美(mei)國(guo)(guo)是世(shi)界(jie)上最大(da)的(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)輸出國(guo)(guo)和輸入國(guo)(guo)，一貫(guan)所堅持的(de)(de)對(dui)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)高保護標準，在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)法(fa)領域(yu)有著重大(da)的(de)(de)影響。由(you)于(yu)發達國(guo)(guo)家和發展中國(guo)(guo)家立場(chang)分歧(qi)嚴重，達成(cheng)普(pu)遍性(xing)多邊投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)公約(yue)的(de)(de)可能性(xing)微乎其微。因此美(mei)國(guo)(guo)非常重視締(di)結(jie)雙邊投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)條約(yue)，試(shi)圖通(tong)過逐個(ge)擊破(po)的(de)(de)方式，使自己(ji)所主張(zhang)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)法(fa)標準經由(you)雙邊條約(yue)實(shi)踐(jian)被接受為(wei)(wei)普(pu)遍的(de)(de)習慣(guan)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)法(fa)。①為(wei)(wei)規范(fan)這種締(di)約(yue)實(shi)踐(jian)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)從(cong)1982年(nian)開始制定雙邊投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)條約(yue)的(de)(de)范(fan)本(ben)(ben)(ModelBIT)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)談判的(de)(de)基礎。這一范(fan)本(ben)(ben)在(zai)1994年(nian)曾進行較(jiao)大(da)修(xiu)訂，而在(zai)2004年(nian)2月，該范(fan)本(ben)(ben)再次重大(da)修(xiu)訂，反映出美(mei)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)保護立場(chang)上出現了一些新的(de)(de)變化。

一、美國雙邊投資條約2004年范本的起草情況

從國(guo)(guo)際(ji)法(fa)(fa)角(jiao)度看，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)雙邊投資條約范(fan)本并沒有法(fa)(fa)律效(xiao)力。其(qi)制定目(mu)的(de)是設(she)定一個指(zhi)導美(mei)國(guo)(guo)談判的(de)框架，一旦美(mei)國(guo)(guo)決(jue)定與某個國(guo)(guo)家談判雙邊投資條約，那(nei)么談判將在(zai)該(gai)范(fan)本的(de)基礎上進(jin)行。由于美(mei)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)政治(zhi)、經濟等(deng)各領域的(de)優勢地位(wei)，其(qi)談判對(dui)手往往很難拒絕采(cai)用美(mei)國(guo)(guo)條約范(fan)本的(de)表述，最終達成的(de)約文和范(fan)本常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)大(da)體相同，尤(you)其(qi)是在(zai)一些重要條款上，甚(shen)至(zhi)只字不差。

美(mei)(mei)國(guo)雙邊(bian)投資(zi)條(tiao)約范(fan)本在2004年修訂的主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)因在于，1994年之(zhi)后(hou)的10年間(jian)，伴隨(sui)著北(bei)美(mei)(mei)自由(you)貿易(yi)區(qu)、拉(la)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)家的投資(zi)仲裁實踐，國(guo)際投資(zi)法領域(yu)出現了(le)一(yi)些新的動向(xiang)，涉及到(dao)投資(zi)者與東道國(guo)利(li)益的協調。

在(zai)美(mei)國，范本(ben)的(de)起草由(you)美(mei)國國務院(yuan)和美(mei)國貿易代表(biao)負(fu)責，此外還涉及(ji)到兩(liang)個咨詢委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)，一(yi)(yi)個設在(zai)國務院(yuan)，一(yi)(yi)個設在(zai)貿易代表(biao)辦公室，其組(zu)成成員(yuan)(yuan)來自有關利(li)益方，包(bao)括行政(zheng)機(ji)構(gou)、非政(zheng)府(fu)組(zu)織和各(ge)種(zhong)社會(hui)團(tuan)體(ti)、行業協會(hui)、工會(hui)等。這些利(li)益團(tuan)體(ti)的(de)參與(yu)使范本(ben)起草過程往往頗費周折，但也保證(zheng)了范本(ben)在(zai)私人利(li)益和公共利(li)益之間的(de)平衡以及(ji)起草的(de)透明(ming)度。

2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)范本正文共37條(tiao)，分A、B、C三節，A節是實體(ti)性條(tiao)款，B節是投資(zi)者和東(dong)道國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)爭端(duan)解(jie)決條(tiao)款，C節是締(di)約雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)爭端(duan)解(jie)決條(tiao)款。此外還有4個(ge)附件，分別(bie)涉及(ji)習(xi)慣國(guo)(guo)際法和征收(shou)的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)義，締(di)約方(fang)法律文件服務中心，以(yi)及(ji)雙(shuang)邊(bian)仲(zhong)裁上訴機構。相(xiang)比1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)范本，2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)范本在內容上要詳細得多(duo)，篇(pian)幅增加到40頁，并根據十年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)條(tiao)約解(jie)釋和仲(zhong)裁實踐做了大量修改。它一方(fang)面將(jiang)國(guo)(guo)際投資(zi)法領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)原(yuan)有概念進(jin)行明確化(hua)，另一方(fang)面則將(jiang)美國(guo)(guo)所提倡(chang)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際投資(zi)法領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)新概念進(jin)行推廣。在隨后幾(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)實踐中，該范本的(de)(de)這些主(zhu)張都被吸收(shou)進(jin)新的(de)(de)條(tiao)約中，包括(kuo)單(dan)獨締(di)結的(de)(de)雙(shuang)邊(bian)投資(zi)條(tiao)約和綜合(he)性的(de)(de)自由貿(mao)易協定(ding)(ding)。

投資合同范本

合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)是當事人(ren)之間制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)法律.在(zai)(zai)現代(dai)企業(ye)管理中，隨著商(shang)業(ye)交易的(de)日趨多(duo)樣化(hua)和(he)復(fu)雜化(hua),對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)要求(qiu)也越(yue)來越(yue)高。由于合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)范本可以把某種類型的(de)商(shang)業(ye)交易所積累的(de)商(shang)務經驗、技術要求(qiu)和(he)法律條(tiao)款規范化(hua)，因此許(xu)多(duo)公司制(zhi)作(zuo)各種類型的(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)標準文(wen)本，作(zuo)為其與交易對方談(tan)判(pan)和(he)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)基礎。中國(guo)政府有關(guan)部門也制(zhi)作(zuo)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)范本，為企業(ye)在(zai)(zai)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時作(zuo)為參考。聯合(he)(he)國(guo)和(he)有關(guan)國(guo)際組織從70年代(dai)起，開始(shi)編制(zhi)各種合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)示范文(wen)本或(huo)(huo)指南，為合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)談(tan)判(pan)和(he)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)提供幫助。在(zai)(zai)訂(ding)立(li)(li)(li)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時，應注意保持合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)完整(zheng)性，結合(he)(he)具體商(shang)務的(de)性質正(zheng)確撰寫條(tiao)款或(huo)(huo)術語(yu)，避免因認(ren)識(shi)不(bu)清而錯誤(wu)套(tao)用；同(tong)(tong)(tong)時還(huan)應向法律顧問咨(zi)詢。

第一條為依法(fa)履(lv)行國(guo)有資產(chan)出資人(ren)職(zhi)責，規范所出資企(qi)業公司章程的制訂、修改(gai)、審批、審核及(ji)備案程序(xu)，根據《中華人(ren)民(min)共和(he)國(guo)公司法(fa)》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱“公司法(fa)”）、《企(qi)業國(guo)有資產(chan)監(jian)督管理(li)暫(zan)行條例》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱“監(jian)管條例”）等法(fa)律、法(fa)規，制定(ding)本辦法(fa)。

第二條由浙江省(sheng)人民(min)政府(fu)出(chu)資設立，授權浙江省(sheng)人民(min)政府(fu)國有(you)資產(chan)監督管(guan)理委員會（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱“省(sheng)國資委”）履行國有(you)資產(chan)出(chu)資人職責的企業和省(sheng)國資委出(chu)資設立的企業（以下(xia)統稱“省(sheng)屬企業”）公司章(zhang)程的制訂、修(xiu)改、審批、審核(he)和備案適用本辦法。

第(di)三條省屬企業公司章程的制訂(ding)和修(xiu)改(gai)的基本要求：

（一）應當符合《公司(si)法》、《監(jian)管(guan)條例》以及有關(guan)法律、法規和(he)規章(zhang)的規定。省屬企業中的上(shang)(shang)市(shi)公司(si)章(zhang)程，還應當符合中國(guo)證券監(jian)督管(guan)理(li)委員會(hui)的《上(shang)(shang)市(shi)公司(si)章(zhang)程指(zhi)引》的要求。

（二(er)）省(sheng)屬企(qi)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的有限責任公司(si)章(zhang)程必(bi)須載(zai)明《公司(si)法(fa)》第二(er)十五條所列事項(xiang)；省(sheng)屬企(qi)業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的股份(fen)有限責任公司(si)章(zhang)程必(bi)須載(zai)明《公司(si)法(fa)》第八十二(er)條所列事項(xiang)。

（三）原則上按照本(ben)辦法附件《國有獨資(zi)有限(xian)公(gong)司章(zhang)程范(fan)本(ben)》和(he)《國有控股(gu)有限(xian)公(gong)司章(zhang)程范(fan)本(ben)》（以(yi)下(xia)(xia)統稱“章(zhang)程范(fan)本(ben)”）作(zuo)為起(qi)草省屬企業公(gong)司章(zhang)程的樣本(ben)，在不(bu)違反《公(gong)司法》和(he)國家(jia)其他法律法規的前提下(xia)(xia)，可依照企業實際(ji)情況就具體事項作(zuo)其他規定。

第一條為依法(fa)(fa)履行國(guo)(guo)有資(zi)產出資(zi)人職責，規范所(suo)出資(zi)企業公司(si)章程的制訂、修改(gai)、審批、審核及備案程序，根據《中(zhong)華人民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)公司(si)法(fa)(fa)》（以下簡稱“公司(si)法(fa)(fa)”）、《企業國(guo)(guo)有資(zi)產監督(du)管(guan)理暫行條例》（以下簡稱“監管(guan)條例”）等法(fa)(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)(fa)規，制定本辦法(fa)(fa)。

第二條由浙(zhe)江省(sheng)(sheng)人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)出資(zi)(zi)設立(li)，授權浙(zhe)江省(sheng)(sheng)人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)國有資(zi)(zi)產監(jian)督管理(li)委員會（以下簡稱(cheng)“省(sheng)(sheng)國資(zi)(zi)委”）履行國有資(zi)(zi)產出資(zi)(zi)人職責的(de)企(qi)業(ye)和省(sheng)(sheng)國資(zi)(zi)委出資(zi)(zi)設立(li)的(de)企(qi)業(ye)（以下統稱(cheng)“省(sheng)(sheng)屬(shu)企(qi)業(ye)”）公司章程的(de)制訂、修(xiu)改、審批、審核和備(bei)案適用(yong)本辦法。

第三(san)條省(sheng)屬(shu)企業公司章程的制訂和修改(gai)的基(ji)本要求：

（一(yi)）應當(dang)(dang)符合(he)《公司(si)法》、《監管(guan)條例》以(yi)及有(you)關法律、法規(gui)和規(gui)章的(de)(de)規(gui)定。省(sheng)屬企業中的(de)(de)上市公司(si)章程，還應當(dang)(dang)符合(he)中國證券監督管(guan)理委員(yuan)會的(de)(de)《上市公司(si)章程指引》的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。

（二(er)）省屬企業中的有限責任公(gong)司章程必須載明《公(gong)司法(fa)》第(di)二(er)十五(wu)條(tiao)所(suo)列事項；省屬企業中的股份(fen)有限責任公(gong)司章程必須載明《公(gong)司法(fa)》第(di)八十二(er)條(tiao)所(suo)列事項。

（三）原則上按照(zhao)本辦法附件《國有(you)獨資有(you)限公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)章(zhang)(zhang)程范本》和《國有(you)控股有(you)限公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)章(zhang)(zhang)程范本》（以下(xia)統(tong)稱“章(zhang)(zhang)程范本”）作(zuo)為起(qi)草省(sheng)屬企業公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)章(zhang)(zhang)程的(de)樣本，在不違反《公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)法》和國家(jia)其他法律法規的(de)前(qian)提下(xia)，可(ke)依照(zhao)企業實際情況就具體事項作(zuo)其他規定。

摘要：編(bian)制土地(di)競(jing)價轉讓(rang)(rang)文件(jian)，應按(an)照“編(bian)報規范、依(yi)據充分，經(jing)濟(ji)合理、技術先進，重點突出、兼顧一般”的原則，但是在實際(ji)中(zhong)，還不止于此，所以可以說，也是一個較為大型的工(gong)程，在本文中(zhong)，介紹了土地(di)競(jing)價轉讓(rang)(rang)文件(jian)的編(bian)制方法與原則。

關鍵詞：土地競價；轉讓(rang)文件；編制過(guo)程

1競價轉讓(rang)文件編制的依據

編制土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)競價(jia)轉讓(rang)文件主(zhu)要依(yi)據包括：國(guo)(guo)家(jia)有關的(de)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)和(he)政策文件，如《中(zhong)華(hua)人民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)物權法(fa)(fa)》、《中(zhong)華(hua)人民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)城鎮(zhen)房地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)產管(guan)(guan)理法(fa)(fa)》、《城鎮(zhen)國(guo)(guo)有土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)使用(yong)權出(chu)(chu)讓(rang)和(he)轉讓(rang)暫行(xing)條例》、《城市國(guo)(guo)有土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)使用(yong)權出(chu)(chu)讓(rang)轉讓(rang)規(gui)劃(hua)管(guan)(guan)理辦法(fa)(fa)》等(deng)；上級土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)機(ji)關對土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)轉讓(rang)申請的(de)批復；土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管(guan)(guan)理使用(yong)單位提供的(de)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)現狀分析報告；政府制定并批準的(de)控制性詳細規(gui)劃(hua)文本；土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)或房地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)產專(zhuan)職評估機(ji)構出(chu)(chu)具的(de)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)價(jia)格(ge)評估書；土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)置換(huan)小組研究(jiu)確定的(de)轉讓(rang)底價(jia)等(deng)資料(liao)。

2競(jing)價(jia)轉讓(rang)文件編制的主要內(nei)容

土(tu)地置換小組和土(tu)地管(guan)理使用單位(wei)根據(ju)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)土(tu)地的特(te)點和需要編(bian)制(zhi)競價(jia)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)文(wen)件，它是(shi)競價(jia)人編(bian)制(zhi)競價(jia)申請(qing)、競價(jia)報價(jia)書及現場競價(jia)的依據(ju)，因此應當包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)土(tu)地的所有實質性(xing)要求和條(tiao)件。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)文(wen)件通常主要包括：競價(jia)公告、競價(jia)須知、競價(jia)規則、地塊(kuai)現狀說明、規劃設計(ji)條(tiao)件、合(he)同條(tiao)件、附件等。

摘要：文章立(li)足于我國(guo)公立(li)醫院醫療(liao)設備經濟合同(tong)管(guan)理(li)實際情況(kuang)，從制度、合同(tong)執行、合同(tong)簽署授權等方面闡述了各地公立(li)醫院醫療(liao)設備經濟合同(tong)管(guan)理(li)存在的(de)問題，然后有針(zhen)對性地提出(chu)了相關(guan)規范管(guan)理(li)的(de)對策。

關鍵詞(ci)：醫療設備(bei)采購；醫療設備(bei)經濟合同；合同管(guan)理；公(gong)立醫院；內(nei)部控制

醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療設(she)(she)備經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)和(he)外部(bu)企業發生交易(yi)行為(wei)(wei)或(huo)者經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)往來的(de)重要(yao)基(ji)礎性依據，是(shi)(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)管(guan)理(li)、內部(bu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)重要(yao)構成部(bu)分。現如今，我國(guo)公立醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)作為(wei)(wei)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)環(huan)境下的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)實(shi)體，需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)提高醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療水準、公共(gong)服務(wu)水準的(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，加強(qiang)設(she)(she)備經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)有效(xiao)管(guan)理(li)。在(zai)實(shi)踐中(zhong)(zhong)，醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療設(she)(she)備經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)涉及(ji)到申請(qing)、論證、招投標、評(ping)標、會(hui)簽、審查、登(deng)記、歸檔、執行等等環(huan)節，在(zai)這些環(huan)節中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)各個部(bu)門需(xu)要(yao)有機配(pei)合(he)(he)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)需(xu)要(yao)有專門的(de)管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門統(tong)一協調或(huo)者有效(xiao)管(guan)理(li)。在(zai)具體工作落(luo)實(shi)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，常出(chu)現一些行政程(cheng)序以(yi)(yi)及(ji)管(guan)理(li)措施(shi)方面(mian)的(de)問題(ti)，各地(di)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療設(she)(she)備經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)表(biao)現出(chu)一定的(de)粗(cu)放性特征。因此(ci)，當下需(xu)要(yao)對醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)療設(she)(she)備經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)規范管(guan)理(li)進行系統(tong)梳理(li)，以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)相關工作提供可靠的(de)參(can)考借(jie)鑒(jian)。

一、醫院醫療設(she)備經濟合同管(guan)理普遍存在的現實問題

（一(yi)(yi)）醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)無章(zhang)可循。長久以來(lai)(lai)，各(ge)地公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)均采取粗放化的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)，領導(dao)(dao)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)對(dui)于醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)深刻，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)缺少(shao)(shao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度，從(cong)招(zhao)投標(biao)到合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)序不(bu)科學，表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨意性(xing)。部(bu)(bu)分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)雖(sui)然有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度，但(dan)(dan)(dan)是制(zhi)(zhi)度多(duo)(duo)不(bu)符合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實際(ji)情況，缺乏操作(zuo)性(xing)，在(zai)實踐中往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)流(liu)(liu)于形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，無法有(you)效(xiao)落實①。（二(er)）醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)松散(san)。各(ge)地公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)，主(zhu)要(yao)由各(ge)個(ge)(ge)職(zhi)能部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運作(zuo)，醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政辦公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)室往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)只負(fu)責進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)初步的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)核(he)以及(ji)蓋章(zhang)，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)極為(wei)(wei)松散(san)②。盡管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)有(you)專人(ren)負(fu)責合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)是醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)想要(yao)全面掌控(kong)(kong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)、執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)極為(wei)(wei)困難。（三）醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)授(shou)權(quan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)。“授(shou)權(quan)”模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)是諸多(duo)(duo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)問題(ti)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)較為(wei)(wei)粗放，各(ge)個(ge)(ge)職(zhi)能部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)、各(ge)個(ge)(ge)崗位的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)責沒有(you)明晰，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)由經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)辦人(ren)員(yuan)代表(biao)法人(ren)或者(zhe)職(zhi)能部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)負(fu)責人(ren)代表(biao)法人(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)，簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)字效(xiao)力(li)有(you)待商榷(que)③。部(bu)(bu)分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)章(zhang)不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)嚴(yan)謹，不(bu)具(ju)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)法人(ren)資格的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)直接利用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)章(zhang)對(dui)外簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，或者(zhe)以職(zhi)能部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)用(yong)章(zhang)代替醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)章(zhang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，這不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)缺陷，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時也(ye)是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)漏洞。（四(si)）醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)規范。各(ge)大(da)(da)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)將(jiang)資金(jin)支(zhi)付過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)檢查環節(jie)，資金(jin)支(zhi)付有(you)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)權(quan)審(shen)(shen)批(pi)(pi)制(zhi)(zhi)度，需(xu)要(yao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)繁瑣的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)(shen)核(he)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)、審(shen)(shen)批(pi)(pi)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)，重大(da)(da)款(kuan)項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)付甚(shen)至(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)領導(dao)(dao)班(ban)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)集體討論，各(ge)個(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)環環相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)扣。但(dan)(dan)(dan)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)(dou)沒有(you)將(jiang)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)上升到支(zhi)付管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等(deng)(deng)高度，醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領導(dao)(dao)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)覺得(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)并不(bu)是資金(jin)支(zhi)付行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，只需(xu)要(yao)把(ba)控(kong)(kong)好資金(jin)支(zhi)付關口(kou)便萬(wan)事大(da)(da)吉(ji)。但(dan)(dan)(dan)是醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)后便具(ju)有(you)了法律效(xiao)益，醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須根據法律法規執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，而醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)涉(she)及(ji)到醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)重大(da)(da)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)支(zhi)付行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，所(suo)以醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)重視有(you)可能導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)法律糾紛(fen)④。另(ling)外，有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當一(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)都(dou)(dou)不(bu)完善，醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)談判、簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)、執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)由同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)負(fu)責，缺少(shao)(shao)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互監(jian)督(du)、相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互制(zhi)(zhi)約的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)機制(zhi)(zhi)。（五）醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)明晰醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)涉(she)及(ji)到資信(xin)調查、審(shen)(shen)查、會簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、審(shen)(shen)核(he)、簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)、登記、執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)(duo)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)環節(jie)工(gong)作(zuo)涉(she)及(ji)到不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)能部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)，若醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)缺少(shao)(shao)明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)以及(ji)沒有(you)明確(que)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)責，就容易導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中出(chu)(chu)現(xian)推諉扯皮等(deng)(deng)情況，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度流(liu)(liu)于形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)效(xiao)率以及(ji)效(xiao)果受到嚴(yan)重影(ying)響。另(ling)外，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)都(dou)(dou)未實現(xian)信(xin)息化建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，而伴隨公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)立(li)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)規模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴張以及(ji)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)提升，醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)量越來(lai)(lai)越大(da)(da)，需(xu)要(yao)采購(gou)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種類也(ye)越來(lai)(lai)越多(duo)(duo)，這就致(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)效(xiao)率低(di)下，且(qie)容易出(chu)(chu)現(xian)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)因素導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差錯⑤。

二(er)、醫療(liao)設備(bei)經濟合同規范化管理對策

一(yi)、合同(tong)法律風(feng)險識別與控制

合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別是合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心和基礎，需(xu)要(yao)識(shi)別合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業務(wu)造成(cheng)損失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響因素。根(gen)據合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業務(wu)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)，依次在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)前(qian)期(qi)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、訂(ding)(ding)(ding)立(li)和簽(qian)署(shu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、履(lv)(lv)行階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)和履(lv)(lv)行后(hou)(hou)(hou)管(guan)理(li)(li)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)等(deng)辨識(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。①（一(yi)(yi)）合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)前(qian)期(qi)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)前(qian)期(qi)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是指在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)前(qian)期(qi)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，某(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)很多(duo)業務(wu)人(ren)員甚至(zhi)包(bao)括一(yi)(yi)些律(lv)(lv)(lv)師(shi)或法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)顧(gu)問都認(ren)為，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)(you)簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)，當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)之(zhi)間并(bing)不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)關系，不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)什么合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)權(quan)利和法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。但(dan)(dan)是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)某(mou)些情況下(xia)(xia)，這是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤區，因為他們顯然忽略了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)概(gai)念(nian)“先合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)”。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)先合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)例子(zi)是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)并(bing)購(gou)(gou)交(jiao)易中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，某(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)作(zuo)為收(shou)購(gou)(gou)方(fang)(fang)與(yu)(yu)作(zuo)為目標(biao)公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)徐州市某(mou)信息科技工程(cheng)(cheng)公司，兩個(ge)(ge)公司之(zhi)間經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)次磋商，了(le)(le)解了(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分商業秘密(mi)(mi)，即使日后(hou)(hou)(hou)雙方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)間并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)(you)建立(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)關系，都應(ying)該為對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)保(bao)守商業秘密(mi)(mi)。如果(guo)沒(mei)有(you)(you)盡到保(bao)密(mi)(mi)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)，泄露了(le)(le)商業秘密(mi)(mi)，給對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)造成(cheng)了(le)(le)損失，則過(guo)(guo)(guo)失方(fang)(fang)應(ying)承擔賠償責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。（二）合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)立(li)與(yu)(yu)簽(qian)署(shu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)立(li)與(yu)(yu)簽(qian)署(shu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是指在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)立(li)與(yu)(yu)簽(qian)署(shu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，某(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)業務(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)辦人(ren)員往往希望有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)套合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)范本作(zuo)為談判簽(qian)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，這是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開始(shi)。實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，采(cai)購(gou)(gou)部(bu)門(men)選(xuan)擇了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)份設備(bei)(bei)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)范本，但(dan)(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)際合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)談判中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)違(wei)約責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)條款(kuan)(kuan)，業務(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)辦人(ren)員沒(mei)有(you)(you)進行詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)談判，完全(quan)依賴于范本提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)約責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)條款(kuan)(kuan)，遺漏了(le)(le)設備(bei)(bei)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)些重要(yao)情形(xing)下(xia)(xia)違(wei)約責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約定。（三）合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是指在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，即便建筑(zhu)施(shi)工合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)發包(bao)方(fang)(fang)、承包(bao)方(fang)(fang)都同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)，但(dan)(dan)建筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)禁止(zhi)(zhi)非法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)包(bao)和違(wei)法(fa)分包(bao)。如果(guo)僅憑發包(bao)方(fang)(fang)和承包(bao)方(fang)(fang)就將一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)建設工程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移給沒(mei)有(you)(you)資質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)，或者(zhe)沒(mei)有(you)(you)參加投標(biao)而(er)能夠中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)，仍屬于非法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)包(bao)。因此，需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)謹慎審查合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)義(yi)(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移，避(bi)免“擅自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)糾紛。（四）合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行后(hou)(hou)(hou)管(guan)理(li)(li)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行后(hou)(hou)(hou)管(guan)理(li)(li)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)是指在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行完畢(bi)或終止(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)管(guan)理(li)(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。主要(yao)包(bao)括：合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)隨附義(yi)(yi)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履(lv)(lv)行風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)歸檔及保(bao)管(guan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行情況評價中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，某(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)常出(chu)現(xian)(xian)而(er)又(you)非常嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)誤區是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨物(wu)買賣等(deng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨物(wu)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)交(jiao)付、相關款(kuan)(kuan)項(xiang)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)結(jie)清，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)似(si)乎已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)履(lv)(lv)行完畢(bi)，企業便對(dui)(dui)該合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)再關注。

二(er)、合同法(fa)律風險控制的(de)難點與注意(yi)事項

（一(yi)(yi)(yi)）合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難點。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)某(mou)(mou)(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)而言，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)以(yi)(yi)及合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)素質(zhi)(zhi)三(san)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)面：首(shou)先，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)很難提升。現實(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)不規范，導(dao)致企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)淡薄(bo)(bo)，訂立(li)(li)(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)形式(shi)(shi)，對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)內(nei)容(rong)不進(jin)行(xing)(xing)仔細審查(cha)(cha)(cha)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)明(ming)確(que)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)，導(dao)致合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)難以(yi)(yi)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)引發(fa)糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)，留下(xia)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)隱患(huan)。其(qi)次，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)缺(que)失(shi)或(huo)(huo)不健全，導(dao)致管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)缺(que)失(shi)或(huo)(huo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)形式(shi)(shi)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組成(cheng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)員工法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)意(yi)(yi)(yi)識(shi)淡薄(bo)(bo)、經(jing)(jing)驗主(zhu)義、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)惰性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)得不到(dao)重視或(huo)(huo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)形式(shi)(shi)。最后(hou)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有潛(qian)伏性(xing)(xing)、隱蔽性(xing)(xing)，需要(yao)高(gao)(gao)素質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)(xing)識(shi)別、評(ping)估和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)防范。企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)設立(li)(li)(li)(li)、運營、終止的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個(ge)(ge)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，無論(lun)哪個(ge)(ge)環節出現問(wen)題，都(dou)可(ke)(ke)能給(gei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、投(tou)(tou)資人(ren)(ren)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)者帶來極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)甚至是(shi)毀滅性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊。（二）合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)。1．建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)某(mou)(mou)(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)經(jing)(jing)營業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)復雜(za)、組織機(ji)構繁多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，為(wei)(wei)了(le)能夠(gou)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)，需要(yao)將(jiang)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)各(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)經(jing)(jing)營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)活動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或(huo)(huo)者納入企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)各(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。通過(guo)規章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)來規范各(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)、各(ge)崗位在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)防范中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職責(ze)(ze)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)。例如(ru)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)》《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)審查(cha)(cha)(cha)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)權(quan)限》《授權(quan)委托(tuo)書(shu)證管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)》《法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)》等(deng)(deng)(deng)。再比(bi)如(ru)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)律(lv)(lv)(lv)師或(huo)(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)顧問(wen)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)指南或(huo)(huo)指引。將(jiang)國家法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規、部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)規章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)政策、標(biao)準(zhun)、規范、規章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng)細化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)員、業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)指南，對(dui)(dui)其(qi)職權(quan)職責(ze)(ze)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)流(liu)(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)明(ming)晰分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，各(ge)司(si)其(qi)職、各(ge)盡其(qi)責(ze)(ze)。②2．合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)、詢(xun)比(bi)價和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)議(yi)(yi)價某(mou)(mou)(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)下(xia)屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某(mou)(mou)(mou)公(gong)(gong)司(si)，根(gen)據(ju)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)情(qing)況，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)招(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)、詢(xun)比(bi)價和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)議(yi)(yi)價制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。即(ji)根(gen)據(ju)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)類型(xing)、標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金額、風(feng)險(xian)(xian)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng)因素，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)從(cong)上(shang)到(dao)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)級制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)簡單、標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金額小、風(feng)險(xian)(xian)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)采取(qu)議(yi)(yi)價方(fang)式(shi)(shi)選擇(ze)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)保證風(feng)險(xian)(xian)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，提高(gao)(gao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)運營效率(lv)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這兩種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之間，還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)選擇(ze)采取(qu)詢(xun)比(bi)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)來選擇(ze)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)，既避免(mian)(mian)招(zhao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁重和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)昂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)，也使風(feng)險(xian)(xian)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)。因此(ci)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)詢(xun)比(bi)價和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)議(yi)(yi)價程(cheng)(cheng)序也是(shi)題中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應有之義。3．合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擬定(ding)(ding)(ding)、審查(cha)(cha)(cha)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，某(mou)(mou)(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)逐步建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)(shan)(shan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文本(ben)擬定(ding)(ding)(ding)、審查(cha)(cha)(cha)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。某(mou)(mou)(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)文本(ben)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)根(gen)據(ju)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)類型(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)際情(qing)況，事(shi)先擬定(ding)(ding)(ding)好“合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)范本(ben)”，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)范本(ben)庫。此(ci)外，針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)類、分(fen)(fen)級審核和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，確(que)保防控(kong)(kong)高(gao)(gao)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)、高(gao)(gao)損失(shi)領域(yu)。這需要(yao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支由業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)、技(ji)術(shu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)、財務(wu)(wu)(wu)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)、人(ren)(ren)力資源(yuan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)評(ping)審團(tuan)隊來予以(yi)(yi)支撐。4．合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)顯然，僅對(dui)(dui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擬定(ding)(ding)(ding)、審查(cha)(cha)(cha)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)(kong)還遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不夠(gou)，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)亦(yi)非常重要(yao)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)按時(shi)按質(zhi)(zhi)按量履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)，并履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)附(fu)隨義務(wu)(wu)(wu)（通知、協助、保密等(deng)(deng)(deng)）；遇合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)容(rong)不明(ming)確(que)從(cong)而影響到(dao)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)時(shi)，應及時(shi)協商補(bu)充(chong)；審查(cha)(cha)(cha)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、內(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變更；依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)使不安抗辯權(quan)、代位權(quan)、撤銷權(quan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)；辦(ban)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)債務(wu)(wu)(wu)轉移(yi)、委托(tuo)收款(kuan)(kuan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)事(shi)宜。5．合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)強化(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)避免(mian)(mian)許多合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)，但并不能完(wan)全排除(chu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生。某(mou)(mou)(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)調處制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，需要(yao)明(ming)確(que)糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則、糾(jiu)(jiu)紛(fen)(fen)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)負責(ze)(ze)機(ji)構和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)基本(ben)程(cheng)(cheng)序等(deng)(deng)(deng)。先由經(jing)(jing)辦(ban)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)與對(dui)(dui)方(fang)協商解(jie)決(jue)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)積(ji)極(ji)配合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，給(gei)予幫助和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)指導(dao)；協商不成(cheng)需申請(qing)仲(zhong)裁或(huo)(huo)提起訴(su)訟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)律(lv)(lv)(lv)移(yi)交集(ji)團(tuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)務(wu)(wu)(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，由其(qi)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)辦(ban)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)還是(shi)外聘(pin)律(lv)(lv)(lv)師辦(ban)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)人(ren)(ren)員指導(dao)下(xia)，由經(jing)(jing)辦(ban)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)負責(ze)(ze)提供證據(ju)材料。6．合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)印和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)存(cun)檔管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)印方(fang)面，需要(yao)注意(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)用(yong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。某(mou)(mou)(mou)集(ji)團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)使用(yong)遵循(xun)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審批(pi)(pi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，任何印章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)都(dou)要(yao)簽(qian)發(fa)“徐(xu)州市某(mou)(mou)(mou)投(tou)(tou)資控(kong)(kong)股集(ji)團(tuan)有限公(gong)(gong)司(si)用(yong)印審批(pi)(pi)單”，每一(yi)(yi)(yi)份審批(pi)(pi)單都(dou)印有備(bei)案編(bian)號，需要(yao)用(yong)印人(ren)(ren)填寫日期、用(yong)印部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)、用(yong)印事(shi)由、經(jing)(jing)辦(ban)人(ren)(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)基本(ben)信(xin)息，更為(wei)(wei)嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)，審批(pi)(pi)單需要(yao)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)負責(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)、分(fen)(fen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)領導(dao)、有權(quan)審批(pi)(pi)人(ren)(ren)四個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)都(dou)簽(qian)字同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)才(cai)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)印章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。

某(mou)(mou)集團的(de)印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)與普通印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)不同(tong)的(de)地方(fang)是(shi)，印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)的(de)保管(guan)人(ren)在接(jie)(jie)受到經過簽字的(de)用(yong)印(yin)(yin)審批單后，需(xu)要將印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)電源打(da)開，連(lian)接(jie)(jie)藍牙并在電腦上輸(shu)入用(yong)印(yin)(yin)信息和使用(yong)次數，方(fang)能完成印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)的(de)簽蓋。在合同(tong)存(cun)檔(dang)(dang)管(guan)理方(fang)面，某(mou)(mou)集團制定了嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)歸檔(dang)(dang)制度。集團的(de)所有合同(tong)在提交檔(dang)(dang)案室存(cun)檔(dang)(dang)之前都(dou)需(xu)要由提交人(ren)將合同(tong)逐頁掃(sao)描，通過集團的(de)量子系統填寫歸檔(dang)(dang)材料的(de)名稱(cheng)、關鍵(jian)字、部室、提交人(ren)信息等內容，真真正正地做到了責任到人(ren)，將合同(tong)的(de)存(cun)檔(dang)(dang)保管(guan)工作落到了實處(chu)。

參考文獻：

【摘要(yao)(yao)】合同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理是高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)治(zhi)(zhi)理體系與治(zhi)(zhi)理能(neng)力現代化建(jian)設的一項重要(yao)(yao)工作，高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)涉(she)及的經濟合同(tong)(tong)數量多、金(jin)額大(da)，但(dan)調查(cha)發現，部(bu)分高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)缺乏(fa)對合同(tong)(tong)的有效(xiao)監督和(he)管(guan)理。文章從內部(bu)控制的角(jiao)度，結(jie)合《政府會計制度》的相(xiang)關(guan)要(yao)(yao)求，針對高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)經濟合同(tong)(tong)管(guan)理存(cun)在的問題(ti)提出了相(xiang)關(guan)建(jian)議。

【關鍵詞】內部控制(zhi)；經(jing)濟(ji)合同(tong)；合同(tong)管理

近(jin)年來(lai)，財(cai)政部、教育(yu)部陸續了(le)多(duo)項有關高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)內部控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定和(he)(he)指南，這(zhe)對(dui)規范高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)內部控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、防(fang)(fang)范經(jing)濟風(feng)險、提(ti)(ti)升高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)水(shui)平起到了(le)積極作用。隨著國(guo)(guo)務院及各地方省(sheng)市“雙一流”“高(gao)(gao)水(shui)平”大(da)學(xue)(xue)建設方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)推出，高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)在人(ren)才培(pei)養、科學(xue)(xue)研(yan)究、社會服務、文(wen)化傳(chuan)承(cheng)與創新、國(guo)(guo)際交流與合(he)(he)作等方面(mian)加大(da)投入力(li)度，辦學(xue)(xue)實力(li)不斷提(ti)(ti)升，相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)外經(jing)濟合(he)(he)同數(shu)量(liang)和(he)(he)種類日益增加。合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)是高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)內部控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組成部分，科學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)能有效防(fang)(fang)范法律風(feng)險，為高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)減(jian)少因(yin)經(jing)濟合(he)(he)同糾(jiu)紛而(er)承(cheng)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟損失和(he)(he)聲譽影響。

一、規范高校經濟合同管理的重要(yao)性

（一）規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)完(wan)善(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)環(huan)節(jie)。根(gen)據《教(jiao)育部(bu)(bu)直(zhi)屬高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)動內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)南（試(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)）》相(xiang)關規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)領域全(quan)(quan)覆蓋(gai)，具(ju)體(ti)包括(kuo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境、財務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)預決算(suan)(suan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、資產及負債管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、收(shou)入(ru)(ru)和(he)(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)出管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、采(cai)購(gou)及工(gong)程項目管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、科(ke)研及財政專(zhuan)項管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)動信(xin)息化管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、附屬單位（企業(ye)(ye)）及教(jiao)育事業(ye)(ye)基(ji)金會(hui)(hui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)多(duo)項內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)模塊。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)動內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系(xi)建(jian)設(she)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)環(huan)節(jie)，主要(yao)(yao)貫(guan)穿于高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)資產、債務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、收(shou)入(ru)(ru)、支(zhi)出、采(cai)購(gou)、工(gong)程、科(ke)研等(deng)多(duo)個模塊中，合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)合(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)性(xing)(xing)、全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)性(xing)(xing)、重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)、適用性(xing)(xing)直(zhi)接影響著(zhu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)動內(nei)部(bu)(bu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效性(xing)(xing)評價。（二）規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組成部(bu)(bu)分。根(gen)據相(xiang)關法(fa)(fa)(fa)律政策要(yao)(yao)求，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)要(yao)(yao)建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)(quan)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治校(xiao)工(gong)作機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，完(wan)善(shan)現代大學(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)體(ti)系(xi)，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)辦事、依法(fa)(fa)(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)決策、依法(fa)(fa)(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)從(cong)論證與評估、立項、招投(tou)標、簽(qian)訂到執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、終止全(quan)(quan)過程中，涉及了(le)項目管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、采(cai)購(gou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、招投(tou)標、資金管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、資產管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、審計(ji)(ji)監督等(deng)多(duo)方面(mian)(mian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)章制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有重(zhong)大對(dui)外經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為，如商品和(he)(he)(he)(he)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)采(cai)購(gou)、合(he)(he)(he)作辦學(xue)(xue)、科(ke)學(xue)(xue)研究、對(dui)外服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)，都是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)方式(shi)確(que)定(ding)，為了(le)維護和(he)(he)(he)(he)保障(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)益，提升依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治校(xiao)、科(ke)學(xue)(xue)治校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力和(he)(he)(he)(he)水平，促進(jin)(jin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)健(jian)康快(kuai)速地發展(zhan)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)應當加強和(he)(he)(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。（三）規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)政府會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)落(luo)地實(shi)(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有力保障(zhang)。2019年1月1日(ri)起高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)開始執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)《政府會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)》，新(xin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)在會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)核算(suan)(suan)模式(shi)上(shang)首(shou)次采(cai)用了(le)雙功(gong)能(neng)(neng)、雙基(ji)礎(chu)核算(suan)(suan)模式(shi)。2019年以(yi)(yi)前，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)核算(suan)(suan)主要(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)收(shou)付實(shi)(shi)現制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，按資金流入(ru)(ru)和(he)(he)(he)(he)流出的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間作為會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間點，以(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)際現金流來確(que)定(ding)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)和(he)(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)出，但按照新(xin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)求，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)財務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)核算(suan)(suan)要(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)權(quan)(quan)責發生制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，要(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)權(quan)(quan)利(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)義務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生為核算(suan)(suan)基(ji)礎(chu)，而經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)記錄高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)權(quan)(quan)利(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)義務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)載(zai)體(ti)，是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)計(ji)(ji)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)依據。為了(le)能(neng)(neng)更加真實(shi)(shi)、準確(que)、及時地反(fan)映高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)財務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)狀況，會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)人員要(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)時掌握高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)訂和(he)(he)(he)(he)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情(qing)況，嚴格按照合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款的(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)定(ding)和(he)(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)關業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)完(wan)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)(du)標準來核算(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)確(que)定(ding)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)和(he)(he)(he)(he)費(fei)用。因此，規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)(fan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)一步提升高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)信(xin)息服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質量、有序推行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政府會(hui)(hui)計(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)改革的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)保障(zhang)。

二、高校(xiao)經濟合同管理現狀分析

摘要(yao):國際法(fa)歷來承認(ren)東道國對(dui)本國的(de)(de)外國財產享有(you)征收的(de)(de)權力，也確保投(tou)資者受到征收時(shi)獲(huo)得及時(shi)、充(chong)分(fen)和有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)賠(pei)償(chang)。合法(fa)征收必須出于公共目的(de)(de)，環境保護(hu)措施(shi)顯(xian)然符(fu)合這一要(yao)求。仲裁庭依據(ju)投(tou)資條(tiao)約往(wang)往(wang)將東道國為(wei)了公共利益采取的(de)(de)環境保護(hu)措施(shi)認(ren)定為(wei)征收，并(bing)且(qie)裁定補償(chang)。晚近投(tou)資條(tiao)約和投(tou)資仲裁實踐中出現(xian)了一種新趨勢(shi)：排(pai)除環境保護(hu)措施(shi)構成(cheng)征收。

關鍵詞:征收(shou);直接(jie)征收(shou);間接(jie)征收(shou);環境保護

一(yi)、國際投資(zi)中的直接征收

傳統(tong)上國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)就(jiu)承認(ren)(ren)(ren)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)有(you)權征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)外(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)，征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)問(wen)題早于當(dang)(dang)(dang)代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)當(dang)(dang)(dang)資(zi)(zi)條(tiao)約中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般都(dou)有(you)有(you)關(guan)(guan)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。有(you)關(guan)(guan)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣(guan)(guan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)尋求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)實現(xian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)主(zhu)(zhu)權和(he)(he)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)者權利間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡，現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)確(que)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)構成(cheng)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律后果(guo)。征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)需要(yao)(yao)服(fu)務于公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。環境保護(hu)(hu)措施(shi)(shi)無(wu)疑滿足了(le)(le)(le)(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本質特征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。習(xi)慣(guan)(guan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)往往是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)協調國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)主(zhu)(zhu)權權力與(yu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)者財(cai)產(chan)權利間沖突。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)領域(yu)，征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)沒有(you)爭(zheng)議(yi)(yi)(yi)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)必(bi)須滿足四要(yao)(yao)件(jian)才能(neng)符(fu)合(he)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)，征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)必(bi)須為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。聯合(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大會(hui)將公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利益(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)事業(ye)、安全、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)利益(yi)，而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內外(wai)(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個人或私人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)。投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)挑戰東(dong)道(dao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利益(yi)。就(jiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)其(qi)本身而(er)論，其(qi)可(ke)以認(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)主(zhu)(zhu)權決(jue)(jue)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)者很難(nan)對(dui)(dui)抗東(dong)道(dao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)策。第(di)二，征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)措施(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)武(wu)(wu)斷(duan)和(he)(he)歧視。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)庭在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)ELSI案(an)(an)中(zhong)(zhong)首先對(dui)(dui)武(wu)(wu)斷(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)，其(qi)認(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仲裁(cai)(cai)者故意(yi)忽視法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)，其(qi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)動搖了(le)(le)(le)(le)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)得(de)體。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)裁(cai)(cai)判(pan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)后來仲裁(cai)(cai)裁(cai)(cai)判(pan)中(zhong)(zhong)當(dang)(dang)(dang)作最(zui)有(you)說服(fu)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先例。仲裁(cai)(cai)庭在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)Azuris訴阿根廷案(an)(an)中(zhong)(zhong)將武(wu)(wu)斷(duan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)僅來源于主(zhu)(zhu)張，反復無(wu)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、任性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，放(fang)縱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)約束的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，專橫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)包(bao)括了(le)(le)(le)(le)布萊克(ke)大辭典中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)ELS案(an)(an)裁(cai)(cai)判(pan)中(zhong)(zhong)所做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)。仲裁(cai)(cai)庭在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)Occideental訴厄瓜多(duo)爾案(an)(an)中(zhong)(zhong)，認(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)是(shi)(shi)建立在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)偏見(jian)和(he)(he)偏好基(ji)礎(chu)上，而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)事實原因的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上。武(wu)(wu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)義(yi)(yi)必(bi)須建立在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)該術(shu)語的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)般含意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，也應當(dang)(dang)(dang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)具體情境中(zhong)(zhong)考察。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)一(yi)(yi)般要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)東(dong)道(dao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)外(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人或外(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)者進(jin)行(xing)(xing)武(wu)(wu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)克(ke)制。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)習(xi)慣(guan)(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)東(dong)道(dao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)對(dui)(dui)待(dai)，或者將外(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人和(he)(he)本國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)同等(deng)對(dui)(dui)待(dai)，甚至無(wu)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)理由(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)可(ke)能(neng)也是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)訴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)領域(yu)保護(hu)(hu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)，大多(duo)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)協定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)和(he)(he)最(zui)惠國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)。仲裁(cai)(cai)實踐表明(ming)，相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)于主(zhu)(zhu)觀意(yi)圖，仲裁(cai)(cai)庭更傾向(xiang)于以措施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)后果(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)武(wu)(wu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)標(biao)(biao)準。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西門子訴阿根廷案(an)(an)中(zhong)(zhong)，主(zhu)(zhu)觀意(yi)圖對(dui)(dui)于認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)歧視待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)因素。確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)否存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)歧視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)因素是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)措施(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)于投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)影(ying)響。第(di)三(san)，征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)必(bi)須符(fu)合(he)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)原則(ze)。對(dui)(dui)于這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)件(jian)至今存(cun)有(you)爭(zheng)議(yi)(yi)(yi)。正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)原則(ze)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)習(xi)慣(guan)(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)給予外(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人最(zui)低(di)(di)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)標(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。也與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)類似。另外(wai)(wai)(wai)，程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)原則(ze)往往明(ming)確(que)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雙邊投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)協定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)。因此正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)原則(ze)是(shi)(shi)否構成(cheng)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)措施(shi)(shi)合(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)要(yao)(yao)件(jian)也就(jiu)產(chan)生了(le)(le)(le)(le)爭(zheng)議(yi)(yi)(yi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)最(zui)低(di)(di)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)標(biao)(biao)注和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)公(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)原則(ze)下，再(zai)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)顯然(ran)是(shi)(shi)重復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。有(you)人認(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同于違(wei)反投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)保護(hu)(hu)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。但(dan)仲裁(cai)(cai)庭在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)與(yu)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)有(you)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭(zheng)議(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)考慮正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。有(you)關(guan)(guan)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考量是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)待(dai)遇(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)解決(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。第(di)四，征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)需要(yao)(yao)充分(fen)(fen)、及時(shi)、有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠償(chang)。學者對(dui)(dui)于該要(yao)(yao)件(jian)爭(zheng)議(yi)(yi)(yi)也較大。及時(shi)、有(you)效要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)補(bu)償(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延遲，并(bing)且賠償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支付貨(huo)幣是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以自由(you)兌換(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)幣。補(bu)償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充分(fen)(fen)性(xing)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)一(yi)(yi)直存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)爭(zheng)議(yi)(yi)(yi)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)今的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)補(bu)償(chang)應當(dang)(dang)(dang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)發生之前或者征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾所知悉時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)市場(chang)價為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)準。一(yi)(yi)般將公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)市場(chang)價格作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)實際(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償(chang)標(biao)(biao)準。

二、國際投資中的間接征收

間(jian)接(jie)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)要件(jian)很早就有(you)(you)人論述，也一直存(cun)在(zai)(zai)爭議。在(zai)(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟合作和發展組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多邊文件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，《保(bao)護外(wai)國(guo)(guo)財(cai)(cai)產公(gong)約草案(an)》、1992年世界銀行(xing)(xing)關于《外(wai)國(guo)(guo)直接(jie)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)指引》、還有(you)(you)《北(bei)美(mei)自由貿易區協定》（NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,以下簡(jian)稱NAFTA)等規定了(le)間(jian)接(jie)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)或(huo)(huo)相當與征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)。間(jian)接(jie)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)是國(guo)(guo)家(jia)采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管制措(cuo)施(shi)，無論是立法、還是行(xing)(xing)政管理(li)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)都(dou)可能引起(qi)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)條(tiao)件(jian)單方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改變(bian)。投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)大量有(you)(you)關間(jian)接(jie)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)案(an)件(jian)。在(zai)(zai)RewerCopper訴海外(wai)私人投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)公(gong)司（OPIC）案(an)件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，牙買加(jia)政府在(zai)(zai)合同中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明確做出了(le)不(bu)上漲稅收(shou)(shou)和專利(li)稅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證(zheng)。仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)(cai)庭指出，雖然Copper的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當地分支機構(gou)(gou)仍然擁(yong)有(you)(you)條(tiao)件(jian)變(bian)化之前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)財(cai)(cai)產權利(li)，但(dan)是不(bu)能再(zai)對投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進行(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)效控制。在(zai)(zai)CME訴捷克共和國(guo)(guo)案(an)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)(cai)庭發現(xian)捷克媒體委(wei)員會(hui)干(gan)預了(le)CME的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當地分支結(jie)構(gou)(gou)CNTS的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合同權利(li)，并且指出“如上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)捷克媒體委(wei)員會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作為(wei)或(huo)(huo)不(bu)作為(wei)導致了(le)CME當地分支機構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)權受到了(le)嚴(yan)重破(po)壞，CNTS變(bian)成(cheng)了(le)一個(ge)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產但(dan)是不(bu)能經(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司。”被破(po)壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正是申請人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，這種破(po)壞正是申請人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高壓政策造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)SabtaElena訴哥(ge)斯(si)達(da)黎加(jia)案(an)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)(cai)庭認(ren)(ren)為(wei)，當東道國(guo)(guo)采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)對投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)權、占有(you)(you)、使用和收(shou)(shou)益(yi)產生影(ying)響時，東道國(guo)(guo)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)了(le)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)。在(zai)(zai)S.D.Meyers訴加(jia)拿大案(an)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)(cai)庭明確指出，征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)不(bu)僅包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)公(gong)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、故意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)認(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產掠奪，而且還包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)對投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全部2016•2（中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）或(huo)(huo)大部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用造成(cheng)損害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)干(gan)預。TechnicasMedio-ambientalesTecmedS.A.訴墨西(xi)哥(ge)案(an)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，仲(zhong)(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)(cai)庭認(ren)(ren)為(wei)，為(wei)了(le)區分國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)和征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)(shou)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)必須核(he)實投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產因為(wei)東道國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)失去了(le)經(jing)(jing)濟價(jia)值。

摘(zhai)要:招(zhao)標(biao)采(cai)(cai)購與(yu)合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)各種風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)控(kong)是小(xiao)浪(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐運(yun)(yun)行投(tou)資管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)(dian)和難點(dian)(dian)，結合(he)小(xiao)浪(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐運(yun)(yun)行期間的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)實踐，分(fen)析了(le)招(zhao)標(biao)采(cai)(cai)購與(yu)合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)廉(lian)政風(feng)(feng)險、法律(lv)風(feng)(feng)險、管(guan)理(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)險等風(feng)(feng)險因素。根(gen)據對(dui)各風(feng)(feng)險因素的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析，小(xiao)浪(lang)底管(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)心采(cai)(cai)取明確(que)職(zhi)責(ze)分(fen)工(gong)、強(qiang)化權(quan)力運(yun)(yun)行約束、規(gui)范招(zhao)標(biao)采(cai)(cai)購方式(shi)和主體(ti)、規(gui)范招(zhao)標(biao)采(cai)(cai)購文件(jian)編制(zhi)和審(shen)查、規(gui)范投(tou)標(biao)文件(jian)評審(shen)、嚴格合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)、建(jian)立實時(shi)信息報告制(zhi)度、強(qiang)化責(ze)任(ren)追究等措施，并建(jian)立了(le)招(zhao)標(biao)采(cai)(cai)購與(yu)合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)險防控(kong)體(ti)系，以降(jiang)低各種風(feng)(feng)險發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)率。提(ti)出小(xiao)浪(lang)底管(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)心應(ying)強(qiang)化招(zhao)標(biao)采(cai)(cai)購標(biao)準范本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用、合(he)理(li)(li)設置(zhi)合(he)同(tong)雙方權(quan)利(li)和義務、嚴格合(he)同(tong)分(fen)包管(guan)理(li)(li)、確(que)保涉及(ji)農民工(gong)及(ji)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)款支付等措施。

關鍵詞:運行管(guan)理期;招標采購與合同管(guan)理;風險管(guan)控;小浪(lang)底水利樞紐

小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)自2000年1月首臺機組并網(wang)投(tou)入(ru)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)來，已經安(an)全生產(chan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)超過5300d，在發揮巨大社會效益、生態(tai)效益的(de)同(tong)時，取得了較好的(de)經濟效益。水(shui)利(li)部小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理中心(xin)(簡稱(cheng)小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底管(guan)(guan)(guan)理中心(xin))，全面承擔小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)的(de)生產(chan)經營、償(chang)還貸款，以(yi)及(ji)實(shi)現資(zi)(zi)產(chan)保(bao)值(zhi)(zhi)增值(zhi)(zhi)等任務。小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底管(guan)(guan)(guan)理中心(xin)運(yun)用小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)和(he)西霞院反調(diao)節水(shui)庫，以(yi)安(an)全第一和(he)公益性優先為原則充分發揮樞紐(niu)綜合(he)效益。如(ru)何管(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)招標采購與合(he)同(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理過程中的(de)各(ge)種風險(xian)(xian)，是樞紐(niu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)重點和(he)難(nan)點。筆者結合(he)小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)期間的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理實(shi)踐，就招標采購與合(he)同(tong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)開(kai)展(zhan)探討。

1招標采購與合同(tong)管理風險分析

招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)與(yu)管(guan)理過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)無處不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)發生(sheng)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)外(wai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)內因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。本文(wen)(wen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)討論因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)外(wai)部自(zi)然環(huan)境、政(zheng)(zheng)策法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)變(bian)化等(deng)(deng)而(er)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)，僅結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)樞紐實(shi)(shi)際工(gong)作，對(dui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些已經發生(sheng)過(guo)(guo)、發生(sheng)概率較大或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)造成(cheng)嚴(yan)重后果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)析。1．1廉(lian)政(zheng)(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。廉(lian)政(zheng)(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)點(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括:一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)化整(zheng)為(wei)零規(gui)(gui)(gui)避招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，將達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)起點(dian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)金(jin)額(e)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)割，使得分(fen)割后的(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)金(jin)額(e)在(zai)(zai)(zai)必須招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)起點(dian)金(jin)額(e)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下，從而(er)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)直接選定(ding)承(cheng)包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de);二(er)是(shi)(shi)應公(gong)(gong)開招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)選擇邀請招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，從而(er)限(xian)制(zhi)潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)范(fan)圍，易滋生(sheng)腐敗;三是(shi)(shi)故意設(she)(she)置只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)個別投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)夠滿足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，排(pai)(pai)斥潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)形成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)、公(gong)(gong)正、公(gong)(gong)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，從而(er)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)指定(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de);四(si)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)環(huan)節(jie)，評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)專家與(yu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)位(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)益關系，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)公(gong)(gong)正、嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)觀(guan)傾向進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao);五是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)后，合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)更(geng)處理、合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)款支付、驗(yan)收等(deng)(deng)環(huan)節(jie)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)發生(sheng)權錢交易等(deng)(deng)廉(lian)政(zheng)(zheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)點(dian)。1．2法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。隨著我國招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、政(zheng)(zheng)府采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善(shan)，招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)每一(yi)(yi)(yi)個環(huan)節(jie)、流程都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)條(tiao)文(wen)(wen)及(ji)相關文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)。結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)實(shi)(shi)踐，違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)點(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下兩個方(fang)(fang)(fang)面。(1)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you):招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)，比如(ru)應公(gong)(gong)開招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用邀請招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)單(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)源(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou);排(pai)(pai)斥或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)限(xian)制(zhi)潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)，如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)根據招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)特(te)點(dian)和(he)實(shi)(shi)際需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)設(she)(she)定(ding)資格(ge)(ge)、技(ji)術(shu)、商(shang)務條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng);招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)公(gong)(gong)告(gao)(gao)及(ji)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發出時間、招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修改澄(cheng)清時間、投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)遞交時間、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)候選人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)公(gong)(gong)告(gao)(gao)時間、投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效期、簽(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時間等(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian);未(wei)按照招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。(2)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you):投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)，如(ru)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)代表人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個及(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)參與(yu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)等(deng)(deng)，這些問題一(yi)(yi)(yi)經發現(xian)(xian)將被取(qu)消(xiao)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)資格(ge)(ge);投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)串標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、圍標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之間協商(shang)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)報價(jia)等(deng)(deng)實(shi)(shi)質(zhi)性(xing)內容(rong)、約(yue)定(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、故意壓(ya)低或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)抬(tai)高投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)價(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)影響(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)等(deng)(deng);在(zai)(zai)(zai)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)時弄虛作假(jia)。小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底管(guan)理中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心在(zai)(zai)(zai)近幾年的(de)(de)(de)(de)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)活動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)查處過(guo)(guo)多起投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)造假(jia)事(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，如(ru)偽造業績、提(ti)供虛假(jia)財務報表和(he)獲獎情況等(deng)(deng)。1．3管(guan)理風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。(1)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)編(bian)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)文(wen)(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)編(bian)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)、質(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高往往會帶(dai)來(lai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian):一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)資格(ge)(ge)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)置偏高或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)偏低，評(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)設(she)(she)置不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理，技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明確或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)性(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)強、失敗或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)選不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)滿意的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren);二(er)是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)編(bian)制(zhi)完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)后無法(fa)(fa)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、缺乏約(yue)束性(xing)，甚(shen)至合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)產生(sheng)較大爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)。(2)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)位(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。影響(xiang)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)很多，既有(you)(you)(you)(you)發包(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)，也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you):發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)資金(jin)、現(xian)(xian)場條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)位(wei)，現(xian)(xian)場管(guan)理水(shui)(shui)平(ping)有(you)(you)(you)(you)限(xian)等(deng)(deng);承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)按照合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)保證人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員、設(she)(she)備、材料到(dao)(dao)(dao)位(wei)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)、進度，安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)保證;合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理，過(guo)(guo)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)偷工(gong)減(jian)料、甚(shen)至中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)止執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)款不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)缺乏約(yue)束性(xing)，雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)出現(xian)(xian)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)。(3)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)更(geng)過(guo)(guo)多風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)設(she)(she)計、現(xian)(xian)場條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)、承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)等(deng)(deng)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)變(bian)化而(er)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)出現(xian)(xian)變(bian)更(geng)。導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)變(bian)更(geng)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)點(dian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you):項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)前期工(gong)作質(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高、設(she)(she)計不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)等(deng)(deng);發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)按照合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)提(ti)供現(xian)(xian)場條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，如(ru)現(xian)(xian)場供水(shui)(shui)、供電條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具備等(deng)(deng);合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明確，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)后隨意提(ti)高標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、增加功能(neng)(neng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)等(deng)(deng);項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)前承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)編(bian)制(zhi)詳細的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案并(bing)報發包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)批準(zhun)(zhun)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨意變(bian)更(geng)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案。雖然小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)樞紐項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)與(yu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理實(shi)(shi)際發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)事(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)圍標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、串標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)事(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，但是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了防(fang)(fang)患于未(wei)然、避免(mian)造成(cheng)損失，小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底管(guan)理中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心根據各(ge)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)、造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害程度進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)量(liang)化分(fen)析，得出各(ge)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)值，根據重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)值確定(ding)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)程度，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)精準(zhun)(zhun)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)措施(shi)(shi)。小(xiao)浪(lang)(lang)底水(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)樞紐運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)期招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)理風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)及(ji)其權重、各(ge)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)值［1］見表1。

2主要風險管控措施(shi)