導語：如何(he)才能寫好(hao)一篇建(jian)筑(zhu)法的規定，這就需要搜集(ji)整理更(geng)多的資料和文獻，歡迎閱讀由公(gong)務員之家整理的十篇范(fan)文，供你借鑒(jian)。

篇1

違法建筑的認定依據主要為《土地管理法》和《城鄉規劃法》。違章建筑指違反法律規定而建(jian)成(cheng)的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)、構筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)等工程(cheng)設施；“違(wei)(wei)反規劃違(wei)(wei)法建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)”，指違(wei)(wei)反規劃管(guan)理方面的法律法規而建(jian)成(cheng)的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)、構筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)等工程(cheng)設施。

【法律依據】

《土(tu)地管理法》第(di)78條(tiao)，農村(cun)村(cun)民未經批準或者采取(qu)欺騙手段騙取(qu)批準，非(fei)法占用土(tu)地建(jian)住宅的，由縣級以上人(ren)民政府農業農村(cun)主(zhu)管部門責令退(tui)還(huan)非(fei)法占用的土(tu)地，限(xian)期拆除在(zai)非(fei)法占用的土(tu)地上新建(jian)的房屋。超過省、自治區(qu)、直(zhi)轄市規(gui)定的標(biao)準，多占的土(tu)地以非(fei)法占用土(tu)地論處。

（來源：文章屋(wu)網 ）

篇2

為了(le)促進個人住房貸(dai)(dai)款業務的發展，我行為住房貸(dai)(dai)款借款人提供龍(long)卡(ka)轉(zhuan)賬還(huan)貸(dai)(dai)服務。現將(jiang)《中國(guo)建設銀行個人住房貸(dai)(dai)款龍(long)卡(ka)轉(zhuan)賬還(huan)貸(dai)(dai)業務管理規定》（暫行）及(ji)有關(guan)要(yao)求一(yi)并通知如下(xia)，請各行遵(zun)照(zhao)執行。

一、直轄市、計劃單列市和省(sheng)會(hui)城市分行(xing)(xing)應(ying)力爭在1998年(nian)內(nei)開展此項業(ye)務。省(sheng)區分行(xing)(xing)將已開展此項業(ye)務的二(er)級分行(xing)(xing)上報(bao)總(zong)行(xing)(xing)備案(an)。原(yuan)則(ze)上縣級行(xing)(xing)不得辦理此項業(ye)務。

二、凡辦理龍(long)卡轉賬還貸(dai)業務(wu)的(de)分行(xing)，必須由主管一級分行(xing)結合(he)本地實(shi)(shi)際情況(kuang)制定實(shi)(shi)施細(xi)則，并報請總行(xing)備案。涉(she)及其他零售業務(wu)的(de)龍(long)卡轉賬還貸(dai)可比照本規定辦理。

三、選擇使(shi)用信用卡(ka)進行轉(zhuan)賬還貸(dai)的客戶必須與(yu)我行簽(qian)訂《中(zhong)國建設銀(yin)行龍卡(ka)信用卡(ka)轉(zhuan)賬還貸(dai)委托協議(yi)》（協議(yi)文本(ben)見附(fu)件）。各(ge)行不(bu)得(de)刪減協議(yi)文本(ben)的任(ren)一條款，但可(ke)以(yi)根據需要增加與(yu)協議(yi)文本(ben)內容不(bu)相(xiang)抵觸的有(you)關條款。

四、各一級分行應(ying)根(gen)據總行《個人住(zhu)房貸款會計核(he)算手(shou)(shou)續(xu)》（即將下發）的(de)統一規(gui)定，并結(jie)合(he)本地區(qu)的(de)計算機(ji)業務網絡情況，對龍卡轉賬還貸業務的(de)具體會計核(he)算手(shou)(shou)續(xu)加(jia)以補充完善。

五、龍卡轉賬還貸(dai)業務是一項長期工(gong)作，有關資料(liao)必(bi)須妥善保管，以備查(cha)考。

六、各行應(ying)結合當(dang)地實際(ji)情(qing)況，因地制(zhi)宜(yi)地為借款(kuan)人(ren)提供各種還(huan)貸方式(shi)，由客(ke)戶自行選擇。同時，應(ying)在嚴格管理(li)制(zhi)度，切實規避風險的前提下，簡化(hua)對外操作手續，避免因辦(ban)理(li)龍卡轉賬還(huan)貸業務而使(shi)個人(ren)住房貸款(kuan)手續復雜(za)化(hua)。

附：一  中國建設銀(yin)行個人住房貸款龍卡轉賬還(huan)貸業務管(guan)理(li)規定（暫行）

第一條(tiao)  為了促進(jin)個人(ren)住(zhu)房(fang)貸(dai)款業務的發展，根(gen)據《中國建設(she)銀行(xing)個人(ren)住(zhu)房(fang)貸(dai)款辦法(fa)》、《中國建設(she)銀行(xing)龍卡章程》的有關規(gui)定，制(zhi)定本規(gui)定。

第(di)二條  凡在中國建設(she)銀行(xing)辦理個(ge)人(ren)住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)貸款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)借款(kuan)(kuan)人(ren)（以下簡稱借款(kuan)(kuan)人(ren)），均可申請(qing)使(shi)用龍(long)卡(ka)（包(bao)括信用卡(ka)、儲蓄卡(ka)）進行(xing)轉賬還(huan)貸。凡申請(qing)使(shi)用龍(long)卡(ka)信用卡(ka)轉賬還(huan)貸的(de)(de)，在簽(qian)訂個(ge)人(ren)住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)借款(kuan)(kuan)合同(tong)時，必須同(tong)時簽(qian)訂《龍(long)卡(ka)信用卡(ka)轉賬還(huan)貸委托(tuo)協議(yi)》（附二），作為《個(ge)人(ren)住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)借款(kuan)(kuan)合同(tong)》的(de)(de)從合同(tong)。協議(yi)有效期限與《個(ge)人(ren)住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)借款(kuan)(kuan)合同(tong)》有效期限相(xiang)同(tong)。

第三(san)條  凡使用(yong)(yong)龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)(ka)進行(xing)轉(zhuan)賬還貸(dai)的(de)，必須(xu)在《龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)(ka)轉(zhuan)賬還貸(dai)委托協議》中(zhong)對龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)(ka)的(de)擔保(bao)方(fang)式作出明確約定(ding)；以同一抵(di)押物為個(ge)人住(zhu)房貸(dai)款和龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)(ka)進行(xing)擔保(bao)的(de)，應在個(ge)人住(zhu)房貸(dai)款抵(di)押登記之外(wai)辦理(li)龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)(ka)抵(di)押擔保(bao)登記。

第(di)四條(tiao)  對(dui)使用龍卡(ka)進行(xing)轉賬還貸(dai)的(de)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)，個人(ren)(ren)住房貸(dai)款(kuan)經辦(ban)行(xing)（以下簡稱(cheng)經辦(ban)行(xing)）須核對(dui)其龍卡(ka)的(de)持卡(ka)人(ren)(ren)與借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)的(de)姓(xing)名、身(shen)份(fen)證號(hao)碼(ma)是否一致(zhi)，并進行(xing)登記(ji)。

第五條  經辦行每月須(xu)定期向信用卡(ka)部(bu)(bu)或(huo)(huo)借(jie)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)人開戶(hu)儲蓄(xu)(xu)所(suo)(suo)（以下簡(jian)稱儲蓄(xu)(xu)所(suo)(suo)）提供當月借(jie)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)人轉賬(zhang)還貸的數據；信用卡(ka)部(bu)(bu)或(huo)(huo)儲蓄(xu)(xu)所(suo)(suo)須(xu)依據經辦行所(suo)(suo)提供的數據，直接借(jie)記借(jie)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)人龍卡(ka)賬(zhang)戶(hu)，并(bing)將扣款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)資金劃轉到經辦行。經辦行與信用卡(ka)部(bu)(bu)或(huo)(huo)儲蓄(xu)(xu)所(suo)(suo)每月應定期核對信用卡(ka)賬(zhang)戶(hu)扣款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)金額與借(jie)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)人每月還款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)額是否一致。開通城市綜合(he)網的分行可由(you)會計柜臺發送扣款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)信息，直接由(you)計算(suan)機檢(jian)索扣款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。

第六(liu)條  經辦行在(zai)與信用卡部或儲蓄所每月(yue)定期核對轉賬(zhang)還貸金額無誤后，打印還款單(dan)，通知(zhi)借款人。

第七條  在進行(xing)龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)轉賬還貸業(ye)務(wu)時，若(ruo)借款人龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)賬戶余額不足的(de)，可依據《中國(guo)建設銀行(xing)龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)章程》的(de)有關規定給予借款人最高不超(chao)過5000元、最長不超(chao)過60日(ri)的(de)透支(zhi)。龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)儲蓄卡(ka)(ka)(ka)不得透支(zhi)。

第八條(tiao)  借(jie)款人龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)賬(zhang)戶(hu)發生透支(zhi)時(shi)，信用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)部(bu)門應及時(shi)書面通知借(jie)款人，并(bing)負責追討。若超過60日仍未全部(bu)歸還(huan)透支(zhi)本(ben)息(xi)的，信用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)部(bu)應暫停為(wei)其(qi)(qi)進行轉賬(zhang)還(huan)貸(dai)。俟借(jie)款人還(huan)清龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)賬(zhang)戶(hu)全部(bu)透支(zhi)本(ben)息(xi)后，方可(ke)為(wei)其(qi)(qi)恢復轉賬(zhang)還(huan)貸(dai)。

第九條  因借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)龍卡信用(yong)(yong)卡賬戶透支超限(xian)額或(huo)超期限(xian)而不能進行(xing)轉賬還貸(dai)的，信用(yong)(yong)卡部應以(yi)書面(mian)清單(dan)形(xing)式向(xiang)經(jing)(jing)辦(ban)行(xing)提供未扣款(kuan)明細單(dan)，并由經(jing)(jing)辦(ban)行(xing)負責通知(zhi)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)。

第十(shi)條  對使用(yong)(yong)龍(long)(long)卡信用(yong)(yong)卡進行轉賬(zhang)還(huan)貸(dai)的(de)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)，經(jing)辦(ban)行原則上不(bu)受理借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)以其(qi)他(ta)方(fang)式歸(gui)還(huan)個人(ren)(ren)住房(fang)貸(dai)款(kuan)本(ben)息。對因借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)透支(zhi)超(chao)限額或(huo)超(chao)期限，信用(yong)(yong)卡部暫停為其(qi)進行轉賬(zhang)還(huan)貸(dai)的(de)，若(ruo)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)主動到經(jing)辦(ban)行或(huo)其(qi)他(ta)營業網點(dian)歸(gui)還(huan)貸(dai)款(kuan)，經(jing)辦(ban)行必須要(yao)求借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)先償還(huan)龍(long)(long)卡信用(yong)(yong)卡的(de)全部透支(zhi)本(ben)息。

第(di)十(shi)一條  借款人辦(ban)(ban)理提前(qian)還款手續，應在歸還其龍(long)卡(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)賬戶之全部(bu)透支本息(xi)后，經信用(yong)卡(ka)部(bu)同意，在經辦(ban)(ban)行(xing)辦(ban)(ban)理。

第十二(er)條  借款人(ren)龍卡(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)賬(zhang)戶(hu)透(tou)支(zhi)本息，經信用(yong)卡(ka)部門追(zhui)(zhui)討超過60日后借款人(ren)仍未(wei)清償的，經辦行(xing)負責向借款人(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)償。

第十三條(tiao)  在經辦行依約行使抵押權(quan)或質權(quan)或要求保(bao)證人(ren)履(lv)行保(bao)證責任時(shi)，清償金額(e)應(ying)包括(kuo)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)龍卡信用卡賬戶中(zhong)全(quan)部透(tou)支(zhi)本(ben)息(xi)。

第十四條(tiao)  借款人依約還(huan)清借款本(ben)息和(he)龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)的全部透支本(ben)息后，方(fang)可辦理龍(long)卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)的更換擔保(bao)或(huo)銷戶手(shou)續。

第(di)十五條  借款(kuan)人(ren)必須由信(xin)(xin)用卡部確認其(qi)龍卡信(xin)(xin)用卡賬(zhang)戶(hu)無透支(zhi)本息后，憑信(xin)(xin)用卡部簽署的(de)書(shu)面(mian)通知書(shu)，方可辦理個(ge)人(ren)住房貸(dai)款(kuan)的(de)解除擔保手續。

第十六條  在借款人(ren)利用(yong)(yong)龍卡(ka)信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)賬還(huan)貸(dai)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間，若其(qi)龍卡(ka)信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)有(you)效期(qi)(qi)(qi)已滿，信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)部須在借款人(ren)的(de)龍卡(ka)信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)有(you)效期(qi)(qi)(qi)滿前一個月，及時書面通知借款人(ren)到信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)部或經(jing)辦行換領新(xin)卡(ka)。如屆時借款人(ren)不(bu)換領新(xin)卡(ka)，在其(qi)未(wei)提出信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)銷(xiao)戶申請(qing)，且未(wei)發生其(qi)他信用(yong)(yong)問題的(de)前提下，信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)部可繼續為(wei)借款人(ren)進行龍卡(ka)信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)賬還(huan)貸(dai)，但不(bu)再為(wei)借款人(ren)提供透支服務和(he)龍卡(ka)信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)的(de)其(qi)他服務（消費、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)賬、取現等）。

第十七條  用(yong)于轉賬還(huan)貸(dai)的龍(long)卡信用(yong)卡可適當減免年費，但必須(xu)交納其他各(ge)項手續(xu)費。

第十八條  本規定由中國建設銀(yin)行總行負責解釋(shi)、修改，自(zi)下(xia)發之日起實(shi)施(shi)。其他零售業務龍(long)卡(ka)轉賬還(huan)貸可比照(zhao)本規定辦理。

附：二  中國建設銀行龍卡(ka)信用卡(ka)轉賬還貸委托協議

委(wei)托方(fang)：姓名                          （以(yi)下簡稱甲(jia)方(fang)）

身份證號碼

地址

郵政編碼

電話

龍卡信用卡賬號

受托(tuo)方：中國建設銀行(xing)                  （以下簡稱(cheng)乙方）

地址

郵政編碼

電話

保(bao)(bao)證方(fang)：      ;    （以下(xia)簡稱丙方(fang)，用于保(bao)(bao)證人擔保(bao)(bao)方(fang)式）

地址

郵政編碼

電話

一、甲方委(wei)托乙方依據本(ben)協議通過(guo)龍卡(ka)信(xin)用卡(ka)賬戶分期扣款(kuan)償還(huan)乙方依據第  年(nian)第  號《個(ge)人住(zhu)房借(jie)款(kuan)合同》所發(fa)放(fang)的(de)貸款(kuan)，至甲方還(huan)清全部(bu)借(jie)款(kuan)本(ben)金及(ji)利息止。

二、甲方(fang)必須在(zai)還清龍卡信用卡的透支本息后，方(fang)可在(zai)乙方(fang)的其他營(ying)業網點辦理(li)還款或提前還款手(shou)續。

三、甲方為(wei)龍(long)卡信用卡提供的擔保(bao)方式如下(xia)：

四、甲方(fang)保證(zheng)在每月(yue)還款(kuan)日前＿＿＿＿＿日內（遇國(guo)家法定節(jie)假日提(ti)前），在龍(long)卡(ka)信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)賬戶內保持(chi)不少于(yu)當月(yue)住(zhu)房貸款(kuan)還款(kuan)額的存款(kuan)余額。乙方(fang)負(fu)責按時從甲方(fang)龍(long)卡(ka)信用(yong)(yong)卡(ka)賬戶中扣款(kuan)，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)歸還借(jie)款(kuan)本(ben)息，并向甲方(fang)提(ti)供(gong)對賬單。

首次(ci)龍卡信用(yong)卡轉(zhuan)賬還(huan)貸(dai)自  年  月  日開始。

五、根據《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行龍卡(ka)(ka)章程》，當(dang)甲方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)龍卡(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶余額不足(zu)(zu)支(zhi)付當(dang)月(yue)住房(fang)貸(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)款(kuan)(kuan)額，且(qie)不足(zu)(zu)部分低(di)于(yu)(yu)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行龍卡(ka)(ka)章程》所(suo)規定的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)透(tou)(tou)(tou)支(zhi)額（5000元）時，甲方(fang)(fang)愿意以(yi)透(tou)(tou)(tou)支(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式由(you)乙方(fang)(fang)之信用卡(ka)(ka)業務部門(men)為其墊款(kuan)(kuan)歸還(huan)借款(kuan)(kuan)本息。并遵守《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行龍卡(ka)(ka)章程》關于(yu)(yu)信用卡(ka)(ka)透(tou)(tou)(tou)支(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)有關規定，按時歸還(huan)全部透(tou)(tou)(tou)支(zhi)本息。如甲方(fang)(fang)透(tou)(tou)(tou)支(zhi)金(jin)額超過《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)行龍卡(ka)(ka)章程》規定的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)透(tou)(tou)(tou)支(zhi)限額或甲方(fang)(fang)透(tou)(tou)(tou)支(zhi)期超過60日時，乙方(fang)(fang)暫停為甲方(fang)(fang)在龍卡(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶中(zhong)(zhong)提供轉賬(zhang)(zhang)還(huan)貸(dai)服務，并通知(zhi)甲方(fang)(fang)在其信用卡(ka)(ka)賬(zhang)(zhang)戶中(zhong)(zhong)存足(zu)(zu)存款(kuan)(kuan)。

龍卡(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)的透支利率（由(you)中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)民銀行統一規定(ding)）：

六、甲方同意龍(long)卡信用卡賬戶全(quan)部(bu)透支本(ben)息，須在不晚于60日內(nei)全(quan)部(bu)清償(chang)。否則，在乙方行使抵押權(quan)或(huo)質權(quan)或(huo)要求(qiu)保證人履行保證責任時，清償(chang)金額(e)包括借(jie)款人在龍(long)卡信用卡中所欠全(quan)部(bu)透支金額(e)的本(ben)息。

七、甲方(fang)依約還(huan)清(qing)借款本息和信(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡透支本息后(hou)，可保留信(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡，辦(ban)理(li)變更(geng)擔(dan)保手(shou)(shou)續(xu)；或退還(huan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡，辦(ban)理(li)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡銷戶手(shou)(shou)續(xu)。經乙方(fang)的信(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡部門(men)確認(ren)后(hou)，方(fang)可辦(ban)理(li)解(jie)除貸款擔(dan)保手(shou)(shou)續(xu)。

八、甲(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)須在(zai)龍卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)信(xin)用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)有效期(qi)滿前到乙(yi)方(fang)(fang)所在(zai)地換(huan)領(ling)新卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)。未及時換(huan)領(ling)新卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)的，在(zai)本(ben)協議(yi)有效期(qi)內，在(zai)甲(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)未提出信(xin)用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)銷戶(hu)申請且未發(fa)生本(ben)協議(yi)第(di)五、六條所列行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的前提下，乙(yi)方(fang)(fang)依(yi)約繼續為(wei)(wei)甲(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)在(zai)龍卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)信(xin)用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)賬(zhang)戶(hu)中分(fen)期(qi)扣款償(chang)還乙(yi)方(fang)(fang)依(yi)據第(di)＿＿＿＿年(nian)第(di)＿＿＿＿號《個人住(zhu)房借款合同》所發(fa)放的貸(dai)款本(ben)金及利(li)息(xi)，但不再為(wei)(wei)甲(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)提供透(tou)支服務(wu)和(he)龍卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)信(xin)用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)的其他(ta)服務(wu)（消(xiao)費、轉賬(zhang)、取現等）。因(yin)甲(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)未換(huan)領(ling)新卡(ka)(ka)(ka)(ka)而造成的損(sun)失由(you)甲(jia)(jia)方(fang)(fang)承(cheng)擔。

九、當甲方住(zhu)址(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)聯系(xi)電(dian)話(hua)發生變動時(shi)，應及時(shi)書面(mian)通知乙方的(de)信(xin)用(yong)卡部。因地址(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)聯系(xi)電(dian)話(hua)不準確而造成的(de)損失由甲方負責承(cheng)擔。

十、本協議一式＿＿＿＿份(fen)，其中(zhong)甲乙雙方各執一份(fen)，龍卡信用(yong)卡申請(qing)擔保(bao)手續附件執一份(fen)。

十一、本委托協議(yi)為(wei)第(di)(di)(di)＿＿＿＿年第(di)(di)(di)＿＿＿＿號《個(ge)人(ren)住房(fang)借款(kuan)合同》的從合同，有(you)(you)效期與第(di)(di)(di)＿＿＿＿年第(di)(di)(di)＿＿＿＿號《個(ge)人(ren)住房(fang)借款(kuan)合同》有(you)(you)效期相同。與甲方(fang)為(wei)龍卡信用(yong)卡設定(ding)的擔(dan)保(bao)同時(shi)生(sheng)效。

甲方(fang)：（簽(qian)章）        乙(yi)方(fang)：（簽(qian)章）

乙(yi)方代表人/授權人：

丙方：（簽章）

丙方代表人(ren)/授權人(ren)：

簽約日(ri)期：    年  月  日(ri)

附：三  中國建(jian)設銀(yin)行個人住房貸款龍(long)卡轉賬還(huan)貸客戶指南(nan)

一、為了(le)促(cu)進個人(ren)住房(fang)貸(dai)款業(ye)務(wu)的發展，方便廣大個人(ren)住房(fang)貸(dai)款的借款人(ren)按時歸還貸(dai)款本(ben)金(jin)和利息，我行向社(she)會推出“個人(ren)住房(fang)貸(dai)款龍卡轉賬還貸(dai)業(ye)務(wu)”。

二、“個人住房貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)龍卡轉賬還貸(dai)(dai)業務”的管理(li)依據是：《中國(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)行(xing)個人住房貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)辦法(fa)》和《中國(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)行(xing)龍卡章(zhang)程》的有(you)關(guan)規(gui)定。所使用的龍卡為(wei)中國(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)行(xing)龍卡系(xi)列產(chan)品。

三、凡(fan)在建設銀行辦理個人住房貸(dai)款的借(jie)款人，均可(ke)申請使用(yong)龍(long)卡(ka)進(jin)行轉賬還貸(dai)。

申請使用龍卡(ka)信(xin)(xin)用卡(ka)進行轉賬還貸(dai)的借款(kuan)人應將龍卡(ka)信(xin)(xin)用卡(ka)轉賬還貸(dai)作為歸(gui)(gui)還個(ge)人住房貸(dai)款(kuan)本(ben)息的唯一還款(kuan)方式。借款(kuan)人需辦理提前還款(kuan)手續時，應在歸(gui)(gui)還其龍卡(ka)信(xin)(xin)用卡(ka)賬戶(hu)之(zhi)全部(bu)透支本(ben)息后(hou)，經信(xin)(xin)用卡(ka)部(bu)同(tong)意(yi)，在經辦行辦理。

四(si)、用(yong)于轉賬還貸(dai)(dai)的(de)龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)信(xin)用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)的(de)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)應(ying)按(an)照《中國建設銀行龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)章(zhang)程》的(de)要求(qiu)辦理(li)，也可以住房貸(dai)(dai)款的(de)同(tong)一抵押物為龍(long)(long)卡(ka)(ka)信(xin)用(yong)卡(ka)(ka)提供擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)，采用(yong)抵押方(fang)式進行擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)的(de)應(ying)進行抵押登(deng)記。

五、申請辦理龍卡轉賬還貸(dai)的手續是：

（一(yi)）已有龍卡的(de)借款人(ren)，須提(ti)供卡號，由(you)中國建設銀行確認其符合要(yao)求，申請辦理龍卡信(xin)用卡轉(zhuan)賬還(huan)(huan)貸(dai)的(de)，還(huan)(huan)須簽(qian)訂《龍卡信(xin)用卡轉(zhuan)賬還(huan)(huan)貸(dai)委托協議(yi)》（附二）后(hou)，方可(ke)進(jin)行轉(zhuan)賬還(huan)(huan)貸(dai)。

（二）沒有龍卡的(de)借款人(ren)，在(zai)辦理(li)借款手續(xu)時，可同時申請辦理(li)龍卡和委托轉賬還貸手續(xu)。具(ju)體步驟(zou)是：

1.認真閱讀并保(bao)證遵守《中國(guo)建設銀行(xing)龍(long)(long)卡(ka)章程(cheng)》，填寫龍(long)(long)卡(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)申請表，并為龍(long)(long)卡(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)提供擔保(bao)；或申請領用(yong)龍(long)(long)卡(ka)儲蓄卡(ka)。

2.龍卡信用(yong)卡擔保與住房貸款(kuan)擔保采(cai)用(yong)同(tong)一抵(di)押(ya)(ya)物作為抵(di)押(ya)(ya)擔保的(de)，龍卡信用(yong)卡抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登記(ji)可(ke)與個(ge)人住房貸款(kuan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登記(ji)同(tong)時(shi)進(jin)行。

3.由個人(ren)住(zhu)房貸(dai)款(kuan)經辦行(xing)（以下簡稱經辦行(xing)）核對龍卡(ka)持(chi)卡(ka)人(ren)與借款(kuan)人(ren)的姓名、身份證號碼是(shi)否一致。

4.申請使用龍卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)轉(zhuan)賬(zhang)還貸的借(jie)款人，須(xu)簽訂《龍卡(ka)(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)(ka)轉(zhuan)賬(zhang)還貸委(wei)托協(xie)議》（附二），作(zuo)為《個人住房借(jie)款合同(tong)(tong)》的從(cong)合同(tong)(tong)，二者有(you)效期限相同(tong)(tong)。

六、龍卡轉賬還貸程序是(shi)：

（一）在(zai)每月約定(ding)的(de)還款(kuan)(kuan)日(ri)前（遇國(guo)家(jia)法定(ding)節假日(ri)提(ti)前），借款(kuan)(kuan)人應當在(zai)龍卡賬戶內保持不少(shao)于當月住房(fang)貸款(kuan)(kuan)還款(kuan)(kuan)額的(de)存款(kuan)(kuan)余額。

（二）我行負(fu)責在(zai)每月約定的還款(kuan)日當天從借款(kuan)人龍卡賬戶中扣(kou)款(kuan)，用于(yu)歸還借款(kuan)本息。

（三）我行(xing)負責向(xiang)借(jie)款人提供對(dui)賬單。借(jie)款人對(dui)對(dui)賬單數據有疑(yi)問的，可以(yi)向(xiang)我行(xing)查詢。

七、借款(kuan)人使用(yong)(yong)龍卡信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡進行轉賬(zhang)還貸的，如果龍卡信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡賬(zhang)戶余額臨時不(bu)足(zu)的，可依據《龍卡章程(cheng)》有關辦法給予借款(kuan)人透(tou)(tou)支。借款(kuan)人龍卡信(xin)用(yong)(yong)卡賬(zhang)戶透(tou)(tou)支總額最高不(bu)得(de)超過5000元，透(tou)(tou)支期最長不(bu)得(de)超過60日。龍卡儲(chu)蓄卡不(bu)得(de)透(tou)(tou)支。

八、借款人(ren)龍卡(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)賬戶發生透(tou)支(zhi)時，應盡快到我行“龍卡(ka)(ka)業(ye)務受理網(wang)點”，補足(zu)本(ben)人(ren)龍卡(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)賬戶中的(de)全部透(tou)支(zhi)本(ben)息(xi)。

九、若借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)超過60日仍未歸還全部透(tou)支(zhi)本(ben)(ben)息的，其(qi)龍卡信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡將被(bei)止付，且其(qi)龍卡信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡轉賬(zhang)還貸亦被(bei)暫停。待借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)還清龍卡信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡賬(zhang)戶全部透(tou)支(zhi)本(ben)(ben)息后，方可予以解付，并同時恢復(fu)其(qi)龍卡信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)卡轉賬(zhang)還貸。

十、借(jie)(jie)款人龍卡信用卡賬戶發(fa)生透支后，經過追討借(jie)(jie)款人仍(reng)不歸還透支本息的，我(wo)行(xing)依約行(xing)使抵押權或質權或要求保證人履(lv)行(xing)保證責任時(shi)，清償金額包括借(jie)(jie)款人在(zai)龍卡信用卡中所(suo)欠(qian)透支金額的全部本息。

十一、借款(kuan)人依(yi)約按時還(huan)清借款(kuan)本息和龍卡(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)的全部透支本息后，方(fang)可(ke)辦理(li)龍卡(ka)(ka)信用卡(ka)(ka)的更換擔保(bao)或(huo)銷戶手(shou)續。

十二、借款(kuan)人(ren)必須由(you)信用(yong)卡(ka)部確認其龍卡(ka)信用(yong)卡(ka)賬(zhang)戶(hu)無(wu)透支本息后，憑信用(yong)卡(ka)部簽(qian)署的書面通(tong)知(zhi)書，方可辦理個人(ren)住(zhu)房貸款(kuan)的解除(chu)擔(dan)保手(shou)續。

篇3

建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)理是(shi)指監(jian)(jian)理單(dan)(dan)位(wei)受項(xiang)目(mu)法人的(de)(de)委托,依據(ju)國(guo)家(jia)批準的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)文(wen)件(jian)、有關(guan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)法律、法規和(he)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)合(he)同,對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)進度、質(zhi)量、投(tou)資進行(xing)(xing)控制;對和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動有關(guan)的(de)(de)合(he)同和(he)信息進行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理;對參與(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動各個主體進行(xing)(xing)協調;對承建(jian)(jian)(jian)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)施工(gong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動進行(xing)(xing)監(jian)(jian)督和(he)管(guan)理的(de)(de)專業化服務活(huo)(huo)(huo)動。

工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)是(shi)由既(ji)懂技術(shu)又懂經濟管理(li)(li)的人員(yuan),在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)建設的過程(cheng)中進行“三控”,“兩管”“一協調”,對于(yu)保證工(gong)程(cheng)建設目(mu)標的實現有重要的作用,但是(shi)目(mu)前(qian)由于(yu)關于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)的法制(zhi)不健全,造成目(mu)前(qian)工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)的種(zhong)種(zhong)亂象,《中華人民共和(he)國建筑(zhu)法》(以下(xia)簡稱《建筑(zhu)法》)是(shi)規(gui)范建筑(zhu)市場的母(mu)法,本(ben)文就《建筑(zhu)法》對于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)方面規(gui)定的缺陷作簡要的分析,并提出自(zi)己的建議。

2、《建筑法》規定的(de)(de)監理的(de)(de)范圍的(de)(de)問題

《建(jian)筑(zhu)法》規(gui)定的(de)監理范圍過窄,不(bu)利于(yu)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)統一管(guan)理。《建(jian)筑(zhu)法》規(gui)定:“建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監理應當依照法律、行政法規(gui)及(ji)(ji)有關的(de)技術標準、設(she)(she)(she)計文件(jian)和(he)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承包合同,對承包單位在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量、建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)期和(he)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)資(zi)金使用等(deng)方面,代表建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單位實施(shi)(shi)監督。”建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)活動涉及(ji)(ji)勘察、設(she)(she)(she)計、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、竣工(gong)(gong)驗收等(deng)重要的(de)環節,每(mei)一個環節都是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)周(zhou)期的(de)重要組成部(bu)分,而我國(guo)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監理一般局限于(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段對于(yu)質量、進度、投資(zi)控制等(deng)方面的(de)管(guan)理,范圍過于(yu)狹窄,不(bu)利于(yu)全(quan)國(guo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)統一管(guan)理。

監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)范(fan)圍(wei)過窄,監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的積極(ji)性(xing)被挫傷。目前(qian),我國監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的范(fan)圍(wei)集(ji)中在施(shi)工階(jie)段,監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的范(fan)圍(wei)狹窄,監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)公司的利潤水平比較低。同時(shi),監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的主要任務(wu)是質量控制和安全(quan)控制,投資控制的職能(neng)虛化(hua),監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的專業(ye)職能(neng)不能(neng)得(de)到充分的發(fa)揮。因(yin)此,我國的監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)普(pu)遍不受(shou)重視,監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)發(fa)展動力不足,監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)人員素質低下,行業(ye)發(fa)展受(shou)到嚴重的限制。

3、《建(jian)筑法》的有關規定(ding)造(zao)成監理在工(gong)作方面的尷尬(ga)

《建(jian)(jian)筑法》規(gui)定:“實行監(jian)(jian)理的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng),由建(jian)(jian)設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)委(wei)托具有相應資質條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)理單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)監(jian)(jian)理。建(jian)(jian)設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)與其委(wei)托的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)理單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)應當訂立(li)書面(mian)委(wei)托監(jian)(jian)理合同。”同時,我國的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設部門還(huan)出(chu)臺相關的(de)(de)法律規(gui)范,規(gui)范明確規(gui)定,監(jian)(jian)理企(qi)業應公正(zheng)、獨立(li)、自(zi)主開展監(jian)(jian)理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),監(jian)(jian)理企(qi)業應該成為公正(zheng)的(de)(de)第三方。監(jian)(jian)理制度要(yao)(yao)求我國監(jian)(jian)理人(ren)員(yuan)由業主聘請委(wei)托,但是既要(yao)(yao)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)業主方,又要(yao)(yao)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)施工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)利益,來維(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)社會的(de)(de)公正(zheng)性。由此可(ke)見(jian),我國監(jian)(jian)理的(de)(de)定位(wei)(wei)不(bu)夠明確。

監(jian)(jian)理(li)定(ding)位的(de)(de)不明確,也造成了監(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)職能被弱化(hua)。依據建設工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)定(ding)義,我(wo)國監(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)主要(yao)任務是(shi)進(jin)行投資、質(zhi)量和進(jin)度的(de)(de)控(kong)制,以實現工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)目標。表面(mian)看監(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)職責權限很大(da),但(dan)是(shi)在(zai)實際的(de)(de)操作中卻并不是(shi)如此。在(zai)質(zhi)量控(kong)制方(fang)面(mian),我(wo)國質(zhi)量控(kong)制的(de)(de)真正的(de)(de)執法單位是(shi)各地工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督(du)站(zhan)或(huo)者技(ji)術質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督(du)局,監(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)職能被弱化(hua)為旁站(zhan)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)工(gong)。投資控(kong)制方(fang)面(mian),財權均掌握在(zai)業(ye)主一邊,監(jian)(jian)理(li)只是(shi)接受(shou)業(ye)主付費(fei),為業(ye)主辦事(shi)而(er)已。監(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)第(di)三方(fang)主體地位不復(fu)存(cun)在(zai)。

因(yin)此,作(zuo)為規(gui)范建(jian)(jian)設活(huo)動的母法,《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法》只是(shi)規(gui)范監(jian)(jian)理(li)活(huo)動必須(xu)建(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)和(he)監(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)必須(xu)簽(qian)訂合(he)同,監(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)必須(xu)根據合(he)同進行監(jian)(jian)理(li),但是(shi)對于監(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)的職(zhi)權賦予太少,造成監(jian)(jian)理(li)在工作(zuo)中的尷尬,《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法》在該方面有待改(gai)進。

4、《建筑法》對于工(gong)程(cheng)監理制度規定不完善(shan)

《建(jian)筑法》關于工程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),大部分是(shi)規(gui)范監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)方或者是(shi)業(ye)主(zhu)方的(de)(de)行為,但是(shi)對于工程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)格、監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工程(cheng)師、監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)人員資(zi)(zi)格以(yi)及對應資(zi)(zi)格獲取沒有明確的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),因(yin)此(ci)出現目前的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)形象不佳,監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)人員素質低等(deng)不良現象;另一方面,《建(jian)筑法》缺乏關于監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)相(xiang)關責任制度(du)的(de)(de)詳細(xi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),這(zhe)樣一旦出現事故,容易造成(cheng)承(cheng)擔不該承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)責任,逃避應該受(shou)到的(de)(de)懲罰。

5、總結及建議

《建(jian)筑法》是規(gui)范我國建(jian)筑活動(dong)的(de)(de)母法,任何一點的(de)(de)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)都可能導致建(jian)設活動(dong)的(de)(de)混亂,其在工(gong)程監(jian)理(li)(li)方面(mian)關于監(jian)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)任務范圍和監(jian)理(li)(li)職權(quan)方面(mian)的(de)(de)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)已經在社(she)會上(shang)造成了很嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)影(ying)響,針對此種(zhong)情況,特提出以下修(xiu)改建(jian)議:

(1)強(qiang)制性的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作范圍(wei)(wei),使之(zhi)貫穿建(jian)設(she)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。擴大工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作范圍(wei)(wei),使之(zhi)貫穿工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)始終(zhong),以保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)順利實(shi)現(xian)。我國引入監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)初衷(zhong)是,對建(jian)設(she)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行監(jian)(jian)(jian)督和(he)管理(li)(li),為(wei)業主提供更全面的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務,為(wei)業主提供過(guo)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議。目前監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)范圍(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)窄,已(yi)經影響了我國監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)制度發展(zhan),只有強(qiang)制性的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作范圍(wei)(wei),使之(zhi)貫穿建(jian)設(she)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),才能更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)。

(2)立足中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)情,探索適合我國(guo)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)理(li)制度。針對于我國(guo)監(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)尷(gan)尬,本(ben)文建(jian)議監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)位(wei)可以政府(fu)有關部(bu)門(men)直接委派,并(bing)且由政府(fu)在建(jian)設(she)活動(dong)之(zhi)初,由建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)收(shou)取監(jian)(jian)理(li)費,在支付給(gei)監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)位(wei),保證第三方的(de)(de)公(gong)正地位(wei)。同時加大監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)位(wei)相(xiang)應職(zhi)權,以保證監(jian)(jian)理(li)職(zhi)能的(de)(de)充(chong)分發揮。

在建(jian)設活(huo)動中,監理(li)(li)單位(wei)要(yao)做到公(gong)平和公(gong)正,成為真(zhen)正的(de)獨立的(de)第三方,就要(yao)與(yu)建(jian)設活(huo)動的(de)當(dang)事人沒有厲害關系,當(dang)前,監理(li)(li)由建(jian)設單位(wei)委托的(de)方式很難達到預(yu)期的(de)結果。因此我們尋求辦(ban)法,保證監理(li)(li)單位(wei)的(de)獨立性,加大(da)監理(li)(li)單位(wei)的(de)職(zhi)權(quan)使之不受其(qi)他(ta)各方的(de)限(xian)制,做到公(gong)平、公(gong)正。

(3)從法(fa)律(lv)的(de)角度完(wan)善(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監理制(zhi)度。《建筑法(fa)》中應明確(que)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監理的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)職(zhi)(zhi)責范圍,以免出(chu)現事故時(shi),監理的(de)作(zuo)用是否充分發揮無法(fa)認定(ding);同時(shi),《建筑法(fa)》應該完(wan)善(shan)監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師的(de)資格(ge)的(de)管理,對(dui)監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師的(de)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)資格(ge)考試(shi)嚴格(ge)規定(ding),對(dui)不同監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師所(suo)應具備的(de)水平進行(xing)明確(que),以保證我國家監理行(xing)業(ye)健康(kang)良好的(de)發展(zhan)。

參考文獻

[1]黃子春.中(zhong)國建(jian)設(she)工程監(jian)理企業核心競爭力研究(jiu)[D].西安建(jian)筑科技(ji)大學.2009.04.

[2]雷(lei)士國(guo).就建設工(gong)程監理制(zhi)度(du)缺陷(xian)談重(zhong)制(zhi)度(du)創(chuang)新[J].城市道路(lu)與防洪.2010.02

[3]劉貴文 .李(li)青(qing). 工程建設監理中的(de)問題及原因分析[J].合作(zuo)經濟與(yu)科技.2010.01.

篇4

摘 要 由于歷(li)史(shi)和文化等原因(yin)，使中國的建筑業法律與菲迪(di)克（FIDIC）合同條款(kuan)的規(gui)定有所不同，本文就其之間的差異和解(jie)決措施提出了一些有意義的見(jian)解(jie)，希望能在這一問題(ti)上有所貢獻(xian)。

關(guan)鍵詞 建筑業法律 差異 見解

菲(fei)迪克（FIDIC）原是國(guo)際(ji)咨(zi)詢工程(cheng)師(shi)聯合會的(de)名稱(cheng)，是其法文名稱(cheng)（Federation Internationale Des Ingenieurs-Conseils）首字母的(de)縮寫①。究(jiu)其本(ben)義是指(zhi)國(guo)際(ji)咨(zi)詢工程(cheng)師(shi)聯合會這一獨立(li)的(de)國(guo)際(ji)組織。簡(jian)言之(zhi)，FIDIC是集工業(ye)(ye)發達國(guo)家土(tu)木建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)上百年的(de)經(jing)(jing)驗，把工程(cheng)技術、法律、經(jing)(jing)濟和管理等有機結合起來(lai)的(de)一個合同(tong)條件，有人甚至將其稱(cheng)之(zhi)為國(guo)際(ji)承包工程(cheng)的(de)“圣經(jing)(jing)”。

一、FIDIC合同條款與中國建筑業法律的(de)沖突

FIDIC合同(tong)條款雖然(ran)歷經40多年的不斷完善(shan)，但由于種種原因，FIDIC合同(tong)文本目前(qian)在中(zhong)國大陸的適用過程中(zhong)存(cun)在一(yi)些問題，特別是在法(fa)律機(ji)制方面同(tong)我國現有的法(fa)律內(nei)容(rong)也(ye)存(cun)在一(yi)定的差異。具體(ti)來說：

首先，兩者的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)基礎不同(tong)。FIDIC最早是(shi)(shi)在(zai)相對完善的(de)(de)(de)市場經濟環(huan)境下產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)，從誕生(sheng)之初(chu)就繼(ji)承了以(yi)(yi)英美為(wei)代表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)英美普通法(fa)(fa)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)特點。但是(shi)(shi)適用(yong)于判例(li)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)FIDIC合同(tong)條款在(zai)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)基礎上(shang)是(shi)(shi)有別于國內的(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)大陸法(fa)(fa)體(ti)系(xi)為(wei)基礎的(de)(de)(de)條文(wen)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)此(ci)，國內的(de)(de)(de)建筑企業在(zai)應用(yong)FIDIC合同(tong)條款上(shang)要予(yu)以(yi)(yi)重視(shi)。

其次，兩者對(dui)監(jian)理(li)規定(ding)的不同(tong)(tong)(tong)。在FIDIC合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條款中對(dui)于(yu)監(jian)理(li)工程師(shi)的工作(zuo)有著明(ming)確的規定(ding)，規定(ding)了監(jian)理(li)工程師(shi)享有較為廣(guang)泛的全面地對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)進行監(jian)督、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和管(guan)理(li)的權(quan)(quan)力(li)（包括(kuo)質量否定(ding)權(quan)(quan)、計量確認權(quan)(quan)和支付簽認權(quan)(quan)）。而我國(guo)的建筑法在對(dui)監(jian)理(li)的職(zhi)權(quan)(quan)的規定(ding)上則作(zuo)了較大的限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即由業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)及其人員直接(jie)參與合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)，行使合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)批準、同(tong)(tong)(tong)意和決(jue)定(ding)權(quan)(quan)或監(jian)理(li)單位行使這些權(quan)(quan)力(li)時應當同(tong)(tong)(tong)業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)協商并經其同(tong)(tong)(tong)意。因(yin)此，監(jian)理(li)單位的監(jian)理(li)工作(zuo)會常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)受到(dao)業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)的限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和干(gan)預(yu)。

再次，兩者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)(dui)爭(zheng)端(duan)解決(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)。在解決(jue)(jue)爭(zheng)端(duan)問題上，FIDIC合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)本(ben)同(tong)(tong)(tong)國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)本(ben)也(ye)有(you)(you)很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)，其中(zhong)最明顯(xian)之處在于：“FIDIC合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)要求雙(shuang)方發生(sheng)爭(zheng)端(duan)后，必(bi)須先提交工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師予以(yi)(yi)解決(jue)(jue)，而(er)在國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)文(wen)本(ben)中(zhong)規定(ding)雙(shuang)方發生(sheng)爭(zheng)端(duan)后，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)提交合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)監理(li)單位予以(yi)(yi)解決(jue)(jue)②。”當然從形(xing)式(shi)上看(kan)，兩種(zhong)解決(jue)(jue)方式(shi)表述雖(sui)然只(zhi)有(you)(you)“必(bi)須”和“可(ke)以(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別，但在實踐中(zhong)，前者(zhe)(zhe)規定(ding)了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)決(jue)(jue)是必(bi)經程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序，而(er)后者(zhe)(zhe)把(ba)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)監理(li)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)決(jue)(jue)規定(ding)為(wei)選擇性(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序。事實上，在具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承包過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，由(you)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師來對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)爭(zheng)端(duan)進行調解則是一(yi)種(zhong)較(jiao)為(wei)經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段，因為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師對(dui)(dui)雙(shuang)方在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)行為(wei)都有(you)(you)較(jiao)為(wei)清楚地了解，也(ye)就能較(jiao)為(wei)公正(zheng)合(he)(he)理(li)地解決(jue)(jue)問題。

二、沖(chong)突產生的(de)原因與解(jie)決途徑(jing)

盡管從20世紀90年代(dai)以來(lai)(lai)，我(wo)國適(shi)時地頒布了(le)很多新的建筑法(fa)規(gui)，有(you)效地規(gui)范了(le)建筑行業的各種(zhong)行為(wei)，但(dan)是加入世界貿易(yi)組(zu)織后，我(wo)國現(xian)有(you)的建筑業法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)體(ti)系更是暴露(lu)出許多不(bu)足(zu)，具(ju)體(ti)來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)：

一是，高(gao)層次的(de)建(jian)筑法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)數量太(tai)少，建(jian)筑領域某些方(fang)面(mian)的(de)立(li)法(fa)(fa)還是空白(bai)，如目前(qian)為全社會(hui)關注的(de)建(jian)筑產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量，至(zhi)今尚(shang)無統一法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)可依(yi)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)在(zai)(zai)1993年(nian)頒布了《產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量法(fa)(fa)》，對于提高(gao)我國(guo)(guo)的(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量起到了很大(da)作(zuo)用。但由于建(jian)筑產(chan)品(pin)(pin)生產(chan)和使用中的(de)特(te)殊性，《產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量法(fa)(fa)》又規(gui)(gui)(gui)定，建(jian)設(she)工程不(bu)適應本法(fa)(fa)，因此，建(jian)筑產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)立(li)法(fa)(fa)上至(zhi)今仍(reng)是一大(da)空白(bai)。

二是，在(zai)我國現(xian)有的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法規中，一(yi)大(da)(da)部(bu)分法規、制(zhi)度過于陳舊，如《建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)安裝工程承包合(he)同條例》等都是1983年制(zhi)定的(de)，已大(da)(da)大(da)(da)滯后于當前(qian)改革(ge)與發展的(de)形勢；另外，規章以下的(de)低層次(ci)的(de)規范性(xing)文件數量龐雜，法律效力不(bu)夠，其中多是部(bu)門規章或地方(fang)性(xing)法規、規章，且(qie)彼此之(zhi)間多有矛(mao)盾之(zhi)處，這對規范和解決建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業(ye)中存在(zai)的(de)問題極為(wei)不(bu)利。

三是，在我國(guo)現有的(de)(de)建(jian)筑業法規(gui)中對市(shi)場準入方(fang)面的(de)(de)審批制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)（或變(bian)相的(de)(de)審批制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，如不規(gui)范的(de)(de)核準制(zhi)）嚴重違反了GATS的(de)(de)市(shi)場準入、禁止數量限制(zhi)、國(guo)民待遇、最惠國(guo)待遇和透明度(du)(du)(du)規(gui)則，而(er)這(zhe)也導(dao)致與這(zhe)些制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)配套的(de)(de)法規(gui)也就無(wu)法與國(guo)際接(jie)軌(gui)從而(er)產生沖突③。

因此，加強(qiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)并完(wan)善建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)體系，才(cai)是落實FIDIC合同條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)。具體來說(shuo)，（1）要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加快已(yi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善工作(zuo)。一些出臺較(jiao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)，由于社會經濟環境發生了(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，已(yi)不能完(wan)全適(shi)應市(shi)場需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)；有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定不符合WTO規(gui)(gui)(gui)則(ze)和我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)外承諾(nuo)等(deng)等(deng)問(wen)題，亟(ji)待完(wan)善、調整和修訂。（2）要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加快新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)。由于建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)行(xing)業市(shi)場化步伐(fa)加快，以(yi)及行(xing)業本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理、技術、企業經營方式等(deng)出現了(le)許多新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，適(shi)時出臺針對(dui)性(xing)較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)門法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)也(ye)已(yi)經成為規(gui)(gui)(gui)范市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命題了(le)。（3）要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加快建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)配套(tao)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)。從目前已(yi)經出臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾部(bu)與建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業直接相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)來看，很多規(gui)(gui)(gui)定都存在“原則(ze)”有(you)余，而針對(dui)性(xing)、操作(zuo)性(xing)不強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。因此，由立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機關(guan)或司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)機關(guan)出臺立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋和司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋也(ye)已(yi)經迫(po)在眉睫了(le)。比如(ru)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》以(yi)及仍需進(jin)一步做出更(geng)加完(wan)整解釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)《合同法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》第286條(tiao)等(deng)等(deng)。

總之，隨(sui)著我(wo)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業的快速發展，我(wo)們(men)應根(gen)據加入WTO后我(wo)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑市(shi)場面臨的新情(qing)況、新問題、新要求，結(jie)合(he)以前(qian)實踐(jian)中的經驗教訓，培養(yang)懂工程(cheng)管理、經濟、技術的司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)人員，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立完(wan)善的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑市(shi)場法(fa)(fa)(fa)規體系及嚴格的執法(fa)(fa)(fa)監督體系，依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規范建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑市(shi)場。構建(jian)(jian)(jian)與市(shi)場經濟相適應的完(wan)善的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律體系是FIDIC合(he)同條款(kuan)得以落實的根(gen)本保(bao)證。

注釋：

①解洪，曾(ceng)玉(yu)成.菲迪(di)克條款在(zai)中(zhong)國的應(ying)用.四(si)(si)川:四(si)(si)川人民出版(ban)社.2004:76.

篇5

一、主要做法(fa)及其(qi)成效

《建筑(zhu)法(fa)》頒布實施以(yi)來，市政(zheng)府及(ji)建設行(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部門認真開展(zhan)宣傳(chuan)教育(yu)活動(dong)，不(bu)斷加強(qiang)對建筑(zhu)活動(dong)的監(jian)督管(guan)理(li)，全(quan)市建筑(zhu)市場(chang)秩序得到進一步規范，建筑(zhu)活動(dong)逐步走上了(le)良(liang)性發展(zhan)軌道。

（一）加(jia)強法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)宣(xuan)傳，執法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)守法(fa)(fa)(fa)意識(shi)(shi)不斷提高。結合“五五”普法(fa)(fa)(fa)教(jiao)育，利(li)(li)用培(pei)訓、會議等多種(zhong)形(xing)式，對從(cong)事建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)管理、生(sheng)產人(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)不同形(xing)式的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規知識(shi)(shi)教(jiao)育；結合安(an)全生(sheng)產月(yue)、質(zhi)量月(yue)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)制宣(xuan)傳日等活動(dong)，利(li)(li)用廣播、電視、報刊等新聞媒體，采用編印(yin)資(zi)(zi)料、舉辦知識(shi)(shi)競(jing)賽等形(xing)式，積極開(kai)展(zhan)宣(xuan)傳教(jiao)育活動(dong)，提高了全社會特別(bie)是建(jian)筑(zhu)市場(chang)各方主(zhu)體的執法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)守法(fa)(fa)(fa)意識(shi)(shi)。幾(ji)年來，共(gong)計印(yin)發(fa)《建(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》宣(xuan)傳資(zi)(zi)料1000余份(fen)，上街開(kai)展(zhan)咨詢活動(dong)10余場(chang)次，接待(dai)咨詢人(ren)員1600多人(ren)次。

（二(er)）規(gui)范(fan)工(gong)(gong)作程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，認真落實《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)》規(gui)定的各項(xiang)(xiang)制(zhi)度(du)。一是加(jia)強建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)管理(li)，大力(li)推行(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)公開招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)。制(zhi)定出臺(tai)了(le)《市(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)管理(li)規(gui)定》，招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為得到(dao)規(gui)范(fan)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)水平和招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)率都有了(le)明顯提高。近年來，累計(ji)完(wan)成(cheng)招(zhao)(zhao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)800多(duo)項(xiang)(xiang)，節約建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)資(zi)金6000多(duo)萬(wan)元。二(er)是加(jia)強市(shi)場準入管理(li)，依(yi)法(fa)對建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業資(zi)質(zhi)及(ji)從業人員資(zi)格進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)審查。2001年以來，對全市(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業資(zi)質(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)重新換證工(gong)(gong)作，優(you)化(hua)了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業結構，促進(jin)了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)業企(qi)業規(gui)范(fan)化(hua)管理(li)。三是實行(xing)(xing)(xing)政務公開，完(wan)善報批(pi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)。編制(zhi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)審批(pi)辦(ban)事(shi)指南(nan)，實行(xing)(xing)(xing)辦(ban)事(shi)內容、程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、時限及(ji)收費依(yi)據公開。設(she)(she)立了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)集中審批(pi)窗口，推行(xing)(xing)(xing)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)報批(pi)一站式服(fu)務，進(jin)一步簡化(hua)了(le)辦(ban)事(shi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，規(gui)范(fan)了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)報建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)審批(pi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、收費行(xing)(xing)(xing)為和行(xing)(xing)(xing)政行(xing)(xing)(xing)為。

（三(san)）整(zheng)頓(dun)市場(chang)秩序(xu)，依法查(cha)處(chu)違(wei)(wei)(wei)法違(wei)(wei)(wei)規行為(wei)。本著嚴肅(su)查(cha)處(chu)與建(jian)章立制(zhi)(zhi)相結(jie)合的原(yuan)則，從規范業主(zhu)(zhu)行為(wei)、查(cha)處(chu)轉包(bao)和違(wei)(wei)(wei)法分(fen)包(bao)、提高建(jian)設(she)(she)主(zhu)(zhu)管部(bu)門依法行政水平(ping)等(deng)方面(mian)入手，大力整(zheng)頓(dun)我市建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市場(chang)秩序(xu)，有效打擊了不(bu)法建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行為(wei)，維護了各方當事人(ren)的合法權益。每年開展建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)質量(liang)安全大檢查(cha)，組織專(zhuan)項治理活動，從建(jian)設(she)(she)程(cheng)序(xu)到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)進行全方位檢查(cha)，依法處(chu)理各行為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體違(wei)(wei)(wei)法行為(wei)。在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市場(chang)日常(chang)檢查(cha)中(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)發現新(xin)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的違(wei)(wei)(wei)法違(wei)(wei)(wei)規工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)從建(jian)設(she)(she)單位、項目規模等(deng)進行登記(ji)造(zao)冊，并限期整(zheng)改；對(dui)(dui)部(bu)分(fen)已經(jing)建(jian)成的違(wei)(wei)(wei)法違(wei)(wei)(wei)規建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，下(xia)達《違(wei)(wei)(wei)法違(wei)(wei)(wei)規建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)處(chu)置通(tong)知單》；對(dui)(dui)拒不(bu)辦理建(jian)設(she)(she)手續的違(wei)(wei)(wei)法建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，依法下(xia)達處(chu)罰決定(ding)，不(bu)按時履行的及時向人(ren)民法院(yuan)申(shen)請強制(zhi)(zhi)執行。近年來，共查(cha)處(chu)各類(lei)違(wei)(wei)(wei)法違(wei)(wei)(wei)規建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)186起，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)積48萬平(ping)方米(mi)。

（四）完(wan)善(shan)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)體(ti)系(xi)，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)水平進(jin)一(yi)步提(ti)升。管(guan)理工(gong)作中(zhong)，完(wan)善(shan)了(le)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理規定，制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)責任追究制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)許可制(zhi)(zhi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設領域(yu)突發公共事件(jian)(jian)應急管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)保(bao)障機制(zhi)(zhi)，將工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑市場(chang)主體(ti)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)責任掛鉤(gou)，把質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)與企(qi)業(ye)資質管(guan)理、評優(you)評先掛鉤(gou)，進(jin)一(yi)步明(ming)確(que)了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑各方主體(ti)的(de)責任。加強(qiang)了(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序管(guan)理，建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)以施工(gong)圖審(shen)查、招投標(biao)、施工(gong)許可、質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)督和(he)竣工(gong)驗(yan)收(shou)備案等監(jian)督體(ti)系(xi)，特別(bie)是(shi)施工(gong)圖紙設計文件(jian)(jian)審(shen)查制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)，彌補了(le)對勘(kan)察(cha)設計成果監(jian)管(guan)的(de)空白，保(bao)證了(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)察(cha)設計質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。幾(ji)年來，全(quan)市共創建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)新技術應用示范工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)3個，省(sheng)“質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)誠信、用戶滿意”示范工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)6個，省(sheng)級安(an)全(quan)文明(ming)工(gong)地22個。

二、存(cun)在(zai)的主要問題(ti)

近年來，市政府在貫徹實施《建筑法》過程中(zhong)做了大量工作(zuo)，取(qu)得了一(yi)(yi)定成效，但(dan)我們(men)也(ye)應清醒(xing)地看(kan)到，仍存在一(yi)(yi)些不(bu)容(rong)忽視的問題。

（一(yi)）法(fa)(fa)制觀念仍然比較淡薄(bo)。一(yi)些(xie)建設(she)施工(gong)單(dan)位對《建筑法(fa)(fa)》的基本內容學(xue)習不(bu)夠，在(zai)工(gong)程建設(she)時存在(zai)不(bu)報建、不(bu)辦(ban)理法(fa)(fa)定手續等(deng)問題，工(gong)程質(zhi)量和(he)(he)安(an)全得不(bu)到保障；個(ge)別建設(she)單(dan)位對建設(she)行政執法(fa)(fa)工(gong)作(zuo)不(bu)理解、不(bu)支持(chi)、不(bu)配合，增加了建設(she)行政執法(fa)(fa)的難度；有些(xie)勘察設(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)施工(gong)單(dan)位轉包、違法(fa)(fa)分包、掛靠(kao)、越級承(cheng)攬、出(chu)借資質(zhi)證書；甚至個(ge)別項目在(zai)招投標、項目審批(pi)、設(she)備和(he)(he)材料采購中存在(zai)權錢交易、挪用工(gong)程建設(she)資金等(deng)問題。

（二(er)）工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安全(quan)(quan)事故時有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)。檢(jian)查中發(fa)(fa)現，少(shao)數房地(di)產(chan)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)企(qi)(qi)業不嚴格(ge)執行法定建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序，違(wei)反建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施工許可證制度，擅自(zi)開(kai)(kai)工建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，有(you)(you)(you)的房地(di)產(chan)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)商為降低(di)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成本，將工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)層層分(fen)包給技(ji)術管(guan)理水平較低(di)的企(qi)(qi)業甚至使用黑包工；有(you)(you)(you)的勘(kan)察、設(she)(she)計單位和施工企(qi)(qi)業不嚴格(ge)執行工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)強(qiang)制性標準；有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)施工企(qi)(qi)業將未經檢(jian)驗(yan)合(he)格(ge)的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材料投入使用，致使一些(xie)劣質(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)材進入施工現場；有(you)(you)(you)的工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安全(quan)(quan)防護文明施工措施不完備等。這些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)給工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目留下了不同(tong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和安全(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患，導致建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和安全(quan)(quan)事故時有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)。另(ling)外(wai)，近(jin)年來，群眾對(dui)住宅建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)反映(ying)強(qiang)烈，如外(wai)墻保(bao)溫層產(chan)生(sheng)裂(lie)(lie)縫、上(shang)下水管(guan)道開(kai)(kai)裂(lie)(lie)、屋(wu)面(mian)滲漏、成品(pin)半成品(pin)如門窗等質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)有(you)(you)(you)缺陷、室外(wai)配套質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)差等，對(dui)這些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)商、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)(qi)業推諉扯皮(pi)，主管(guan)部門不能及時協調解決，影響了業戶正常生(sheng)活，帶來了許多社(she)會不穩定問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。

（三）監(jian)督管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作還不(bu)(bu)到(dao)位。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)管(guan)(guan)部門監(jian)管(guan)(guan)力(li)度不(bu)(bu)夠，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)、監(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)常抱僥幸心理(li)(li)；資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資格管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)薄弱，監(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)整(zheng)體(ti)素質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)待提高(gao)，專業技術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)證分離現象(xiang)嚴重，一(yi)些低(di)水平的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)監(jian)理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)活躍在(zai)(zai)建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，致使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量難以保證；執法中重審批、輕監(jian)管(guan)(guan)的(de)現象(xiang)依然(ran)存在(zai)(zai)，對一(yi)些違法行(xing)為(wei)查處的(de)不(bu)(bu)夠及(ji)時(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)力(li)；有(you)(you)(you)的(de)企業不(bu)(bu)按程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序審批，甚至逃避工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)督管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，直接影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量和(he)安(an)全；有(you)(you)(you)些小區單體(ti)與(yu)配套設施(shi)不(bu)(bu)能同步，綜合驗收工(gong)(gong)作不(bu)(bu)能及(ji)時(shi)(shi)進行(xing)，導致出現延期交(jiao)房(fang)問(wen)題。檢查中還了解(jie)到(dao)，拖欠工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款和(he)農民工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)資問(wen)題依然(ran)嚴重，時(shi)(shi)常引發一(yi)些經濟糾紛和(he)社會矛盾，不(bu)(bu)僅擾亂了市場秩序，而(er)且直接影響(xiang)了社會穩定。

三、今后工(gong)作的建議

為深入貫(guan)徹落實《建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法》，全(quan)面維護建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)市場秩(zhi)序，確保建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工程質(zhi)量(liang)和安(an)全(quan)，針對檢查中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)的問題(ti)，提出以下建(jian)(jian)(jian)議：

（一）進一步(bu)加強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)規的(de)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳教育。《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)》是(shi)開展建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)活動維護(hu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)各(ge)方(fang)主(zhu)體利益(yi)的(de)基本(ben)法(fa)(fa)，也是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業健康發(fa)展的(de)促(cu)進法(fa)(fa)。市(shi)政府及(ji)(ji)相關部門要進一步(bu)提高對(dui)(dui)貫徹實(shi)施建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)規重要性的(de)認識，豐富宣(xuan)(xuan)傳載體，切實(shi)增強(qiang)自身及(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)各(ge)方(fang)主(zhu)體和社會(hui)公眾的(de)法(fa)(fa)制意識，努(nu)力營造良好的(de)執法(fa)(fa)守法(fa)(fa)氛圍。要切實(shi)搞好《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)(fa)》的(de)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳工作(zuo)，重點抓好各(ge)級(ji)領導干部、國(guo)家工作(zuo)人(ren)員及(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)從業人(ren)員的(de)學習(xi)培訓，牢固樹立“對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)質量(liang)負(fu)責，對(dui)(dui)群眾安全負(fu)責，決不能(neng)只對(dui)(dui)金錢負(fu)責”的(de)觀念。

（二）堅持以(yi)人(ren)(ren)為本切實抓好工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。保證(zheng)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，是認(ren)真貫徹《建筑(zhu)法》的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本要求。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)事關人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命財產安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，因此，要從保護人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度來認(ren)識確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性，嚴(yan)把工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產關。要嚴(yan)格執行法定建設(she)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)強(qiang)制標準，建立建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)終身負責(ze)制。要建立實施工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)舉報制度，公(gong)布舉報電話(hua)，及時辦理(li)群(qun)眾(zhong)對(dui)建筑(zhu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)訴求。要認(ren)真解決工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結構、建筑(zhu)消防、環境配套等質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患，特別是完善居民(min)(min)住(zhu)宅小區質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監管(guan)機制，確保居民(min)(min)住(zhu)宅的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，保證(zheng)讓人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)住(zhu)上放(fang)心房(fang)。要堅決落實安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產責(ze)任制，嚴(yan)格對(dui)企(qi)業安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產管(guan)理(li)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)監管(guan)，促進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產水平(ping)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)提高。

篇6

關鍵詞(ci):監理(li)工程師;權利;義務

我(wo)國的(de)監理(li)咨(zi)詢(xun)業已初具規模，但與世界發達國家的(de)咨(zi)詢(xun)業相比還(huan)有很大差距，急(ji)需加(jia)快(kuai)內部改(gai)革，理(li)順監理(li)單(dan)位、業主和承包(bao)商(shang)的(de)關(guan)系，逐(zhu)步完善(shan)我(wo)國的(de)監理(li)工程(cheng)師制度。

1我國(guo)監(jian)理工程師的執業資(zi)格準入(ru)制度

1992年6月，我國(guo)頒布《監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)程師(shi)資格考(kao)試和(he)(he)(he)注(zhu)冊(ce)試行(xing)辦(ban)法》。這(zhe)種執業資格考(kao)試制度每年舉行(xing)一次，實(shi)行(xing)全國(guo)統(tong)一考(kao)試大綱、統(tong)一命題、統(tong)一考(kao)試、統(tong)一時(shi)間(jian)、閉(bi)卷考(kao)試、分科(ke)記分、統(tong)一錄取標準的辦(ban)法，考(kao)試內容有四門(men)課程，分別為(wei)《工(gong)程建設監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)論和(he)(he)(he)相關法規(gui)》、《工(gong)程建設合(he)同管理(li)(li)(li)》、《工(gong)程建設質量、投資、進度控制》、《工(gong)程建設監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)案例分析(xi)》。對考(kao)試合(he)格人(ren)(ren)員由省、自(zi)治區、直轄市(shi)人(ren)(ren)民政府(fu)人(ren)(ren)事(shi)行(xing)政主管部(bu)門(men)頒發由國(guo)務(wu)院人(ren)(ren)事(shi)行(xing)政主管部(bu)門(men)統(tong)一印(yin)制、國(guo)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)事(shi)行(xing)政管理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)門(men)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)家(jia)建設行(xing)政管理(li)(li)(li)部(bu)門(men)共同簽章的《監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)程師(shi)職業資格證(zheng)書》，并(bing)在相關單位注(zhu)冊(ce)后即具備了監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)程師(shi)資格。

2我(wo)國監理工程師在項目(mu)管理中的權責(ze)匹配分析

2．1我國監理工(gong)程師應(ying)享有(you)的權利

(1)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)》第(di)三(san)十二條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)應當依照(zhao)法(fa)律、行(xing)政法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)及(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)文件和(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，對(dui)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)資金(jin)使(shi)用等方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，代表建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)實施(shi)(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督。(2)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)》第(di)十七條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍內(nei)，享有(you)(you)以(yi)下權(quan)利:選擇工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議(yi)權(quan)。選擇工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認可(ke)權(quan)。對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)事(shi)(shi)項包(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)使(shi)用功能(neng)(neng)要求(qiu)(qiu)，向(xiang)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議(yi)權(quan)。對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術問題，按(an)照(zhao)安全和(he)(he)(he)優化的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則，向(xiang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議(yi);如果擬提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議(yi)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價，或延長工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)，應當事(shi)(shi)先(xian)征(zheng)(zheng)得(de)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)。當發現工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)不符合(he)國(guo)家頒(ban)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)磚或設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)時，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應當書面(mian)(mian)報告(gao)(gao)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)并要求(qiu)(qiu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)更正(zheng)。審批工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)技(ji)術方(fang)案，按(an)照(zhao)保質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)降低成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因，向(xiang)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議(yi)，并向(xiang)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)出(chu)書面(mian)(mian)報告(gao)(gao)。主(zhu)持工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)協作(zuo)(zuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)協調(diao)(diao)，重(zhong)要協調(diao)(diao)事(shi)(shi)項應當事(shi)(shi)先(xian)向(xiang)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)報告(gao)(gao)。征(zheng)(zheng)得(de)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)權(quan)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)令、停(ting)(ting)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)令、復(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)令，但應當事(shi)(shi)先(xian)向(xiang)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)報告(gao)(gao)。如在(zai)緊急情況下未(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)事(shi)(shi)先(xian)報告(gao)(gao)時，則應在(zai)24小時內(nei)向(xiang)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)書面(mian)(mian)報告(gao)(gao)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢驗(yan)權(quan)。對(dui)于不符合(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)要求(qiu)(qiu)和(he)(he)(he)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約定及(ji)(ji)國(guo)家質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料、構(gou)配件、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)，有(you)(you)權(quan)通(tong)知承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)止使(shi)用;對(dui)于不符合(he)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定和(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序、分部、分項工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)不安全施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)業，有(you)(you)權(quan)通(tong)知承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)整改、返(fan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)到監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機構(gou)復(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢查、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督權(quan)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實際竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日期(qi)(qi)提(ti)前(qian)或超(chao)過工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)認權(quan)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍內(nei)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款支(zhi)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)審核(he)(he)和(he)(he)(he)簽(qian)字權(quan)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結算的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)核(he)(he)確(que)認權(quan)與(yu)否決權(quan)。未(wei)(wei)經總監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)簽(qian)字確(que)認，委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不制度(du)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款。(3)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)法(fa)》第(di)十九條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定，在(zai)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍內(nei)，委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)對(dui)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任何意(yi)見(jian)和(he)(he)(he)要求(qiu)(qiu)(包(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)索賠(pei)要求(qiu)(qiu))，均(jun)必須首先(xian)向(xiang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機構(gou)提(ti)出(chu)，由監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機構(gou)研(yan)究處置意(yi)見(jian)，再同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)協商確(que)定。當委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)(he)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)發生爭(zheng)議(yi)時，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)機構(gou)應根據自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)，以(yi)獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份判斷(duan)，公正(zheng)地進行(xing)調(diao)(diao)解。當雙方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爭(zheng)議(yi)由政府建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)行(xing)政主(zhu)管部門調(diao)(diao)解或仲(zhong)裁時，應當提(ti)供作(zuo)(zuo)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)實材料。這種委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)充(chong)分體(ti)現了(le)參(can)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)各(ge)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，示(shi)。《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)》約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)與(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)心權(quan)利義務關(guan)(guan)系(xi)如圖1所示(shi)。《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)》約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)心權(quan)利義務關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。從圖中充(chong)分體(ti)現了(le)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“三(san)控(kong)、兩管、一協調(diao)(diao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利，即工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li).

2．2我(wo)國監理工(gong)程(cheng)師應(ying)承擔的法律(lv)責任(ren)

根據(ju)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準，監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師法律責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)分為民(min)事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、行(xing)政(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等(deng)。(1)民(min)事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。監(jian)理(li)單位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)事(shi)法律在《建(jian)筑法》第(di)35條(tiao)(tiao)和(he)第(di)69中有明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，如(ru)其中一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao):與建(jian)設、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)(wei)串通、弄虛(xu)作假(jia)、降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)，造成(cheng)損失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，承擔連帶賠償責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。(2)刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。《刑(xing)(xing)法》第(di)137條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)“工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理(li)單位(wei)(wei)違(wei)反國家規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標準，造成(cheng)重大安全事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對直接責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)人員處(chu)5年(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)有期徒刑(xing)(xing)或(huo)者拘役，并(bing)處(chu)罰金(jin)。后果特備嚴(yan)(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，處(chu)5年(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)10年(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)有期徒刑(xing)(xing)，并(bing)處(chu)罰金(jin)”。(3)行(xing)政(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。在《建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)條(tiao)(tiao)例》第(di)四章罰則中對于監(jian)理(li)單位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)作出了明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，如(ru):①超越本單位(wei)(wei)資質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)級承攬(lan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，責(ze)(ze)令停止(zhi)違(wei)法行(xing)為，處(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)監(jian)理(li)費酬金(jin)1倍以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)2倍以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)罰款，可責(ze)(ze)令停業整頓，降低資質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)級;情節嚴(yan)(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，吊銷(xiao)資質(zhi)(zhi)證書。(《條(tiao)(tiao)例》第(di)60條(tiao)(tiao));②轉(zhuan)讓監(jian)理(li)業務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，責(ze)(ze)令改正，沒收(shou)違(wei)法所得，處(chu)合同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)酬金(jin)25%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)50%以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)罰款;可責(ze)(ze)令停業整頓，降低資質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)級;情節嚴(yan)(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，吊銷(xiao)資質(zhi)(zhi)證書(《條(tiao)(tiao)例》第(di)62條(tiao)(tiao))。

2．3我國監理工程師權責(ze)匹配分析

前面已(yi)經(jing)列舉(ju)論(lun)述了(le)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師在項目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)享有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利，但事(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)，在實(shi)(shi)際操作(zuo)中(zhong)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)權(quan)利很難(nan)實(shi)(shi)現，而承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)則名副其實(shi)(shi)。例如國(guo)家法(fa)(fa)(fa)律、行(xing)(xing)政法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)關(guan)于(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)如下。(1)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)就(jiu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)向建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)事(shi)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)做出了(le)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)與(yu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)串通(tong)，為(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)謀(mou)取非(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)利益，給建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)造(zao)成(cheng)損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)與(yu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。”由此(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)款可知，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)民(min)事(shi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)成(cheng)有(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san):一是不履行(xing)(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)，二是給建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)損失(shi)，三(san)(san)(san)(san)是監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)失(shi)當(dang)(dang)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)與(yu)損失(shi)存(cun)在因(yin)果關(guan)系(xi)。關(guan)于(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)，《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)(di)六(liu)十(shi)(shi)九條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)與(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)或者(zhe)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)串通(tong)，弄虛作(zuo)假、降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)，責(ze)(ze)(ze)令改正，處以(yi)罰(fa)款，降低資(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)級或者(zhe)吊銷資(zi)質(zhi)證(zheng)(zheng)書;有(you)(you)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)所得的(de)(de)(de)，予以(yi)沒(mei)收(shou);造(zao)成(cheng)損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren);構(gou)成(cheng)犯罪的(de)(de)(de)，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)追究(jiu)刑(xing)事(shi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。”“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)轉讓監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)，責(ze)(ze)(ze)令改正，沒(mei)收(shou)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)所得，可以(yi)責(ze)(ze)(ze)令停業(ye)整頓(dun)，降低資(zi)質(zhi)等(deng)級;情(qing)節嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)，吊銷資(zi)質(zhi)證(zheng)(zheng)書。”同(tong)時，《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)(di)五十(shi)(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)總承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)由工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)，總承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)將建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)費其它單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)對(dui)(dui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)接(jie)受(shou)總承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)。”第(di)(di)(di)五十(shi)(shi)八條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)。”根據上(shang)述規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》在規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，仍認為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)負(fu)(fu)主要責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。關(guan)于(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)，在《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》中(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)(you)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第(di)(di)(di)五章(zhang)(zhang)“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”所確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)主體(ti)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)，第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)“施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)由建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)。”該(gai)章(zhang)(zhang)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)項條(tiao)(tiao)款中(zhong)有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)是涉及到施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)，此(ci)外只有(you)(you)第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)、第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)二條(tiao)(tiao)、第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)九條(tiao)(tiao)對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)做出了(le)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)負(fu)(fu)有(you)(you)提供(gong)確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)所必須的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料、審批手續、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變更的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計方案等(deng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)。(2)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)(tiao)例》第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、勘察(cha)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)。”并在第(di)(di)(di)五章(zhang)(zhang)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)和義(yi)務(wu)(wu)”對(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)與(yu)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)作(zuo)出專章(zhang)(zhang)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)“代表建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，并對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。”(3)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)(tiao)例》第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding):“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、勘察(cha)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)及其他(ta)與(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)有(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，必須遵(zun)守安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，保證(zheng)(zheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。”該(gai)條(tiao)(tiao)例十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)條(tiao)(tiao)、第(di)(di)(di)五十(shi)(shi)七條(tiao)(tiao)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)做出了(le)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，要求監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產(chan)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。”通(tong)過以(yi)上(shang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析，我(wo)國(guo)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師在項目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利、義(yi)務(wu)(wu)對(dui)(dui)等(deng)形同(tong)虛設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，在實(shi)(shi)際操作(zuo)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)享有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利難(nan)以(yi)實(shi)(shi)現，而應(ying)(ying)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)是逃不了(le)的(de)(de)(de)。

2．4案例分析

(1)相關案(an)例(li)。2005年(nian)9月5日晚(wan)10時，西(xi)單(dan)北大(da)街“西(xi)西(xi)4號地”工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)間(jian)，突(tu)然發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)模板支撐(cheng)體系(xi)坍塌(ta)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，當場(chang)造(zao)成死(si)亡8名施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)、受(shou)傷21人(ren)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)后經(jing)(jing)技(ji)術勘察查明(ming)(ming)，該項(xiang)(xiang)目模板支架施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設計方案(an)尚(shang)(shang)未經(jing)(jing)批準，項(xiang)(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)便(bian)要求勞務隊開(kai)始(shi)按(an)照方案(an)搭設模板支架，并(bing)在(zai)存(cun)在(zai)安(an)全(quan)隱患的(de)(de)支架上開(kai)始(shi)進行現場(chang)澆筑，項(xiang)(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)和監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)均未履行職責(ze)予以(yi)(yi)制止，最終導(dao)致事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)后對責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)都追究了法(fa)律責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)，最后判(pan)定結果(guo):土建總(zong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師李(li)樂俊對事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)負有(you)(you)重要技(ji)術管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)，總(zong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師楊國(guo)俊負有(you)(you)主要技(ji)術管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)，項(xiang)(xiang)目部(bu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)胡鋼(gang)成負有(you)(you)直(zhi)接(jie)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。據此，法(fa)院(yuan)作出(chu)一審判(pan)決，判(pan)處(chu)李(li)樂俊有(you)(you)期(qi)徒刑(xing)(xing)4年(nian)，楊國(guo)俊、胡鋼(gang)成有(you)(you)期(qi)徒刑(xing)(xing)3年(nian)6個月，判(pan)處(chu)總(zong)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師呂大(da)衛、土建專業監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師吳(wu)亞君有(you)(you)期(qi)徒刑(xing)(xing)3年(nian)，緩刑(xing)(xing)3年(nian)。其它4名同(tong)案(an)犯也(ye)收到相應處(chu)罰。該起事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)被(bei)法(fa)院(yuan)判(pan)處(chu)有(you)(you)罪在(zai)北京尚(shang)(shang)屬首(shou)次。(2)結論。這起事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)被(bei)追究刑(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)典型(xing)事(shi)(shi)(shi)例(li)，也(ye)在(zai)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)屆引起強烈(lie)反響。在(zai)這起事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)中(zhong)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)中(zhong)且不說監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)權利(li)(li)究竟有(you)(you)多大(da)，至少出(chu)現這樣的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)承擔(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)太大(da)。筆者認為，監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)主要職責(ze)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)為手段服(fu)務于(yu)業主，其所承擔(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)或安(an)全(quan)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)，只能是(shi)基(ji)于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)不當造(zao)成不良后果(guo)所承擔(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。以(yi)(yi)上案(an)例(li)也(ye)說明(ming)(ming)了我(wo)國(guo)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制度存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)問題，監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)權利(li)(li)嚴(yan)重受(shou)限(xian)，而出(chu)現安(an)全(quan)質(zhi)量事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)則要承擔(dan)(dan)主要責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。

3小結

篇7

1.1國外發展

經過(guo)多年的(de)(de)(de)發展，發達(da)國家(jia)和地區基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)形(xing)成了(le)以“技術(shu)法規—技術(shu)標準(zhun)”為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)約體系。這(zhe)(zhe)套體系在保障(zhang)公眾(zhong)(zhong)利益、國家(jia)利益以及推(tui)廣新(xin)(xin)技術(shu)、新(xin)(xin)材料等方(fang)面起(qi)到了(le)積極的(de)(de)(de)作用。因(yin)此，大(da)部分的(de)(de)(de)發達(da)國家(jia)都較(jiao)為完整地實施了(le)這(zhe)(zhe)種體制(zhi)。近(jin)年來(lai)，為了(le)維護(hu)國家(jia)長遠利益和公眾(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)本(ben)利益，同時也(ye)為了(le)適應新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)經濟活動的(de)(de)(de)要求，很多國家(jia)正在不斷完善和改(gai)進(jin)“技術(shu)法規—技術(shu)標準(zhun)”文件系統，同時也(ye)加強了(le)國際(ji)間的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)與合作，逐步向(xiang)趨同的(de)(de)(de)國際(ji)技術(shu)制(zhi)約準(zhun)則的(de)(de)(de)目標邁進(jin)。

1.2國內發展

我國(guo)(guo)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)經歷(li)了(le)漫長(chang)的(de)發展過程(cheng)(cheng)，逐漸形成了(le)以(yi)“建(jian)(jian)設法規即強制性標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)與推薦性標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)”相結合(he)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系，為推進我國(guo)(guo)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設起到了(le)巨大(da)的(de)作用。然而，隨(sui)著我國(guo)(guo)加入(ru)世(shi)貿組(zu)織，越(yue)來越(yue)多地(di)參與國(guo)(guo)際經濟活(huo)動，現有的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系在(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)度上，在(zai)技術(shu)交流(liu)、商業活(huo)動等方面(mian)阻礙了(le)我國(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)際化發展。因此(ci)，學習(xi)和研究國(guo)(guo)外成熟的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系，一(yi)方面(mian)有助于加快我國(guo)(guo)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系的(de)改革，另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)也使(shi)得我國(guo)(guo)與其他國(guo)(guo)家(jia)和地(di)區的(de)交流(liu)合(he)作更加方便、順暢。

2國外的(de)標準體(ti)系的(de)特點(dian)及發展

2.1體系構成

國外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工程標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系大部(bu)(bu)分是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)—技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)系。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)權力機構所接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具有(you)(you)約束性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文件，一(yi)般由(you)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)和(he)管理要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)構成(cheng)。目(mu)前，國際上公(gong)認的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)行(xing)(xing)原則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對直接(jie)涉及公(gong)眾基本(ben)利(li)(li)益(yi)和(he)國家(jia)長遠利(li)(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)。在技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)部(bu)(bu)分，制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎或者以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎能(neng)使技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)緊跟技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)展，具有(you)(you)很高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)效(xiao)性(xing)(xing)；以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎，突(tu)出法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點核心內容，能(neng)保(bao)持技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)公(gong)認的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化機構批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)了重復或連續應用(yong)而(er)(er)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)對不涉及公(gong)眾基本(ben)利(li)(li)益(yi)和(he)國家(jia)長遠利(li)(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及為(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)證實(shi)現強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)而(er)(er)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途(tu)徑和(he)方法(fa)(fa)。在大多數(shu)國家(jia)和(he)地區，技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自愿采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。由(you)于技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)針對具體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化對象逐一(yi)設定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)每個國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量都(dou)很龐大，并且隨(sui)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)展而(er)(er)隨(sui)時(shi)修(xiu)訂，具有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活性(xing)(xing)。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)依據，技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)基礎，兩者是(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)互聯系、協調配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機整體(ti)(ti)。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中被(bei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)引用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分屬于法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)(bu)分，是(shi)(shi)(shi)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)必(bi)須滿足(zu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)不能(neng)有(you)(you)與技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)相(xiang)抵觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容。因(yin)此滿足(zu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)，就可視為(wei)(wei)(wei)滿足(zu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，允許其進入(ru)建設市場；而(er)(er)對于沒有(you)(you)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)依據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，經(jing)過評定(ding)(ding)符合強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，允許不執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)非強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。因(yin)此 “技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)—技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)”體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)對于鼓勵新技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、新產(chan)品(pin)也有(you)(you)積(ji)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。

2.2國外標準體系的編制和管理

2.2.1技術法規和技術標準的管(guan)理

技(ji)(ji)術(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定與管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)在不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)由(you)于政體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)而不盡(jin)相同(tong)。大多數(shu)(shu)非聯(lian)邦(bang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)由(you)一(yi)(yi)個專(zhuan)門機構負責全國(guo)統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，而聯(lian)邦(bang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)則會由(you)專(zhuan)門機構制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定一(yi)(yi)個模式(shi)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)，各地(di)區據此模式(shi)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)結合本(ben)(ben)(ben)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)情況，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)本(ben)(ben)(ben)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)。此外，歐盟(meng)作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個區域性國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)聯(lian)盟(meng)，對(dui)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)采(cai)用統一(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定、各國(guo)分別執行的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)。技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標準的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)簡單地(di)說有3種體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：政府(fu)主導、政府(fu)授權和(he)自由(you)的(de)(de)(de)市場化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)三(san)種方式(shi)。大多數(shu)(shu)發(fa)達國(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)都采(cai)用第(di)一(yi)(yi)種方式(shi)，而日本(ben)(ben)(ben)、俄羅斯也(ye)施行第(di)一(yi)(yi)種方式(shi)，即政府(fu)主導管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式(shi)，美(mei)國(guo)是唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個實行高(gao)度市場化(hua)、相對(dui)松散的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)模式(shi)。

2.2.2技術法(fa)規和技術標準的(de)編制

簡單來說(shuo)，技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)在(zai)國際上普遍都是由政府部門授權(quan)(quan)或(huo)(huo)法律授權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化組(zu)織(zhi)或(huo)(huo)專門組(zu)織(zhi)進行技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)。而(er)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)，大(da)(da)多數國家都是在(zai)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)已經完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下引(yin)用(yong)，在(zai)無合適(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)可被引(yin)用(yong)時(shi)，才自(zi)行作出(chu)規(gui)(gui)定。歐(ou)盟(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)解釋文(wen)件(jian)(jian)則在(zai)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)之前，所以(yi)沒有引(yin)用(yong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條款。技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)內容分(fen)為管(guan)理(li)要(yao)求和(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)求。在(zai)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)寫上，通常分(fen)為三種模(mo)式：正文(wen)簡練(lian)，配套文(wen)件(jian)(jian)詳盡（歐(ou)盟(meng)采用(yong)這種方(fang)法，既便于管(guan)理(li)又對各個國家有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈活(huo)度）；正文(wen)和(he)(he)配套文(wen)件(jian)(jian)深度一樣（大(da)(da)多數國家采用(yong)，在(zai)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)法規(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正文(wen)中(zhong)提(ti)出(chu)性(xing)能或(huo)(huo)者目標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，在(zai)配套文(wen)件(jian)(jian)中(zhong)進一步(bu)提(ti)出(chu)可實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案）；正文(wen)很全面(mian)，沒有配套文(wen)件(jian)(jian)（例如美國、加拿(na)大(da)(da)、澳大(da)(da)利亞等國）。

2.3影響標準體系(xi)編制(zhi)的主要因素

2.3.1歷史(shi)發展與新(xin)(xin)工藝、新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術

工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)立(li)和(he)完(wan)(wan)善經過(guo)了(le)漫長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史。在(zai)(zai)這個過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家由于其自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史發展(zhan)(zhan)，也(ye)體(ti)現出各(ge)(ge)(ge)自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)。比如隨著(zhu)歐(ou)盟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)，歐(ou)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)舊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)相比，去掉了(le)其中(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)指(zhi)令過(guo)細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)，因而(er)加(jia)快了(le)各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協(xie)調過(guo)程。而(er)與(yu)歐(ou)盟相類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還有美國(guo)(guo)。隨著(zhu)市(shi)場和(he)經濟(ji)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)，美國(guo)(guo)各(ge)(ge)(ge)協(xie)會(hui)認(ren)識(shi)到(dao)了(le)將規(gui)(gui)(gui)范統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要性(xing)。從(cong)(cong)1995年起，美國(guo)(guo)制訂了(le)“統一(yi)發展(zhan)(zhan)戰略”，三家主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編制機(ji)構聯合起來成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)了(le)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范協(xie)會(hui)，并推出了(le)《國(guo)(guo)際(ji)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范（International Building Code，IBC）》。科學(xue)和(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步使得各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系也(ye)隨之不斷完(wan)(wan)善。從(cong)(cong)具(ju)體(ti)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)革新而(er)言，在(zai)(zai)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編制上(shang)，為了(le)讓新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、新工(gong)藝(yi)和(he)新方法(fa)(fa)(fa)更快地進入市(shi)場，得到(dao)應(ying)用，發達國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍做法(fa)(fa)(fa)是制定根本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、原則性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定，鼓勵企(qi)業(ye)和(he)市(shi)場發揮自(zi)主(zhu)性(xing)，比如綠色建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、智能建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)就(jiu)是對新材料、新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好應(ying)用。其中(zhong)(zhong)美國(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)這方面(mian)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較成(cheng)(cheng)熟。在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定上(shang)，美國(guo)(guo)堅(jian)持“寬(kuan)進嚴出”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方針。這種做法(fa)(fa)(fa)最(zui)大程度(du)地調動(dong)了(le)民間團體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)，使得美國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系龐大而(er)完(wan)(wan)備。在(zai)(zai)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施和(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范方面(mian)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)協(xie)會(hui)通過(guo)多種渠道、推廣，使得這些技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施和(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范得到(dao)廣泛應(ying)用。

2.3.2 自然災害使體系(xi)不斷完善

不論是標準(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)完善還是技術的(de)(de)(de)革新，很(hen)多(duo)都與各國(guo)所經歷(li)的(de)(de)(de)自然災害有關(guan)。以日本的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)抗震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)為例，日本的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)領域的(de)(de)(de)核心是《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)標準(zhun)法》，《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)標準(zhun)法》中的(de)(de)(de)抗震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)設計經過很(hen)多(duo)次(ci)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)修訂(ding)(ding)，而一些(xie)修訂(ding)(ding)與地震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)發(fa)生后造成巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞(huai)息(xi)息(xi)相關(guan)。比如(ru)1968年十勝地震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)中鋼筋(jin)混凝土短柱脆性(xing)破(po)壞(huai)。由此(ci)在1971年中，《施行令(ling)》緊急修訂(ding)(ding)，加(jia)入(ru)了柱箍筋(jin)加(jia)密(mi)等(deng)條文。最近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)修訂(ding)(ding)是1995年神(shen)戶(hu)地震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)后，鋼結(jie)構(gou)脆性(xing)斷裂，中間(jian)層(ceng)破(po)壞(huai)，造成了七千余人喪生。從1996年開始,日本政府連續3次(ci)修改《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)標準(zhun)法》，商務樓(lou)要求8級(ji)地震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)不倒，使用期限(xian)超(chao)過100年。在2000年的(de)(de)(de)修訂(ding)(ding)中加(jia)入(ru)了能量普法和(he)基巖設計反應譜法等(deng)。

3我國(guo)的(de)(de)標準體系的(de)(de)現狀(zhuang)

3.1建筑法規

我國的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)規(gui)主要有五(wu)個組成部分（按照法(fa)律(lv)效力(li)從高到低的(de)(de)順序）：一、法(fa)律(lv)，如(ru)(ru)《建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)》；二、行政法(fa)規(gui)，如(ru)(ru)《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程勘察設(she)計管(guan)(guan)理(li)條例(li)(li)》；三、地(di)方法(fa)規(gui)，如(ru)(ru)《北(bei)京(jing)市(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)場(chang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)條例(li)(li)》；四(si)、部門規(gui)章(zhang)，如(ru)(ru)《工(gong)程建(jian)設(she)國家標準(zhun)管(guan)(guan)理(li)辦法(fa)》；五(wu)、地(di)方政府規(gui)章(zhang)，如(ru)(ru)《山西省建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程招(zhao)標投(tou)標管(guan)(guan)理(li)辦法(fa)》等。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)規(gui)規(gui)范了建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)行為(wei)，規(gui)定(ding)了參(can)與建(jian)設(she)活動的(de)(de)各方的(de)(de)責任和義(yi)務(wu)，多(duo)為(wei)行政性法(fa)規(gui)。

3.2技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)——強制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)標準(zhun)與(yu)推薦性(xing)(xing)標準(zhun)

我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程建(jian)設標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系采用(yong)(yong)“兩類”（強(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和推(tui)薦性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)）“四級”（國(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、地(di)方標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、企(qi)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體制。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)(guo)范圍(wei)內(nei)(nei)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)；行(xing)(xing)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)沒有(you)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)(guo)某(mou)個行(xing)(xing)業(ye)范圍(wei)內(nei)(nei)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)；地(di)方標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)前兩種(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)沒有(you)而(er)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)區域內(nei)(nei)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)；企(qi)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)他三種(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)都(dou)沒有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下在(zai)(zai)某(mou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)企(qi)業(ye)內(nei)(nei)部統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。在(zai)(zai)上一(yi)(yi)(yi)級標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)出臺后，低(di)級別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)應相應廢(fei)止(zhi)。我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和推(tui)薦性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)相互依存(cun)。強(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)通過(guo)法律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式明確要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)對于一(yi)(yi)(yi)些標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)所規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)內(nei)(nei)容和要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)必(bi)須(xu)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，包括(kuo)強(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和地(di)方標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。違反(fan)強(qiang)制性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)當事人將(jiang)承擔法律(lv)責任。推(tui)薦性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)鼓勵自(zi)愿采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)有(you)指導作用(yong)(yong)而(er)不強(qiang)制執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。

3.3建(jian)筑法規與(yu)技術標準的關系

現階段，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)意(yi)義在(zai)于就如(ru)何保證工程質(zhi)量，分別對(dui)參(can)與(yu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)活動中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、施工單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、勘察設(she)計單(dan)位(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)監理單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任和(he)(he)義務(wu)進行(xing)了(le)規(gui)定。我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容以(yi)行(xing)政(zheng)管理條(tiao)例為主(zhu)，技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)則在(zai)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)標準里予以(yi)體(ti)現。法(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義在(zai)于規(gui)定了(le)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)定、修訂、實行(xing)和(he)(he)監督等(deng)環節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任部門和(he)(he)參(can)與(yu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部門和(he)(he)企業所應承擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義務(wu)。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)規(gui)沒有詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)制(zhi)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，這些強(qiang)制(zhi)性條(tiao)文在(zai)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)標準內(nei)。

3.4我國標準體系的發展成果

我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)發(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)沿襲前蘇聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)，是(shi)在(zai)(zai)計(ji)(ji)劃經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制下(xia)、政(zheng)府主(zhu)導的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制下(xia)開始發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)市場經(jing)濟(ji)、全(quan)球(qiu)化等趨(qu)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動下(xia)，我(wo)(wo)國標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)逐漸向強制性和(he)(he)推(tui)薦性相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)轉(zhuan)變。這一(yi)轉(zhuan)變也是(shi)為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)立(li)最終的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“技(ji)術(shu)法(fa)規—技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)”體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡階段。具體(ti)(ti)(ti)來(lai)說，隨(sui)著《標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化法(fa)》和(he)(he)《標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化法(fa)實施(shi)條例》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)行，我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化工作(zuo)進入了(le)法(fa)制化管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渠(qu)道。在(zai)(zai)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)上(shang)(shang)，由原(yuan)先的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)府管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)過渡到由政(zheng)府管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)和(he)(he)政(zheng)府委托的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)社會團體(ti)(ti)(ti)共同(tong)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)。此外，我(wo)(wo)國在(zai)(zai)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修訂上(shang)(shang)也越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)注重(zhong)時效性。比(bi)如在(zai)(zai)汶川地(di)震(zhen)后(hou)，很(hen)(hen)多技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)都作(zuo)了(le)較大(da)幅度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修訂。再比(bi)如以建(jian)(jian)筑電(dian)氣方(fang)(fang)向為(wei)(wei)例，在(zai)(zai)原(yuan)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中，建(jian)(jian)筑電(dian)氣被(bei)放在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)專業(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中。隨(sui)著技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)，建(jian)(jian)筑電(dian)氣在(zai)(zai)原(yuan)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑物照明、用電(dian)設(she)(she)備供電(dian)與控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，增加了(le)很(hen)(hen)多方(fang)(fang)面，如計(ji)(ji)算機系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統、安全(quan)防(fang)范系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統、設(she)(she)備監控系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統等，因此新(xin)修訂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)把建(jian)(jian)筑電(dian)氣作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個獨立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。

4國(guo)外標準體系給我國(guo)的啟示

4.1技術(shu)標準(zhun)的管理(li)和(he)編制

盡管(guan)(guan)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)由(you)(you)過(guo)去的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)部門編寫(xie)技術標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)逐漸轉變成政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)部門和(he)非(fei)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)組(zu)(zu)織共(gong)同(tong)參與標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)編制(zhi)、組(zu)(zu)織與管(guan)(guan)理工作(zuo)，但是非(fei)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)組(zu)(zu)織在技術標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)編制(zhi)工作(zuo)中的(de)職(zhi)責范圍主要是接受(shou)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)委托，組(zu)(zu)織編制(zhi)單位制(zhi)定推(tui)薦性國(guo)(guo)(guo)家標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，審查等相(xiang)關工作(zuo)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)強(qiang)制(zhi)性和(he)非(fei)強(qiang)制(zhi)性標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)均(jun)由(you)(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)部門組(zu)(zu)織制(zhi)定和(he)，造(zao)成強(qiang)制(zhi)性與非(fei)強(qiang)制(zhi)性標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)屬(shu)性不(bu)夠清(qing)晰，實施和(he)監督不(bu)宜區別。技術法規在國(guo)(guo)(guo)外通(tong)常(chang)起到對技術要求的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化管(guan)(guan)理作(zuo)用。而在我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，由(you)(you)于技術法規的(de)通(tong)常(chang)以行政(zheng)(zheng)文件的(de)形式，種類繁多，造(zao)成了實施這些管(guan)(guan)理規定與實施技術要求不(bu)能緊密結合的(de)情況(kuang)。

4.2技(ji)術標準(zhun)的內(nei)容和實施

我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術標準中(zhong)(zhong)，經(jing)常出(chu)現強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)和(he)推薦性(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)并(bing)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，并(bing)且強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)條文過多，內容(rong)有重復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)，在使用和(he)實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)難以實(shi)現。在技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術法規(gui)(gui)方面(mian)，國(guo)(guo)外通(tong)常只有一本(ben)，集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)達必須(xu)執(zhi)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。而我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程建(jian)設標準中(zhong)(zhong)全文強條的(de)(de)(de)(de)很少，大部分強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)條文分散在技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術標準中(zhong)(zhong)，且強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)和(he)非強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)條例(li)混排(pai)，重點不夠(gou)突出(chu)，實(shi)施(shi)起來也(ye)不易管(guan)理(li)，且需要(yao)經(jing)常修訂，不夠(gou)穩定。此(ci)外，我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術準則(ze)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)條文相當(dang)于國(guo)(guo)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術法規(gui)(gui)，但(dan)是在內容(rong)上是由(you)已經(jing)批準實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準中(zhong)(zhong)摘(zhai)錄而成，與建(jian)筑法規(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)性(xing)不夠(gou)緊密，是自下而上的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織形式，而國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上通(tong)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法是技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術法規(gui)(gui)和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術標準相互聯系(xi)，協調配套。因此(ci)我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術法規(gui)(gui)需要(yao)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)管(guan)理(li)。

4.3建立完善的市場(chang)準(zhun)入制度

我(wo)(wo)國(guo)現有的標準(zhun)(zhun)管理制(zhi)度(du)是由政府完(wan)成主要(yao)的管理職能。這樣的標準(zhun)(zhun)管理制(zhi)度(du)使得(de)新產(chan)(chan)品、新技(ji)術(shu)無(wu)法在第一時間及時進(jin)入市場(chang)。因此，不僅(jin)一定程度(du)上阻礙了(le)技(ji)術(shu)的發展和推廣，還(huan)降低(di)了(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)企業的國(guo)際競(jing)爭力。縱觀國(guo)外的經驗，通常對于(yu)那些無(wu)技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)(zhun)可依的技(ji)術(shu)產(chan)(chan)品和技(ji)術(shu)，都有專門(men)的機構進(jin)行評定，看其(qi)是否(fou)滿足技(ji)術(shu)法規的要(yao)求(qiu)。對于(yu)合格的產(chan)(chan)品準(zhun)(zhun)許進(jin)入建筑(zhu)市場(chang)。這樣的準(zhun)(zhun)入制(zhi)度(du)鼓勵和激(ji)發了(le)人們的創造性，加快(kuai)了(le)技(ji)術(shu)進(jin)步，而我(wo)(wo)國(guo)正在積(ji)極地探索，處(chu)于(yu)起(qi)步階段。

5結論和建議

篇8

承(cheng)包(bao)單位將承(cheng)包(bao)的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)轉包(bao)或者違(wei)反建筑(zhu)法(fa)的(de)(de)規定進行分包(bao)的(de)(de),轉(分)包(bao)合同無效。根據(ju)國務院(yuan)2000年1月30日的(de)(de)《建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)質量管理條例(li)》第七十八條規定:本條條例(li)所(suo)稱肢解(jie)發包(bao),是指建設(she)單位將應當(dang)由一個(ge)承(cheng)包(bao)單位完成的(de)(de)建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)分解(jie)成若干部分發包(bao)給不(bu)同的(de)(de)承(cheng)包(bao)單位的(de)(de)行為。本條例(li)所(suo)稱違(wei)法(fa)分包(bao),是指下列行為:

(一) 總承包單位(wei)(wei)將建(jian)設工程(cheng)分包給不具備相應(ying)資質(zhi)條件的(de)單位(wei)(wei)的(de);

(二) 建(jian)設工程總承包(bao)(bao)合同中未有約定(ding),又未經建(jian)設單位(wei)認可,承包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)將其承包(bao)(bao)的

部分(fen)建設工程(cheng)交由其他單位完(wan)成;

(三) 施工(gong)總承包單位將建設工(gong)程(cheng)主體結構的施工(gong)分包給(gei)其(qi)他單位的;

(四) 分包單位將其(qi)承包的建設工程再分包的。

轉包(bao)的形式包(bao)括(kuo)兩(liang)種(zhong):一種(zhong)是(shi)承(cheng)包(bao)單(dan)位將(jiang)其承(cheng)包(bao)的全部建(jian)筑工(gong)程轉包(bao)給他人(ren);另一種(zhong)

是承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)位將(jiang)其承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)肢解(jie)后,以分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)名(ming)義(yi)轉(zhuan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)他人(ren)即變相的(de)轉(zhuan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。二者只有形式的(de)不同,并無實(shi)質的(de)區別(bie)。因此,建設部(bu)明確規定,承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)位在承(cheng)接工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)后,對該工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)不派駐項目(mu)經理管理,不進行質量(liang)、安全(quan)(quan)、進度(du)管理,不依照(zhao)合同法約(yue)定履(lv)行承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)義(yi)務,無論(lun)將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)轉(zhuan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)他人(ren),還是以分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)名(ming)義(yi)將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)肢解(jie)后分(fen)別(bie)轉(zhuan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給(gei)他人(ren)的(de),均屬轉(zhuan)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)行為。

《建(jian)筑法(fa)(fa)》第(di)十五條(tiao)規定:建(jian)筑工程(cheng)的(de)發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位與(yu)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位應當依法(fa)(fa)訂立書面合同(tong)(tong)(tong),明(ming)確雙(shuang)方的(de)權利和(he)義(yi)務(wu)。發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位和(he)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位應當全面履行(xing)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)約定的(de)義(yi)務(wu)。不(bu)按照(zhao)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)約定履行(xing)義(yi)務(wu)的(de),依法(fa)(fa)承擔違約責任。《合同(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第(di)269條(tiao)規定,建(jian)設工程(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)是承包(bao)(bao)(bao)人進(jin)行(xing)工程(cheng)建(jian)設,發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)人支付價款的(de)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)。建(jian)設工程(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)括工程(cheng)勘察(cha)、設計、施工合同(tong)(tong)(tong)。

由于建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施工合同(tong)(tong)的(de)特(te)殊性,發包方(fang)(fang)實(shi)際(ji)已(yi)經占有了建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng),承包方(fang)(fang)或接受轉(zhuan)(zhuan)包方(fang)(fang)投(tou)入的(de)人力、物(wu)力已(yi)經變成了不動產,根本無法返還,因此,處理(li)因轉(zhuan)(zhuan)包合同(tong)(tong)糾紛而產生的(de)案例時,只能是折(zhe)價補償(chang)。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)已(yi)經完(wan)工且質量合格,發包方(fang)(fang)(建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位)應(ying)當按照(zhao)已(yi)完(wan)工程(cheng)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)造價支(zhi)付給施工企業(ye)(接受轉(zhuan)(zhuan)包方(fang)(fang))相(xiang)應(ying)價款。合同(tong)(tong)已(yi)經履行但(dan)尚未完(wan)工的(de)工程(cheng),應(ying)當對(dui)已(yi)完(wan)工程(cheng)的(de)造價予以鑒定,建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位應(ying)當按照(zhao)已(yi)完(wan)工程(cheng)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)造價支(zhi)付給施工企業(ye)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)價款。

因轉(zhuan)包(bao)產生的(de)(de)合同(tong)糾(jiu)紛(fen),如發包(bao)人(ren),應(ying)(ying)列(lie)轉(zhuan)包(bao)人(ren)和被(bei)(bei)轉(zhuan)包(bao)人(ren)作為(wei)(wei)共同(tong)被(bei)(bei)告;如因轉(zhuan)包(bao)合同(tong)產生糾(jiu)紛(fen),以轉(zhuan)包(bao)人(ren)和被(bei)(bei)轉(zhuan)包(bao)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)訴(su)訟(song)主體(ti),建設單位列(lie)為(wei)(wei)第(di)三人(ren);多層次轉(zhuan)包(bao)的(de)(de),除訴(su)訟(song)當(dang)事人(ren)外,應(ying)(ying)將其他(ta)各方列(lie)為(wei)(wei)第(di)三人(ren)。

對于因無(wu)效(xiao)合同造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)經濟損(sun)失,應(ying)根據(ju)雙方(fang)(fang)當事人――轉包方(fang)(fang)和(he)接(jie)受轉包方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)過錯(cuo)程度和(he)責任(ren)大小,確(que)定應(ying)當承擔的(de)(de)(de)賠償數額。因無(wu)效(xiao)合同造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失范圍,一般包括(kuo)誤(wu)工(gong)費(fei)(fei)、停工(gong)費(fei)(fei)、保管(guan)費(fei)(fei)、機(ji)械(xie)設(she)施(shi)閑置費(fei)(fei)、租賃費(fei)(fei)、臨時設(she)施(shi)建造費(fei)(fei)、利潤(run)、有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)調整、定額保管(guan)費(fei)(fei)、稅金等直接(jie)與該工(gong)程有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)而獨立發生的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)等。根據(ju)雙方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)過錯(cuo),承擔相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)。

《最高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院關(guan)于審理建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同糾紛案(an)件適用法(fa)律問題的(de)解釋》第四(si)條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding):承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)非(fei)法(fa)轉包(bao)(bao)、違法(fa)分包(bao)(bao)建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)或(huo)者沒(mei)有(you)資質的(de)實際施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)借用有(you)資質的(de)建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)公司名義(yi)與他人(ren)(ren)(ren)簽訂建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同的(de)行為無效(xiao)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院可以(yi)根據民(min)法(fa)通則第一百三十四(si)條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding),收(shou)繳當事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)已經取得(de)的(de)非(fei)法(fa)所得(de)。

掛(gua)靠,是指(zhi)單位或者個人,在未取(qu)得相應(ying)資(zi)(zi)質的(de)前提下,借(jie)用符合資(zi)(zi)質的(de)施工企業(ye)的(de)名義承攬施工任務并向(xiang)該資(zi)(zi)質施工企業(ye)交納(na)相應(ying)“管(guan)理費”的(de)行(xing)為。

根據《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法》第二十六(liu)條的(de)規(gui)定(ding),承包(bao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)單(dan)位(wei)應當(dang)持(chi)有依法取得的(de)資質(zhi)證書,并(bing)在其(qi)資質(zhi)等級許(xu)可的(de)業(ye)務范圍內承攬工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。禁止(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)超越(yue)本公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)資質(zhi)等級許(xu)可的(de)業(ye)務范圍或者以任(ren)何形(xing)(xing)(xing)式用(yong)其(qi)他(ta)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)名義(yi)承攬工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。禁止(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)以任(ren)何形(xing)(xing)(xing)式用(yong)其(qi)他(ta)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)名義(yi)承攬工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。禁止(zhi)(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)以任(ren)何形(xing)(xing)(xing)式允(yun)許(xu)其(qi)他(ta)單(dan)位(wei)或者個人使用(yong)本公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)資質(zhi)證書、營業(ye)執照,以及本公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)名義(yi)承攬工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。

掛(gua)靠一般(ban)具有如下特(te)點(dian):

(1)掛靠人沒有從事(shi)建筑活動的主(zhu)體資格(ge),或者(zhe)雖有從事(shi)建筑活動的資格(ge),但(dan)沒有具備與建設(she)項目的要(yao)求相適應的資質等級;

(2)被掛靠的(de)(de)施工企業(ye)具(ju)有與建設項目的(de)(de)要求相適應的(de)(de)資質等(deng)級證(zheng)書(shu),但缺乏承攬(lan)該工程項目的(de)(de)實際能力;

(3)掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)人向被掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)的(de)施工企業交納一定數額的(de)“管理(li)費(fei)”,而(er)該被掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)的(de)施工企業也只是以企業的(de)名義代為簽訂合同及辦理(li)各項手續(xu),被掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)的(de)企業收(shou)取“管理(li)費(fei)”而(er)不實施管理(li),或者(zhe)所(suo)謂“管理(li)”僅僅停留在形(xing)式上,不承(cheng)擔技術、質量、經濟責任等;

(4)以“合(he)法”的勞務(wu)分包形式(shi)來掩(yan)蓋掛靠行(xing)為。

因掛靠產生的法律后果(guo),掛靠當事人依法應(ying)當對法律后果(guo)承擔民事法律責任:

1、掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)經(jing)營關系的建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工企業(ye)(ye)以自己(ji)的名義或以被(bei)掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)單位的名義簽訂(ding)的承包合同,一(yi)般應(ying)以掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)經(jing)營者和被(bei)掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)單位為(wei)共同訴訟人,或應(ying)訴。施(shi)工人掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)其他建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工企業(ye)(ye),并(bing)以被(bei)掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)施(shi)工企業(ye)(ye)名義簽訂(ding)建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)合同,而被(bei)掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工企業(ye)(ye)不(bu)愿的,施(shi)工人可作為(wei)原告,不(bu)必將被(bei)掛(gua)靠(kao)(kao)(kao)建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工企業(ye)(ye)列為(wei)共同原告。

2、掛靠(kao)當事人之間所訂立的掛靠(kao)協議無效(xiao)。雙方應分別(bie)承擔(dan)過錯責任。

3、根據《建筑法》及有關(guan)司法解釋的(de)規定,被掛(gua)靠(kao)的(de)施(shi)工企業與(yu)(yu)建設單(dan)位所(suo)訂立的(de)建筑安裝(zhuang)工程承(cheng)包合同無效。該施(shi)工單(dan)位與(yu)(yu)使用其名義承(cheng)攬工程的(de)單(dan)位或個人對建設單(dan)位因此而遭受的(de)損失承(cheng)擔(dan)連帶賠償責任(ren)。如果建設單(dan)位在知情(qing)的(de)情(qing)況下仍與(yu)(yu)被掛(gua)靠(kao)的(de)施(shi)工企業簽訂合同,則建設單(dan)位也(ye)有過(guo)錯,應(ying)當(dang)承(cheng)擔(dan)相應(ying)的(de)過(guo)錯責任(ren)。

篇9

【關鍵詞】發(fa)包(bao)(bao)方；承包(bao)(bao)方；分包(bao)(bao)商；指定分包(bao)(bao)；FIDIC合同文本

中圖分類號：D92文獻標(biao)識碼：A文章編號：1006-0278（2016）01-154-01

指(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)在我(wo)國目前的(de)(de)(de)建設工程領域中非常普遍。然而，我(wo)國現(xian)(xian)行的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)中對(dui)指(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)卻不盡完善，從而造成(cheng)了法(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)和實踐相(xiang)脫(tuo)節(jie)，進而導(dao)致由于指(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)合同引起的(de)(de)(de)履約糾紛(fen)的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)很(hen)難有明確的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)依據。鑒(jian)于此(ci)，完善對(dui)指(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)便成(cheng)為一(yi)項必要的(de)(de)(de)，具(ju)有重要現(xian)(xian)實意(yi)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)工作。

一、我國現行法律(lv)對指定(ding)分包(bao)的有(you)關規(gui)定(ding)

我國《建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)》第(di)二十五條(tiao)明(ming)確規定(ding)(ding)了(le)“按照合同約定(ding)(ding)，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)、建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構配件和設(she)備(bei)由工(gong)程承包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位采購(gou)的，發包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位不得指定(ding)(ding)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)單位購(gou)入(ru)用于工(gong)程的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)、建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構配件和設(she)備(bei)或者指定(ding)(ding)生產廠(chang)、供應商。”同時，一些部(bu)門法(fa)，也(ye)做(zuo)了(le)類似規定(ding)(ding)，比如(ru)《工(gong)程建(jian)設(she)項目施工(gong)招(zhao)投標(biao)辦法(fa)》（七(qi)部(bu)委30號令）中第(di)六十六條(tiao)規定(ding)(ding)“招(zhao)標(biao)人不得指定(ding)(ding)分包(bao)(bao)(bao)人。”

由此(ci)可(ke)見，我國(guo)相(xiang)關(guan)法律規定(ding)(ding)對于分包(bao)(bao)人的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)是持禁止(zhi)態度的(de)(de)(de)。《建(jian)筑(zhu)法》二十五條規定(ding)(ding)之(zhi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)是約(yue)束(shu)發包(bao)(bao)方(fang)不得(de)利用自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)優勢地位，要求承包(bao)(bao)方(fang)購入(ru)由其指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)材料(liao)、構(gou)(gou)配(pei)件或設(she)備，包(bao)(bao)括不得(de)要求承包(bao)(bao)方(fang)必須向其指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)廠或供應商購買建(jian)筑(zhu)材料(liao)、構(gou)(gou)配(pei)件或設(she)備。在建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)按(an)合同(tong)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)實行(xing)(xing)固定(ding)(ding)總(zong)價的(de)(de)(de)情況下，因(yin)為(wei)發包(bao)(bao)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)這種指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，勢必會損害(hai)承包(bao)(bao)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)利益，同(tong)時也(ye)容易滋生(sheng)腐敗。

二(er)、指定分包在(zai)實踐(jian)中的(de)情況

但是在我國建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程項目(mu)實(shi)踐中，有著(zhu)另外一(yi)種情形(xing)的指定分包(bao)。

一(yi)些工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目中因在招(zhao)標階段劃分合同包(bao)(bao)時，考慮到某特(te)殊(shu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)實施(shi)要求擁有較強的(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業技(ji)術(shu)或專(zhuan)(zhuan)門的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設備、獨特(te)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法，但通(tong)常(chang)來(lai)說承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商不具(ju)備相應的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)完成此(ci)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作，因此(ci)發包(bao)(bao)人(ren)往(wang)往(wang)不將此(ci)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作劃分給承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)，而是根(gen)據其積累的(de)(de)資料、信(xin)息，經驗(yan)，形(xing)成的(de)(de)對(dui)某公(gong)司(si)信(xin)譽、技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)力(li)、財務能(neng)力(li)等方面(mian)的(de)(de)了解和信(xin)任(ren)，通(tong)過議標方式選(xuan)擇該(gai)公(gong)司(si)作為其指定(ding)分包(bao)(bao)完成此(ci)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作。或者甄選(xuan)幾個候(hou)選(xuan)人(ren)，采用(yong)非(fei)公(gong)開(kai)招(zhao)標方式選(xuan)定(ding)一(yi)家公(gong)司(si)作為實施(shi)此(ci)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)指定(ding)分包(bao)(bao)。

盡管上述指(zhi)定(ding)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)的工作不屬于(yu)(yu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人的工作范(fan)圍，但是從項目(mu)管理角(jiao)度而(er)言，如果以(yi)一個(ge)(ge)單獨(du)的合同(tong)(tong)對(dui)待，不利于(yu)(yu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)整個(ge)(ge)項目(mu)現(xian)場(chang)的總體協(xie)調和(he)管理。為避免各個(ge)(ge)獨(du)立(li)合同(tong)(tong)之間(jian)的干擾，發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人要(yao)求承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)與(yu)指(zhi)定(ding)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)簽訂合同(tong)(tong)，在(zai)合同(tong)(tong)關系和(he)管理關系方面，指(zhi)定(ding)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)與(yu)一般分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)處于(yu)(yu)同(tong)(tong)等地位，從而(er)更(geng)有利于(yu)(yu)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)整個(ge)(ge)項目(mu)的統一管理、協(xie)調以(yi)及(ji)掌控。

三、指定(ding)分包在實踐中與法律規定(ding)之區別(bie)

建筑(zhu)工程實踐(jian)中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)上(shang)述形(xing)式的(de)指定分包(bao)，與《建筑(zhu)法》二(er)十五條(tiao)和七部(bu)委30號(hao)令中(zhong)之分包(bao)人，是有明顯(xian)區別(bie)的(de)：

首(shou)先，指(zhi)定方式不同。前者是(shi)由(you)發(fa)包(bao)人直(zhi)接指(zhi)定；而后者是(shi)發(fa)包(bao)人向承包(bao)人指(zhi)定。

其(qi)次，分包(bao)工(gong)作(zuo)內(nei)容不同(tong)。前者之分包(bao)工(gong)作(zuo)屬于(yu)承包(bao)商無力完成，不屬于(yu)合(he)(he)同(tong)約定應由承包(bao)商必須完成范(fan)圍之內(nei)的工(gong)作(zuo)，即承包(bao)商投標報價(jia)時沒(mei)有攤(tan)入間接(jie)費、管理費、利(li)潤、稅金(jin)的工(gong)作(zuo)，因(yin)此不損害承包(bao)商的合(he)(he)法權益。后(hou)者之分包(bao)工(gong)作(zuo)則為(wei)承包(bao)商工(gong)作(zuo)范(fan)圍的一(yi)部分。

再次(ci)，工程(cheng)款(kuan)的支付(fu)開(kai)支項目不同。為了不損害承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)的利(li)益，前者(zhe)(zhe)之分(fen)包(bao)付(fu)款(kuan)應從暫(zan)列金額內(nei)開(kai)支。而對后者(zhe)(zhe)分(fen)包(bao)的付(fu)款(kuan)，則從工程(cheng)量(liang)清單中(zhong)相應工作內(nei)容(rong)項內(nei)支付(fu)。

還(huan)有，對(dui)(dui)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)利益的(de)保護不同。盡管前者之(zhi)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商簽(qian)訂(ding)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)合同后，按照權利義(yi)務關系直接(jie)對(dui)(dui)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商負責，但由于指定(ding)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)終究是發包(bao)(bao)人選定(ding)的(de)，而且工程款的(de)支(zhi)付從暫列金額內(nei)開支(zhi)，因此，在(zai)合同條件(jian)內(nei)列有保護指定(ding)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)的(de)條款。而后者之(zhi)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)，發包(bao)(bao)人一般(ban)不介入監督分(fen)包(bao)(bao)合同的(de)履行狀況。

最后(hou)，違約(yue)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)的范(fan)圍(wei)不同。前者之分(fen)包(bao)(bao)的任(ren)(ren)何違約(yue)行(xing)為(wei)導致對發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)或第三方造成(cheng)任(ren)(ren)何損(sun)害而引起的索賠或訴訟，應使承包(bao)(bao)商免(mian)責(ze)，除非是由于承包(bao)(bao)商對其了錯誤的指示。后(hou)者之分(fen)包(bao)(bao)違約(yue)行(xing)為(wei)，將被視為(wei)承包(bao)(bao)商的違約(yue)行(xing)為(wei)，按(an)照發(fa)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)和承包(bao)(bao)人(ren)之間的合(he)同規定追究承包(bao)(bao)人(ren)的責(ze)任(ren)(ren)。

四、法律中完善對指定(ding)分包(bao)的有關規定(ding)的必要性

由(you)于在建(jian)設工(gong)程項目(mu)(mu)中對(dui)某專項工(gong)作有(you)特殊(shu)專業技術需求絕(jue)非個例(li)，發包(bao)(bao)人因此而(er)指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)非常普(pu)(pu)(pu)遍(bian)。這種指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)之所以(yi)普(pu)(pu)(pu)遍(bian)存在，是(shi)因為(wei)其具有(you)如(ru)下必要性和現(xian)實意義：1.針(zhen)對(dui)性強，一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程度上避(bi)免了繁(fan)瑣復雜的(de)招投(tou)標過程，節省(sheng)了時間成本和費用；2.避(bi)免了承包(bao)(bao)人涉及(ji)自己不(bu)擅長和不(bu)熟悉領域工(gong)作的(de)盲目(mu)(mu)性；3.通(tong)過指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)與承包(bao)(bao)人簽(qian)訂合同實現(xian)了對(dui)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)統(tong)一(yi)調(diao)度管理和協調(diao)；4.指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)普(pu)(pu)(pu)遍(bian)存在于國際(ji)工(gong)程實踐。隨著中國越來越多(duo)的(de)涉及(ji)境(jing)內外的(de)國際(ji)工(gong)程項目(mu)(mu)，指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)也(ye)(ye)越來越普(pu)(pu)(pu)遍(bian)適用。

五、完善中國指定分包規定之思考

我國現有(you)法(fa)律中對(dui)于不準發包人(ren)指定分包人(ren)的(de)規定，是為規避(bi)利益輸送，防止腐敗的(de)滋生，有(you)著積(ji)極的(de)預(yu)防效果，具有(you)一定的(de)社(she)會現實意(yi)義。

可是對于上述建(jian)設工程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)踐中存在的另(ling)一種(zhong)情形的指定(ding)(ding)分包(bao)，法(fa)律上即(ji)沒(mei)有對其(qi)概念、特點的清(qing)的界定(ding)(ding)，也沒(mei)用對各方(fang)責任(ren)、權利和(he)義務(wu)全(quan)面(mian)，清(qing)的規定(ding)(ding)，導致在工程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)踐中對指定(ding)(ding)分包(bao)合(he)同(tong)效力(li)的認定(ding)(ding)和(he)各方(fang)違約責任(ren)的承擔，都存在一定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度的困惑。故我(wo)國(guo)應盡快(kuai)完善法(fa)律中對此(ci)指定(ding)(ding)分包(bao)的有關規定(ding)(ding)。

鑒于我(wo)國建(jian)設工程實踐現(xian)狀，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)我(wo)國走向國際建(jian)設工程市場的(de)需求，我(wo)國應該在(zai)完善(shan)指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)分包的(de)相關立法(fa)和規(gui)定(ding)(ding)中，借鑒FIDIC合同文本的(de)相關規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，包括明確界定(ding)(ding)指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)分包商(shang)的(de)概念；賦予承(cheng)包商(shang)的(de)合理反對(dui)權、管理權和監督權；以(yi)及(ji)(ji)對(dui)指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)分包商(shang)合法(fa)利益的(de)保障機制等(deng)。

參考文獻：

篇10

提(ti)升，但是，社(she)會上對(dui)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)監(jian)理概念的認(ren)識仍存在模(mo)糊(hu)之(zhi)處(chu)，有(you)些(xie)(xie)還常(chang)陷(xian)入誤區。本(ben)文通過(guo)對(dui)照FIDIC合(he)同條件(jian)等(deng)國

際建設工程項目管理(li)慣例，對我國監(jian)理(li)制度在實踐(jian)中常(chang)見(jian)的一些偏差和誤區進(jin)行(xing)分析，為正(zheng)確理(li)解監(jian)理(li)制度的實質

作一(yi)些有益的探索。

【關鍵詞】建設(she)監理(li)制度FIDIC合同條件(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理(li) 認識 分(fen)析(xi)

[ Abstract ] At present, our supervision industry is steadily rising trend, inspect grain industry social cognition degree to rise ceaselessly, the supervision personnel status has also been

Ascension, but, on some supervision concept there are ambiguities, some also often fall into error. This article through controlled FIDIC conditions of contract and other countries

International construction project management practice, the supervision system of our country in practice some common deviation and error analysis, in order to correctly understand the essence of supervision system

To make some beneficial exploration.

[Key word.] Construction of the supervision system of FIDIC conditions of contract project management analysis

中圖分(fen)類號：U415.1

1 對監理定位、責任的認識和理解

1．1 對(dui)監理定位的認識

“監理”概念(nian)源于(yu)國際通(tong)用的FIDIC合同(tong)條件(jian)中的咨詢“工程(cheng)(cheng)師”。“工程(cheng)(cheng)師”是受業主委托，以業主和承(cheng)包商(shang)之(zhi)間(jian)的合同(tong)為依據，控制施工質量、進度及支(zhi)付的項目管理機構。同(tong)時，在國外(wai)，工程(cheng)(cheng)師也可為項目前期工作(zuo)提供各種咨詢。如(ru)可研、評(ping)估、設計等(deng)。

我(wo)國(guo)引入(ru)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)初衷(zhong)是對建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程進行(xing)全(quan)方(fang)位、全(quan)過(guo)程的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)，從項(xiang)目(mu)可(ke)研(yan)、設(she)計、招投標、施工(gong)(gong)，直(zhi)到(dao)保修整個項(xiang)目(mu)生命周期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)咨(zi)詢、監(jian)(jian)(jian)督、管理(li)，都是監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作職責。即建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)應定位于全(quan)面的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)。但是。目(mu)前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)僅在施工(gong)(gong)階段推行(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)制(zhi)度，很少宣傳和(he)強調前(qian)期(qi)(qi)咨(zi)詢業務(wu)。

我(wo)國(guo)大(da)多數(shu)監(jian)理(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)的主(zhu)要收(shou)入來(lai)源于施(shi)工監(jian)理(li)(li)。施(shi)工監(jian)理(li)(li)的主(zhu)要內容是質量、投資、進度控(kong)制。進行(xing)合(he)同管(guan)理(li)(li)和信息(xi)管(guan)理(li)(li)，并協調建設各方(fang)之間的關系。然(ran)而，實(shi)踐中，施(shi)工監(jian)

理(li)(li)的(de)工作(zuo)內容大部(bu)分集中在質量控(kong)(kong)制方(fang)面。監理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)對(dui)進度和投(tou)資(zi)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制權(quan)(quan)限很(hen)小。在某些項目上。監理(li)(li)甚至成為(wei)工程的(de)質檢員(yuan)，對(dui)質量問(wen)題事無巨細均需過問(wen)。而忽視或無權(quan)(quan)進行投(tou)資(zi)和進度控(kong)(kong)制。

導致(zhi)這些現象的(de)根本原因。在(zai)于我國工程建設領域的(de)投(tou)資主體絕大部分為(wei)政(zheng)府(fu)。政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)“抓全權”思想使其不肯將資金撥付審查權力給予(yu)監理(li)。同時，由于部分監理(li)人員(yuan)的(de)知識(shi)

結構不(bu)完(wan)備，難(nan)以(yi)勝任(ren)全(quan)(quan)面的(de)項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)工作，以(yi)致造成有些業主不(bu)愿意委(wei)托全(quan)(quan)過程全(quan)(quan)方位的(de)監理(li)工作。

1．2 對監(jian)理責任的理解

監理人員(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)為業主進行項目管理的。提供的是(shi)高層次、智力密集型的專業化服務。1999年(nian)版FIDIC{施工合同條(tiao)件(jian)》中(zhong)，將工程師(shi)定義為業主方(fang)的人員(yuan)(yuan)。業主是(shi)決策者．監理人員(yuan)(yuan)

只是(shi)按照(zhao)監(jian)理委(wei)托合同．以及業主與(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)商之間(jian)的合同所規定的監(jian)理職責和權(quan)(quan)限(xian)來工作(zuo)．其行使權(quan)(quan)力范(fan)圍(wei)和大(da)小(xiao)都由業主方具(ju)體授(shou)予(yu)，監(jian)理無(wu)權(quan)(quan)更改合同。也無(wu)權(quan)(quan)解除業主和承(cheng)包(bao)

商任(ren)(ren)何一方的義(yi)務或責任(ren)(ren)。即使是監理作出的判斷和決定是錯誤的。也不減輕承包商應擔負的責任(ren)(ren)。

同時，監(jian)理(li)的獨(du)立(li)性也不應(ying)忽視。監(jian)理(li)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)是獨(du)立(li)的法人(ren)，監(jian)理(li)工程師在執業(ye)(ye)(ye)時要遵(zun)循國家有關法律、法規，遵(zun)守合同約定，遵(zun)循公平、公正、客觀的職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)操守。發生爭議時，監(jian)理(li)應(ying)成為第一調(diao)解(jie)人(ren)，如調(diao)解(jie)不成功，則可進入仲裁或法院(yuan)訴(su)訟。此時。監(jian)理(li)的身份就(jiu)是證人(ren)了。

2 對監理和(he)業主(zhu)之間關系的幾點認識

2．1 監理代表業主(zhu)利(li)益(yi)。與業主(zhu)是委托與被委托的關系

《中華人(ren)民共和國(guo)建(jian)(jian)筑法》(以(yi)下(xia)簡稱《建(jian)(jian)筑法》)第三十(shi)二(er)條將工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)理定位為代表(biao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位。對承包單位在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)質量、建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)期(qi)和建(jian)(jian)設(she)資金使用等方面實施(shi)監(jian)督。所以(yi)。工(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)

理(li)單(dan)位就是(shi)受業主的委托(tuo)。依照法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規及有關的技術標準、設計(ji)文件和合同實施監(jian)理(li)。監(jian)理(li)實際(ji)上是(shi)建設單(dan)位項目管理(li)的延伸，也就是(shi)說，監(jian)理(li)應該維護業主的合法(fa)權(quan)益，為業

主(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)。幫(bang)助業(ye)主(zhu)管理(li)好(hao)工程(cheng)項目。工程(cheng)建設監理(li)單(dan)位與業(ye)主(zhu)之間不是某種(zhong)從(cong)屬關系(xi)，而是一種(zhong)委托(tuo)服(fu)務(wu)的合同關系(xi)，是一種(zhong)市場商(shang)業(ye)行為。

2．2 監理(li)不是(shi)決(jue)策(ce)者(zhe)。業主是(shi)決(jue)策(ce)者(zhe)

監(jian)理(li)只是按(an)照業主／監(jian)理(li)的(de)合同(tong)(tong)協(xie)議書(shu)以(yi)及業主，承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)的(de)合同(tong)(tong)中具(ju)體規定的(de)建設監(jian)理(li)的(de)職責(ze)和(he)權(quan)限(xian)來工作(zuo)。監(jian)理(li)行使權(quan)力(li)的(de)范圍和(he)大小(如可以(yi)直接批復的(de)變更金額的(de)多少(shao))

都由業主方具體授(shou)(shou)予。超過(guo)授(shou)(shou)予的權限均要請(qing)示業主。

2．3 監(jian)理不“中立”．但必(bi)須(xu)獨立和公正

如前所述(shu)。監(jian)(jian)理(li)代表業主利益。為(wei)業主服(fu)務。所以(yi)監(jian)(jian)理(li)當然不是“中(zhong)立(li)(li)”的(de)。但在許多法規(gui)(gui)中(zhong)都規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)必須(xu)獨立(li)(li)和公(gong)正(zheng)，如《建(jian)筑法》第(di)三十(shi)四(si)條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)應當根據(ju)建(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)委托．客(ke)觀、公(gong)正(zheng)地執行監(jian)(jian)理(li)任(ren)務”；《工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)理(li)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)》第(di)四(si)條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“從事工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)理(li)活動，應當遵循守法、誠(cheng)信、公(gong)正(zheng)、科學的(de)準則”；第(di)十(shi)八條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)應按照(zhao)‘公(gong)正(zheng)、獨立(li)(li)、自主’的(de)原(yuan)則開展工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，公(gong)平(ping)地維護項目法人和被監(jian)(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)合(he)法權(quan)益”等。

“獨立”指建設監(jian)理(li)單位應為(wei)獨立的(de)法(fa)(fa)人單位，不(bu)應依附(fu)或從(cong)屬于某一行政或事(shi)業單位，不(bu)從(cong)屬于被監(jian)理(li)的(de)施工單位。“公(gong)正”則(ze)是(shi)指在監(jian)理(li)過程中，應嚴(yan)格(ge)按(an)照(zhao)法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規和業主及承包人雙方(fang)簽(qian)訂的(de)合同(tong)處理(li)各(ge)項監(jian)理(li)事(shi)宜。依據合同(tong)，注重證據，以實事(shi)求(qiu)是(shi)的(de)精神維護合同(tong)中業主和承包人雙方(fang)的(de)利益，不(bu)盲目偏袒(tan)任何一方(fang)。

3 對(dui)于(yu)監(jian)理安全責任的認(ren)識

監(jian)理工作的(de)社(she)會中介(jie)性質(zhi)決定了(le)其(qi)(qi)不需要對(dui)安全生產專門負責(ze)，其(qi)(qi)權力、責(ze)任(ren)(ren)和義務是受業(ye)主委(wei)托而派生的(de)。《建筑法》和《工程(cheng)建設監(jian)理規(gui)定》中均沒有對(dui)業(ye)主的(de)安全責(ze)任(ren)(ren)進

行規定(ding)，業主也就不(bu)可能(neng)將(jiang)不(bu)屬于自身應(ying)當履行的工程安全責任委(wei)托給監理(li)單位(wei)。

3．1 施工單位(wei)的安全責(ze)任

《建(jian)筑法》規定，“建(jian)筑施(shi)工企(qi)業(ye)必須依法加強對(dui)建(jian)筑安(an)(an)全生(sheng)產的管理，執(zhi)行安(an)(an)全生(sheng)產責任制(zhi)度，采取有效措施(shi)，防止傷亡和其他安(an)(an)全生(sheng)產事故的發生(sheng)”。(第四(si)十四(si)條)；“施(shi)工現

場安全(quan)由建筑施工企業負責”。(第(di)四十五(wu)條)。

2003年11月(yue)，為了(le)配合(he)《中華人(ren)民共和國安全(quan)(quan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)法(fa)》(以下簡稱《安全(quan)(quan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)法(fa)》)的貫徹落實(shi)，國務院針對(dui)建設行業頒(ban)布的《建設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)安全(quan)(quan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)管理條(tiao)列》(以下簡稱《安全(quan)(quan)條(tiao)例》)規定：“施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位主要(yao)負(fu)責人(ren)依法(fa)對(dui)本單位的安全(quan)(quan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)作全(quan)(quan)面負(fu)責⋯⋯施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位的項目(mu)負(fu)責人(ren)⋯⋯對(dui)建設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的安全(quan)(quan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)負(fu)責。”(第二十(shi)一(yi)條(tiao))可見，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位是安全(quan)(quan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的第一(yi)責任人(ren)。

1999年版(ban)FIDIC(施工合同條件(jian)》中規(gui)定(ding)，“承包(bao)商(shang)應(ying)對所有現場作業、施工方法和所有工程的(de)完備性、穩定(ding)性和安全性承擔全部責任”(第4．1款(kuan))；“承包(bao)商(shang)應(ying)遵守所有適用的(de)

安(an)全規則；照(zhao)料現(xian)場所有(you)人員的安(an)全；除去現(xian)場的危險障礙；提供安(an)全設施等”(第4、8款)。

可見，《安(an)全生產法》和《建筑法》中(zhong)都沒有規定(ding)監理(li)工(gong)程師承(cheng)擔(dan)施工(gong)中(zhong)的安(an)全管理(li)職責，國際慣例(li)更是如此。因(yin)而(er)如何正確(que)理(li)解關于監理(li)安(an)全責任的規定(ding)顯得十分重要(yao)。

3．2 監理單位的安全(quan)責任

《安全條例》第(di)十四條規(gui)定，監理(li)(li)有責任“審(shen)查(cha)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計中的安全技術措(cuo)施(shi)或者專(zhuan)項(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案是否符合(he)工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)強(qiang)制性(xing)標準”。此(ci)條應該從(cong)以下兩方(fang)面(mian)理(li)(li)解：’

a．安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理及安(an)全(quan)方案的編(bian)制(zhi)是一個專(zhuan)業性很強的工(gong)作，承包商是安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)的第(di)一責(ze)任人．且(qie)完(wan)全(quan)有能(neng)(neng)(neng)力編(bian)制(zhi)一個安(an)全(quan)可行的施(shi)工(gong)方案。監理工(gong)程師只能(neng)(neng)(neng)從宏觀的角度(du)依據議，但不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)強制(zhi)其接受。

b．如果由(you)于監理工(gong)程(cheng)師水平和能力有限而(er)非．雖然對(dui)施工(gong)方案進行(xing)了審(shen)查，但該方案在(zai)實施中(zhong)仍然引發了安(an)全(quan)事故．監理工(gong)程(cheng)師不應對(dui)此承擔責任。根(gen)據上文中(zhong)提到

的(de)國際慣例的(de)有關內容，工(gong)(gong)程師的(de)任何批(pi)準、校核、證明(ming)等(deng)，不(bu)應解除(chu)合同規定的(de)承(cheng)包商(shang)的(de)任何責任。《安全(quan)條例》第五十七條也規定．監理工(gong)(gong)程師只有在沒有對承(cheng)包商(shang)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案進

行審查的情況(kuang)下才應受到行政處罰。

3．3 對監理安全(quan)責(ze)任認識的誤區(qu)

現在(zai)很多地方制(zhi)定的“監(jian)(jian)理(li)實施細則”和“監(jian)(jian)理(li)操作規程”都在(zai)不同程度上(shang)曲(qu)解(jie)了《安全條例》的規定，將監(jian)(jian)理(li)的責任擴大化。只要(yao)是監(jian)(jian)理(li)審核過的方案(an)出了問題(ti)，一律(lv)對監(jian)(jian)理(li)

企業實行很重的(de)(de)行政處(chu)罰。這樣的(de)(de)處(chu)罰十分不(bu)合(he)理、不(bu)公平，既不(bu)符合(he)《建筑(zhu)法》、《安(an)全生產法》以(yi)及《安(an)全條(tiao)例(li)》的(de)(de)相關規(gui)定，也不(bu)符合(he)國際慣例(li)。這樣做必然(ran)導致監(jian)理工程(cheng)師(shi)在審核安(an)全方案時，無限(xian)制地(di)要求承包商(shang)提(ti)高安(an)全系數而無視安(an)全成本．因為成本的(de)(de)增加只與承包商(shang)和業主有關，與監(jian)理工程(cheng)師(shi)無關，這樣的(de)(de)規(gui)定不(bu)利于整(zheng)個工程(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)正(zheng)常順利實施。

《安全條例》第(di)五十七(qi)條規(gui)定：“工程監理單(dan)(dan)位在(zai)實施監理過程中．發現存在(zai)安全事故(gu)隱患的(de)(de)，應(ying)當要(yao)求施工單(dan)(dan)位整改；情況嚴重的(de)(de)，應(ying)當要(yao)求施工單(dan)(dan)位暫時(shi)停止施工，并及時(shi)報

告業主。施工(gong)單位拒不整改或者(zhe)不停(ting)止施工(gong)的，工(gong)程監理(li)(li)單位應當及時向有(you)關(guan)主管部門報(bao)告。”此條規(gui)定，應該理(li)(li)解為監理(li)(li)工(gong)程師在實施監理(li)(li)過程中，發現(xian)存在安(an)全事故(gu)隱(yin)患時，應

當采(cai)取相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)措施，如果發現存(cun)在安全事(shi)故(gu)隱(yin)患而(er)沒(mei)有(you)采(cai)取措施，則應(ying)根據(ju)此條的(de)規定受到行政處(chu)罰。《安全條例》的(de)規定并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)要求監理工程師主動排查安全隱(yin)患，因為排查隱(yin)患是承(cheng)包商的(de)工作，應(ying)該由(you)承(cheng)包商的(de)專業安全人(ren)員來負責。

4 結語

總而(er)言之．承包商是(shi)工程(cheng)項目的(de)實施(shi)(shi)者，是(shi)最有能力(li)控(kong)制現場的(de)一方(fang)，是(shi)對安全生(sheng)(sheng)產直接負責的(de)責任人。監(jian)(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師(shi)(shi)對方(fang)案的(de)審核以及發現隱(yin)患后采取的(de)措施(shi)(shi)，只(zhi)能理(li)解(jie)為監(jian)(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師(shi)(shi)所應(ying)承擔的(de)社會責任．而(er)非(fei)因其工作本(ben)身(shen)而(er)產生(sheng)(sheng)。無論是(shi)根據(ju)我國的(de)法(fa)律、法(fa)規還是(shi)工程(cheng)項目實施(shi)(shi)的(de)國際慣例，都不(bu)應(ying)要求監(jian)(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師(shi)(shi)對安全生(sheng)(sheng)產不(bu)合(he)理(li)地承擔過多的(de)

責任。監理工程師應主要只對如下兩種情(qing)況導致的安全(quan)事故承擔責任：

a．監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中未對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進行認真檢查驗

收．從而發生工程質量事故(gu)，引(yin)發安全事故(gu)。