導語：如何才(cai)能(neng)寫(xie)好(hao)一篇(pian)高(gao)壓直流供(gong)電，這就(jiu)需要搜(sou)集整理(li)更多的(de)資料和文獻，歡迎(ying)閱讀由公務員之家整理(li)的(de)十(shi)篇(pian)范文，供(gong)你借鑒。

篇1

【關鍵詞】低壓直流；柔性直流輸電；超高壓直流

目(mu)前直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)在我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)力系統應用有低壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)、柔性直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)和(he)超(chao)高(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)。低壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)主要用于發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)和(he)變電(dian)站的二次回路中(zhong)，柔性直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)正應用于智能電(dian)網(wang)，而超(chao)高(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)用于遠距離電(dian)能輸(shu)(shu)送或系統聯(lian)網(wang)。低壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)也廣(guang)泛應用于電(dian)子計算機電(dian)路中(zhong)。

1. 學習直流電路的重要性(xing)

直流電(dian)路，是(shi)電(dian)類專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)非常重要的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)基礎課(ke)程學習內(nei)容(rong)，教師學習和(he)探討(tao)的(de)深(shen)(shen)度關系(xi)到學生專(zhuan)業(ye)課(ke)程的(de)學習探討(tao)的(de)深(shen)(shen)度，學生學習的(de)探討(tao)的(de)深(shen)(shen)度關系(xi)到學生未來的(de)發展，也關系(xi)到學生職業(ye)的(de)發展。

直流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)部分的(de)學習，為學生后續的(de)電(dian)(dian)子技術基礎、電(dian)(dian)機學、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)拖動(dong)、電(dian)(dian)氣自動(dong)控(kong)制、PLC、檢測、電(dian)(dian)氣設備、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)分析、供(gong)用電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、供(gong)用電(dian)(dian)設備、繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保護、高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓技術、等等課程的(de)學習至關重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。特(te)別是在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中控(kong)制和保護二次回(hui)路(lu)以及其他電(dian)(dian)氣二次控(kong)制幾(ji)乎采用直流電(dian)(dian)源。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)發展，隨著(zhu)新(xin)能源的(de)發展，輸電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)采用“柔性直流輸電(dian)(dian)”和超高(gao)壓直流輸電(dian)(dian)越(yue)來越(yue)多，這(zhe)就要(yao)(yao)求我們要(yao)(yao)相當重(zhong)視這(zhe)一(yi)方面的(de)研究。

2.低壓直流在電子領(ling)域的應用

直(zhi)流(liu)廣泛用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、計算機(ji)(ji)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、通信電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、計算機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路等所用直(zhi)流(liu)一般(ban)是(shi)幾伏(fu)或幾十伏(fu)。如直(zhi)流(liu)在晶體管(guan)放大電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)它主要作為集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)和基極(ji)的(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。機(ji)(ji)床控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路也(ye)廣泛應用直(zhi)流(liu)。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)基礎知識是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)類專業和機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)類專業的(de)學(xue)生學(xue)習專業課的(de)基礎。教學(xue)中(zhong)重視直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)教學(xue)是(shi)提高教學(xue)質量(liang)和學(xue)生質量(liang)的(de)關鍵。

3.直流在電力(li)系統(tong)中的應用

3.1直(zhi)流(liu)在二次回(hui)路中的(de)應用(yong)

傳統的電力系統繼電保(bao)護(hu)、控制(zhi)回路(lu)、信號回路(lu)等二次回路(lu)中，廣泛(fan)應用(yong)著直(zhi)流電，它們所(suo)用(yong)直(zhi)流電源電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)般是220V。隨著電力系統自動(dong)化(hua)水平的提高，在(zai)微機保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置和微機自動(dong)裝(zhuang)置電路(lu)中所(suo)用(yong)直(zhi)流電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)般是幾(ji)(ji)毫伏、幾(ji)(ji)伏或(huo)幾(ji)(ji)十伏電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流還作(zuo)為廠(chang)站應急電源。

3.2在柔性直流輸電的應用

“柔性”直流輸電是采用先進的大功率電力電子器件組成的電壓源換流器（VSC），其換流器采用IGBT絕緣柵雙極型晶體管，它可以依據電網需要，靈活快捷地改變電能輸送的大小和方向，并提供更優質的電能質量。多端柔性直流輸電系統模塊化多電平（MMC）技術，可靈活接入多個站點的風能、太陽能、地熱能、小水電等清潔能源，通過一個大容量、長距離的電力傳輸通道，到達多個城市的負荷中心。這為新能源并網、大型城市供電以及(ji)孤島供(gong)電等(deng)場合提供(gong)了一種有(you)效的解決方(fang)案。

1997年世(shi)界上第一條柔性(xing)直流(liu)輸(shu)電工(gong)程(cheng)投運，目前國外有(you)瑞典的(de)Hellsjon工(gong)程(cheng)、Gotland Light工(gong)程(cheng)和美國的(de)Eagle Pass、Cross - Sound Cable工(gong)程(cheng)、丹麥(mai)的(de)Tjaereborg工(gong)程(cheng)等，到目前，世(shi)界上已經投運的(de)柔性(xing)直流(liu)輸(shu)電工(gong)程(cheng)有(you)11條。

我國是(shi)從2006年開始研究，2011年上(shang)海(hai)南(nan)(nan)匯柔(rou)性(xing)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸電(dian)工程(cheng)投運，其電(dian)壓(ya)±30kV，輸出(chu)電(dian)流300A，輸出(chu)功率18MVA。國家電(dian)網公司是(shi)繼ABB、西門(men)子之后全(quan)球第三個(ge)掌握該項技(ji)術的(de)公司。2013.12.25南(nan)(nan)方電(dian)網的(de)南(nan)(nan)澳(ao)風(feng)電(dian)場多(duo)端(duan)（四端(duan)）柔(rou)性(xing)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸電(dian)工程(cheng)建(jian)成，電(dian)壓(ya)±160kV ，傳輸功率200MVAV，三個(ge)換流站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)容量分別是(shi)5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦、10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦和20萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦，未來島(dao)上(shang)還將建(jian)設(she)一座(zuo)接(jie)納海(hai)上(shang)風(feng)電(dian)的(de)換流站(zhan)(zhan)。目(mu)前我國在(zai)建(jian)的(de)有舟山工程(cheng)多(duo)端(duan)（五端(duan)）柔(rou)性(xing)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸電(dian)工程(cheng)，電(dian)壓(ya)±200kV。

有專家形(xing)象地說：“柔性直流(liu)輸電技(ji)術(shu)就像(xiang)在川流(liu)不息的(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)河上建造一個水庫，既(ji)能(neng)(neng)接收(shou)上游(you)河道的(de)(de)(de)(de)來水，又可以很從容的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)下游(you)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)量(liang)。”柔性直流(liu)輸電技(ji)術(shu)對新能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)，如出力不斷(duan)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)電并(bing)(bing)網(wang)是目前最(zui)(zui)合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)重點(dian)解(jie)決了(le)風(feng)電場間(jian)歇式(shi)電源的(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)問題，是國際公認的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)具有技(ji)術(shu)優勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)電場并(bing)(bing)網(wang)方案。柔性直流(liu)輸電技(ji)術(shu)是海上風(feng)電并(bing)(bing)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一方式(shi)，特別(bie)適用于海上孤(gu)島(dao)供電等偏遠地區。柔性直流(liu)輸電技(ji)術(shu)柔性直流(liu)輸電可以大幅(fu)改善大規模風(feng)電場并(bing)(bing)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)，保障新能(neng)(neng)源發電的(de)(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)速發展。

柔性直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)最大(da)優點是能夠(gou)快(kuai)(kuai)速靈活的(de)調(diao)節其輸(shu)出的(de)有功(gong)功(gong)率和無功(gong)功(gong)率，可以獨立(li)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)其輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)幅值、相位；柔性直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)啟動時不需要本地電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)支撐(cheng)；柔性直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)具有良好的(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)故障后(hou)的(de)快(kuai)(kuai)速恢復(fu)控(kong)制(zhi)能力，可以作為系統恢復(fu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

3.3 超高壓特高壓直流(liu)輸電

當需(xu)要大功(gong)率(lv)遠距(ju)(ju)離(li)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，兩大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)聯網(wang)又遇到聯網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性(xing)問題時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)要用(yong)超(chao)高壓(ya)或(huo)特高壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)聯網(wang)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有其優(you)越性(xing)：無系(xi)統(tong)穩定(ding)問題，在(zai)同輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送容(rong)量下，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)比交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)更經濟(ji)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)路(lu)投資是交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3。當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)離(li)大于(yu)等價距(ju)(ju)離(li)時(shi)(shi)，宜采用(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，反之采用(yong)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈干擾小；線(xian)路(lu)不存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，沿線(xian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分布均勻，不需(xu)要無功(gong)補償；調(diao)節快速(su)(su)，運(yun)行可靠。超(chao)高壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)特高壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通過晶(jing)閘(zha)管換流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器能(neng)快速(su)(su)調(diao)節有功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)，實(shi)現“潮流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)翻轉(zhuan)”（功(gong)率(lv)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改變）；當發生短(duan)路(lu)時(shi)(shi)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)控(kong)制(zhi)”將迅速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)額定(ding)功(gong)率(lv)附近，短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不應互聯二惡增大。其缺點是換流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)站造價較高，換流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)站會產生諧(xie)波。

我國最早(zao)的(de)超高(gao)壓直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)是1990年建成的(de)葛洲壩至上(shang)(shang)海的(de)500kV超高(gao)壓直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)，后來相(xiang)繼建設(she)了四川向家壩至上(shang)(shang)海的(de)800kV直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)工程和(he)云(yun)南天生橋(qiao)至廣(guang)州的(de)800kV直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)工程。

三峽(xia)電(dian)廠(chang)的建(jian)設，使全國大(da)部分地(di)區電(dian)力系統得到了聯網(wang)，實(shi)現了西電(dian)東(dong)送。三峽(xia)電(dian)廠(chang)輸出工(gong)程主要有三個通(tong)道(dao)，中通(tong)道(dao)500kV交流(liu)向鄂豫間兩(liang)回(hui)，鄂湘間兩(liang)回(hui)，鄂贛間一回(hui)供電(dian)。東(dong)通(tong)道(dao)500kV直流(liu)向上(shang)海兩(liang)回(hui)輸電(dian)和500kV交流(liu)一回(hui)配套供電(dian)。南通(tong)道(dao)500kV直流(liu)向廣東(dong)惠州供電(dian)。

4.結論

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)(yu)用戶端，應(ying)用于(yu)(yu)各(ge)行各(ge)業，應(ying)用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)子產品(pin)、計算機(ji)產品(pin)、通信(xin)網絡系統、工廠設備、企(qi)事業單位。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)力系統中的低壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系統、柔性直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸電(dian)(dian)和(he)超高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸電(dian)(dian)。《電(dian)(dian)路》課程的學(xue)習是直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)系統學(xue)習的基礎(chu)。

參考文獻：

[1]上海南(nan)匯風電場(chang)柔性直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電工程25日(ri)正式投入運行，2011年7月(yue)26 上海政務網.

篇2

廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視臺作為重要(yao)的政府宣傳窗口，同時(shi)還為廣(guang)(guang)(guang)大(da)有線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視及無線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視觀眾(zhong)，提供優質電(dian)(dian)(dian)視廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)及聲音廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)的服(fu)務，其安全播(bo)(bo)出(chu)是至(zhi)關(guan)重要(yao)的。而廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視臺的安全播(bo)(bo)出(chu)離(li)不(bu)(bu)開(kai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的可靠(kao)性(xing)與(yu)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)。長期(qi)以來，廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視部門(men)普遍采用市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)專線(xian)雙線(xian)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)及UPS不(bu)(bu)間(jian)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)+后(hou)備發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的模式，為機房提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，這套方案也(ye)(ye)確實(shi)給廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)視部門(men)提供了較(jiao)好的供電(dian)(dian)(dian)保障(zhang)。隨著設備的更新(xin)升級，這套系統也(ye)(ye)暴露出(chu)不(bu)(bu)少問題。

近年來(lai)，隨著數(shu)字(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)和數(shu)據(ju)業務的(de)(de)快(kuai)速(su)發展，廣播電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)前(qian)端機(ji)(ji)(ji)房(fang)設(she)備(bei)對供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)安全性、 可(ke)靠性的(de)(de)要求也越來(lai)越高， 一(yi)般采(cai)取 UPS 冗余(yu)方式供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)， 重要設(she)備(bei)更(geng)是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了 UPS雙系統(tong)(tong)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)障(zhang)。基(ji)于(yu)安全原因，1+1 冗余(yu) UPS 系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)單機(ji)(ji)(ji)負載率(lv)(lv)控制(zhi)(zhi)在 35%以內(nei)，加(jia)上UPS逆(ni)變效率(lv)(lv)較低，容易造(zao)成能耗浪費；UPS 并(bing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)運行對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)振(zhen)幅、頻率(lv)(lv)、相位，以及(ji)并(bing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)零地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差(cha)、零線環流等提(ti)出了嚴(yan)格(ge)要求，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi) UPS 設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)邏輯控制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)（并(bing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)）等非常復雜。另一(yi)方面，隨著業務高速(su)發展，一(yi)些機(ji)(ji)(ji)房(fang) UPS擴(kuo)(kuo)容需(xu)求迫(po)切。新建 UPS系統(tong)(tong)不(bu)僅(jin)占用(yong)(yong)了寶貴的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)房(fang)空間、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量，還(huan)制(zhi)(zhi)約了機(ji)(ji)(ji)房(fang)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)擴(kuo)(kuo)容需(xu)求，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)資源(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)(lv)低、可(ke)靠性差(cha)，而且 UPS 系統(tong)(tong)擴(kuo)(kuo)容、更(geng)新改造(zao)保(bao)障(zhang)難(nan)度大。如何(he)提(ti)供(gong)安全可(ke)靠、高效經濟(ji)的(de)(de)新型數(shu)字(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)及(ji)數(shu)據(ju)設(she)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)(tong)，顯得十分迫(po)切。

眾(zhong)所(suo)周知(zhi)直流(liu)供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的可靠(kao)性要(yao)高(gao)于UPS供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，那么(me)我們能不能找(zhao)到(dao)一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)的供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)來(lai)取代UPS供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，消除人們的顧慮呢(ni)？因此我們對一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)型的高(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)做一(yi)些應用(yong)探討(tao)。我臺領導經(jing)過(guo)慎重調研，決定對廣播電(dian)(dian)視臺內部供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)做一(yi)次全面檢修(xiu)及升級。這其(qi)中，最(zui)重要(yao)的是(shi)對UPS不間斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源的升級改造(zao)。

由于市電(dian)(dian)(dian)雙(shuang)線路切換及后備(bei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)(shu)已(yi)經非常成(cheng)熟，只(zhi)需進行(xing)(xing)(xing)日常巡檢(jian)及維護即可。而我臺的(de)UPS不間斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，使(shi)用已(yi)近二十年，每(mei)幾年就要對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)更換。借此機會，我們通(tong)過與電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)部門(men)、移動(dong)通(tong)訊部門(men)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門(men)及相關廠(chang)家技術(shu)(shu)人員(yuan)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)溝通(tong)交流，決定趁此次(ci)更換老化的(de)UPS電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)機會，對前(qian)端(duan)機房供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統進行(xing)(xing)(xing)改造，采用HVDC240V高(gao)壓直流供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統為前(qian)端(duan)設(she)備(bei)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。

2009年(nian)12月1日，由(you)中國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信提出的《通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)用(yong)240V直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統技術(shu)要求YDB 037—2009》 通(tong)(tong)過(guo)工信部審查，12月10日頒發。高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統現在(zai)已在(zai)全國多個城市通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)系(xi)統進行(xing)(xing)試點(dian)。而廣播(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視前端機(ji)房(fang)跟通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)機(ji)房(fang)有很(hen)多相似的地方，能否借鑒通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)行(xing)(xing)業的成功(gong)經驗，組建自(zi)己的高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統，也成為廣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業很(hen)關注的一個問題(ti)。我臺(tai)(tai)領導在(zai)考察學習通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)行(xing)(xing)業的成功(gong)經驗后(hou)，決定(ding)先對我臺(tai)(tai)廣播(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視監播(bo)機(ji)房(fang)的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統，采用(yong)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方案進行(xing)(xing)試點(dian)，成功(gong)穩定(ding)運營(ying)一年(nian)后(hou)再推廣到(dao)其他部門。

傳統的UPS供電模式及其(qi)缺陷

UPS（Uninterruptible Power System）也(ye)就(jiu)是不間斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，誕生于上世紀六十年代。傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)UPS不間斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式，要求交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源輸入。交流(liu)UPS系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)由整(zheng)流(liu)器、逆變(bian)器、蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和靜態開(kai)關等組成。在市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)常時，市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源經整(zheng)流(liu)器變(bian)換為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供給(gei)(gei)逆變(bian)器，同時給(gei)(gei)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逆變(bian)器將直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)換為(wei)50Hz交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供給(gei)(gei)負(fu)載。在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，通(tong)(tong)過逆變(bian)器變(bian)換為(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，供給(gei)(gei)負(fu)載。為(wei)了提(ti)高設備(bei)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的可(ke)靠(kao)性，通(tong)(tong)常采取了多(duo)臺UPS冗(rong)余并(bing)機(ji)的方式，如1+1系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。UPS的出現，是由于一些重(zhong)要設備(bei)，如航天控制、醫療儀器、金(jin)融(rong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、計算機(ji)、數據(ju)管理(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)等，不能斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而產生的。她的誕生，對信息革命產生了十分(fen)重(zhong)大的影響。

但是(shi)，此系統結(jie)構也出現了以(yi)下一些缺點：

可靠性低

UPS 交流電(dian)(dian)源系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，就(jiu)單臺設(she)備(bei)(bei)而言，通過(guo)冗余技術可(ke)以(yi)使UPS設(she)備(bei)(bei)本身的(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性大為提高，但就(jiu)整(zheng)個UPS供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統而言，有很多(duo)不可(ke)備(bei)(bei)份的(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統單點(dian)(dian)故障點(dian)(dian)，比如同步并機板、靜態開關、輸(shu)出切換開關、逆變器(qi)等(deng)，這些(xie)單點(dian)(dian)故障點(dian)(dian)，都可(ke)能導致整(zheng)個通訊系(xi)(xi)(xi)統“掉電(dian)(dian)”癱瘓(huan)(huan)。即(ji)使采(cai)用(yong)(yong)相對可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)串聯(lian)熱(re)備(bei)(bei)份系(xi)(xi)(xi)統，切換電(dian)(dian)路的(de)單點(dian)(dian)故障也容易造成整(zheng)個通訊系(xi)(xi)(xi)統“掉電(dian)(dian)”癱瘓(huan)(huan)，尤其(qi)是瞬間(jian)(jian)過(guo)載(zai)的(de)容錯能力差，一旦(dan)主機過(guo)載(zai)保(bao)護切換到備(bei)(bei)機，備(bei)(bei)機由(you)于(yu)瞬間(jian)(jian)浪涌也同時(shi)過(guo)載(zai)保(bao)護自(zi)動切換到旁路，對于(yu)過(guo)去有人(ren)值守(shou)的(de)機房(fang)可(ke)以(yi)立即(ji)人(ren)工處理，但現在普遍采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機房(fang)無人(ren)值守(shou)，一旦(dan)發生故障，恢復時(shi)間(jian)(jian)較長，危害很大。

能耗較高

由于UPS 中(zhong)(zhong)采用(yong)(yong)了逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)，逆變(bian)(bian)頻率(lv)為工頻50Hz，必須采用(yong)(yong)工頻變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)，所(suo)以功(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)(shu)低(di)，效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)較(jiao)低(di)。正(zheng)常情況下單機(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)一般在60%-70%。為保證前(qian)端(duan)設備用(yong)(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)安全可靠(kao)(kao)性，目前(qian)廣電(dian)部(bu)門用(yong)(yong)UPS電(dian)源系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，均配置在線式(shi)串聯熱備份或(huo)N+1并(bing)機(ji)冗(rong)(rong)余模(mo)(mo)式(shi)；在N+1并(bing)機(ji)冗(rong)(rong)余模(mo)(mo)式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)，由于交流電(dian)源振幅、頻率(lv)、相位等參數(shu)(shu)嚴(yan)格要求同(tong)步，使(shi)得(de)并(bing)機(ji)冗(rong)(rong)余模(mo)(mo)式(shi)控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)復(fu)雜，隨著(zhu)N數(shu)(shu)值的(de)(de)增大(da)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)可靠(kao)(kao)性大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低(di)，所(suo)以最常見的(de)(de)配置為1+1并(bing)機(ji)冗(rong)(rong)余系(xi)(xi)統(tong)或(huo)2+1并(bing)機(ji)冗(rong)(rong)余系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)就使(shi)得(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)進(jin)一步降(jiang)低(di)，一般在40%-50%。同(tong)時(shi)，由于蓄(xu)電(dian)池平時(shi)基本(ben)處于休眠(mian)狀(zhuang)態，為了保護蓄(xu)電(dian)池，每隔一段時(shi)間就要對電(dian)池組(zu)進(jin)行放(fang)電(dian)處理，白(bai)白(bai)耗(hao)(hao)費能量，如果(guo)在放(fang)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)恰(qia)逢市電(dian)出現故(gu)障，那(nei)對廣播電(dian)視(shi)的(de)(de)安全播出將是災難性的(de)(de)。實際使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)業務(wu)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)是一個漸(jian)(jian)進(jin)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)，兼顧到建設周期和業務(wu)發展(zhan)規劃(hua)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)使(shi)得(de)UPS系(xi)(xi)統(tong)平均使(shi)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)只有(you) 20%-30%。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個能耗(hao)(hao)指標在過(guo)去前(qian)端(duan)設備耗(hao)(hao)能的(de)(de)絕對值較(jiao)小(xiao)，UPS系(xi)(xi)統(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)低(di)下往(wang)往(wang)被人們(men)忽(hu)視(shi)。而目前(qian)正(zheng)處在數(shu)(shu)字電(dian)視(shi)和數(shu)(shu)據(ju)業務(wu)迅猛發展(zhan)時(shi)期，數(shu)(shu)據(ju)業務(wu)將漸(jian)(jian)漸(jian)(jian)變(bian)(bian)為主流業務(wu)，IT設備的(de)(de)能耗(hao)(hao)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)受(shou)重視(shi)，顯然，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種低(di)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)是無法忍受(shou)的(de)(de)。

維護、擴容難度大

隨(sui)著(zhu)廣播(bo)電(dian)視技術的(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展，數字(zi)電(dian)視及(ji)(ji)數據通訊逐漸成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體已經(jing)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)爭的(de)(de)事(shi)實。隨(sui)著(zhu)數據業務(wu)比(bi)重逐步增大(da)，按照(zhao)現在的(de)(de)設備供電(dian)模(mo)式，會有大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)在網UPS系(xi)統擴(kuo)容(rong)(rong)、大(da)量(liang)(liang)新(xin)的(de)(de)UPS系(xi)統投入運(yun)行。因為(wei)(wei)UPS擴(kuo)容(rong)(rong)涉及(ji)(ji)到電(dian)源的(de)(de)頻率、電(dian)壓(ya)、相序、相位、波形等問題，不(bu)像直流(liu)電(dian)源系(xi)統擴(kuo)容(rong)(rong)只關注電(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)個參數，所(suo)以每一(yi)次UPS在線擴(kuo)容(rong)(rong)都是(shi)一(yi)次巨大(da)的(de)(de)風險操作，甚至(zhi)可能因為(wei)(wei)UPS制造商產品(pin)更新(xin)換代使(shi)得UPS擴(kuo)容(rong)(rong)不(bu)可能，使(shi)得UPS單(dan)臺(tai)故障(zhang)時(shi)沒有設備替換。另外逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)也是(shi)UPS系(xi)統中較容(rong)(rong)易出(chu)現問題的(de)(de)地(di)方，一(yi)旦(dan)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)出(chu)故障(zhang)，將造成(cheng)嚴重的(de)(de)停播(bo)事(shi)故，導致(zhi)災難性后(hou)果(guo)。

高壓直(zhi)流電源系統簡介(jie)

通訊(xun)(xun)用高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)又稱HVDC（High Voltage Direct Current），是(shi)一種新型的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)間斷(duan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統，近年來在通訊(xun)(xun)行業的(de)運用悄(qiao)然興起。這里說的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)是(shi)相對傳(chuan)統的(de)-48V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通訊(xun)(xun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)而言。HVDC系統主要由交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)、整流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)模(mo)塊、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理(li)單(dan)元(yuan)、絕緣監(jian)測單(dan)元(yuan)及監(jian)控模(mo)塊組成。正(zheng)常(chang)工作(zuo)情況下(xia)，整流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)模(mo)塊將交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出的(de)220V或380V交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)轉換成240V高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)元(yuan)給通訊(xun)(xun)設(she)備供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)也給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸入發生(sheng)故障時(shi)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池給通訊(xun)(xun)設(she)備供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以說這是(shi)一種真正(zheng)的(de)不(bu)間斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)！

高壓(ya)直流應用(yong)原(yuan)理(li)十分簡單，就是利用(yong)用(yong)電(dian)設備開(kai)關電(dian)源(yuan)功能，使用(yong)高壓(ya)直流電(dian)進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)高頻變(bian)換的原(yuan)理(li)，直接為用(yong)電(dian)設備提供(gong)直流電(dian)源(yuan)。

由于現在(zai)幾乎(hu)所(suo)有電(dian)信及通(tong)訊、廣(guang)播電(dian)視前端設(she)備均采用開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源進(jin)行整(zheng)流(liu)降壓，給設(she)備提供電(dian)能，而開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源的(de)電(dian)壓適應(ying)范圍極(ji)寬，通(tong)常可達到AC90V～270V，整(zheng)流(liu)后的(de)電(dian)壓為(wei)200～300V直流(liu)，再進(jin)行高頻振蕩、整(zheng)流(liu)等(deng)處(chu)理(li)，控制開(kai)關(guan)(guan)管開(kai)通(tong)和關(guan)(guan)斷的(de)時間比率，維持(chi)穩定輸出電(dian)壓，輸出低壓直流(liu)電(dian)源給用電(dian)設(she)備。開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)源以(yi)小(xiao)型、輕(qing)量和高效率的(de)特點被廣(guang)泛應(ying)用幾乎(hu)所(suo)有的(de)電(dian)子設(she)備，是當(dang)今電(dian)子信息產業飛速發(fa)展(zhan)不可缺少的(de)一種電(dian)源方式(shi)。有了這一前提，為(wei)用電(dian)設(she)備直接提供高壓直流(liu)就變得極(ji)為(wei)容(rong)易。

高壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)是指大小(xiao)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高低(di)）和方向(xiang)（正(zheng)負極）都不(bu)隨(sui)時間（相對范圍內）而變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化，比如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。脈動直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是指方向(xiang)（正(zheng)負極）不(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，但大小(xiao)隨(sui)時間變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化，比如(ru)：我們(men)把50Hz的(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經過(guo)(guo)二極管整流(liu)(liu)后(hou)得到的(de)(de)就(jiu)是典型脈動直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，半波(bo)整流(liu)(liu)得到的(de)(de)是50Hz的(de)(de)脈動直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果是全(quan)波(bo)或橋式(shi)整流(liu)(liu)得到的(de)(de)就(jiu)是 100Hz的(de)(de)脈動直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大小(xiao)周期性(xing)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，不(bu)能直(zhi)(zhi)接使用，它們(men)只有經過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)波(bo)（用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)）以(yi)后(hou)才(cai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)平滑(hua)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)然其中(zhong)仍存在脈動成(cheng)分（稱紋波(bo)系數），大小(xiao)視(shi)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)濾(lv)波(bo)效果。目前商(shang)用的(de)(de)高壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)都是經過(guo)(guo)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)箱大容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)濾(lv)波(bo)處理過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)，其波(bo)形較為平滑(hua)，比交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)顯(xian)然“干凈”得多。

由于(yu)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源前級(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)整流(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)， 并為(wei)(wei)(wei)后級(ji)提供(gong)一個(ge)波動的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)(liu)，整流(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)(liu)范圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)： DC250 -336v （交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)： AC220V ），對于(yu)直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)而言， 整流(liu)(liu)橋(qiao)可(ke)(ke)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)直通(tong)。全橋(qiao)二(er)極管整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路對直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)直接(jie)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)，只要(yao)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)能夠達(da)到200V以(yi)(yi)上(shang)就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使(shi)用(yong)！所以(yi)(yi)，只要(yao)在交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)端使(shi)用(yong)合適范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)(liu)，設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源是可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)正常(chang)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)在理論上(shang)首先保(bao)證(zheng)了方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)實施性。目前，我(wo)國通(tong)訊行業經過大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論論證(zheng)及實驗，決(jue)定高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)選取240V，直接(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)通(tong)訊設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)與(yu)常(chang)用(yong)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)十分相似。如圖(tu)4所示：

從圖4中(zhong)可以看出，不管開關電(dian)源(yuan)輸(shu)入(ru)端正插還(huan)是(shi)反插直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)，經過整流(liu)(liu)(liu)后(hou)(hou)的電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)方向都跟使用交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)后(hou)(hou)的效(xiao)果是(shi)一(yi)樣的。由于高壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)或電(dian)池組提供的直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)脈沖幾乎為零(ling)，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)更平(ping)滑。

高壓直流供電系統的優點(dian)

高可靠性

這點可以從三個(ge)(ge)方面(mian)體現：一是(shi)采(cai)用直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直(zhi)接并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)在(zai)負載端(duan)，當停電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)可以直(zhi)接供(gong)給負載，確保供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)不(bu)間斷。二是(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)只有電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)幅(fu)值一個(ge)(ge)參數，各(ge)個(ge)(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)模塊之間不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)相位(wei)、相序、頻(pin)率(lv)需(xu)同步的(de)問題(ti)(ti)，系(xi)統(tong)結構簡(jian)單(dan)很(hen)多。由于(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)與機房內的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)隔離(li)，將市電(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)雷擊的(de)影(ying)響降到(dao)最小(xiao)，可靠性大大提高(gao)。三是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)UPS系(xi)統(tong)雖然(ran)可以提高(gao)冗余度來提高(gao)安全系(xi)數，但是(shi)由于(yu)涉及(ji)到(dao)同步問題(ti)(ti)，每(mei)個(ge)(ge)模塊之間必須相互(hu)通(tong)訊來保持(chi)同步，所以還(huan)是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)并(bing)(bing)機板的(de)單(dan)點故障問題(ti)(ti)。而直(zhi)流(liu)模塊沒有這些問題(ti)(ti)，即使脫離(li)控制模塊，只要保持(chi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)穩定，也能(neng)并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。

高效節能

工作效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)提高和交流UPS系統(tong)相比，直流供電(dian)(dian)省掉了逆變環節，而一般逆變的(de)(de)損耗在5%左右，因此(ci)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)得以(yi)提高。其(qi)次(ci)，由于廣電(dian)(dian)前端輸入的(de)(de)是(shi)直流電(dian)(dian)，也就不存在功率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數及(ji)諧波(bo)的(de)(de)問題，降(jiang)低了線損。最后由于并機技術簡單(dan)，可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)大量的(de)(de)模(mo)塊(kuai)并聯，使每(mei)個模(mo)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)使用(yong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)可(ke)達到70%～80%，比起(qi)交流UPS系統(tong)提高了不少。

可維護、擴容便捷

采用(yong)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)供電(dian)，就如交換設(she)備使(shi)用(yong)的(de)-48V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系統一樣(yang)，系統由模(mo)塊(kuai)組成，維(wei)護(hu)人員可以(yi)自己進行維(wei)護(hu)。因(yin)(yin)為是直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入(ru)沒有零線，因(yin)(yin)此，也就不(bu)存在“零地(di)(di)”電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)差，避(bi)免了一些不(bu)明的(de)故(gu)障，維(wei)護(hu)部門也無(wu)需再費時費力去解決“零地(di)(di)”電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)問題(ti)，這對提供高(gao)(gao)質(zhi)量視頻和(he)音(yin)頻廣播很(hen)有幫(bang)助。另(ling)外，由于高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)無(wu)對地(di)(di)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，不(bu)易發(fa)生觸(chu)電(dian)事故(gu)，安全性更高(gao)(gao)。

由于(yu)采用(yong)模塊(kuai)化結構，現在(zai)(zai)一個模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)容量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)10KW左右，只要預留好機架位置，擴(kuo)容非常方便。同時在(zai)(zai)建設(she)時，可以根(gen)據設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)逐漸增加模塊(kuai)數(shu)，使每個模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)率可以盡量(liang)的(de)(de)提(ti)高，這(zhe)對于(yu)節能也是非常有好處的(de)(de)。

HVDC 與 UPS的(de)主要區(qu)別

從(cong)下圖中可以看出，HVDC與(yu)UPS的(de)(de)主(zhu)要區別(bie)是電(dian)池組的(de)(de)位置(zhi)及省卻了逆變器(qi)，供電(dian)效率(lv)較(jiao)高：

HVDC高壓(ya)直流供電系(xi)統改裝要點(dian)

我臺(tai)首(shou)先改造的(de)是(shi)監播機(ji)房。因(yin)為(wei)監播機(ji)房出(chu)問題，并不會影響到廣(guang)播電視的(de)正(zheng)常播出(chu)。待監播機(ji)房高壓直流(liu)配電系統改造完成并投入實際運行一年后，積累了更多經(jing)驗，再對其他機(ji)房進行改造。安全播出(chu)是(shi)廣(guang)播電視的(de)生(sheng)命，馬虎不得。

1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)為(wei)整流器的冗(rong)余，在系統(tong)(tong)饋出母線實現系統(tong)(tong)模塊整流輸出與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)并聯(lian)；在市電(dian)(dian)(dian)異(yi)常的情況下，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)直接提(ti)供保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

2、 240V高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出方(fang)式采(cai)用(yong)“懸浮供(gong)電(dian)”，一改(gai)-48V 直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統正(zheng)極接(jie)(jie)地(di)方(fang)式，即系(xi)統輸(shu)出與機架(jia)、機殼、工作(zuo)地(di)、保護地(di)隔離（240V高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)正(zheng)極、負極均(jun)不允許接(jie)(jie)地(di)），要有明顯標(biao)識標(biao)明該系(xi)統輸(shu)出不能接(jie)(jie)地(di)。實(shi)施起(qi)來其實(shi)很簡單(dan)，就是將(jiang)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)按(an)交流(liu)(liu)市(shi)電(dian)的(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)法，接(jie)(jie)入(ru)系(xi)統電(dian)源(yuan)開關及插(cha)座即可。由于高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)無對地(di)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)差，不易發生觸電(dian)事故(gu)，故(gu)相對交流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統，提(ti)高(gao)了維護人員的(de)(de)安全性(xing)。而各種設備內部的(de)(de)開關電(dian)源(yuan)變壓(ya)(ya)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)后的(de)(de)低壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)保持(chi)原狀，負極可以(yi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)。

3、雖然(ran)設(she)備插(cha)(cha)頭不論正(zheng)插(cha)(cha)、反插(cha)(cha)都可以正(zheng)常(chang)工作，而不損壞設(she)備，但(dan)我們還是規定(ding)所有插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)采用統一接法。類似(si)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)系統“左零右火中接地”的接法，我們參照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)信施工標準，對240V高壓(ya)直流(liu)采用PDU（Power Distribution Unit）電(dian)(dian)源分配單(dan)元插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)（主要是機柜電(dian)(dian)源插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)），此類插(cha)(cha)座(zuo)內(nei)置斷路器，有過流(liu)保護(hu)的功(gong)能。

網(wang)上(shang)曾(ceng)有人撰文，認為高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)不(bu)能直(zhi)(zhi)接為服(fu)務(wu)器ATX電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)。為慎(shen)重起見，我(wo)們(men)對監播機房的正在(zai)工作的計算機及(ji)服(fu)務(wu)器暫時不(bu)接入(ru)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)系統，而是仍(reng)使用(yong)專(zhuan)用(yong)的220V交流(liu)供電(dian)(dian)，另(ling)外用(yong)240V高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)接上(shang)幾臺閑置的服(fu)務(wu)器和家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)腦，測試高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)對ATX電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統的影(ying)響。但我(wo)們(men)經過近(jin)一(yi)年的測試及(ji)觀察(cha)，沒發現任何問題，現已全部將服(fu)務(wu)器接到(dao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)上(shang)，工作正常。

4、對于(yu)部分(fen)交換(huan)機，由于(yu)采(cai)用的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)原通訊行業(ye)-48V供電(dian)標準，是(shi)(shi)不(bu)能直接使(shi)用240V高壓(ya)直流供電(dian)的(de)(de)。這(zhe)里(li)有兩(liang)個解決辦法，一是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)-48V開關電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)模塊更(geng)換(huan)為220V的(de)(de)，二(er)是(shi)(shi)從電(dian)池組(zu)中跳線(xian)，抽取(qu)出(chu)-48V電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，使(shi)用專線(xian)給設備(bei)供電(dian)。

5、為(wei)安全起見(jian)，嚴禁帶電(dian)(dian)插拔(ba)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源輸(shu)入(ru)輸(shu)出插頭(tou)。因為(wei)高壓直流(liu)(liu)容(rong)易引起直流(liu)(liu)拉弧，必(bi)須(xu)在(zai)關閉設(she)備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)源開(kai)關的情況下(xia)，才(cai)能拔(ba)插設(she)備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)源插頭(tou)。這(zhe)需要在(zai)設(she)備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)源引入(ru)處進(jin)行(xing)警示，同時嚴禁將采(cai)用變壓器供電(dian)(dian)的設(she)備(bei)(bei)帶入(ru)機房使(shi)用。

6、系(xi)統改(gai)造必(bi)須電(dian)(dian)力專業牽(qian)頭，由(you)有強電(dian)(dian)操作(zuo)證書的(de)專業電(dian)(dian)工實施，全程監(jian)督，方(fang)案要(yao)會審。

7、對廣播電視(shi)臺(tai)核(he)心網絡(luo)、信源編碼復用(yong)平臺(tai)、信道傳輸(shu)網絡(luo)、BOSS運營支撐(cheng)系(xi)(xi)統、CAS、EPG、光(guang)傳輸(shu)系(xi)(xi)統等設(she)(she)備等，暫(zan)時仍(reng)采(cai)用(yong)原有UPS系(xi)(xi)統供電。如現(xian)有UPS系(xi)(xi)統存在(zai)使用(yong)年(nian)限長(chang)、負荷重、故障(zhang)率高、供電可靠性差等問題，從保障(zhang)播出(chu)安全(quan)、兼顧設(she)(she)備折(zhe)舊(jiu)的角度(du)考慮(lv)，結合今年(nian)的電源安全(quan)隱患整(zheng)治工作(zuo)，采(cai)用(yong)高壓直(zhi)流(liu)系(xi)(xi)統建立(li)可靠的備份供電系(xi)(xi)統。

8、對(dui)部分低功(gong)耗的(de)分前端或光工(gong)作(zuo)站(zhan)，如果UPS系(xi)統(tong)未老(lao)化，暫時使(shi)用。因為目前高(gao)壓直流供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)需要多組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)串接使(shi)用，成本稍高(gao)于(yu)12～24V蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，故對(dui)低功(gong)耗的(de)分前端或光工(gong)作(zuo)站(zhan)，還(huan)是使(shi)用UPS更經濟(ji)（只需12～24V蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組）。但隨著(zhu)高(gao)壓直流設備的(de)不斷(duan)完善，以(yi)后也(ye)將出(chu)現小型240V高(gao)壓直流電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，則(ze)完全可取(qu)代傳(chuan)統(tong)UPS電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

高壓直流(liu)解決(jue)了哪些(xie)問題？

1. 適(shi)應性強(qiang)，240V直流供電(dian)系統能夠支(zhi)持廣播電(dian)視(shi)設備(bei)的主要電(dian)源標準(zhun)（ATX、SSI標準(zhun)）

2. 供(gong)電(dian)系統可(ke)靠(kao)性大大提高。我(wo)臺監播(bo)機房(fang)240V高壓(ya)直流系統已使用一年，目前所(suo)有系統運行穩定，解(jie)決了UPS系統故障頻發、系統阻(zu)斷(duan)問(wen)題。

- 分散供電模式

- 蓄電(dian)池直接向負荷供電(dian)

- 擴容方便，可維護性強

3.不存在“零地”電壓差問(wen)題，與市(shi)電完全隔離，可靠性(xing)更高

4.由于(yu)無對地(di)電壓，不易發生觸電事故，安(an)全性更(geng)高

5.節能(neng)效果(guo)明顯，普(pu)遍(bian)節電(dian)25～30%

6.節省投資(zi)40%以上，減少超前(qian)投資(zi)50%以上

7.全部采用國產電源設(she)備

8.系統(tong)結構相比UPS系統(tong)更為簡單可靠，節省(sheng)機(ji)房(fang)空間

實驗結論：廣電機房設(she)備高(gao)壓直流(liu)供電取代UPS是明顯的趨勢(shi)

篇3

[關鍵詞]特高壓(ya)；直流(liu)輸電線(xian)路；架線(xian)；施工技術

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1673 - 0194.2017.12.053

[中圖分類號]TM752 [文(wen)獻標(biao)識碼]A [文(wen)章(zhang)編(bian)號]1673-0194（2017）12-00-02

特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)輸電(dian)線路(lu)能夠有效避免因(yin)為(wei)(wei)輸電(dian)距離過長出(chu)現(xian)電(dian)能損耗增大的(de)(de)現(xian)象，起到了很好的(de)(de)節能效果，可顯著(zhu)提(ti)高(gao)資源利用率，推動(dong)我國經濟的(de)(de)發(fa)展進步，為(wei)(wei)我國未(wei)來的(de)(de)發(fa)展打下良(liang)好的(de)(de)基礎。因(yin)此，電(dian)力企業在進行(xing)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)輸電(dian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)架設時(shi)，一定要對架線施工技術進行(xing)研(yan)究分析，提(ti)高(gao)其(qi)經濟效益。

1 直流輸電

1.1 直(zhi)流(liu)輸電(dian)技術分類(lei)

根據工(gong)程結構(gou)，直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)技術可(ke)(ke)以分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)以下三類：第(di)(di)(di)一，從(cong)線路長度方(fang)面(mian)，可(ke)(ke)以分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)背靠背輸(shu)電(dian)以及(ji)長距離(li)輸(shu)電(dian)；第(di)(di)(di)二，從(cong)電(dian)壓等級方(fang)面(mian)，可(ke)(ke)以分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)特(te)高(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)以及(ji)高(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)；第(di)(di)(di)三，從(cong)換流(liu)站數量方(fang)面(mian)，可(ke)(ke)以分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)多端直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)以及(ji)兩端直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)。

根據工程性質，直流輸電可以(yi)分(fen)為以(yi)下四類：背靠背直流聯網、海底電纜、城市地下電纜、遠(yuan)距離大容量滯(zhi)留(liu)架空路線。

1.2 直流(liu)輸電的(de)優勢

首先，直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有著建設成(cheng)本低(di)的(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)，架(jia)空線(xian)(xian)路(lu)不(bu)需要(yao)花費太高的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)造價；在進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)時(shi)，可(ke)以將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗控制(zhi)在最(zui)低(di)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)輸(shu)送過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)容量非常(chang)大；當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)發(fa)生短(duan)路(lu)現(xian)(xian)象時(shi)，可(ke)以對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)形成(cheng)有效的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，一旦輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)故障，可(ke)以實(shi)現(xian)(xian)自我防護功能(neng)；可(ke)以實(shi)現(xian)(xian)對(dui)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)走廊的(de)(de)(de)優化，避免出(chu)現(xian)(xian)過多的(de)(de)(de)浪費；在進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)調節時(shi)，可(ke)以實(shi)現(xian)(xian)快速(su)響應(ying)，整(zheng)個運(yun)行(xing)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安全性(xing)(xing)以及(ji)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)能(neng)得到有效保(bao)證；在運(yun)行(xing)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)以實(shi)現(xian)(xian)和不(bu)同(tong)步的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)之間的(de)(de)(de)互聯，不(bu)會出(chu)現(xian)(xian)系(xi)統(tong)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)方面的(de)(de)(de)問題。

1.3 直流(liu)輸電(dian)的不足

在直(zhi)流輸電換流方面，設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)成本(ben)費(fei)用非常高，同時(shi)不(bu)具備(bei)較強的(de)(de)過(guo)量承(cheng)載能力；在進行電能的(de)(de)輸送時(shi)，會消耗大量的(de)(de)無功功率(lv)；直(zhi)流輸電中直(zhi)流開關較為缺乏(fa)；直(zhi)流輸電不(bu)可以借助變壓(ya)器實(shi)現低電壓(ya)等級的(de)(de)調(diao)節；在電能傳輸過(guo)程中，非常容易受到諧(xie)波的(de)(de)干擾，無法有效地保證(zheng)電能的(de)(de)質量。

2 特(te)高壓(ya)直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)線路(lu)架設的(de)難點(dian)

2.1 施工難點

第一，交(jiao)叉跨越問題(ti)。在實際(ji)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)，需要(yao)持續進行帶(dai)電線路的交(jiao)叉跨越操作，對配置承(cheng)力(li)(li)索帶(dai)來了嚴峻的考(kao)驗，一方面(mian)要(yao)保(bao)證承(cheng)力(li)(li)索的承(cheng)載能力(li)(li)，滿足施(shi)工(gong)(gong)要(yao)求，另(ling)一方面(mian)要(yao)做好承(cheng)載能力(li)(li)的控制工(gong)(gong)作，保(bao)證承(cheng)載能力(li)(li)可以(yi)得到有(you)效的管控，還必須做好承(cheng)力(li)(li)索跨越網線的優化工(gong)(gong)作，避免在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)出(chu)現各類(lei)安全事(shi)故。

第二，滑車(che)(che)的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)及(ji)(ji)其掛設方法。輸電線(xian)路的(de)質量(liang)非(fei)常(chang)大(da)，在(zai)施工過程(cheng)中，需(xu)要結(jie)合(he)實際情況，對每根(gen)線(xian)在(zai)垂(chui)直(zhi)方向的(de)承載能力(li)(li)(li)進(jin)行(xing)準(zhun)確計算，進(jin)而得到滑車(che)(che)的(de)額定(ding)承載能力(li)(li)(li)。另外，在(zai)實際的(de)架線(xian)過程(cheng)中，牽引過程(cheng)需(xu)要非(fei)常(chang)大(da)的(de)牽引力(li)(li)(li)，還需(xu)要對滑車(che)(che)的(de)耐張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)進(jin)行(xing)準(zhun)確的(de)計算，保證選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)滑車(che)(che)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)掛設方法的(de)科學合(he)理性。

第三，牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)機(ji)以及張(zhang)力(li)機(ji)的(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇。在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)的(de)(de)架(jia)(jia)設(she)時，需要非常(chang)大的(de)(de)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)力(li)，牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)機(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)要能滿(man)足(zu)架(jia)(jia)設(she)過(guo)程(cheng)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)方面的(de)(de)需求(qiu)，另外，張(zhang)力(li)機(ji)也必須(xu)要滿(man)足(zu)架(jia)(jia)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)實際需求(qiu)。比(bi)如，現階段在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)架(jia)(jia)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時，采用一(yi)(yi)(yi)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)六的(de)(de)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)方式，這種牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)方式需要選(xuan)(xuan)擇220 kN左(zuo)右的(de)(de)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)力(li)，現有的(de)(de)280 kN的(de)(de)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)設(she)備無法(fa)滿(man)足(zu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)實際需求(qiu)，需要重(zhong)新(xin)研(yan)制相(xiang)應的(de)(de)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)引(yin)機(ji)。在一(yi)(yi)(yi)牽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)六的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，單根導線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)張(zhang)力(li)在18 kN～33 kN，現有的(de)(de)張(zhang)力(li)機(ji)可以滿(man)足(zu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)實際需求(qiu)，但如果導線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)張(zhang)力(li)發生(sheng)變化，必須(xu)要重(zhong)新(xin)選(xuan)(xuan)擇與之(zhi)相(xiang)配的(de)(de)張(zhang)力(li)機(ji)。

第四(si)，導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)以及各(ge)級牽(qian)引(yin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)展(zhan)放(fang)。在(zai)施工過程中，往往會受到周圍環境的(de)限制，導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)以及各(ge)級牽(qian)引(yin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)需要(yao)按(an)照一定(ding)的(de)順序(xu)和層(ceng)次展(zhan)放(fang)，既(ji)要(yao)避(bi)免(mian)對輸電線(xian)(xian)(xian)路架(jia)設(she)帶來的(de)影響(xiang)，同r還不能破壞周邊環境，使實用性以及環保(bao)性兩方(fang)面的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)得到有(you)效保(bao)證。具(ju)體的(de)操作方(fang)法如下：首先(xian)，選擇引(yin)導(dao)繩(sheng)，先(xian)對牽(qian)引(yin)繩(sheng)的(de)最大受力(li)、牽(qian)引(yin)機(ji)的(de)實際牽(qian)引(yin)力(li)、張力(li)機(ji)的(de)張力(li)進(jin)行計算(suan)，根據計算(suan)結果選擇相對應的(de)引(yin)導(dao)繩(sheng)，在(zai)進(jin)行引(yin)導(dao)繩(sheng)的(de)展(zhan)放(fang)時，可以借(jie)助(zhu)(zhu)動力(li)傘進(jin)行完成，借(jie)助(zhu)(zhu)動力(li)傘對引(yin)導(dao)繩(sheng)進(jin)行兩次展(zhan)放(fang)，借(jie)助(zhu)(zhu)“一牽(qian)一”的(de)方(fang)式，對引(yin)導(dao)繩(sheng)進(jin)行牽(qian)引(yin)，之后對各(ge)級引(yin)導(dao)繩(sheng)進(jin)行逐級牽(qian)引(yin)展(zhan)放(fang)。

第五，緊線(xian)和掛(gua)線(xian)方法(fa)的(de)選擇(ze)。耐張裝置本身的(de)自重較大(da)，在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)起(qi)(qi)吊時，一定要(yao)選擇(ze)最佳的(de)起(qi)(qi)吊方案。因為(wei)起(qi)(qi)吊過程中(zhong)張力的(de)需求較大(da)，因此要(yao)科學合(he)理地(di)選擇(ze)緊線(xian)方法(fa)。在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)掛(gua)線(xian)時，一般(ban)選擇(ze)的(de)都是高空對接的(de)方式，因此，要(yao)做好導(dao)(dao)線(xian)的(de)安排(pai)工作(zuo)(zuo)，保證(zheng)每個導(dao)(dao)線(xian)都可(ke)以滿足(zu)單獨作(zuo)(zuo)業的(de)需求，且相互之間(jian)不會出(chu)現影響和干擾。

第(di)六，安裝附件(jian)。在(zai)實(shi)(shi)際架線(xian)(xian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，垂(chui)直方(fang)向會有非常大的(de)負(fu)荷量(liang)，在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)附件(jian)裝置的(de)選擇(ze)時，一定要(yao)結合施(shi)工中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)實(shi)(shi)際情況，同(tong)時選擇(ze)最(zui)佳的(de)安裝方(fang)式，使施(shi)工效(xiao)率得到有效(xiao)保(bao)證。在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)直線(xian)(xian)塔附件(jian)的(de)安裝時，需(xu)要(yao)借助兩(liang)套(tao)三線(xian)(xian)提升器進(jin)行(xing)提線(xian)(xian)操(cao)作，提線(xian)(xian)器應(ying)掛在(zai)導線(xian)(xian)橫(heng)擔下主材(cai)前后(hou)兩(liang)側(ce)節點板(ban)的(de)預留(liu)孔上，以便使橫(heng)擔前后(hou)兩(liang)個(ge)立面(mian)均勻受力。在(zai)實(shi)(shi)際提線(xian)(xian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，一定要(yao)注意避(bi)(bi)免對導線(xian)(xian)造(zao)成傷害，還需(xu)要(yao)避(bi)(bi)免導線(xian)(xian)出現(xian)意外下落(luo)的(de)現(xian)象。

2.2 換流器(qi)研制難點

受到換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)本身特性(xing)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)研制存(cun)在非常(chang)(chang)大(da)的(de)(de)難(nan)度。具(ju)體(ti)表(biao)現在以下幾個方面：第一，要(yao)使施工人員的(de)(de)安全得到有(you)效保證，因此，換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)必須(xu)要(yao)有(you)非常(chang)(chang)好的(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)；第二，換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)在使用過程中(zhong)，不僅(jin)要(yao)承(cheng)受較高的(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，還需要(yao)承(cheng)受直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)；第三，換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)在發熱(re)和冷(leng)卻方面較為復雜，加大(da)了(le)研制難(nan)度；第四，換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)有(you)著非常(chang)(chang)多的(de)(de)調壓(ya)級數；第五，在直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)出電(dian)(dian)方面，結(jie)構較為復雜；第六，換(huan)(huan)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)本身有(you)著非常(chang)(chang)大(da)的(de)(de)尺寸(cun)和自(zi)重。

3 特高壓(ya)直(zhi)流輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)架(jia)線(xian)的要(yao)求

3.1 電暈效應

在輸電(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，導(dao)線會(hui)存在不同(tong)(tong)程度的(de)(de)電(dian)暈(yun)放(fang)電(dian)，這是(shi)直流輸電(dian)線路中(zhong)允許(xu)存在的(de)(de)一種正(zheng)常(chang)現象(xiang)。但是(shi)電(dian)暈(yun)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)出(chu)現，會(hui)有噪音(yin)、干擾(rao)、電(dian)暈(yun)損失以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)場效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)，很大(da)程度上加大(da)了(le)輸電(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)損耗，同(tong)(tong)時還會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)周邊環(huan)境以(yi)及(ji)人(ren)們的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)生(sheng)活、工(gong)作。特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流輸電(dian)線路電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級非常(chang)高(gao)(gao)，如果(guo)不對(dui)電(dian)暈(yun)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)進行(xing)(xing)充分(fen)的(de)(de)考慮和引起(qi)足夠的(de)(de)重視，那么(me)所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)暈(yun)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)甚至(zhi)會(hui)超(chao)過(guo)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)程。因(yin)此，為了(le)降低特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流輸電(dian)線路中(zhong)電(dian)暈(yun)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)出(chu)現的(de)(de)幾率，降低電(dian)能傳輸過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)損耗，避(bi)免給周邊環(huan)境帶(dai)來影(ying)響(xiang)，一定要對(dui)絕緣子串、導(dao)線進行(xing)(xing)科(ke)學合(he)理的(de)(de)選擇(ze)，同(tong)(tong)時選擇(ze)最(zui)佳的(de)(de)金具組裝(zhuang)模(mo)式。

3.2 絕緣配合

在直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)輸電工(gong)程的(de)運行過程中，絕緣配合(he)有(you)著(zhu)非常(chang)重要的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)輸電中，絕緣子在積污方面與交流(liu)電傳輸過程有(you)著(zhu)非常(chang)大的(de)區別，會有(you)更加嚴重的(de)污穢(hui)放電現(xian)象，因此，在進行直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)線(xian)路絕緣配合(he)的(de)選擇時(shi)，一定要堅(jian)持科(ke)學(xue)合(he)理的(de)原(yuan)則，選擇最佳的(de)配合(he)方式(shi)，這有(you)利于提升直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)輸電工(gong)程的(de)運行水(shui)平。

3.3 電磁環境影響

特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路可以實(shi)現環(huan)境(jing)保護、優化資源配置等方面的(de)(de)功能，還能顯著(zhu)增強(qiang)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)走廊(lang)的(de)(de)利用效(xiao)率。主要是因為特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)，同(tong)時其塔線(xian)(xian)架設(she)較高(gao)，導線(xian)(xian)有著(zhu)非常(chang)大的(de)(de)質量，線(xian)(xian)路較為單一。與普通直流(liu)線(xian)(xian)路相比，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)環(huan)境(jing)方面有著(zhu)一定的(de)(de)區別，因此(ci)，會帶來一定的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響，必須要引起施工人員的(de)(de)重(zhong)視。另外(wai)，特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路在運行(xing)過程中(zhong)所形成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)環(huan)境(jing)與導線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)型式，以及架線(xian)(xian)高(gao)度等有著(zhu)非常(chang)密切的(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi)，因此(ci)，一定要提高(gao)對特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)環(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響的(de)(de)重(zhong)視度。

4 結 語

為了保證特(te)高(gao)壓直流輸電(dian)線(xian)路架(jia)線(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工順利、高(gao)效(xiao)的(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)，設(she)計人(ren)員和(he)管(guan)理人(ren)員必須要對(dui)(dui)其(qi)周邊(bian)環境進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)分(fen)的(de)分(fen)析(xi)和(he)管(guan)理，對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工過程中(zhong)存(cun)在的(de)各種(zhong)難題進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)積極分(fen)析(xi)，選擇科學合理的(de)解決方式，及時(shi)消(xiao)除對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工過程的(de)影響，同時(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工的(de)設(she)備(bei)以及技(ji)術要具有(you)一定的(de)先進(jin)(jin)(jin)性，在實際施(shi)(shi)(shi)工過程中(zhong)要對(dui)(dui)電(dian)暈效(xiao)應(ying)、絕緣配合、電(dian)磁(ci)環境等方面的(de)因(yin)素進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)充(chong)分(fen)考慮，使(shi)整個工程的(de)質量得到有(you)效(xiao)保證。

主要參考文獻

[1]陶永才.±800 kV特高壓直流輸電(dian)線路架線施(shi)工技術[J].科(ke)技創新與(yu)應用(yong)，2016（2）.

[2]王豐.±800 kV特高壓直流輸(shu)電線路(lu)張力架線滑車懸掛施工[J].通訊世界，2016（11）.

[3]向(xiang)波(bo).淺析(xi)特高壓(ya)直流輸電線路架線施工技術[J].通訊世(shi)界，2016（20）.

篇4

關鍵詞(ci)：特高壓；直流輸電；RTDS；控制系統

DOI：10.16640/ki.37-1222/t.2016.10.150

0 引言

特高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是指(zhi)±800kV及以上的(de)直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，適合(he)于(yu)特大(da)容量、超(chao)遠距離輸(shu)電(dian)。為了滿足“西電(dian)東送(song)”、電(dian)網增容及改(gai)善電(dian)網結構(gou)、全國聯(lian)網、提高(gao)電(dian)網安全穩定運行水(shui)平(ping)等方面的(de)需求，我國大(da)力(li)發展(zhan)特高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，根據規劃，到2020年(nian)，我國家會建(jian)成30多個特高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)工程[1-2]。

控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)是直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電的(de)“大腦”，直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電系(xi)統(tong)的(de)性能與其控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)性能有著很大關系(xi)。現有的(de)電力系(xi)統(tong)仿真(zhen)軟件(jian)中都沒有特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電的(de)標準(zhun)模(mo)型，這(zhe)對特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電的(de)研(yan)究造成很大障礙，因此(ci)，有必要搭建較為詳細的(de)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸(shu)電系(xi)統(tong)仿真(zhen)模(mo)型，為后續的(de)研(yan)究工作鋪(pu)平道路[3-4]。

1 特高壓直(zhi)流輸電系(xi)統建模

1.1 一次(ci)系統建模

系統(tong)額定電流(liu)為4kA，額定容(rong)量為6400MW。為了便于仿真，對(dui)兩端(duan)的交流(liu)系統(tong)進行了等值簡化(hua)，整流(liu)側(ce)交流(liu)系統(tong)阻抗為14.36Ω，逆變側(ce)交流(liu)系統(tong)阻抗為13.06Ω[5]。

在RTDS中利用軟(ruan)件(jian)提供的元(yuan)件(jian)模型(xing)(xing)，搭(da)建了±800kV特高壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)仿真模型(xing)(xing)。一次(ci)系(xi)統(tong)接線(xian)如圖1所示，主要元(yuan)件(jian)包括換流(liu)(liu)(liu)變壓器、換流(liu)(liu)(liu)器、平波電(dian)抗器、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)濾波器、交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)濾波器、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路和接地極線(xian)路以及開關等(deng)。

1.2 控制系統建模

控(kong)制系統模型結構如圖2所(suo)示，穩(wen)態運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)的基本控(kong)制策(ce)略為：整流側定電流控(kong)制和(he)最(zui)小觸發(fa)角限制，逆變側動態定超前觸發(fa)角β控(kong)制。

2 控制功能研究

（1）啟動響應。系統啟動時，整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和逆(ni)變側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)響應波形(xing)如圖3所示，其中，P1UDL是整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)極(ji)(ji)(ji)1的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電壓(ya)，P1IDL是整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)極(ji)(ji)(ji)1的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)，ALPHA_ORD是整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)觸發角(jiao)α；B1UDL是逆(ni)變側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)極(ji)(ji)(ji)1的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電壓(ya)，B1IDL是逆(ni)變側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)極(ji)(ji)(ji)1的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)，GAMAB是逆(ni)變側(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)關(guan)斷角(jiao)γ。

從圖3可以看(kan)出，系統(tong)啟動時，直流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)按(an)一(yi)定的(de)速(su)(su)率(lv)從0上升(sheng)到(dao)(dao)800kV，直流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)從0逐漸上升(sheng)到(dao)(dao)最小電(dian)流(liu)限(xian)制值(zhi)400A，之后(hou)直流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)按(an)照一(yi)定速(su)(su)率(lv)上升(sheng)到(dao)(dao)額定電(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)。整流(liu)側觸發角α按(an)一(yi)定速(su)(su)率(lv)降低(di)到(dao)(dao)參(can)考值(zhi)15o左(zuo)右(you)，逆變側關斷(duan)角γ下降到(dao)(dao)參(can)考值(zhi)17°左(zuo)右(you)。可見，系統(tong)能夠按(an)照參(can)數設(she)置順利啟動，達到(dao)(dao)額定運行狀態。

（2）階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)躍響應仿真。為了測試閉環電(dian)流(liu)(liu)調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)、電(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)、γ角控(kong)制器(qi)三個基本控(kong)制器(qi)的性能，進(jin)行了電(dian)流(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)躍、功率階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)躍、電(dian)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)躍和γ角階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)躍試驗。下面以電(dian)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)躍和γ角階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)躍進(jin)行說明。

1）電(dian)壓(ya)階(jie)躍響(xiang)應(ying)。在(zai)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)側設(she)置電(dian)壓(ya)階(jie)躍-80kV，持續時間1.4s，整流(liu)(liu)(liu)側響(xiang)應(ying)波形如圖4所示。從圖4可(ke)以看出，電(dian)壓(ya)階(jie)躍發生后(hou)，整流(liu)(liu)(liu)側直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)迅速減小(xiao)到720kV左(zuo)右，并(bing)穩定(ding)在(zai)720kV附近(jin)，為了保證輸(shu)送功率(lv)，在(zai)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)減小(xiao)的同時，在(zai)控制系統下(xia)，逐漸(jian)增大整流(liu)(liu)(liu)側觸發角，以增大直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。最(zui)終，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)穩定(ding)在(zai)4.5kA左(zuo)右，保證輸(shu)送功率(lv)不變(bian)。

2）γ角(jiao)階躍。在逆(ni)變側(ce)(ce)設置關斷角(jiao)γ階躍+10度，持續時間1.4s，逆(ni)變側(ce)(ce)的響應波形(xing)如圖5所示。從圖5可(ke)以看出，在γ角(jiao)階躍后，γ角(jiao)迅速增大(da)到27°左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，逆(ni)變側(ce)(ce)直流電壓迅速降低到680kV左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，直流電流也隨之增大(da)到4.4kA左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，保證系統傳輸功率(lv)基本穩定在6400MW。

（3）故(gu)障(zhang)運(yun)行仿真。設定逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)側(ce)(ce)交流母(mu)線(xian)在0s時發生三相金屬(shu)性短路接地故(gu)障(zhang)，持續時間0.1s，整(zheng)流側(ce)(ce)和逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)側(ce)(ce)波形(xing)如圖(tu)6所示，圖(tu)7是逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)側(ce)(ce)換相失敗模塊的(de)輸出波形(xing)。

故障發(fa)(fa)生后，逆(ni)變側(ce)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)迅(xun)速下(xia)降(jiang)，直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)隨(sui)之迅(xun)速增(zeng)大(da)(da)，換(huan)(huan)相(xiang)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)增(zeng)大(da)(da)，導致關(guan)斷角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)γ急速減小，當關(guan)斷角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小于7o～9o時(shi)，逆(ni)變側(ce)發(fa)(fa)生換(huan)(huan)相(xiang)失敗(bai)(bai)[5-6]，從圖中可(ke)(ke)以看出，逆(ni)變側(ce)關(guan)斷角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)γ接近于0o，說明逆(ni)變側(ce)發(fa)(fa)生了換(huan)(huan)相(xiang)失敗(bai)(bai)。在控制(zhi)系(xi)統作用下(xia)，整流(liu)(liu)(liu)側(ce)增(zeng)大(da)(da)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)α以抑制(zhi)短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。由圖7可(ke)(ke)以看出，換(huan)(huan)相(xiang)失敗(bai)(bai)預(yu)測(ce)模塊在檢(jian)測(ce)到換(huan)(huan)相(xiang)失敗(bai)(bai)后，減小觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)以增(zeng)大(da)(da)關(guan)斷角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)γ，防止連續換(huan)(huan)相(xiang)失敗(bai)(bai)[7]。

故障消失后(hou)，整流側觸(chu)發角α逐(zhu)漸減(jian)小，直流電流，直流電壓逐(zhu)漸恢復到(dao)額(e)定值，逆變側γ也(ye)恢復到(dao)正(zheng)常(chang)范圍，系統恢復正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行。

3 結論

結合所建(jian)立的特(te)高壓直流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電系(xi)統(tong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)進(jin)行(xing)了一系(xi)列的仿真試驗(yan)，通過對試驗(yan)結果(guo)的分析研究(jiu)驗(yan)證(zheng)了所搭建(jian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)的準(zhun)確性和有效性。通過啟動(dong)(dong)響應(ying)試驗(yan)驗(yan)證(zheng)了模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)能夠按照設定(ding)參數(shu)(shu)順利啟動(dong)(dong)，并(bing)達到穩(wen)定(ding)運行(xing)狀態(tai)；通過階(jie)躍(yue)響應(ying)試驗(yan)驗(yan)證(zheng)了該模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)具有良好的穩(wen)態(tai)響應(ying)特(te)性；在(zai)逆變側交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)母線設置三相短路故障，檢驗(yan)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)系(xi)統(tong)電壓變化時直流(liu)(liu)(liu)系(xi)統(tong)的影響，仿真結果(guo)表明，控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)滿足故障情(qing)況(kuang)下的控(kong)制要求(qiu)，并(bing)能夠在(zai)故障后迅(xun)速(su)調節，使(shi)系(xi)統(tong)各項參數(shu)(shu)恢復(fu)到穩(wen)定(ding)狀態(tai)。該模(mo)(mo)(mo)型(xing)可以用來進(jin)行(xing)特(te)高壓直流(liu)(liu)(liu)運行(xing)特(te)性及交(jiao)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)交(jiao)互影響的研究(jiu)。

參考文獻：

[1]劉振亞.特高壓直流輸電(dian)技術研究成果專輯(ji)（2008年）[M].北京：中國電(dian)力出版社，2009：3-6.

[2]黃道春，魏遠航，鐘連宏，阮江軍，皇甫成(cheng).我國發展特高壓直流輸(shu)電(dian)中一(yi)些(xie)問題的(de)探討[J].電(dian)網技(ji)術，2007（08）：6-12.

[3]周(zhou)浩(hao)，鐘一俊.特高壓交、直流輸電的適(shi)用場合及(ji)其技術比較[J]. 電力自動化設備，2007（05）：6-12+39.

[4] 張晉華，劉云，印永(yong)華，湯涌.特(te)高壓交/直流電網仿真技術研究[J].電網技術，2007（23）：1-5.

[5]鄭曉(xiao)冬，邰能靈，楊光(guang)亮(liang)，涂崎(qi).特高(gao)壓直流輸電系統的建模與(yu)仿(fang)真[J].電力(li)自動化設備，2012（07）：10-14+61.

篇5

【P鍵(jian)詞】高壓(ya)直流電源 通信領域 應(ying)用

對(dui)于通(tong)信(xin)(xin)領域，電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)就是(shi)(shi)整(zheng)個系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心臟，對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依賴非常(chang)(chang)強，短時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)中斷都會造成(cheng)非常(chang)(chang)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果。在通(tong)信(xin)(xin)領域，我(wo)國這些年發展(zhan)速度(du)非常(chang)(chang)快，取(qu)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)非常(chang)(chang)顯著，技(ji)術上也(ye)(ye)不斷提(ti)升。高(gao)壓(ya)直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)方面(mian)(mian)正是(shi)(shi)技(ji)術方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)大革新(xin)，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)在通(tong)信(xin)(xin)領域得(de)到廣泛關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項技(ji)術。尤其是(shi)(shi)近年來(lai)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)大量(liang)不斷增多(duo)，供(gong)電(dian)(dian)方面(mian)(mian)變得(de)越來(lai)越富在，很(hen)多(duo)設備由于得(de)不到保養也(ye)(ye)留下很(hen)多(duo)隱患。而很(hen)對(dui)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)系統(tong)發生故障都是(shi)(shi)由于在電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)上出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，這一(yi)(yi)類事故占據總(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)半。

1 UPS存在的問題

1.1 安全問題

UPS輸出(chu)的(de)(de)是(shi)最常見(jian)的(de)(de)220V交流電(dian)(dian)。備用蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)則是(shi)專用的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)，作為蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池，輸出(chu)的(de)(de)是(shi)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)，在進行使用的(de)(de)時(shi)候，不能(neng)為系(xi)統直(zhi)接供電(dian)(dian)，而是(shi)要經過轉(zhuan)換，轉(zhuan)為交流電(dian)(dian)才(cai)能(neng)供給(gei)，這(zhe)其中要依靠的(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)UPS中的(de)(de)逆(ni)變模塊。這(zhe)就(jiu)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhu)UPS一定(ding)要有非常高的(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性才(cai)能(neng)讓整(zheng)個(ge)系(xi)統保持平(ping)穩(wen)(wen)運(yun)行。而UPS一旦在逆(ni)變模塊上出(chu)現(xian)問題，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池輸出(chu)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)無法(fa)(fa)得到(dao)轉(zhuan)換，就(jiu)會(hui)讓供電(dian)(dian)出(chu)現(xian)問題，即便是(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)再充足(zu)，也無法(fa)(fa)為系(xi)統提供任何供給(gei)，就(jiu)會(hui)造成難以預料的(de)(de)損失(shi)。

1.2 維護問題

處于在技術(shu)方(fang)面的(de)(de)保護(hu)和(he)經濟效益方(fang)面的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)考慮，UPS的(de)(de)廠家并不會將(jiang)其系統內(nei)部的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)方(fang)法(fa)公開，因此企業的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)人(ren)員(yuan)也沒有任何有效的(de)(de)方(fang)式自行進(jin)(jin)行維(wei)(wei)護(hu)或者故障排除，只(zhi)能(neng)依靠廠家完(wan)成維(wei)(wei)護(hu)，日常進(jin)(jin)行維(wei)(wei)護(hu)根本無法(fa)實現。

1.3 浪費問題

UPS通(tong)常(chang)都是(shi)設置(zhi)兩個。一個用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)日常(chang)維(wei)持(chi)供電(dian)，一個用(yong)(yong)(yong)于備份(fen)。通(tong)常(chang)一個系(xi)統(tong)的負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)率能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)達(da)到50%，以兩個系(xi)統(tong)支(zhi)持(chi)，若是(shi)再加(jia)一個主(zhu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)系(xi)統(tong)，能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)將負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)率再提升(sheng)(sheng)16%作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。這(zhe)機會就是(shi)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)達(da)到的最高的標準。有(you)時候為了能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)讓負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)率提升(sheng)(sheng)，降(jiang)低(di)在供電(dian)中出現故障(zhang)的幾(ji)率，會讓系(xi)統(tong)保持(chi)一定的冗余(yu)度，所以按照容量(liang)的80%來(lai)進行計算，每一套UPS大約(yue)要(yao)讓負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)率達(da)到45%，通(tong)常(chang)為了能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)讓系(xi)統(tong)的供電(dian)提升(sheng)(sheng)安(an)全性(xing)，就要(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩套（N+1）UPS，讓每一套UPS負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)率盡可能(neng)(neng)降(jiang)低(di)，但這(zhe)樣(yang)就造成了電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的浪費。

2 高壓直流電源在通(tong)信領域(yu)應(ying)用的優勢(shi)

2.1 安全可靠

相比(bi)于以(yi)往使(shi)用的(de)(de)UPS，直(zhi)(zhi)流供電(dian)(dian)在安(an)全性和可(ke)靠(kao)性上有了很(hen)大的(de)(de)提升。首先就(jiu)是高壓直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源會采用閥(fa)控(kong)式鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)和通(tong)(tong)信設(she)備(bei)及女性并聯。這(zhe)樣結構在安(an)全性上有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)保(bao)障(zhang)，一(yi)旦(dan)系統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)入的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能過程(cheng)出現故障(zhang)，就(jiu)會觸發閥(fa)控(kong)式鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，讓其(qi)為通(tong)(tong)信設(she)備(bei)直(zhi)(zhi)接進行(xing)供電(dian)(dian)，而中(zhong)間(jian)不(bu)必再使(shi)用轉換器(qi)。高壓直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源并不(bu)需要以(yi)往UPS那樣每個模(mo)(mo)塊之間(jian)都要進行(xing)必要的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)信，讓每個模(mo)(mo)塊保(bao)持同步(bu)，即(ji)便是高能直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源中(zhong)某個模(mo)(mo)塊出現問題，主要保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)壓穩(wen)定(ding)，系統(tong)(tong)依舊可(ke)以(yi)持續(xu)為通(tong)(tong)信系統(tong)(tong)供電(dian)(dian)。

2.2 效率更高

首次就是(shi)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源在(zai)進行供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時候不會經過逆變的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)，在(zai)這(zhe)一過程(cheng)中，就會節約(yue)大約(yue)5%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，因此使用(yong)(yong)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源能夠讓(rang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)效率得(de)到(dao)(dao)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)。然(ran)后就是(shi)對通信系統輸入的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不會存在(zai)設(she)備上的(de)(de)(de)諧波干擾，這(zhe)就讓(rang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜不會產生太多的(de)(de)(de)發熱量。最后就是(shi)高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)并(bing)機技術(shu)非常簡單便捷，其(qi)中每個模塊(kuai)(kuai)都是(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)接并(bing)聯的(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)且每個模塊(kuai)(kuai)能夠達到(dao)(dao)75%的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)率。高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源目前能夠達到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)轉換率大約(yue)是(shi)90%左(zuo)右，與以往使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)UPS相比，大約(yue)可(ke)以達到(dao)(dao)25%左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)效果，節能的(de)(de)(de)效果非常明(ming)顯。

2.3 維護簡單

不同于UPS的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護技(ji)術被廠家(jia)緊(jin)緊(jin)把持，高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)主要是用模塊化構(gou)建，只(zhi)(zhi)要依(yi)據(ju)一定的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法和標準就能(neng)完成安全防護的(de)(de)(de)工作，企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護人員也(ye)不需要很(hen)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)技(ji)能(neng)，只(zhi)(zhi)需要進行(xing)(xing)簡單(dan)培(pei)訓(xun)就可(ke)以掌握維(wei)護的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法。在日常的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護中(zhong)，企(qi)業(ye)自身完全能(neng)夠完成，不必再(zai)以來廠家(jia)。高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源單(dan)個系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)源容(rong)(rong)量(liang)是600A，擴(kuo)容(rong)(rong)也(ye)非常簡單(dan)，只(zhi)(zhi)有預先留下(xia)一些機架的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置，在日后有需要的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)隨(sui)時可(ke)以進行(xing)(xing)擴(kuo)容(rong)(rong)。

3 高壓直流電源的可(ke)行性

以當下(xia)通信(xin)領域的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準，通信(xin)網絡設備(bei)中對(dui)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)也(ye)(ye)有(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準，有(you)功能因(yin)數(shu)校(xiao)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，其電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)標(biao)準是(shi)(shi)在(zai)200V到400V之間，而沒有(you)進行功率因(yin)數(shu)校(xiao)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)則是(shi)(shi)要(yao)在(zai)300V以下(xia)，根(gen)據這兩(liang)種電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)完(wan)全在(zai)能夠容納的(de)(de)(de)范圍內。相(xiang)比(bi)于從前的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)進行供電(dian)(dian)，其電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)比(bi)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)小得多(duo)，相(xiang)當于交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)91.7%，而產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)熱量也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)更少，根(gen)據熱量方面的(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)，以直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，輸(shu)入后產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)熱量大(da)約是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)五分之四左右，因(yin)此現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)中，完(wan)全能夠應(ying)用高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)進線供電(dian)(dian)。

4 高壓直流電源的缺(que)點

高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)也有其自身的(de)(de)缺點(dian)，在進(jin)行應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)要(yao)格外注意。首先就是高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)配電(dian)(dian)開關的(de)(de)滅弧性(xing)能有著非常嚴格的(de)(de)要(yao)求。交流電(dian)(dian)在一個周期內(nei)會存在過零點(dian)，在發生(sheng)短路時(shi)，過零點(dian)就會讓開關在斷開時(shi)，很容易讓產生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)弧滅弧。其次就是電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)線徑要(yao)相(xiang)對(dui)增加。UPS輸出電(dian)(dian)能到配電(dian)(dian)柜，其中(zhong)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是三(san)相(xiang)四(si)線的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)方(fang)式，而一旦(dan)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，就要(yao)用(yong)(yong)一相(xiang)兩(liang)線的(de)(de)方(fang)式進(jin)行供電(dian)(dian)，在相(xiang)同的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)，高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)消耗更(geng)大。

5 結論

相(xiang)對來說(shuo)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流電(dian)源雖(sui)然有一點(dian)(dian)的(de)缺點(dian)(dian)，但(dan)與其優勢相(xiang)比，還是(shi)值得推廣(guang)，兩種(zhong)缺點(dian)(dian)也(ye)是(shi)能夠彌補(bu)的(de)，但(dan)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流電(dian)源在通信(xin)(xin)領域卻有著不可替代的(de)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)性(xing)、安(an)全(quan)性(xing)以及(ji)可靠(kao)性(xing)，這些(xie)性(xing)能都(dou)是(shi)通信(xin)(xin)領域非(fei)常(chang)需(xu)要的(de)，也(ye)是(shi)UPS所缺少的(de)，因此高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流電(dian)源非(fei)常(chang)適合在通信(xin)(xin)領域應用。當(dang)然，在這套供(gong)電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)，要想(xiang)被眾(zhong)多通信(xin)(xin)企(qi)業接受，還有很(hen)多問題需(xu)要解決，但(dan)未來一定會(hui)成為(wei)在供(gong)電(dian)方面的(de)主流產(chan)品，為(wei)我國通信(xin)(xin)行(xing)業的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)發(fa)揮出價值。

參考文獻

[1]把握(wo)高壓直流電源(yuan)大趨勢[J].通信電源(yuan)技術，2014（02）：7.

[2]中(zhong)恒電(dian)氣高壓直流電(dian)源系統入圍廣電(dian)系統[J].電(dian)源世界，2014（03）：16.

[3]馬(ma)濤.高(gao)壓直(zhi)流供(gong)電(dian)模式(shi)在IDC機(ji)房的應用分析[J].中國新通信，2013（17）：72.

篇6

[關鍵詞(ci)]通信 數據機(ji)房 高壓(ya)直流(liu) 改造 關鍵

中(zhong)圖分類(lei)號：TM121.1.3 文獻標(biao)識碼(ma)：B 文章編(bian)號：1009-914X（2015）25-0031-01

引言

我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代社會早(zao)已進入(ru)一個(ge)由信息所貫(guan)穿的(de)(de)(de)世代，無論是語音(yin)通(tong)信還是數據(ju)通(tong)信都嚴重(zhong)依賴(lai)于信息技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，信息技(ji)術(shu)(shu)已經成為(wei)(wei)這個(ge)世代區別于其(qi)他世代的(de)(de)(de)根本(ben)特(te)質，信息技(ji)術(shu)(shu)對于連續(xu)性要(yao)求較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，因此，需要(yao)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)穩定(ding)且可靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)能源(yuan)(yuan)動力。電源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性、穩定(ding)性與不間斷(duan)性就成了通(tong)信領(ling)域網絡(luo)系統的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)要(yao)求。在這種情(qing)況(kuang)之下，傳統UPS的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性較(jiao)差的(de)(de)(de)致命缺陷就凸顯(xian)了出(chu)來，而高(gao)(gao)壓直流則憑借其(qi)優越的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性脫穎(ying)而出(chu)。

1.通(tong)信(xin)領域數(shu)據機房(fang)高壓直流改造

1.1 傳(chuan)統UPS的致(zhi)命缺(que)陷

既有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)UPS單個(ge)(ge)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量過(guo)于(yu)龐(pang)大(da)(da)，這不(bu)但給(gei)(gei)維護(hu)工(gong)作(zuo)帶來巨(ju)大(da)(da)困(kun)難，而且亦給(gei)(gei)故障所受(shou)(shou)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍無形加大(da)(da)，致(zhi)使通(tong)信網絡系統(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)設備(bei)無法按(an)照(zhao)模塊(kuai)化在(zai)遭遇異常時(shi)分別(bie)發揮其作(zuo)用，同時(shi)過(guo)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單個(ge)(ge)系統(tong)容量亦給(gei)(gei)系統(tong)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組件與(yu)性(xing)能(neng)帶來了(le)更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)與(yu)負(fu)擔，這也是造成整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)系統(tong)可靠(kao)性(xing)逐(zhu)年(nian)大(da)(da)幅下降的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)根本原因，尤其是無論市電正常與(yu)否都(dou)必(bi)(bi)須一直處(chu)于(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)狀態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)變器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)負(fu)荷過(guo)重，這就(jiu)必(bi)(bi)然導致(zhi)其故障頻(pin)仍，這種過(guo)于(yu)龐(pang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)一旦出現問題，因之受(shou)(shou)累的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等待(dai)故障恢復時(shi)間遠(yuan)比高壓直流所需等待(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間要長得多，同時(shi)，傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)UPS缺乏(fa)整(zheng)體系統(tong)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)線智能(neng)監控與(yu)管理(li)手段，無法遠(yuan)程即時(shi)乃至提(ti)前獲(huo)知整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)系統(tong)各部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全部工(gong)作(zuo)狀態，當(dang)然亦無法得到(dao)系統(tong)故障的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)警(jing)與(yu)警(jing)示，這就(jiu)必(bi)(bi)然造成了(le)故障的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突然性(xing)。

1.2 高壓直流(liu)改造大勢(shi)所趨(qu)

數(shu)據(ju)機房(fang)(fang)所使用的(de)(de)(de)UPS系統(tong)為四級(ji)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)結構(gou)層級(ji)，過多的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)層級(ji)必然(ran)帶來(lai)線纜(lan)等(deng)投(tou)資的(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)，同(tong)時(shi)，還(huan)會增加(jia)傳輸過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)，將配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)向(xiang)(xiang)負載末端(duan)靠近是未來(lai)數(shu)據(ju)機房(fang)(fang)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)大趨勢，由(you)集中式(shi)向(xiang)(xiang)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)不斷演進是數(shu)據(ju)機房(fang)(fang)動(dong)力環境發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)大趨勢。傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)UPS系統(tong)通常需(xu)要四級(ji)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)完(wan)成拓(tuo)撲，而高壓直流則通常三級(ji)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)層級(ji)即可完(wan)成拓(tuo)撲，相(xiang)對市電(dian)(dian)直供(gong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)兩級(ji)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)僅多了(le)一級(ji)層級(ji)，從理論上來(lai)看層級(ji)越(yue)多，顯(xian)然(ran)效率越(yue)低，同(tong)時(shi)由(you)此造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能損(sun)(sun)耗(hao)也必然(ran)會隨(sui)之而增加(jia)。

1.3 高(gao)壓直流(liu)改造勢在(zai)必(bi)行(xing)

傳(chuan)統UPS存在(zai)著轉換(huan)效(xiao)率過(guo)(guo)高，能耗過(guo)(guo)大的(de)問題(ti)。通(tong)(tong)信領域所使用的(de)傳(chuan)統UPS的(de)蓄(xu)電池組處于電源的(de)輸(shu)入端，因(yin)此(ci)，一旦UPS的(de)逆變系(xi)(xi)(xi)統或開關系(xi)(xi)(xi)統及其任(ren)何部件出現(xian)任(ren)何單(dan)點故障，都(dou)會造成(cheng)整個UPS系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)徹底癱瘓，而(er)(er)這對于任(ren)何一家(jia)通(tong)(tong)信系(xi)(xi)(xi)統而(er)(er)言都(dou)是無法容忍(ren)的(de)。并且由于使用年限已(yi)經超過(guo)(guo)免(mian)費維(wei)護(hu)期限，因(yin)此(ci)，單(dan)次的(de)維(wei)護(hu)成(cheng)本過(guo)(guo)高，傳(chuan)統UPS的(de)結構與技術都(dou)過(guo)(guo)于復雜，這就給維(wei)護(hu)工(gong)作帶來了巨大的(de)困難，而(er)(er)一旦出現(xian)問題(ti)，在(zai)維(wei)護(hu)人員未能及時趕(gan)到(dao)現(xian)場的(de)情況(kuang)下，災難的(de)后果將不可避免(mian)，由此(ci)可見(jian)，針(zhen)對傳(chuan)統UPS的(de)改(gai)造已(yi)經勢在(zai)必(bi)行(xing)。

2.高壓直流改(gai)造關鍵問題及(ji)其解決(jue)

2.1 PSU與PFC兼容問(wen)題

在(zai)改造(zao)過程中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)在(zai)所難免，重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是在(zai)發(fa)現問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)時應針對具體(ti)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)進行具體(ti)分析，對問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)予(yu)以(yi)及時解決，以(yi)免為整個高壓直(zhi)流的(de)(de)(de)后續正(zheng)常(chang)運作帶(dai)來嚴重(zhong)后果。在(zai)改造(zao)過程中(zhong)(zhong)首先發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)是交(jiao)流數據設備(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)PSU檢測問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，目前數據機房中(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)數據設備(bei)絕大多數均內置有PSU，其中(zhong)(zhong)部分未(wei)采用(yong)直(zhi)流電(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)PSU無法啟(qi)動(dong)。

首先，交流(liu)數(shu)據設備(bei)中的PSU由(you)于(yu)具備(bei)交流(liu)電(dian)壓檢(jian)測功能與過程，因(yin)此，其啟動(dong)(dong)要件為檢(jian)測到交流(liu)電(dian)壓變化(hua)(hua)，而直流(liu)電(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)時并不會(hui)產生電(dian)源波形(xing)變化(hua)(hua)，此時，數(shu)據設備(bei)中的PSU即(ji)會(hui)誤判為沒有電(dian)源輸入(ru)，因(yin)此不會(hui)執行(xing)數(shu)據設備(bei)后續的啟動(dong)(dong)程序，這就會(hui)導致數(shu)據設備(bei)無法啟動(dong)(dong)。

針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)此類(lei)設(she)備(bei)，只能采取更換PSU或(huo)更換整(zheng)個(ge)數(shu)據設(she)備(bei)方能予以解決(jue)。其(qi)次(ci)，部分數(shu)據設(she)備(bei)由于同時(shi)采用了直(zhi)流PSU與PFC電路，直(zhi)流PSU雖然可以正常(chang)工作，但是PFC電路卻會在(zai)直(zhi)流電壓恒定時(shi)受到沖擊，進而會啟動其(qi)自保護(hu)電路進入系(xi)統保護(hu)狀態，無法正常(chang)工作。針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)這(zhe)種問(wen)題，可以將直(zhi)流系(xi)統中(zhong)的啟動改為軟啟動即可解決(jue)。

2.2 市電(dian)與發(fa)電(dian)機切換(huan)問題(ti)

在(zai)改(gai)造過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)進(jin)行帶載試機(ji)時(shi)出現了市電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)之間切(qie)換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)，經重(zhong)新開機(ji)可(ke)以正常切(qie)換(huan)(huan)，仔細檢查發現是(shi)由(you)大(da)容量自(zi)切(qie)開關(guan)零(ling)(ling)線未中(zhong)(zhong)斷引起(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)，由(you)于DSP控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)UPS等設(she)備(bei)需(xu)要(yao)零(ling)(ling)線鉗位，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，在(zai)改(gai)造過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)兩種方(fang)法予(yu)以解決，一種方(fang)法是(shi)直接(jie)選用(yong)(yong)三極ATS，一種方(fang)法是(shi)將四極ATS中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)四極空開換(huan)(huan)成三極，或者(zhe)對(dui)其N極短接(jie)處(chu)理，即可(ke)避免此(ci)(ci)(ci)類問題的(de)(de)(de)出現。由(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)可(ke)見，選用(yong)(yong)ATS是(shi)高壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統(tong)改(gai)造成功與(yu)否的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。此(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai)，在(zai)實際的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)實施過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，必(bi)須(xu)對(dui)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)、UPS等轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)之后，零(ling)(ling)線相通問題予(yu)以關(guan)注，以免因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)引起(qi)(qi)(qi)不必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)高壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)謂故障(zhang)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，多(duo)臺UPS系(xi)統(tong)并(bing)機(ji)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，也存(cun)(cun)在(zai)零(ling)(ling)線未中(zhong)(zhong)斷引起(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，在(zai)高壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)系(xi)統(tong)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)多(duo)臺UPS并(bing)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)情況時(shi)，在(zai)設(she)計與(yu)實施過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)應使用(yong)(yong)同(tong)(tong)一電(dian)(dian)(dian)源作(zuo)為多(duo)臺并(bing)機(ji)UPS的(de)(de)(de)旁路輸(shu)入。

2.3 高(gao)壓直流(liu)的高(gao)壓安全問題及其(qi)解決

在(zai)改(gai)(gai)造過(guo)程中(zhong)遇到的另(ling)一個問(wen)題是安(an)全(quan)(quan)問(wen)題，首先，由于(yu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務器在(zai)輸入端都會(hui)安(an)裝(zhuang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)熔絲保(bao)險裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)保(bao)險裝(zhuang)置(zhi)設(she)(she)置(zhi)的初衷是為(wei)了在(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)異常(chang)時(shi)分(fen)斷(duan)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，但是同(tong)樣的裝(zhuang)置(zhi)在(zai)分(fen)斷(duan)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)時(shi)卻存在(zai)著(zhu)一定的安(an)全(quan)(quan)風險，此外(wai)，服(fu)(fu)(fu)務器的保(bao)險通(tong)常(chang)默認加(jia)于(yu)L線，且通(tong)常(chang)為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)單相開(kai)(kai)關，N線沒有任何(he)保(bao)護亦無法(fa)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)，此時(shi)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)供(gong)電(dian)時(shi)，服(fu)(fu)(fu)務器內(nei)部(bu)就(jiu)會(hui)因為(wei)負極沒有保(bao)護而(er)存在(zai)一定的設(she)(she)備安(an)全(quan)(quan)風險與人(ren)員安(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患。其(qi)次，由于(yu)絕大多數為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)使用環(huan)境而(er)生產的服(fu)(fu)(fu)務器其(qi)撥動開(kai)(kai)關均(jun)為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)部(bu)件，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)部(bu)件在(zai)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸入時(shi)輕則會(hui)出(chu)現拉(la)弧(hu)，重則會(hui)出(chu)現燃(ran)燒甚至燒毀的情況，而(er)且電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)強(qiang)度越高(gao)這(zhe)(zhe)種現象就(jiu)越嚴重，當電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)強(qiang)度達到5A時(shi)，現象最為(wei)嚴重。同(tong)樣，在(zai)使用交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)插排時(shi)亦會(hui)出(chu)現拉(la)孤(gu)現象。針對改(gai)(gai)造過(guo)程中(zhong)的安(an)全(quan)(quan)問(wen)題，最佳的解(jie)決方法(fa)即(ji)將這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)安(an)全(quan)(quan)問(wen)題反饋(kui)給設(she)(she)備生產廠家(jia)，由廠家(jia)予以(yi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)確認或設(she)(she)備改(gai)(gai)造處理。

數據(ju)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)輸入部分(fen)由于(yu)沒有(you)(you)了傳統UPS的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)頻變(bian)壓(ya)器，因此，輸入直流電源(yuan)無短路(lu)現象發生，部分(fen)設備(bei)由于(yu)采用(yong)(yong)半波整(zheng)流，因此輸入直流電源(yuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)不(bu)工(gong)作，針對這種(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況將(jiang)直流輸入的(de)(de)(de)正級(ji)與負級(ji)調整(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)，設備(bei)恢復正常工(gong)作狀態。電信高壓(ya)直流改造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)地(di)形式通常可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)負極接(jie)(jie)地(di)、蓄電池組中(zhong)點接(jie)(jie)地(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及不(bu)接(jie)(jie)地(di)三種(zhong)方式，其中(zhong)不(bu)接(jie)(jie)地(di)方式亦(yi)稱為浮地(di)。根據(ju)三種(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)對比分(fen)析(xi)可(ke)(ke)見，只(zhi)有(you)(you)浮地(di)的(de)(de)(de)方式對于(yu)人(ren)身(shen)安全防護最有(you)(you)保障(zhang)，因此，以(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)身(shen)安全為第一要(yao)(yao)著考量，以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)浮地(di)方式接(jie)(jie)地(di)為宜。此外(wai)，屏柜門(men)打開時(shi)(shi)，凡可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)進接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)觸到的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)母線或導體均需進行絕緣處理(li)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)保障(zhang)人(ren)身(shen)安全。配電系統以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)雙極或多級(ji)開關為宜，開關要(yao)(yao)求應能同時(shi)(shi)切斷正負極回路(lu)。

3、結語

高壓直(zhi)流供電系統(tong)可靠性高，效率高，節能，較之傳統(tong)的(de) UPS 電源具有較大的(de)優(you)勢，特別(bie)適用(yong)于設備(bei)功率較大的(de)場(chang)合。但電源技(ji)(ji)術的(de)大規(gui)(gui)模應用(yong)仍將是(shi)一個(ge)浩大的(de)系統(tong)工程，涉及到后端設備(bei)、技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)范、產業保障等等各方面(mian)的(de)問(wen)題，更好地解決這些(xie)問(wen)題對于未來高壓直(zhi)流在新(xin)常態(tai)下的(de)提速發展至關重(zhong)要。

參考文獻

[1] 郁百超.論傳(chuan)統不(bu)間斷電源即將“功成身退(tui)”[J].冶金動力(li)，2004（02）：15-17.

篇7

基于常規直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)及(ji)柔性直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)多端直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)和直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)網技術(shu)(shu)是解決中國新能源并網和消納問(wen)題(ti)的(de)有效(xiao)技術(shu)(shu)手段之一。然而，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)阻尼相對(dui)較(jiao)低(di)，相對(dui)于交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)系統(tong)，其故障電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)發展更快，控(kong)制保護難度更大。中國大容量遠距離直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)系統(tong)中，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)側故障約占直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)系統(tong)故障的(de)50%。為(wei)快速限制并切斷故障電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，以(yi)(yi)維持直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)系統(tong)的(de)安全穩(wen)定(ding)運(yun)行并保護輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)系統(tong)中的(de)關鍵設備，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)成(cheng)為(wei)有效(xiao)的(de)技術(shu)(shu)手段。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)機械式(shi)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(mechanicalHVDCcircuitbreaker)、固(gu)態高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(solid-stateHVDCcircuitbreaker)與混合式(shi)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(hybridHVDCcircuitbreaker)這3種(zhong)形式(shi)。除直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接采(cai)用直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)開斷短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)方式(shi)以(yi)(yi)外，還可(ke)增加直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)以(yi)(yi)配合直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)開斷短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)器(qi)是一種(zhong)類變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)抑制裝置(zhi)，其利用鐵磁材料的(de)渦流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)損(sun)耗和磁滯損(sun)耗來消耗短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)故障能量。

緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器的(de)FBO模(mo)型由美國(guo)勞倫斯伯(bo)克利(li)國(guo)家實(shi)(shi)驗室(shi)的(de)Fink、Baker和(he)Owern三位(wei)學者建(jian)立，在緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器鐵(tie)心(xin)不(bu)飽和(he)的(de)假(jia)(jia)設(she)下，給出了緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)計算方法，但該(gai)模(mo)型將緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)感(gan)視為無窮大(da)而(er)進(jin)行忽略。文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)[17-18]通過消除FBO模(mo)型對于實(shi)(shi)際(ji)渦(wo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)是其(qi)計算值2.5倍的(de)假(jia)(jia)設(she)，設(she)計出更加(jia)緊(jin)湊的(de)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器。文(wen)獻(xian)(xian)[19-21]給出了緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)感(gan)的(de)計算公式，基于變(bian)壓器理論并(bing)結合(he)FBO模(mo)型，建(jian)立了時變(bian)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)時變(bian)電(dian)感(gan)并(bing)聯的(de)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)路，并(bing)成功運用于先進(jin)實(shi)(shi)驗超導托卡馬克(experimentaladvancedsuperconductingTokamak，EAST)裝置中性(xing)(xing)束注入系統的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器設(she)計。本文(wen)首先基于鐵(tie)心(xin)材料(liao)的(de)優化平(ping)行四邊(bian)形磁(ci)滯回線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)變(bian)壓器基本理論，建(jian)立非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)感(gan)并(bing)聯的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)模(mo)型。接(jie)著，分別進(jin)行實(shi)(shi)驗驗證和(he)仿真驗證，驗證高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器對短(duan)路電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)抑制性(xing)(xing)能。然(ran)后(hou)(hou)，利(li)用高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)模(mo)型，分析其(qi)非線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)路的(de)動態響應。最后(hou)(hou)，提出了一種(zhong)高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)器和(he)高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)斷路器混合(he)的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)短(duan)路保護方案(an)。

1高壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖器的模型

高壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)緩沖器(qi)通(tong)過N個鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)磁(ci)環套在高壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線上以實現對(dui)短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)抑制，類似于(yu)原邊為(wei)(wei)(wei)單匝繞組的(de)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)，該單匝繞組為(wei)(wei)(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線，其結(jie)構示意如圖1所示。圖中：iA為(wei)(wei)(wei)短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)；U0為(wei)(wei)(wei)雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)初始電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)；W為(wei)(wei)(wei)單個鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)疊(die)片(pian)寬度；NC為(wei)(wei)(wei)串聯的(de)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)疊(die)片(pian)數；NL為(wei)(wei)(wei)單個鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)疊(die)片(pian)層數；NT為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)線的(de)匝數；r為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)線半徑(jing)(jing)；r1、r0分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)的(de)內外半徑(jing)(jing)。

1.1高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)的(de)(de)等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正常(chang)情況下，由于高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)上(shang)傳輸直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)對系統不(bu)產生影響；一旦發生短路(lu)，鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)將(jiang)抑制短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流峰值(zhi)，并(bing)將(jiang)故障(zhang)能(neng)量消耗(hao)(hao)在激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上(shang)。如鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)渦流損耗(hao)(hao)和(he)磁(ci)滯損耗(hao)(hao)不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)(yi)消耗(hao)(hao)大部分故障(zhang)能(neng)量，則可在鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)上(shang)增加一副(fu)邊繞(rao)組(zu)，利用(yong)該(gai)繞(rao)組(zu)串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻消耗(hao)(hao)能(neng)量。根據變壓器(qi)非(fei)線(xian)性(xing)模型的(de)(de)基本原(yuan)理，高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)在沒有(you)副(fu)邊繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)情況下的(de)(de)等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)如圖2(a)所示。圖中R1、X1分別為(wei)高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)原(yuan)邊繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗，分別代(dai)表輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗；Rs、Xs分別為(wei)高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗。激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)均不(bu)是常(chang)量，其大小隨著鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)磁(ci)路(lu)的(de)(de)飽(bao)和(he)程度而變化。由于原(yuan)邊繞(rao)組(zu)阻抗比激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)磁(ci)阻抗小得多，因此可以(yi)(yi)將(jiang)其忽略進而得到高(gao)(gao)壓直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)的(de)(de)簡化等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)見圖2(b)。

1.2高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩沖(chong)器的(de)數學模(mo)型由高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩沖(chong)器的(de)簡化(hua)等效(xiao)電路可知，對其(qi)進行數學建(jian)模(mo)只(zhi)需確定高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩沖(chong)器鐵心的(de)非(fei)線性電阻(zu)和非(fei)線性電感。

1.2.1高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)器(qi)的(de)非(fei)線(xian)性電阻高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)器(qi)是(shi)一(yi)種利用鐵(tie)磁(ci)材(cai)料渦流(liu)(liu)損耗(hao)(hao)和(he)磁(ci)滯損耗(hao)(hao)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)故障(zhang)能(neng)(neng)量的(de)保護裝置(zhi)。趨膚效應會降低鐵(tie)心(xin)疊(die)片(pian)的(de)渦流(liu)(liu)電阻，并進一(yi)步地(di)削(xue)弱鐵(tie)心(xin)對(dui)(dui)故障(zhang)能(neng)(neng)量的(de)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)力。為(wei)減小趨膚效應的(de)影響，提高鐵(tie)心(xin)的(de)渦流(liu)(liu)損耗(hao)(hao)，以增加(jia)鐵(tie)心(xin)對(dui)(dui)故障(zhang)電流(liu)(liu)的(de)抑制能(neng)(neng)力，高壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)器(qi)將單個鐵(tie)心(xin)疊(die)片(pian)需分(fen)成NL層(ceng)，如圖1所示。文獻(xian)[16-18]對(dui)(dui)每層(ceng)疊(die)片(pian)的(de)飽(bao)和(he)深度進行了分(fen)析。

1.2.2高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)的(de)非線(xian)性電(dian)(dian)感高(gao)壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)的(de)激磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)感為非線(xian)性時變電(dian)(dian)感，其值與鐵(tie)心(xin)磁(ci)路(lu)的(de)飽(bao)和(he)程度(du)有關(guan)。鐵(tie)心(xin)材料的(de)平行四(si)邊形優(you)化磁(ci)滯回(hui)(hui)(hui)線(xian)如圖(tu)3所示。當緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)反(fan)向(xiang)偏(pian)置電(dian)(dian)源通入反(fan)向(xiang)偏(pian)置電(dian)(dian)流時，緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)鐵(tie)心(xin)進入反(fan)向(xiang)深(shen)度(du)飽(bao)和(he)點(dian)R；在(zai)系(xi)統正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)時，傳輸線(xian)上(shang)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流使得鐵(tie)心(xin)的(de)狀(zhuang)態回(hui)(hui)(hui)到淺(qian)飽(bao)和(he)區S；當發生故障(zhang)時主回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流會增大，使鐵(tie)心(xin)由(you)點(dian)S沿(yan)B-H曲線(xian)中(zhong)的(de)S-X-N-T-Y-Z-X-S移動。在(zai)Y-Z階段，鐵(tie)心(xin)的(de)磁(ci)導(dao)率比較大，會產(chan)生很(hen)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)感，對短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流具有較大的(de)抑制能力。

2高壓直流(liu)緩沖器的驗(yan)證

為驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)高壓直(zhi)流(liu)緩(huan)沖(chong)器非線性(xing)模(mo)型(xing)的(de)準確性(xing)及其(qi)工作(zuo)性(xing)能，分(fen)別(bie)進(jin)行了短(duan)路(lu)實驗(yan)和建模(mo)仿真(zhen)，通過結果對(dui)比進(jin)行模(mo)型(xing)及性(xing)能驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)。其(qi)中，高壓直(zhi)流(liu)緩(huan)沖(chong)器短(duan)路(lu)實驗(yan)的(de)配置如圖4所示。在Matlab/Simulink中建立高壓直(zhi)流(liu)緩(huan)沖(chong)器的(de)仿真(zhen)模(mo)型(xing)，如圖5所示。對(dui)高壓直(zhi)流(liu)緩(huan)沖(chong)器處于過阻(zu)尼和欠阻(zu)尼這(zhe)2種狀態，分(fen)別(bie)進(jin)行實驗(yan)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)和仿真(zhen)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)。鐵心的(de)詳細參數如表1所示。

2.1高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作于過(guo)(guo)阻尼狀態(tai)進行(xing)過(guo)(guo)阻尼實驗驗證和仿真驗證時，系統(tong)的(de)(de)雜散電(dian)容為16.5nF，雜散電(dian)容的(de)(de)初始(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為42.1kV。短(duan)路電(dian)流的(de)(de)波(bo)形對比如圖6所示。進一步地(di)，將高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)短(duan)路電(dian)流的(de)(de)特征參數進行(xing)對比，如表2所示。由圖6及表2所示，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作于過(guo)(guo)阻尼狀態(tai)時，仿真結(jie)果(guo)與實驗結(jie)果(guo)基(ji)本吻合，從而驗證了高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)模型的(de)(de)準確(que)性。并且，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)夠(gou)在很短(duan)的(de)(de)時間內較好地(di)抑制短(duan)路電(dian)流。

2.2高壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)工作于欠(qian)阻(zu)尼狀態進(jin)行欠(qian)阻(zu)尼實(shi)驗(yan)驗(yan)證(zheng)和仿真(zhen)驗(yan)證(zheng)時，系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)雜散(san)電(dian)容為(wei)4nF，雜散(san)電(dian)容的(de)(de)(de)初始(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)120kV。短路電(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)波形對比如圖(tu)7所示。由圖(tu)7可知(zhi)，高壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)工作于欠(qian)阻(zu)尼狀態時，仿真(zhen)結果與實(shi)驗(yan)結果基本吻合(he)，從而驗(yan)證(zheng)了高壓(ya)(ya)直流緩(huan)沖(chong)器(qi)模型的(de)(de)(de)準確性。但是，短路電(dian)流出現振蕩，短路故障沒(mei)有得到有效的(de)(de)(de)抑制。

3高壓直流(liu)緩沖(chong)器的(de)分(fen)析

直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)系統發生短(duan)路(lu)(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)時，若將系統的(de)(de)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)能量等效(xiao)為雜(za)散電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)儲存能量，即2s0CU/2，并考慮到高壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩沖(chong)器的(de)(de)等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)為非線(xian)性電(dian)(dian)阻與非線(xian)性電(dian)(dian)感并聯，整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在忽略傳輸(shu)線(xian)阻抗(kang)的(de)(de)情況下為RLC并聯電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。由于雜(za)散電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)具有初始電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，高壓(ya)直(zhi)流緩沖(chong)器等效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)動(dong)態(tai)響應(ying)類(lei)似(si)于RLC電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)零輸(shu)入響應(ying)，如(ru)圖8所示。

4高壓直流緩沖器的應用(yong)

機械(xie)式(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可以關(guan)(guan)斷(duan)較大的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，并具(ju)有成(cheng)本低、損耗小等優點，但其開(kai)斷(duan)速度較慢(man)。固態直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)開(kai)斷(duan)速度迅速，但其相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)損耗較高，且價格昂貴。為克服兩者的(de)(de)缺點，通(tong)過(guo)將機械(xie)式(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和固態直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)集(ji)成(cheng)在一個裝置上，從而形(xing)成(cheng)混合式(shi)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。混合式(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)結合了機械(xie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)良好(hao)的(de)(de)靜態特性與(yu)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)子器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件良好(hao)的(de)(de)動態性能，用快速機械(xie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)來導通(tong)正常(chang)運行電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，用固態電(dian)力(li)電(dian)子器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件來分斷(duan)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，具(ju)有通(tong)態損耗小、開(kai)斷(duan)時間短(duan)、無需專用冷卻設備等優點，是(shi)目(mu)前高壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)研發(fa)的(de)(de)新(xin)方(fang)向，有著廣闊的(de)(de)應用前景。

除直接采(cai)用直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)斷(duan)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式以外，還可以增(zeng)加高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)(chong)器(qi)以配合(he)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)斷(duan)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。一(yi)(yi)種高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)(chong)器(qi)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)混(hun)(hun)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)方案(an)如(ru)圖(tu)10所示。在(zai)(zai)正常情(qing)況下，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)(chong)器(qi)對(dui)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電系統不產生影響，保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)低(di)阻態，機(ji)械開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)承載主回路(lu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，固態開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)支路(lu)沒有電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過。當發生短(duan)(duan)路(lu)故障(zhang)時，高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)(chong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激磁電感(gan)將(jiang)(jiang)抑制短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)值，并將(jiang)(jiang)部分(fen)故障(zhang)能量(liang)消耗在(zai)(zai)激磁電阻上。其(qi)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)由(you)混(hun)(hun)合(he)式直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固態開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)。當機(ji)械開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)打(da)開(kai)(kai)(kai)以提(ti)供電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)隔離時，在(zai)(zai)下一(yi)(yi)個電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過零點關(guan)(guan)(guan)斷(duan)固態開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)，其(qi)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)能量(liang)被能量(liang)吸(xi)收裝(zhuang)置吸(xi)收。該(gai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)緩沖(chong)(chong)器(qi)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)混(hun)(hun)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)方案(an)，能夠(gou)先將(jiang)(jiang)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)限制在(zai)(zai)某一(yi)(yi)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)值，再(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)斷(duan)。這將(jiang)(jiang)降低(di)機(ji)械開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熄(xi)弧難度和制造難度，減小(xiao)功率半導體器(qi)件因關(guan)(guan)(guan)斷(duan)大電流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)而引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動態過壓(ya)，同時可以提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)斷(duan)容(rong)量(liang)。

5結語

篇8

關(guan)鍵(jian)詞(ci)：交流抗干擾電路(lu)；PFC電路(lu)；高壓整流濾波；PWM

1引(yin)言2計算(suan)機電源發展歷(li)程

在(zai)計算機(ji)各部(bu)(bu)件(jian)中最令人(ren)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)CPU的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率(lv)、內存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小、硬盤容(rong)量，顯卡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。而(er)對(dui)于電(dian)腦中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)電(dian)源(yuan)．卻往往總會受到忽略。而(er)事(shi)實上(shang)，電(dian)腦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多奇怪癥狀都(dou)是(shi)(shi)由電(dian)源(yuan)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。假如我(wo)(wo)們(men)把計算機(ji)比作(zuo)(zuo)一個(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，CPU作(zuo)(zuo)為計算機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)起著(zhu)運算和控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用，它相當(dang)于我(wo)(wo)們(men)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大腦；而(er)電(dian)源(yuan)作(zuo)(zuo)為計算機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力提供者(zhe)，完全等(deng)(deng)價于我(wo)(wo)們(men)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟，其重(zhong)要(yao)之處由此可(ke)見。所以有必(bi)要(yao)了解電(dian)源(yuan)內部(bu)(bu)結構，熟悉(xi)電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)原理(li)，才能更好地維護好計算機(ji)電(dian)源(yuan)，才能從根本上(shang)保(bao)障公司各部(bu)(bu)門計算機(ji)設備(bei)長時間穩定工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。

2計算(suan)機(ji)電(dian)源發展(zhan)歷(li)程(cheng)

PC／XT_IBM最先推出個人PC／XT機(ji)時(shi)制(zhi)定的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)；AT_也是由IBM早期推出PC／AT機(ji)時(shi)所提(ti)(ti)(ti)出的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，當時(shi)能夠(gou)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供192W的(de)電力供應；ATX—Intel公司(si)于1995年提(ti)(ti)(ti)出的(de)工業標(biao)準(zhun)。與(yu)AT比(bi)較主要變(bian)化為：

1、取消了AT電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)上必備(bei)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)關而交由主(zhu)(zhu)板(ban)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)關的控(kong)制，增加了一(yi)個(ge)待(dai)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和主(zhu)(zhu)板(ban)提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓來實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)喚醒等功能：

2、ATX電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)首(shou)次引進了(le)+3．3V的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)，與(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)板的(de)(de)連接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)上(shang)也有了(le)明顯的(de)(de)改(gai)進：ATX12V——支持(chi)P4的(de)(de)ATX標準，是目前的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)流標準：ATX12V一1．1：在ATX的(de)(de)基礎之(zhi)上(shang)增加了(le)4pin的(de)(de)+12V輔助(zhu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(PIO)為P4處理器(qi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，改(gai)變(bian)了(le)各路(lu)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率(lv)分配方式，增強+12V負載能(neng)力(li)(li)；ATX12V一1.3：提高了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)效(xiao)率(lv)，增加了(le)對(dui)SATA的(de)(de)支持(chi)。去掉了(le)一5V輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)，增加了(le)+12V的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)能(neng)力(li)(li)；ATX12V一2.0：尚未有產品(pin)實施的(de)(de)最新規范(fan)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)連接(jie)(jie)器(qi)由20針改(gai)為24針，以支持(chi)75W的(de)(de)PCIExpress總線．同(tong)時取消輔助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)；提供另一路(lu)+12V輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)，直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)為4Pin接(jie)(jie)口(kou)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；WTX—ATX電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)加強版(ban)本：尺(chi)寸上(shang)比(bi)ATX電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)大(da)。供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)(li)也比(bi)比(bi)ATX電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)強，常用于服務器(qi)和大(da)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦；BTX一現有架(jia)構的(de)(de)終結者，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)要(yao)求、接(jie)(jie)口(kou)等支持(chi)ATX12V。

3計算機開關電源的工作原理

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源是一種(zhong)能(neng)量轉換(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備，它能(neng)將(jiang)220V的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變為(wei)計算機需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。首先將(jiang)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(220V)通過全橋二極管整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)后成為(wei)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈沖直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)濾波以(yi)后成為(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。此(ci)時，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)大功率(lv)(lv)開(kai)關(guan)三極管將(jiang)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)按(an)照(zhao)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)分(fen)批送到高(gao)頻(pin)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)初級。接著，把從次級線圈輸出的(de)(de)(de)(de)降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通過整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)濾波轉換(huan)為(wei)能(neng)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其中，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)也是必不(bu)可少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。它能(neng)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)監控(kong)輸出端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值，并向(xiang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)功率(lv)(lv)開(kai)關(guan)三極管發出信號控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)上下調整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幅度。目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)常見產品主要采用脈沖變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)耦合型開(kai)關(guan)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，它分(fen)為(wei)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)抗干擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、功率(lv)(lv)因數校(xiao)正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)5個主要部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。

4交流抗干擾電路

為避免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的各種干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)信號影(ying)響(xiang)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)率、高(gao)(gao)精(jing)度的計算機系統．防止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)形成高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)擾(rao)(rao)竄，影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等；各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁、安規認證都要(yao)求開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)配有抗干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。主要(yao)結構為兀(wu)型共(gong)模(mo)、差模(mo)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)．由差模(mo)扼流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感、差模(mo)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、共(gong)模(mo)扼流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感、共(gong)模(mo)濾(lv)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容組成：

5功率因(yin)數校(xiao)正電路

開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋式整(zheng)(zheng)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)令(ling)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)負載表現為(wei)容性(xing)，且使(shi)交流輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流產(chan)生(sheng)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)形畸變(bian)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)注人(ren)大(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)高次諧波(bo)，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)僅(jin)有(you)0．6左(zuo)右，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備造成嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧波(bo)污染與干擾。因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)此，我國在(zai)2003年(nian)開(kai)始實施的(de)(de)(de)(de)CCC中(zhong)明確要求(qiu)計(ji)算(suan)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)品帶(dai)(dai)有(you)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)校正器(qi)(PowerFactorCorrector，即PFC)，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)達(da)到0．7以上。PFC電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)分為(wei)主動(dong)(dong)(dong)式(有(you)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan))與被(bei)(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)式(無源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan))兩種：主動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC本(ben)身就相當于一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)．通過控制(zhi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)開(kai)關(guan)管對(dui)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進(jin)行(xing)”調制(zhi)”，令(ling)其與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)盡(jin)量同步，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)接近于1；同時．主動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC控制(zhi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)還能夠提(ti)供(gong)輔(fu)助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內部(bu)其他芯(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)以及負擔(dan)+5VSB輸(shu)出(chu)。主動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)高、+5VSB輸(shu)出(chu)紋(wen)波(bo)頻(pin)率(lv)高、幅(fu)度(du)(du)小，但(dan)結構復(fu)雜，成本(ben)高，僅(jin)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些高端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。目前(qian)采用(yong)(yong)主動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)升壓(ya)(ya)轉換(huan)器(qi)式設(she)計(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)原理(li)圖如下：被(bei)(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC結構簡單，只是(shi)針對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)負載特(te)(te)性(xing)表現，在(zai)交流輸(shu)人(ren)端．抗(kang)干擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)之后(hou)串(chuan)接了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感，強制(zhi)平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)負載特(te)(te)性(xing)。被(bei)(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感只需適應50～60Hz的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)，帶(dai)(dai)有(you)工頻(pin)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硅鋼片(pian)鐵芯(xin)(xin)(xin)，而(er)非高頻(pin)率(lv)開(kai)關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)所采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵氧(yang)體(ti)磁(ci)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)，從(cong)外觀上非常容易分辨。被(bei)(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC效果較主動(dong)(dong)(dong)式PFC有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定差距，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)數(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)0．8左(zuo)右；但(dan)成本(ben)低廉，且無需對(dui)原有(you)產(chan)品設(she)計(ji)進(jin)行(xing)大(da)(da)(da)幅(fu)度(du)(du)修改就可以符(fu)合CCC要求(qiu)，是(shi)目前(qian)主流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通常采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式。

6高(gao)壓整流(liu)濾波電路

目前的(de)各種開(kai)關電源高壓整(zheng)流基(ji)本都采(cai)用(yong)全橋式(shi)二極管整(zheng)流，將輸人(ren)的(de)正弦交(jiao)流電反向(xiang)電壓翻轉，輸出連續波(bo)峰的(de)“類(lei)直流”。再經過電容的(de)濾波(bo)，就得到了約300V的(de)“高壓直流”。

7開關電路

開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)核心部分．主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)(you)精密(mi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)較芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)、PWM芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)、開關(guan)管、驅動(dong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、主(zhu)開關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)組(zu)成(cheng)。精密(mi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)較芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)將(jiang)直流(liu)輸出(chu)部分的(de)(de)(de)反饋電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與基(ji)準電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)進行(xing)(xing)比(bi)較．PWM芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)根據比(bi)較結果通(tong)過(guo)驅動(dong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)調整(zheng)開關(guan)管的(de)(de)(de)占空比(bi)，進而控(kong)制(zhi)主(zhu)開關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)輸出(chu)給直流(liu)部分的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量，實現“穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”輸出(chu)。PWM(PulesWidthModulation)即脈寬調制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路，其(qi)功能(neng)是(shi)檢測輸出(chu)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，與基(ji)準電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)較，進行(xing)(xing)放(fang)大，控(kong)制(zhi)振蕩器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)脈沖寬度(du)，從(cong)而控(kong)制(zhi)推挽開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)路以保持輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)穩定，主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)(you)1CTL494及周圍元(yuan)件組(zu)成(cheng)。使用(yong)驅動(dong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)為了隔離(li)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(300V)區與低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)區(最高12V)，避免開關(guan)管擊穿后(hou)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)可能(neng)對低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)設備(bei)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)危害，也(ye)令PWM芯(xin)(xin)片(pian)無(wu)需接(jie)觸高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)信號(hao)，降(jiang)低了對元(yuan)件規(gui)格的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。

沖變壓器耦(ou)合型(xing)開關穩壓電(dian)源主要的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(高壓到低壓)轉換方式(shi)(shi)有(you)5種，其中(zhong)適合作為(wei)計算機電(dian)源使用的(de)主要為(wei)推挽式(shi)(shi)與半橋式(shi)(shi)，而推挽式(shi)(shi)多用于小型(xing)機、UPS等，我們常(chang)見的(de)電(dian)源產(chan)品則基本都采用半橋式(shi)(shi)變換。

8低壓整流(liu)濾波電(dian)路

經過調(diao)制的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)成為了低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)頻(pin)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)，需要經過再次整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)才能得(de)到希望的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)手(shou)段與(yu)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)類似，仍是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)二(er)極管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)單向導通(tong)性(xing)質，將反向波(bo)(bo)形翻轉。為了保(bao)證濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)后波(bo)(bo)形的(de)(de)(de)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)性(xing)，要求互相配合(he)實現(xian)360。的(de)(de)(de)導通(tong)，因此一(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)快速恢復二(er)極管(guan)(主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于+12V整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu))或肖特基二(er)極管(guan)(主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于+5V、+3．3V整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu))。濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)仍是(shi)(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)扼流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感配合(he)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，不過此處的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感不僅為了扼制突(tu)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，更(geng)為重要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)像(xiang)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)部分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)一(yi)樣作(zuo)為儲能元件，為輸出(chu)端(duan)(duan)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)連續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)能量供(gong)(gong)(gong)應。實際(ji)產品中高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)，雖然原理與(yu)前述基本相同，但(dan)元件個(ge)數、分(fen)(fen)布方式(shi)會有(you)很大變(bian)化。例如(ru)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)半橋(qiao)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)換的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)就(jiu)有(you)兩個(ge)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，每一(yi)路(lu)(lu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)對應兩個(ge)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)，各負(fu)責半個(ge)周期的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)；而采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單端(duan)(duan)正(zheng)激(ji)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)換的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)只有(you)一(yi)個(ge)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，每一(yi)路(lu)(lu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)對應兩個(ge)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)管(guan)，工(gong)作(zuo)時間按(an)照開關(guan)管(guan)占(zhan)空(kong)比分(fen)(fen)配。其他較為重要的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)還有(you)輔(fu)助供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)與(yu)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)：輔(fu)助供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)一(yi)個(ge)小功率的(de)(de)(de)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸入(ru)接(jie)通(tong)后即開始工(gong)作(zuo)。300V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)被輔(fu)助供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開關(guan)管(guan)調(diao)制成為脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，通(tong)過輔(fu)助供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器輸出(chu)二(er)路(lu)(lu)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。一(yi)路(lu)(lu)經整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)、三端(duan)(duan)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，輸出(chu)為+5VSB，供(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)板待機所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；另一(yi)路(lu)(lu)經整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)，輸出(chu)輔(fu)助+12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內部的(de)(de)(de)PWM等片工(gong)作(zuo)。主(zhu)動式(shi)PFC具(ju)有(you)輔(fu)助供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)功能，可以提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)+5VSB及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內部芯片所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)；故采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)主(zhu)動式(shi)PFC的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可以省略掉(diao)輔(fu)助供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部分(fen)(fen)，只使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)兩個(ge)開關(guan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。

9保護電路

電源主要的保護措施有7種(zhong)：

1、輸入端過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)：通過(guo)耐壓(ya)(ya)值為270V的壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)電阻實現(xian)：

2、輸入端過流保護：通過保險絲：

3、輸出端過流保護：通(tong)過導(dao)線(xian)反饋，驅動變壓器(qi)就會相應動作，關斷電源的輸出；

4、輸出端過壓(ya)(ya)保護(hu)：當(dang)比較器檢測到的輸出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與穩壓(ya)(ya)管兩端的基(ji)準(zhun)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)偏差(cha)較大時，就會(hui)對電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)進行調整：

5、輸出端過(guo)載(zai)保(bao)護：過(guo)載(zai)保(bao)護的機理與過(guo)流保(bao)護一(yi)樣(yang)，也是(shi)通過(guo)控(kong)制電路和驅動(dong)變壓器(qi)進行的：

6、輸出(chu)(chu)端短(duan)路保(bao)護：輸出(chu)(chu)端短(duan)路時，比較(jiao)器(qi)會偵測到電流的(de)變化，并通過驅動變壓器(qi)、關斷開(kai)關管的(de)輸出(chu)(chu)：

7、溫(wen)(wen)度(du)控制(zhi)：通過溫(wen)(wen)度(du)探頭檢測(ce)電(dian)源內部(bu)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)，并(bing)智能調(diao)扇轉速(su)，對電(dian)源內部(bu)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)進(jin)行控制(zhi)；

10電(dian)源的(de)好壞對其他部件的(de)影響

CPU對(dui)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就(jiu)非常敏感，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)稍微高一點就(jiu)可能(neng)燒毀CPU，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)低(di)則無法啟動；而(er)硬盤在(zai)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不足時(shi)就(jiu)無法正(zheng)(zheng)常工作，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波動大時(shi)甚至會劃傷(shang)盤片，造成(cheng)無法挽救(jiu)的(de)(de)物理損害(hai)；諸(zhu)如此類，不一而(er)足。在(zai)很(hen)多情況下，主機內的(de)(de)配件損壞了，用戶只(zhi)是(shi)認為是(shi)配件本(ben)身的(de)(de)質量(liang)問(wen)題．而(er)很(hen)少考(kao)慮(lv)可能(neng)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)源輸出的(de)(de)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)直流電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不穩(wen)所造成(cheng)的(de)(de)。所以，輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)波動范(fan)圍就(jiu)是(shi)考(kao)查電(dian)(dian)源質量(liang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)指標之一。目(mu)前，一般的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源產品(pin)在(zai)空載(zai)和輕載(zai)時(shi)的(de)(de)表現都(dou)較(jiao)好(假(jia)冒(mao)偽劣產品(pin)除外(wai))，而(er)重(zhong)載(zai)測驗才是(shi)烈火試真金(jin)的(de)(de)真正(zheng)(zheng)考(kao)驗。

參考文獻

篇9

關鍵(jian)詞： 單片機控(kong)制； 高壓直流電源(yuan)； 隔離型Zeta斬(zhan)波電路； PWM

中圖分類號： TN86?34 文獻標識碼： A 文章編(bian)號： 1004?373X（2017）12?0165?04

Abstract： In order to satisfy the requirements of small?size and intelligence of the high?voltage power supply， a new high?voltage DC power supply controlled by single chip microcomputer was designed， whose output voltage is 5～10 kV adjustable. The method of combining theoretical analysis with hardware circuit experiment is adopted to analyze and describe the drive circuits of high?frequency PWM （pulse width modulation） square wave generation， chopping wave and half bridge， and over?voltage protection circuit of the output power supply. The voltage?regulation principle and working principle of the isolated Zeta chopper circuit are studied emphatically. The design thought of voltage regulation based on program is proposed to implement the digital power supply. The experimental results show that the power supply is feasible， and its output voltage is stable.

Keywords： single chip microcomputer control； high?voltage DC power supply； isolated Zeta chopper circuit； PWM

0 引 言

高壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)在工(gong)業(ye)生產應用和實驗研究得(de)到廣泛運用，如工(gong)業(ye)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵、醫用X光機(ji)、CT機(ji)等。傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)大(da)多(duo)采用工(gong)頻(pin)變壓(ya)器(qi)升壓(ya)，再經(jing)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)濾(lv)波(bo)得(de)到，存在著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)體積(ji)大(da)、效(xiao)率低、輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)紋(wen)波(bo)大(da)等缺點[1?3]。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)技術(shu)逐(zhu)步應用到高壓(ya)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中，高頻(pin)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引入大(da)大(da)降低了(le)設計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體積(ji)，同時(shi)隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣智能化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，智能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)也隨之發展起來。本文設計以AT89C51單片(pian)機(ji)為控(kong)制核心智能開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，通(tong)過程(cheng)序(xu)調節前(qian)級Zeta斬波(bo)與半橋逆變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，從而控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，最(zui)高輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)10 kV。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是能實現程(cheng)序(xu)完(wan)全控(kong)制輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，同時(shi)具有(you)自(zi)動監測和保(bao)護(hu)功能。

1 電源結(jie)構與工作原理

本文將(jiang)單片機(ji)技術與(yu)(yu)脈(mo)沖寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)調(diao)節(jie)（PWM）相結合，進行直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)、調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)由濾波(bo)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)、Zeta斬(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)、半橋逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)、高頻升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、倍壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)、保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)以及(ji)PWM調(diao)節(jie)控(kong)制(zhi)部分(fen)組成。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源基本工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理為(wei)(wei)(wei)：市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)220 V，50 Hz輸入，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁干擾（EMI）濾波(bo)以及(ji)全波(bo)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值約為(wei)(wei)(wei)300 V的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再(zai)通(tong)過(guo)隔(ge)離型(xing)Zeta斬(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)200～400 V之間，之后經過(guo)半橋逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)高頻交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后通(tong)過(guo)高頻變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和二倍壓(ya)(ya)(ya)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)所設定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。其(qi)(qi)中Zeta斬(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)、半橋逆(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)開(kai)關頻率與(yu)(yu)脈(mo)沖寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)利用單片機(ji)程(cheng)序控(kong)制(zhi)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源工(gong)作(zuo)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)且(qie)利于(yu)調(diao)節(jie)，設計規定(ding)(ding)Zeta斬(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)DC 200～400 V即控(kong)制(zhi)斬(zhan)(zhan)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開(kai)關占空比在(zai)0.4～0.6之間。同時在(zai)輸出端設置過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)反饋控(kong)制(zhi)回(hui)路(lu)，防(fang)止程(cheng)序錯誤(wu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)異常升高。圖1為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)結構(gou)圖。

2 隔離型Zeta斬波調壓電(dian)路

與Zeta斬波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)相(xiang)比(bi)，隔離(li)型Zeta斬波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)將(jiang)(jiang)高頻變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)感L0并聯，此(ci)時前級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可(ke)通過變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能遞到后(hou)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)[2?5]。如為考慮(lv)升高/降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，則(ze)可(ke)將(jiang)(jiang)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)原副邊變比(bi)增大/減小。采用(yong)Zeta隔離(li)型斬波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的優點(dian)：相(xiang)同(tong)的輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)、輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)極性；輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可(ke)調(diao)；輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流低，EMI小；輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)、輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣隔離(li)。圖2為Zeta隔離(li)斬波(bo)(bo)調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)[6?8]。

設計隔離型Zeta電(dian)(dian)路(lu)工作在(zai)電(dian)(dian)感電(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)連(lian)續模式(shi)（DCM），電(dian)(dian)路(lu)存(cun)在(zai)三種不(bu)同(tong)的工作狀態：

（1） 時(shi)，S閉合，電(dian)(dian)源E向L0充電(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)中間電(dian)(dian)容C1向L1與(yu)C2供電(dian)(dian)，二極(ji)管(guan)D截至，此時(shi)通(tong)過L1電(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)加，輸出電(dian)(dian)壓Uo增(zeng)加；

（2） 時，S斷開，L0向變壓(ya)器原邊電(dian)感(gan)(gan)充(chong)電(dian)，變壓(ya)器工作并通過副邊電(dian)感(gan)(gan)向C1充(chong)電(dian)，二極(ji)管(guan)D導通，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)L1與電(dian)容(rong)C2向負載供電(dian)，輸出電(dian)壓(ya)Uo增加；

（3） 時(shi)，S處于斷開階段(duan)，變壓(ya)器轉換能量結束，二極管D截至(zhi)，這時(shi)電(dian)(dian)容C1與C2向電(dian)(dian)感L2與負載(zai)供電(dian)(dian)，此時(shi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)感L2電(dian)(dian)流上升(sheng)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Uo減小。

3 控(kong)制電路的設計(ji)

控(kong)制電(dian)路(lu)以AT89C51單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)為核心(xin)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)程序控(kong)制P1.0～P1.2口(kou)的輸出脈沖(chong)(chong)，即可控(kong)制斬(zhan)波(bo)與逆變電(dian)路(lu)[9?11]。圖5為隔(ge)離型(xing)Zeta斬(zhan)波(bo)控(kong)制電(dian)路(lu)，當單(dan)片(pian)機(ji)P1.0口(kou)輸出低(di)電(dian)平時，控(kong)制脈沖(chong)(chong)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)TPL250隔(ge)離驅動Q1開通(tong)(tong)即斬(zhan)波(bo)電(dian)路(lu)工作，反之輸出高電(dian)平，Q1截(jie)至。

圖6為(wei)單片(pian)機控制半橋逆變電路(lu)圖。單片(pian)機P1.1、P1.2輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)脈沖(chong)通(tong)(tong)過IR2110驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)芯(xin)片(pian)，驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)半橋開關管。當輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)為(wei)低電平時(shi)，經非門轉換為(wei)高電平，再經驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)芯(xin)片(pian)IR2110驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)Q2，Q3的(de)開通(tong)(tong)，反之(zhi)Q2，Q3截至。為(wei)使(shi)電源(yuan)各(ge)(ge)芯(xin)片(pian)工作(zuo)(zuo)穩(wen)定，由(you)兩(liang)個獨立的(de)LM317精密(mi)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)源(yuan)提(ti)供各(ge)(ge)芯(xin)片(pian)工作(zuo)(zuo)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，同時(shi)限制斬波(bo)與(yu)逆變的(de)開關頻(pin)率與(yu)占(zhan)空比，即通(tong)(tong)過單片(pian)機控制輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端口的(de)脈沖(chong)頻(pin)率與(yu)脈沖(chong)寬(kuan)度。為(wei)使(shi)電源(yuan)各(ge)(ge)級電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)在規(gui)定可調范圍（斬波(bo)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)DC 200～400 V，倍壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)為(wei)5～10 kV），在各(ge)(ge)級分別(bie)設置由(you)TL431與(yu)PC817和TL431與(yu)TLP521?1構(gou)成的(de)光(guang)耦隔離過壓(ya)(ya)(ya)反饋保護電路(lu)。當輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)過壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，反饋電路(lu)工作(zuo)(zuo)，控制芯(xin)片(pian)中斷(duan)/復(fu)位，各(ge)(ge)級引(yin)腳輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)高電平Q1，Q2，Q3關閉，電路(lu)暫停工作(zuo)(zuo)，復(fu)位LED（D，D3）燈亮。

4 實驗結(jie)果與分析

進行單片機程(cheng)序(xu)控制實(shi)驗，得(de)(de)到電源電壓輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)形(xing)。圖7為(wei)Zeta斬波(bo)輸(shu)出(chu)電壓與其驅動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)沖波(bo)形(xing)。由圖7得(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)沖理想(xiang)，斬波(bo)電路(lu)工作正(zheng)常。圖8為(wei)半橋驅動(dong)(dong)波(bo)形(xing)與電源電壓輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)形(xing)。圖8中(zhong)驅動(dong)(dong)脈(mo)(mo)沖幅值與電源電壓相位相差180°且有一定時(shi)(shi)間延遲（防直通）即(ji)死區(qu)時(shi)(shi)間，電源輸(shu)出(chu)電壓（電阻線性降壓測得(de)(de)）紋波(bo)小，電路(lu)工作穩定。

5 結 論

本文以單(dan)片機為核(he)心，研制(zhi)了(le)一種新型依據程序(xu)控(kong)制(zhi)的智(zhi)能(neng)高壓(ya)直流(liu)電(dian)源。將高頻引入電(dian)源設計中，有效地減(jian)小(xiao)電(dian)源體積，節約電(dian)源成(cheng)本；采(cai)用隔離型Zeta斬波調壓(ya)電(dian)路，實現低壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)高壓(ya)輸出。實驗結果表明，所設計電(dian)源輸出電(dian)壓(ya)穩定、輸電(dian)紋波小(xiao)、負載(zai)能(neng)力(li)強。

參考文獻

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篇10

（重(zhong)慶泰山(shan)電(dian)纜有限公司，中國 重(zhong)慶 401120）

【摘　要】本文從脫(tuo)氣(qi)原理，脫(tuo)氣(qi)過(guo)程對絕緣中空間電荷(he)影響(xiang)等方面簡要介(jie)紹了(le)直流高壓電纜的脫(tuo)氣(qi)過(guo)程。

關鍵詞 脫氣；副(fu)產物；時間；溫度(du)；空間電(dian)荷

0　引言

隨(sui)著高壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)系統的(de)飛速發展(zhan)，特別是(shi)跨海峽等(deng)水下(xia)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)的(de)興建以及大城市供電(dian)(dian)亟待解(jie)決線路走廊和(he)城市美(mei)觀等(deng)問(wen)題，大功率、遠距離的(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)直(zhi)流線路發展(zhan)迫(po)在眉睫。高壓直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)纜與交流電(dian)(dian)纜之間最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)區別就是(shi)絕緣中空(kong)間電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)累(lei)積，經過研究發現，脫氣(qi)過程(cheng)對成品電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)絕緣空(kong)間電(dian)(dian)荷效(xiao)應有著很重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)影響。

公司承擔了(le)國網(wang)重點科技項(xiang)目：“高壓(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)交聯(lian)聚乙烯(xi)絕緣海底電(dian)纜”項(xiang)目。由于電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級較高，對于材料的性能及工藝的處理(li)提出了(le)更高的要求。

1　脫氣原理

交聯(lian)聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)材料是XLPE，其(qi)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)交聯(lian)劑為DCP（過氧化二異(yi)丙苯(ben)），交聯(lian)過程(cheng)分為兩(liang)種方式(shi)，而兩(liang)種方式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)副產(chan)物有以(yi)(yi)下幾個：異(yi)丙苯(ben)醇、苯(ben)乙酮、甲(jia)烷。除此以(yi)(yi)外，在生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中，絕(jue)緣(yuan)料不可能絕(jue)對干(gan)燥，在交聯(lian)反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)同時會有一(yi)些副反(fan)應，會產(chan)生(sheng)水。

從反應(ying)式可(ke)以看出一個(ge)-O-O-化(hua)學(xue)鍵(jian)(通常每(mei)個(ge)過(guo)氧化(hua)物(wu)分(fen)子只(zhi)有一個(ge))在(zai)網狀結(jie)構(gou)中最多能產(chan)生(sheng)一個(ge)化(hua)學(xue)交(jiao)聯(lian)鍵(jian)。其次，每(mei)個(ge)已(yi)被分(fen)解的過(guo)氧化(hua)物(wu)分(fen)子，無論其是(shi)否提(ti)供交(jiao)聯(lian)鍵(jian)，至少會產(chan)生(sheng)兩個(ge)副(fu)(fu)產(chan)品(pin)分(fen)子。這些副(fu)(fu)產(chan)品(pin)都包含在(zai)結(jie)構(gou)中。如果不(bu)使用外部(bu)高壓(最常用熱氮氣(qi))進行抑制，副(fu)(fu)產(chan)品(pin)會在(zai)熔融的絕(jue)緣中形(xing)成氣(qi)泡(pao)，因(yin)此會導致局部(bu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)故障(zhang)。但(dan)是(shi)在(zai)后(hou)期運行過(guo)程(cheng)中，如果不(bu)將其去(qu)除(chu)，勢(shi)必會緩(huan)慢(man)釋(shi)放(fang)，影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)纜的電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)和(he)機械性能，表一中給出了這些主要副(fu)(fu)產(chan)品(pin)的典型特性。

2　脫氣對(dui)于(yu)絕緣(yuan)空間電荷(he)的影響

交聯副產物對空(kong)間(jian)電荷的影響非常顯(xian)著。研究(jiu)脫氣時間(jian)對電纜產品空(kong)間(jian)電荷的影響有著非常重要的意(yi)義。

根據多年的(de)生產經驗(yan)，北歐(ou)化工(gong)的(de)絕緣料對(dui)于空間電(dian)荷的(de)抑制有著非常好的(de)效果，我們對(dui)其做了(le)相應(ying)的(de)實驗(yan).

通過實(shi)驗得出以下結論：

（1）北歐化(hua)工絕(jue)緣料(liao)即使在交聯情況下也能保證材料(liao)中(zhong)空間電荷分布更(geng)均勻。

（2）脫氣時間(jian)的(de)(de)長短對于改善XLPE中空(kong)間(jian)電荷的(de)(de)分布有(you)著密不(bu)可(ke)分的(de)(de)關系，經(jing)過較長時間(jian)的(de)(de)脫氣時間(jian)處理(li)過后，摻雜少量的(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)電荷抑制劑的(de)(de)絕緣料可(ke)以有(you)效的(de)(de)改善XLPE復合介質內空(kong)間(jian)電荷分布。

3　影(ying)響(xiang)脫氣的因素

在(zai)電纜結構(gou)尺寸固定的前提(ti)下，影響脫氣(qi)的主要因素為：脫氣(qi)溫(wen)度和脫氣(qi)時(shi)間。 脫氣(qi)溫(wen)度越(yue)(yue)高，副產品含量(liang)降低的速(su)度越(yue)(yue)快，效(xiao)果越(yue)(yue)明(ming)顯，脫氣(qi)時(shi)間越(yue)(yue)長，效(xiao)果越(yue)(yue)好。

大(da)型電纜(lan)的(de)(de)脫氣幾乎都在寬敞(chang)并加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)的(de)(de)脫氣室(shi)內完成(cheng)。這些裝置會(hui)消耗(hao)相當多的(de)(de)能量(liang)，且占用(yong)(yong)不少工廠的(de)(de)空間。脫氣室(shi)要通風良好(hao)，以避免甲(jia)烷和(he)乙(yi)烷等可燃性氣體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)聚(ju)積，帶來(lai)明顯的(de)(de)安全(quan)隱患。有(you)時，為使(shi)電纜(lan)能快(kuai)速達到(dao)要求的(de)(de)溫(wen)度，會(hui)通過對導(dao)體(ti)(ti)進(jin)行加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)，來(lai)增強脫氣室(shi)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。然而，實驗已經證明使(shi)用(yong)(yong)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)自身加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)的(de)(de)手段(duan)作(zuo)為一種(zhong)脫氣方法，根本無效；因為在這種(zhong)情況(kuang)下，電纜(lan)外表面(mian)上較低的(de)(de)溫(wen)度限制了解(jie)吸效果。

受自(zi)身材料因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)無(wu)限制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)，經(jing)過公司多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)生(sheng)產經(jing)驗(yan)，實(shi)(shi)際(ji)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)中使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)可(ke)在(zai)50℃-80℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍之(zhi)間(jian)，60℃-70℃是最優(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)范(fan)圍。70℃-80℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)范(fan)圍已被(bei)證(zheng)實(shi)(shi)，在(zai)只(zhi)針對(dui)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)時(shi)能(neng)可(ke)靠工作。然而，當(dang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)(尤其是在(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)下)，執行(xing)必須非常謹慎，以(yi)避免損傷線芯(xin)。伴隨而來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)熱膨脹和軟(ruan)化已被(bei)證(zheng)實(shi)(shi)會(hui)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)線芯(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過度(du)(du)(du)變形(致(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)扁平或損壞外部半導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng))。這種(zhong)形變會(hui)直(zhi)接導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)常規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)出現故障(無(wu)法進(jin)行(xing))，從而使(shi)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有利效果完全(quan)失去意義。另外，脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)間(jian)和溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)恰當(dang)設定會(hui)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)損壞(緣(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)過高(gao))，這種(zhong)損壞在(zai)常規(gui)檢(jian)測(ce)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)無(wu)法被(bei)檢(jian)測(ce)到(dao)，因為(wei)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)完全(quan)(缺陷被(bei)遮(zhe)蔽)。因此，脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)要隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)重量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加而降(jiang)低，這種(zhong)設定非常普遍(bian)。由與直(zhi)流(liu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)聯過程和交(jiao)流(liu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)交(jiao)聯過程基本一致(zhi)(zhi)，所以(yi)這種(zhong)特性同(tong)樣適(shi)用于(yu)高(gao)壓直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。受交(jiao)貨期(qi)(qi)及(ji)生(sheng)產周期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)無(wu)限延長，根據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)，脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)間(jian)一般(ban)為(wei)：5~10天。同(tong)時(shi)，經(jing)過長期(qi)(qi)經(jing)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累，高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)被(bei)簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隨厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)按(an)比(bi)例(li)度(du)(du)(du)量。考慮(lv)到(dao)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)副產物對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)空(kong)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氣(qi)(qi)時(shi)間(jian)要比(bi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)長。

4　結果驗證

針對高壓直流(liu)海底電纜項目所生產的樣品，絕緣厚度(du)為12.0mm，采(cai)用的脫氣時(shi)間和脫氣溫度(du)為：15天(tian)，70℃。脫氣結(jie)束后三天(tian)自(zi)然冷卻。

可以看出，脫氣后，電纜的性能(neng)滿足標準要求，保證了(le)電纜性能(neng)的穩(wen)定。

5　結束語