(zhi)分(fen)包(bao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)是(shi)企業(ye)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要經(jing)濟效益源泉所在,經(jing)濟效益很難由(you)施(shi)工隊(dui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)創造。項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)如何劃分(fen)以及二者(zhe)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)比例是(shi)企業(ye)控制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵問題,合理(li)增加分(fen)包(bao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)比例會增大企業(ye)的(de)(de)盈(ying)利。
適用(yong)于建(jian)筑施工領域內的(de)(de)(de)(de)《合同法(fa)(fa)》、《建(jian)筑法(fa)(fa)》等相關法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規明確規定:我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)分(fen)包(bao)必須經(jing)業主同意,而且工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵部位不能實行分(fen)包(bao)。在(zai)這一約束條件下,施工企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)包(bao)方(fang)式(shi)只有對外選用(yong)勞務分(fen)包(bao)。在(zai)整個項目成(cheng)本(ben)中,減少投(tou)(tou)入(ru)(ru)高(gao)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物力、人力資(zi)源(yuan),提高(gao)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)(ru)低風險、低成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)比例(li),從而達到(dao)優化資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de),確保企業利潤(run)實現(xian)(xian)大幅(fu)度增長。自2001年(nian)我國(guo)加入(ru)(ru)WTO以后,建(jian)筑行業逐步向國(guo)際(ji)市(shi)場放開,我們不光要積極(ji)參與國(guo)際(ji)競爭,也要借(jie)鑒發達國(guo)家先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)管理方(fang)式(shi),大量采用(yong)工程(cheng)分(fen)包(bao),使企業最終(zhong)朝向技術(shu)型、管理型的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代化企業發展(zhan)。
3.2.2 制(zhi)定成本計劃,實行成本動態控(kong)制(zhi)
項(xiang)(xiang)目總成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)為(wei)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)兩部分(fen)。其中可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)包(bao)括責任成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、分(fen)包(bao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、現場經費等(deng),而不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)則包(bao)括上級管(guan)理費、稅金等(deng)項(xiang)(xiang)目管(guan)理層無(wu)法主觀控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)部分(fen)。總成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)中成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)重點是可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben),可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)是在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)目開工(gong)(gong)前(qian)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)條件、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)間、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基礎上制(zhi)(zhi)定的(de),隨著工(gong)(gong)程的(de)進(jin)展,必然會發(fa)生如地材價格(ge)上漲、工(gong)(gong)程量改(gai)變、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案(an)改(gai)進(jin)等(deng)因(yin)素(su)變化,要(yao)適(shi)時(shi)調(diao)整成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua),以保證成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性和指導性,在(zai)調(diao)整成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)同時(shi),不(bu)(bu)同因(yin)素(su)變化對原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)影響程也度要(yao)注意分(fen)析。3 論文(wen)總結
加入WTO以(yi)(yi)來,隨著我國社會(hui)主(zhu)義市場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)飛速發展和體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)不斷完善(shan),建(jian)筑行(xing)業(ye)(ye)已經(jing)(jing)成為(wei)國家經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)支柱產(chan)業(ye)(ye),建(jian)筑行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)競爭(zheng)也將(jiang)會(hui)更(geng)加的(de)(de)(de)透(tou)明化(hua)(hua)和激烈化(hua)(hua)。為(wei)了提高(gao)自身(shen)(shen)核心競爭(zheng)力,越來越多的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)會(hui)推行(xing)成本控制(zhi)(zhi)即時化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)工作,企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)通過即時化(hua)(hua)成本控制(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)將(jiang)自身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)進行(xing)最大限度的(de)(de)(de)整合利用,可以(yi)(yi)真正(zheng)實現(xian)建(jian)筑行(xing)業(ye)(ye)整體(ti)(ti)發展的(de)(de)(de)這一戰(zhan)略目標。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要想在當前(qian)激烈的(de)(de)(de)市場競爭(zheng)中(zhong)不被淘(tao)汰(tai),必(bi)須做好(hao)成本控制(zhi)(zhi),這樣才能使企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)自身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益得(de)到大幅度提高(gao),永遠立(li)于不敗之地(di)。
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