導語：新型職(zhi)業農民教育(yu)供(gong)給對(dui)策一文來(lai)源于網友上(shang)傳，不代(dai)表本站(zhan)觀點，若需要原創(chuang)文章可咨詢(xun)客服(fu)老(lao)師，歡(huan)迎參考(kao)。

摘要：隨著國家鄉村振興戰略的全面深入實施，鄉村人才培養工作日益得到重視，新型職業農民作為鄉村振興人才的主力軍，其職業教育問題逐漸受到重視，如何更好地培養新型職業農民，成為當前的重要課題。文章從供給側結構性改革的視角對云南省新型職業農民教育供給問題進行探究，通過調查云南省新型職業農民教育的供給現狀，找出當前職業教育供給過程中面臨的難題，提出了相應的對策，為云南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)新型(xing)職業農民教育供給開辟一條可行之路，助力云南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)全(quan)面推進鄉村(cun)振(zhen)興，推進農業農村(cun)現代化發展。

關鍵詞：新型職業農民；教育供(gong)給；供(gong)給側(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)；云(yun)南省

新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)是以農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、具有(you)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技能(neng)、收(shou)入(ru)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)來(lai)自農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)經營并達到相當水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)者[1]。隨著農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現代化和“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)”工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷推進(jin)，國家對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)才的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求逐漸增加，新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)作為(wei)(wei)現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)從業(ye)(ye)(ye)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)部分(fen)，作為(wei)(wei)中國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)未(wei)來(lai)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)力軍，推動其職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)育(yu)發(fa)展刻不(bu)容緩。云南省(sheng)(sheng)作為(wei)(wei)地(di)處邊疆(jiang)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)省(sheng)(sheng)，至2020年底(di)，云南省(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)口約為(wei)(wei)2358.07萬人(ren)，占全省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)口49.95%，同期全國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)口占比(bi)為(wei)(wei)36.11%。面對(dui)云南省(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)口規模龐大(da)、區(qu)域(yu)經濟社會發(fa)展相對(dui)滯(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現有(you)潛力，通過培育(yu)大(da)量新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)，提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)口素質。因(yin)此，提升新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)供給水平(ping)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)課題。

1新型職業農民教育供給現狀

近(jin)年(nian)來，在國家(jia)(jia)政策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持下，新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)問題成為云(yun)南(nan)省各鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮政府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱門話題。各地加強工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)協同(tong)，優化資源(yuan)配置，形成了(le)黨委政府主導，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)門牽(qian)頭，相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門密切(qie)配合(he)，各類教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)(pei)訓機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)和社(she)會力量廣泛參(can)與的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)格(ge)局。當前，新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)主體主要由(you)青年(nian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)、種植養殖大戶(hu)以(yi)(yi)及家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)和專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)社(she)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)干(gan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)構(gou)(gou)(gou)成，并由(you)各級(ji)(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)廣校(xiao)(xiao)，涉農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)中(zhong)、高(gao)職(zhi)(zhi)院校(xiao)(xiao)以(yi)(yi)及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村成人(ren)文化技術(shu)培(pei)(pei)訓學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)第三方(fang)(fang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)就(jiu)近(jin)開展新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，依托(tuo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)大戶(hu)、家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)建立(li)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)實訓基(ji)地。2016年(nian)，《中(zhong)共云(yun)南(nan)省委云(yun)南(nan)省人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)政府關(guan)(guan)于加快(kuai)高(gao)原特色農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)代(dai)化實現(xian)全面(mian)小(xiao)康目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見》指(zhi)出，“加快(kuai)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)，依托(tuo)高(gao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、中(zhong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)資源(yuan)，鼓勵(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)通(tong)過‘半農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)半讀’等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)式就(jiu)地就(jiu)近(jin)接受職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”[2]。涉農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)優惠(hui)政策(ce)要向(xiang)符合(he)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)傾斜。通(tong)過認證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)有(you)權享受國家(jia)(jia)多項助農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)惠(hui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政策(ce)，如(ru)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)補貼(tie)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)機(ji)購置補貼(tie)、培(pei)(pei)訓補貼(tie)、減免(mian)稅(shui)費等(deng)(deng)(deng)。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)保障措施可鼓勵(li)(li)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)接受教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。截至2015年(nian)末，云(yun)南(nan)省形成了(le)以(yi)(yi)省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)廣校(xiao)(xiao)為龍頭，16所州市級(ji)(ji)分校(xiao)(xiao)、121所縣級(ji)(ji)分校(xiao)(xiao)、551個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮、村教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)班和5465名(ming)專(zhuan)兼職(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)師為主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五級(ji)(ji)辦學(xue)隊伍[3]，打造出集農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)(pei)訓、科學(xue)普及、推(tui)廣服務(wu)、信息傳播多功能(neng)一體化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)代(dai)遠程教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公共服務(wu)平臺，基(ji)本(ben)構(gou)(gou)(gou)建起面(mian)向(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成人(ren)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機(ji)制，為新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)提供(gong)了(le)更(geng)多外部(bu)支持。

2新型職業農民教育供給存在的問題

2.1涉(she)農院校(xiao)生(sheng)源供給(gei)不足

云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省各高(gao)(gao)校以(yi)及(ji)中(zhong)、高(gao)(gao)等職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)院(yuan)校的(de)(de)涉(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)作(zuo)為(wei)培養農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人才的(de)(de)主要(yao)來源，近年來在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人才的(de)(de)培育(yu)方面遠遠低于預期(qi)。由(you)于長期(qi)以(yi)來，涉(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不是熱(re)門專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，很多(duo)(duo)學生不愿意(yi)選擇涉(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。此外(wai)，涉(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自身發展的(de)(de)滯后(hou)以(yi)及(ji)師資隊伍建設的(de)(de)不足，使涉(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)出現(xian)生源危機。即便學生就讀涉(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，少有學生畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)后(hou)會從事農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，選擇從農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)的(de)(de)畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生中(zhong)，大多(duo)(duo)數為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村家庭出身。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人才的(de)(de)培養對于云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省發展現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、加快農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村經濟社會發展具有重要(yao)意(yi)義，他們作(zuo)為(wei)未來新型職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民群(qun)體的(de)(de)生力軍，需(xu)要(yao)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省各高(gao)(gao)校、各職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)院(yuan)校努(nu)力培育(yu)更多(duo)(duo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人才。

2.2新型職業農民培訓時間有(you)限(xian)

云南省(sheng)針對新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)(xun)，會根(gen)據農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)類型(xing)不(bu)同(tong)提供(gong)不(bu)同(tong)時(shi)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)(xun)。一(yi)般(ban)來說，生產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)累計培訓(xun)(xun)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)不(bu)少于(yu)15天(tian)(tian)；專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)型(xing)和(he)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)服務型(xing)兩類累計培訓(xun)(xun)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)不(bu)少于(yu)7天(tian)(tian)。然而，由于(yu)受到(dao)(dao)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制，農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)無法脫離生產(chan)(chan)轉而長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)參與培訓(xun)(xun)。因此，培訓(xun)(xun)開(kai)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)要(yao)(yao)盡量(liang)選在農(nong)(nong)閑(xian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，例如，對于(yu)種植大戶，要(yao)(yao)避免春(chun)耕秋收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)節。從云南省(sheng)各市(shi)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據來看(kan)，每一(yi)批新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培訓(xun)(xun)周期(qi)短(duan)至3～5天(tian)(tian)，長(chang)至15天(tian)(tian)，絕大多數(shu)培訓(xun)(xun)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)不(bu)超過(guo)7天(tian)(tian)。在這么(me)短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)內，想要(yao)(yao)系統學習農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)知(zhi)識并熟練掌(zhang)握農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術，幾乎是不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務。通過(guo)短(duan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學習，新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)只(zhi)能(neng)掌(zhang)握甚(shen)至只(zhi)能(neng)了解基礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)知(zhi)識和(he)技(ji)(ji)術，至于(yu)如何(he)將(jiang)這些技(ji)(ji)術運用(yong)到(dao)(dao)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)中，仍存在較大問題。

2.3課程(cheng)供給質量(liang)有待提高

第(di)一，新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)時效性(xing)有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)提升。當(dang)前國(guo)家提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)自提出(chu)(chu)之日起(qi)至今并未發(fa)生太多變動，仍(reng)是千篇一律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)。隨著經(jing)濟社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改革加快(kuai)(kuai)了步伐(fa)，云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方式也(ye)發(fa)生變化(hua)，對于(yu)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)也(ye)隨之發(fa)生變化(hua)。新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)需要(yao)立(li)(li)足于(yu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)狀，及時做出(chu)(chu)調整(zheng)，增設更多適應農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)。第(di)二，新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)針對性(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)效性(xing)、規范性(xing)亟待(dai)提高(gao)(gao)。當(dang)前，由于(yu)受(shou)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping)參差不(bu)齊(qi)、類型(xing)(xing)較(jiao)為(wei)廣泛，部分培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)機構提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育內容以(yi)公共課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)主(zhu)，專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)性(xing)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)少，針對性(xing)不(bu)強，不(bu)僅難(nan)以(yi)滿足新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)需要(yao)，還難(nan)以(yi)滿足云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省高(gao)(gao)原特(te)(te)色現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)需要(yao)。絕大部分課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)理論為(wei)主(zhu)，脫離實(shi)際，難(nan)以(yi)與實(shi)際農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生產實(shi)踐接軌。此(ci)外，課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)設置(zhi)不(bu)夠科學規范，對課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)類型(xing)(xing)、時長及授課(ke)(ke)方式等(deng)都沒有(you)(you)(you)做出(chu)(chu)統(tong)一、明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)。第(di)三，尚未形成(cheng)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)教育特(te)(te)色課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)體系(xi)。雖(sui)然建立(li)(li)具有(you)(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)特(te)(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)對于(yu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)廣播電視學校、涉農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)院(yuan)校、中(zhong)高(gao)(gao)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)院(yuan)校等(deng)相關培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)機構來說是一項長期且(qie)艱巨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務，但是新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)作為(wei)未來農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)力軍，關乎云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平(ping)。因此(ci)，要(yao)盡快(kuai)(kuai)建立(li)(li)具有(you)(you)(you)當(dang)地特(te)(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)教育課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)體系(xi)，這對云(yun)(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)具有(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)意義(yi)。

2.4教育(yu)供給模式(shi)亟(ji)待改善

參(can)加(jia)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)培(pei)(pei)訓的(de)(de)學(xue)員，絕大(da)多數(shu)是家(jia)庭中(zhong)的(de)(de)“壯勞力”，讓(rang)他們(men)在承(cheng)擔(dan)家(jia)庭重任(ren)的(de)(de)同(tong)時接受職業(ye)(ye)教育(yu)并(bing)非易事，即(ji)使(shi)有(you)(you)時間(jian)參(can)加(jia)培(pei)(pei)訓，只(zhi)(zhi)靠相(xiang)關培(pei)(pei)育(yu)機(ji)構短期(qi)的(de)(de)線(xian)下(xia)(xia)培(pei)(pei)訓并(bing)不能產(chan)生很(hen)好的(de)(de)效果。因此，應該改(gai)善(shan)當(dang)前的(de)(de)教育(yu)供給模式，完善(shan)線(xian)上線(xian)下(xia)(xia)教育(yu)融合機(ji)制、加(jia)大(da)線(xian)上教育(yu)的(de)(de)開展力度，讓(rang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)群體(ti)有(you)(you)一個可(ke)以長期(qi)學(xue)習(xi)、交流(liu)的(de)(de)平臺。當(dang)前，云南省農(nong)業(ye)(ye)廣播電視學(xue)校雖然在提(ti)倡線(xian)上線(xian)下(xia)(xia)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)教育(yu)模式，但是線(xian)上教育(yu)的(de)(de)占比只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)5%左右(you)，這還不足以有(you)(you)效培(pei)(pei)養新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)自主參(can)與線(xian)上教育(yu)的(de)(de)意識。應該通過提(ti)高線(xian)上教育(yu)在整個培(pei)(pei)訓中(zhong)所占的(de)(de)比重來提(ti)升新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)培(pei)(pei)訓成(cheng)效，并(bing)幫助新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)形(xing)成(cheng)自主學(xue)習(xi)、終(zhong)身(shen)學(xue)習(xi)的(de)(de)意識。

3對策建議

3.1提升教育供給質(zhi)量

第一(yi)(yi)(yi)，加強(qiang)(qiang)實(shi)訓基(ji)(ji)(ji)地建(jian)(jian)設(she)。云(yun)南省各(ge)(ge)市(shi)州政府要學會依托農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)龍(long)頭企業(ye)(ye)(ye)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)社和專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大戶、家庭農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)等(deng)，合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)相(xiang)關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)習場(chang)所和實(shi)訓基(ji)(ji)(ji)地，共同培(pei)(pei)養新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民，培(pei)(pei)養出(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民又可以回到(dao)這些(xie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)從事相(xiang)關(guan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產工作(zuo)(zuo)，解(jie)決了人才(cai)的(de)(de)去向問題。此外，與云(yun)南農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大學、云(yun)南農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)(shu)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)學院等(deng)高(gao)校(xiao)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)，可依托當(dang)地的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)類(lei)院校(xiao)資源，運用現代科(ke)學技術(shu)(shu)對(dui)(dui)現有(you)涉(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進行改造(zao)與提(ti)(ti)升，建(jian)(jian)設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)批新(xin)(xin)興涉(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，培(pei)(pei)育一(yi)(yi)(yi)批熟練(lian)掌握(wo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現代化科(ke)技的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民。第二(er)，加強(qiang)(qiang)師(shi)(shi)資隊(dui)(dui)(dui)伍建(jian)(jian)設(she)。新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)育離不(bu)開(kai)經驗豐(feng)富的(de)(de)教師(shi)(shi)團隊(dui)(dui)(dui)，擁有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支有(you)熱愛教育、綜合(he)素質較高(gao)且(qie)愿意(yi)扎根基(ji)(ji)(ji)層(ceng)的(de)(de)教師(shi)(shi)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)伍，對(dui)(dui)于新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)高(gao)質量培(pei)(pei)養至關(guan)重要。通過建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)更完善的(de)(de)教師(shi)(shi)選聘機制，實(shi)施相(xiang)關(guan)政策優(you)惠引進更多優(you)質師(shi)(shi)資，并對(dui)(dui)教師(shi)(shi)團隊(dui)(dui)(dui)進行規范管理，打造(zao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)能力強(qiang)(qiang)，熱愛農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)教師(shi)(shi)團隊(dui)(dui)(dui)。第三，設(she)置(zhi)具有(you)云(yun)南特色的(de)(de)、符合(he)當(dang)地新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民需求的(de)(de)課(ke)程體系。除了一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民基(ji)(ji)(ji)本素養、傳授農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎知識的(de)(de)公共課(ke)程外，還需要以新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民需求為導向，設(she)置(zhi)實(shi)用性(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)課(ke)程。此外，根據新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)不(bu)同類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)置(zhi)不(bu)同的(de)(de)課(ke)程，再對(dui)(dui)各(ge)(ge)個(ge)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)人才(cai)因材施教。通過制定科(ke)學合(he)理的(de)(de)課(ke)程體系，提(ti)(ti)升新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民培(pei)(pei)訓成效。

3.2更新教育供給內(nei)容(rong)

隨(sui)著互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)不斷發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)思維也逐漸(jian)滲透到農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)領域。“互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)+農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)”作(zuo)為(wei)基于互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)平(ping)臺的(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)新興生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)、經營(ying)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，對于農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有(you)(you)極大的(de)(de)(de)促進作(zuo)用。云南(nan)省作(zuo)為(wei)我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)大省，更需要新型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)。2021年12月(yue)，云南(nan)省農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)廳組織(zhi)編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)《云南(nan)省“十四五(wu)”數(shu)字(zi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規劃》，要求培(pei)養一批(pi)數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)人才(cai)，“將數(shu)字(zi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)相關知識和技能(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)培(pei)訓內(nei)容(rong)，加大對新型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)信(xin)(xin)息員(yuan)、基層農(nong)(nong)(nong)技人員(yuan)培(pei)訓力(li)(li)度，提升其數(shu)字(zi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)管理和服務(wu)能(neng)力(li)(li)”[4]。因(yin)此，要為(wei)新型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)群體提供與時俱進的(de)(de)(de)教育內(nei)容(rong)。一方(fang)面，互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)技術(shu)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)相結合，可(ke)轉變農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，打破(po)小(xiao)(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)經濟制(zhi)約我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)現代(dai)(dai)化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)桎梏，利用云計(ji)算、物聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)等(deng)新一代(dai)(dai)信(xin)(xin)息技術(shu)助(zhu)力(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)全過程的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息感知、智能(neng)決(jue)策(ce)等(deng)。另一方(fang)面，互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)可(ke)推(tui)(tui)動農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)電子商(shang)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)能(neng)夠借助(zhu)網(wang)絡營(ying)銷的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)量將優質農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)推(tui)(tui)廣到世界各地，促成(cheng)大宗商(shang)品(pin)(pin)交(jiao)易，打造具有(you)(you)云南(nan)特色的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)牌，例如云南(nan)褚橙、文山(shan)三七(qi)、德宏小(xiao)(xiao)粒咖啡等(deng)。

3.3優化(hua)教(jiao)育(yu)供給(gei)模式(shi)

培(pei)養高素質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)隊伍(wu)，不能(neng)只依賴新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)線(xian)(xian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)期培(pei)訓，還要(yao)充分利用(yong)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)資源(yuan)(yuan)，加(jia)強(qiang)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)訓。然(ran)而，當前(qian)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)培(pei)訓資源(yuan)(yuan)較少(shao)，資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)配性也(ye)較低。發(fa)展新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)線(xian)(xian)上教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，需(xu)要(yao)做好以下(xia)幾個方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作。第一，要(yao)豐富已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。隨著“后(hou)疫(yi)情時(shi)代”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)臨，在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)規模(mo)將持續擴(kuo)大(da)。截(jie)至2020年(nian)3月，我(wo)國(guo)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)規模(mo)達4.23億，較2018年(nian)底增長(chang)2.22億，占(zhan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)民(min)(min)(min)整(zheng)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)46.8%。手機(ji)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)規模(mo)達4.20億，較2018年(nian)底增長(chang)2.26億，占(zhan)手機(ji)網(wang)(wang)(wang)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)46.9%[5]。雖然(ran)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭愈發(fa)激烈，但與新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)卻(que)并未發(fa)生太大(da)變動(dong)，只有(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)數平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上能(neng)搜索到一些與農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，例如農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)濟學(xue)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)政策學(xue)等。這類(lei)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)(dui)于新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)來(lai)說，對(dui)(dui)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)實(shi)踐沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)太大(da)幫助(zhu)。因此，需(xu)要(yao)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)政府(fu)及有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)部門(men)和平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)攜手打(da)造更多(duo)符合新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、具有(you)(you)(you)(you)實(shi)際(ji)指導意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、能(neng)夠與農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)生產(chan)(chan)實(shi)際(ji)相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)上課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。第二(er)，要(yao)開(kai)發(fa)專門(men)面向新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)群(qun)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。當前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)由(you)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部科技教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)司會同中央(yang)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)廣播電視學(xue)校、國(guo)家農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)信息化(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術研究中心開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合涉農(nong)服務平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)——全國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)科教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)云(yun)(yun)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。該平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)面向農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)App“云(yun)(yun)上智農(nong)”下(xia)載量雖高達989萬(wan)次(ci)，但實(shi)際(ji)觀看課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)數不多(duo)。因此，云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)政府(fu)及有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)部門(men)要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)學(xue)習平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣傳(chuan)力度，讓更多(duo)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)形(xing)成自主(zhu)學(xue)習的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意識。此外，我(wo)國(guo)面向農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)群(qun)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)數量也(ye)較少(shao)。針對(dui)(dui)以上問(wen)題，需(xu)要(yao)國(guo)家、云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)政府(fu)及有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)部門(men)，以及社(she)會各界合力搭建(jian)更完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)線(xian)(xian)上教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。第三(san)，要(yao)改(gai)善農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)環(huan)境。云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)作為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)西南(nan)(nan)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欠發(fa)達省(sheng)(sheng)份，互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)普及程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度較低。國(guo)家和云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)政府(fu)及有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)部門(men)要(yao)著力改(gai)善云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)（特別是農(nong)村(cun)地(di)區）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上網(wang)(wang)(wang)環(huan)境，加(jia)快普及互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)，助(zhu)力新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)線(xian)(xian)上教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。

3.4堅持政(zheng)策引導

第一，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)堅持(chi)政(zheng)府主導(dao)，將新(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)育(yu)納入社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)總體規劃(hua)。云南(nan)省政(zheng)府及(ji)有(you)關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門要(yao)嚴格落實國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)方針政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)。通過國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)籌協調，改善(shan)培(pei)育(yu)條(tiao)件，營(ying)造更(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)氛圍。通過加(jia)大相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)經費投入，營(ying)造更(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)教(jiao)育(yu)環境。制(zhi)定扶(fu)持(chi)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)，提出相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)對策(ce)(ce)以改善(shan)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)教(jiao)育(yu)培(pei)訓的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境，增(zeng)加(jia)對參加(jia)培(pei)訓農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)補(bu)貼，鼓(gu)(gu)勵更(geng)(geng)多符合條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)參與其中。第二，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)要(yao)進一步完善(shan)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規。當前(qian)我國(guo)(guo)對于促進新(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)教(jiao)育(yu)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規還(huan)有(you)欠缺，要(yao)盡快出臺(tai)更(geng)(geng)完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規體系，支持(chi)鼓(gu)(gu)勵新(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)繼續接受教(jiao)育(yu)，保障新(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權益。第三(san)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)和云南(nan)省政(zheng)府及(ji)有(you)關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門要(yao)引(yin)(yin)導(dao)全社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)“三(san)農(nong)(nong)”問(wen)題，完善(shan)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公眾對新(xin)(xin)興職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認知(zhi)，進而引(yin)(yin)導(dao)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公眾尊重農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)。同時(shi)也要(yao)通過政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)手(shou)段改善(shan)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)群體的(de)(de)(de)(de)福(fu)利待遇。只有(you)全社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)都關(guan)(guan)心農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)、關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)，才(cai)能形(xing)成尊重農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)群體、支持(chi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)風(feng)氣，才(cai)能更(geng)(geng)好地構建(jian)出培(pei)育(yu)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)宏觀環境。

4總結

隨著農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)以及(ji)“三(san)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷推(tui)進(jin)，新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)成為培(pei)養(yang)鄉村人才的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要途徑。雖然當前新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)供(gong)給還沒有現成的(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)可(ke)以遵(zun)循，但(dan)可(ke)以結合云(yun)南省(sheng)當地農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際狀(zhuang)況(kuang)進(jin)行探索和(he)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)。通過加大新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)供(gong)給量，優化新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)供(gong)給模式(shi)，提高新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)供(gong)給質量，培(pei)養(yang)出(chu)生產(chan)經營型(xing)、專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技能型(xing)和(he)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)服務型(xing)“三(san)類協(xie)同”，初級(ji)(ji)、中級(ji)(ji)、高級(ji)(ji)“三(san)級(ji)(ji)貫通”的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民，為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)注入新(xin)(xin)(xin)鮮(xian)血液，更(geng)為我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)現代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)提供(gong)堅實的(de)(de)(de)(de)人才保障(zhang)。

作者：岳美華 單位：云南(nan)農業大(da)學