建筑法釋義范文

時間(jian):2024-05-29 10:26:37

導語:如(ru)何(he)才能(neng)寫好(hao)一篇(pian)建筑法(fa)釋義,這就需(xu)要搜集(ji)整(zheng)理更多的(de)資料(liao)和文(wen)獻,歡迎閱讀(du)由公(gong)務(wu)員之家整(zheng)理的(de)十篇(pian)范文(wen),供你(ni)借鑒。

建筑法釋義

篇1

做大做強(qiang)建筑業(ye),使其成為全市重(zhong)要支柱產業(ye)之一(yi),用6年時間把我市打造成為建筑業(ye)大市。

(一(yi))創(chuang)造500億(yi)元(yuan)產(chan)值(zhi),實現(xian)超常(chang)增(zeng)長目標。到(dao)2014年(nian)底(di),全市建筑業(ye)年(nian)總產(chan)值(zhi)達到(dao)500億(yi)元(yuan),建筑業(ye)增(zeng)加值(zhi)達到(dao)150億(yi)元(yuan),跨入(ru)全省(sheng)前10名,使我市邁入(ru)建筑業(ye)大市行列。

(二)培育420家(jia)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業,實現倍(bei)增目標。到2014年底,全市具有(you)一級(ji)建筑(zhu)資(zi)質的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業由(you)目前(qian)5家(jia)發(fa)(fa)展到20家(jia),二級(ji)建筑(zhu)資(zi)質的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業由(you)目前(qian)18家(jia)發(fa)(fa)展到100家(jia),三級(ji)建筑(zhu)資(zi)質的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業由(you)目前(qian)127家(jia)發(fa)(fa)展到300家(jia)。

(三)完成10億元稅收,實現翻(fan)兩(liang)番目標(biao)。到(dao)2014年底,全市建筑業年上(shang)繳稅金達到(dao)10億元,占(zhan)全市財政收入的比例顯著(zhu)提高。

(四(si))打造(zao)50萬人建(jian)筑大軍(jun)。到2014年底,全(quan)市(shi)建(jian)筑業從業人員達到50萬人,進一(yi)步(bu)拉動就業,打造(zao)一(yi)支具有*特(te)色品牌的建(jian)筑勞務大軍(jun)。

(五)構建(jian)良好發展格局。到(dao)2014年底,市直建(jian)筑(zhu)企業(ye)年產(chan)值達(da)到(dao)150億元(yuan);北票、凌源、建(jian)平、雙(shuang)塔區建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)年產(chan)值均(jun)達(da)到(dao)50億元(yuan);*縣、喀(ka)左(zuo)縣建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)年產(chan)值分別達(da)到(dao)40億元(yuan);龍城區、開(kai)發區建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)年產(chan)值分別達(da)到(dao)35億元(yuan)。

二、主要措施

(一)加強政策支撐,推動建筑業做大做強。

1.引進高(gao)資質企業。對外市和中(zhong)、省直建筑特級(ji)企業到*落戶(hu)實行(xing)優惠政策。在我市設立總部(bu)的外市和中(zhong)、省直特級(ji)建筑業企業,自開(kai)業之日起兩年內,市政府按繳(jiao)納地方所(suo)得稅額(e)的50%給(gei)予補助。

2.扶持龍(long)(long)頭企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)。通過(guo)政策扶持和市場競爭,支持企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)優化(hua)重組,培(pei)育(yu)設(she)(she)備采(cai)購、安裝(zhuang)一體(ti)化(hua)和設(she)(she)計施(shi)工一體(ti)化(hua)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye),在產業(ye)內(nei)部(bu)逐(zhu)漸培(pei)育(yu)形(xing)成(cheng)形(xing)式相對(dui)(dui)松散、合(he)作絕對(dui)(dui)緊密(mi)的大型企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)成(cheng)集團。鼓勵施(shi)工企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)拓展業(ye)務范圍,延(yan)伸產業(ye)鏈條,聯合(he)組團開發,打造實力(li)強大、管理先進、功能完備的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)航(hang)母。發揮其(qi)龍(long)(long)頭和輻(fu)射帶動作用,促使建筑業(ye)整體(ti)水平得到全面提升。

3.發(fa)展勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)分包(bao)企(qi)業(ye)。充分利用我市農村勞(lao)動(dong)力資源(yuan)相(xiang)對豐富的(de)優勢,積極引導和支持勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)帶頭人(ren)、召(zhao)集人(ren)創辦勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)分包(bao)企(qi)業(ye),申辦建筑勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)企(qi)業(ye)資質,帶動(dong)勞(lao)動(dong)就業(ye)和勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)輸出工(gong)(gong)作。要(yao)在行業(ye)管(guan)理(li)、市場(chang)管(guan)理(li)和稅收(shou)征管(guan)等方面(mian),對從(cong)事建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)作業(ye)的(de)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)分包(bao)企(qi)業(ye)給予必要(yao)的(de)政策支持。

4.培(pei)(pei)養專業(ye)人(ren)才(cai)。實施建筑(zhu)業(ye)人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)、儲備戰略,培(pei)(pei)育建筑(zhu)業(ye)人(ren)才(cai)隊伍。通(tong)過與高(gao)等(deng)院校聯合辦學(xue)(xue)或委托培(pei)(pei)養、定(ding)向招生等(deng)方式,有(you)計劃、有(you)針對性(xing)地(di)(di)培(pei)(pei)養、儲備1萬名建筑(zhu)高(gao)級管理(li)人(ren)才(cai)和(he)技(ji)(ji)術人(ren)才(cai);要(yao)在(zai)(zai)本(ben)地(di)(di)所屬的中等(deng)專業(ye)學(xue)(xue)校、職(zhi)業(ye)高(gao)中等(deng)教學(xue)(xue)單位(wei)開(kai)設(she)相關專業(ye)和(he)課(ke)程,對建筑(zhu)業(ye)從業(ye)人(ren)員開(kai)展(zhan)大(da)規(gui)模的勞務技(ji)(ji)能(neng)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)。引導建筑(zhu)企業(ye)技(ji)(ji)術人(ren)員取得(de)國(guo)家專業(ye)技(ji)(ji)術資格,提(ti)高(gao)管理(li)水平。各縣(市)區政府要(yao)對有(you)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)農民工職(zhi)能(neng)的教學(xue)(xue)單位(wei)給予資金補助,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)場地(di)(di)、師資、稅(shui)收(shou)等(deng)方面提(ti)供必要(yao)的政策支持。

(二(er))加(jia)強市場(chang)管理,促進建(jian)筑業做(zuo)大做(zuo)強。

1.實行(xing)建筑業企(qi)業統(tong)一(yi)管(guan)理。進一(yi)步加大政府對(dui)大型(xing)基礎設(she)施(shi)和重點項目建設(she)的調(diao)控和管(guan)理力(li)度,對(dui)房建、交通(tong)、水利、鋼鐵(tie)、冶(ye)金、鐵(tie)路、機場(chang)等大型(xing)工(gong)程項目的施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業實行(xing)統(tong)一(yi)歸口管(guan)理,實現大建筑業概念。

2.規范建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市場(chang)(chang)環境。加強外埠建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)來我市投標、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。外省市實(shi)力強、信(xin)譽好(hao)的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)參與我市城鄉建(jian)設(she),要在(zai)*設(she)立子(zi)公司,進行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)、稅務(wu)注冊,逐步實(shi)現(xian)外埠企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屬地化管理。同時,要對那(nei)些(xie)經營業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績(ji)突出、具有發(fa)展潛力的(de)(de)本(ben)地企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),通過企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)評先、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程創優等制度(du)性(xing)措施對其(qi)給予獎勵和扶(fu)持,為企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展提供公平的(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)機會(hui)。要依法(fa)整頓(dun)規范建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市場(chang)(chang),嚴(yan)格執行(xing)(xing)市場(chang)(chang)準入(ru)與清出制度(du),堅決制止無序競(jing)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)行(xing)(xing)為。要加強建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)安全生產(chan)監督與管理,保證(zheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全,穩定(ding)生產(chan)秩序。

3.整合中小(xiao)建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)。通過(guo)調整管理思路(lu)和政策導向(xiang),積極引導大(da)多數企(qi)業(ye)走出(chu)“小(xiao)而全(quan)”的發展誤區,鼓(gu)勵和扶持一大(da)批(pi)以高(gao)、精、尖、特(te)為(wei)經營目標的專(zhuan)業(ye)施工企(qi)業(ye),形(xing)成規模(mo)可(ke)觀(guan)、專(zhuan)業(ye)齊全(quan)、為(wei)總承包企(qi)業(ye)提供全(quan)方位配套施工的專(zhuan)業(ye)群體(ti)。鼓(gu)勵成建(jian)制的勞務(wu)隊伍、農村建(jian)筑(zhu)隊、個體(ti)業(ye)戶(hu)組建(jian)勞務(wu)公司,鼓(gu)勵專(zhuan)業(ye)施工隊伍成建(jian)制地承攬工程(cheng)。

(三)加強(qiang)(qiang)整(zheng)體服務,扶持建筑業(ye)做大做強(qiang)(qiang)。

1.為企(qi)業(ye)開(kai)辟(pi)外(wai)埠市(shi)(shi)場(chang)提供必要服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。考(kao)慮到建筑業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)長(chang)期處于(yu)微利狀態,開(kai)辟(pi)外(wai)埠市(shi)(shi)場(chang)初期又存在多方面的困(kun)難和(he)(he)障礙(ai),各縣(市(shi)(shi))區政府、市(shi)(shi)行(xing)業(ye)相關部門要圍繞企(qi)業(ye)開(kai)辟(pi)外(wai)埠市(shi)(shi)場(chang),制定相應的扶持政策,做好相關的服(fu)務(wu)(wu)工(gong)作。特別是(shi)為對外(wai)承攬(lan)工(gong)程開(kai)具(ju)投標保函和(he)(he)履約保函等(deng)問題上(shang),要協調銀行(xing)降低條件,增強企(qi)業(ye)的市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競(jing)爭(zheng)力。

2.成立建(jian)筑行(xing)業擔保公司。加緊研究、建(jian)立并推行(xing)符合我(wo)市市情的工程擔保制度,成立市政府(fu)控股、企業參與的建(jian)設工程專業擔保公司,負(fu)責對我(wo)市建(jian)筑施(shi)工企業進行(xing)銀行(xing)貸款(kuan)(kuan)擔保,解(jie)決企業貸款(kuan)(kuan)難問題(ti),緩解(jie)企業融(rong)資壓力。

3.各縣(市)區(qu)政(zheng)(zheng)府及(ji)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)相(xiang)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)要(yao)依據(ju)省(sheng)政(zheng)(zheng)府《關(guan)于加快(kuai)全(quan)省(sheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的(de)(de)若(ruo)干(gan)意見(jian)》(遼政(zheng)(zheng)發[2009]16號)的(de)(de)文件(jian)精神,制定(ding)采取(qu)扶持企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展、促進建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)增長的(de)(de)其它措施和(he)辦(ban)(ban)法,出(chu)臺服(fu)務(wu)政(zheng)(zheng)策,為企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提供一切必要(yao)的(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)保(bao)障(zhang)。建(jian)設行政(zheng)(zheng)管理部(bu)(bu)門(men)和(he)勞動人事(shi)部(bu)(bu)門(men),要(yao)在(zai)申辦(ban)(ban)資質升級、考評(ping)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術職稱(cheng)和(he)建(jian)造師資格等方面,給予企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)全(quan)力(li)支持。金融和(he)稅務(wu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)要(yao)加大整體(ti)服(fu)務(wu)力(li)度,對建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)降(jiang)低收(shou)費(fei)標(biao)準,減輕企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)負擔,開辟綠色通道。

(四(si))加(jia)強組(zu)織領導,保障建筑業做(zuo)大做(zuo)強。

1.各縣(xian)(市(shi))區政府(fu)及行(xing)業(ye)(ye)主管部門(men)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)高度重(zhong)(zhong)視建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),充分認識發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)對拉動內需、促進就業(ye)(ye)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)作用,切實(shi)加強組織領導(dao),落實(shi)相(xiang)關責(ze)任(ren)。政府(fu)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)負責(ze)同志要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)把發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)列入重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)工作日程,親自研究,親自部署,親自抓(zhua)落實(shi)。市(shi)直行(xing)業(ye)(ye)相(xiang)關部門(men)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)從本部門(men)業(ye)(ye)務實(shi)際出發(fa),積極(ji)組織、協調、指導(dao)建筑(zhu)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)縣(xian)(市(shi))區行(xing)業(ye)(ye)部門(men),解決企業(ye)(ye)經營(ying)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中存在的(de)實(shi)際問題。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)密切配合,通力(li)合作,為(wei)全市(shi)建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)供強有力(li)的(de)保障。

篇2

關鍵詞:法(fa)治(zhi)進(jin)程;立法(fa)局限;執法(fa)滯(zhi)后

中圖分類號:D648 文(wen)獻(xian)識別碼:A 文(wen)章編號:1001-828X(2017)010-0-01

黨的十提出“全面(mian)(mian)推進(jin)(jin)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)國”,并提出了(le)108項(xiang)重(zhong)大舉措(cuo),涵蓋(gai)了(le)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)國的各個(ge)方面(mian)(mian)。依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)國的總目標(biao)是(shi)建設(she)中國特(te)色(se)社會(hui)主義法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)體系(xi),這既是(shi)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)國的性質和方向,也是(shi)全面(mian)(mian)推進(jin)(jin)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)國的重(zhong)點(dian)和抓手。過去的普(pu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)活動(dong),我(wo)們也取得了(le)很(hen)大成績,但也應該看到(dao),城(cheng)市(shi)的普(pu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)形式重(zhong)于內容,農村的普(pu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)落實尚未到(dao)位,行政機關干部(bu)的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)學習也都是(shi)應付性的,為完成任務而(er)學習,法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)的意識還很(hen)難深入人心。

一、我國法治實踐進(jin)程緩慢的原因

1.法律(lv)至上地位并未真正確立

過(guo)去的(de)歷史中(zhong),人(ren)(ren)治占(zhan)有絕對(dui)地(di)位,權(quan)(quan)力占(zhan)有絕對(dui)地(di)位,法是(shi)掌(zhang)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)維護(hu)(hu)統治的(de)意志的(de)體現(xian),并被任意塑(su)造和(he)踐(jian)踏,法的(de)唯一的(de)作用就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)強(qiang)化權(quan)(quan)力的(de)權(quan)(quan)威。①凡(fan)是(shi)不利(li)于(yu)穩(wen)固政權(quan)(quan),不利(li)于(yu)維護(hu)(hu)統治階級的(de)利(li)益,這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)法律(lv)(lv)(lv)注定要被廢除。處在這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)社會,法律(lv)(lv)(lv)自(zi)身(shen)根本不存在至上(shang)的(de)地(di)位,人(ren)(ren)們不可能依賴(lai)法律(lv)(lv)(lv)解決存在的(de)問題(ti),依賴(lai)權(quan)(quan)力的(de)效果(guo)(guo)遠遠好于(yu)依賴(lai)法律(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)效果(guo)(guo),官本位的(de)價值取向和(he)崇尚(shang)權(quan)(quan)利(li)的(de)觀念的(de)出(chu)現(xian)也就(jiu)(jiu)顯得不足為(wei)怪(guai)了。

2.立法范圍的局限性

推進依(yi)法(fa)治國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作布(bu)(bu)局,涵蓋的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍涉及(ji)方(fang)方(fang)面面,現行的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)體(ti)系和法(fa)律(lv)(lv)規則,尚有(you)很(hen)多(duo)空白和漏洞,人們的(de)(de)(de)行為目前(qian)還(huan)不能完全依(yi)靠法(fa)律(lv)(lv)去(qu)進行規范(fan)。盡管我(wo)國(guo)現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)立法(fa)數量上已經很(hen)多(duo),但還(huan)有(you)一部(bu)分(fen)急需的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)規范(fan)沒(mei)有(you)制定和出(chu)臺。同(tong)時(shi)也不能否認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)是,已經出(chu)臺頒布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)相(xiang)當一部(bu)分(fen)具(ju)(ju)有(you)原則性和指導性,缺(que)乏操作性和實用(yong)性,在具(ju)(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)方(fang)面遠遠無法(fa)滿足。尤為嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)是現在法(fa)律(lv)(lv)往往由行政、司法(fa)部(bu)門(men)(men)起草,涉及(ji)這些(xie)部(bu)門(men)(men)利益(yi)時(shi)極力擴充自己的(de)(de)(de)職權(quan)。

3.執(zhi)法滯后,使得大量(liang)判決得不到(dao)執(zhi)行

大量的(de)(de)(de)判(pan)決得(de)(de)不(bu)到執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)我國執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)不(bu)嚴的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)之(zhi)一(yi)。當(dang)(dang)事人即使勝(sheng)(sheng)訴(su)(su),也僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)是(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)到一(yi)張判(pan)決書。執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)判(pan)決的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)一(yi)就在于,通過強(qiang)制義(yi)務(wu)人履行(xing)(xing)法(fa)定義(yi)務(wu),來保(bao)障(zhang)權(quan)利人權(quan)利的(de)(de)(de)實現(xian),從而維護人與人之(zhi)間(jian)正常的(de)(de)(de)社會關系保(bao)障(zhang)正常的(de)(de)(de)社會秩序。僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)證明勝(sheng)(sheng)訴(su)(su),但當(dang)(dang)事人合法(fa)權(quan)益無法(fa)保(bao)障(zhang),訴(su)(su)諸(zhu)法(fa)律意義(yi)何在?執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)不(bu)力的(de)(de)(de)根源(yuan)在于有法(fa)不(bu)依,現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)包括強(qiang)制執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)措(cuo)施由于種種原(yuan)因被空置(zhi)起來了。考(kao)核機關業(ye)績時,往往只看(kan)調解率,結案率,而不(bu)看(kan)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)率。透(tou)過社會上大量的(de)(de)(de)三(san)角債,債務(wu)鏈,可以看(kan)到執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)不(bu)力的(de)(de)(de)直接(jie)后果。

4.守法意識

守法(fa)意識差體現在包括執法(fa)者(zhe)在內的(de)(de)每一個(ge)公民身上,權(quan)力(li)與法(fa)律發生沖突往(wang)往(wang)權(quan)力(li)勝出,有些時候(hou)甚至風俗習慣也替(ti)代了(le)法(fa)律。對法(fa)律的(de)(de)這種弱化(hua)(hua)現象(xiang)和(he)不認同(tong),一方面(mian)由于長期以來(lai)的(de)(de)人治文(wen)化(hua)(hua),另一方面(mian)由于執法(fa)不公或者(zhe)手(shou)法(fa)成本低導(dao)致的(de)(de)負面(mian)影響,加深了(le)對法(fa)律的(de)(de)否定(ding)評價。

二、推(tui)動法治實踐進程的(de)方式(shi)

1.建(jian)設法(fa)治(zhi)型政府

建設法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)型政(zheng)(zheng)府,是(shi)建設法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)社會的重要內(nei)容。推進政(zheng)(zheng)府管理體制(zhi)、行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)審批制(zhi)度和(he)(he)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)體制(zhi)改革,特別(bie)注意(yi)加強(qiang)應(ying)對(dui)各種突(tu)發事件、保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)困(kun)難群體權(quan)益、完善社會保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)等方面的立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),努(nu)力為人民掌好權(quan)、用好權(quan)。深化完善行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)體制(zhi)改革,建立(li)健全行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主體資格制(zhi)度,避免多(duo)頭(tou)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、重復(fu)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、交叉執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。健全完善監督(du)機制(zhi),把外部(bu)監督(du)和(he)(he)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)內(nei)部(bu)監督(du)有效結合(he)(he),形成結構合(he)(he)理、配置(zhi)科學、程序嚴密、制(zhi)約有效的監督(du)機制(zhi)。

2.完(wan)善立法,夯實法制建設基礎

緊緊圍繞“兩個率(lv)先”和建設法(fa)(fa)治社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)奮斗目標,堅持(chi)與國家法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)相(xiang)配(pei)套(tao),堅持(chi)科學立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)、民(min)(min)主立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa),體現自主性、創新性、特色性,注重促(cu)進人(ren)與自然和諧(xie)相(xiang)處,經濟社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)協(xie)調發展;探索完善立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)機制(zhi),提高立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)質量,大力推(tui)行(xing)開放立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa),多渠道聽取社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)各界(jie)意見,集(ji)中民(min)(min)意與民(min)(min)智。特別是(shi)那些涉及(ji)面廣(guang)、關系到人(ren)民(min)(min)群眾切(qie)身利益或涉及(ji)到貧困人(ren)口、殘障(zhang)人(ren)口、城市低保等弱勢群體權益保護的(de)立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)事項,應多方征(zheng)求意見,條(tiao)件(jian)成熟也可以向全社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公開征(zheng)求,提高立(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)決策的(de)民(min)(min)主程度,最(zui)大程度體現公平正義。

3.重點提高執(zhi)法(fa)水平(ping),促進(jin)立法(fa),執(zhi)法(fa)和守法(fa)之間的協調發展

執(zhi)法水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低能夠體(ti)(ti)(ti)現法治水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低。加(jia)強執(zhi)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心就是保證(zheng)行政執(zhi)法機(ji)關及(ji)時準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)法律。首先要加(jia)強對執(zhi)法規(gui)律的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論研(yan)究,為執(zhi)法提(ti)供科學指導,以(yi)能夠將抽(chou)象的(de)(de)(de)(de),普(pu)遍(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為規(gui)范(fan)運用(yong)到特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)和具體(ti)(ti)(ti)事(shi)中為目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。其次(ci)要加(jia)強對執(zhi)法監(jian)督(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實例(li)研(yan)究,提(ti)高(gao)公正執(zhi)法水(shui)平,完善制度(du)(du)監(jian)督(du)(du)機(ji)制。因為執(zhi)法者在面對一(yi)個特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)和特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)時,有權決定(ding)批(pi)準或(huo)不批(pi)準,處罰(fa)或(huo)不處罰(fa),選擇處罰(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類和幅度(du)(du),這些(xie)對具體(ti)(ti)(ti)當事(shi)人(ren)來說都是關系到切身利益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大事(shi),因此執(zhi)法監(jian)督(du)(du)機(ji)制是執(zhi)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)保證(zheng)。

4.強化法制宣傳教(jiao)育(yu),培育(yu)良好的法治文化

公(gong)民法(fa)(fa)律素質的高低、法(fa)(fa)治文(wen)化程度如何,直接決定(ding)著全民法(fa)(fa)制宣傳(chuan)(chuan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的手段和(he)(he)途徑。要進(jin)一(yi)步健全和(he)(he)完善“黨(dang)委領導、政府實(shi)施、人(ren)大監(jian)督(du)、社(she)會(hui)參與(yu)”的法(fa)(fa)制宣傳(chuan)(chuan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)工作機制,將法(fa)(fa)制教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、道德(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)、社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)榮辱(ru)觀教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)與(yu)課堂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)相(xiang)結合(he),在(zai)青少年中(zhong)開(kai)展各類法(fa)(fa)治實(shi)踐,不斷增(zeng)強年青一(yi)代法(fa)(fa)治意識(shi)。要在(zai)普法(fa)(fa)宣傳(chuan)(chuan)活(huo)動中(zhong)努力向農村(cun)人(ren)口灌(guan)輸法(fa)(fa)治觀念(nian),促(cu)進(jin)養成守法(fa)(fa)習(xi)慣。要在(zai)行政機關、事業單位開(kai)展各類學(xue)法(fa)(fa)用法(fa)(fa)活(huo)動,努力培養既具(ju)有較(jiao)高的政治素質、法(fa)(fa)律素養,又具(ju)有高尚思(si)想道德(de)情操(cao)的公(gong)仆和(he)(he)執法(fa)(fa)人(ren)員,推進(jin)法(fa)(fa)治文(wen)化在(zai)新一(yi)代中(zhong)國人(ren)中(zhong)落地生根。

注釋:

篇3

關(guan)鍵詞(ci):建(jian)筑施工管理;方法;效益(yi);

中圖分(fen)類號:TU71 文獻標識(shi)碼:A 文章編號:

引言

如今,我國的建筑(zhu)行業不斷發(fa)展,建筑(zhu)企(qi)業間的競(jing)爭日趨激烈,是否能夠更(geng)好、更(geng)迅(xun)速、更(geng)節(jie)約成(cheng)本地打(da)造出高(gao)(gao)質量的建筑(zhu)工(gong)程成(cheng)為(wei)企(qi)業競(jing)爭實力的決定因素(su)之(zhi)一(yi),而加強對建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)管理方法的研究(jiu)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)企(qi)業管理效益的重要課題(ti)。

一、建筑工程管理概述

1、建筑工(gong)程管理的主(zhu)要內容

建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)是(shi)根(gen)據基(ji)本國情,按照客觀(guan)經濟(ji)學規律,結合各種資(zi)源,并將(jiang)其應用(yong)于建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目建(jian)(jian)設中,對項目整個過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進行的(de)(de)(de)計劃、組織、協調、實施(shi)與(yu)控制的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)活動,其最終目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)實現所(suo)期望(wang)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)與(yu)效益(yi)目標。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)從(cong)立項到交付使用(yong)和維護全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li),貫穿(chuan)于項目投資(zi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)準備階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)(duan),主要(yao)包括進度管(guan)(guan)理(li)、安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)與(yu)成本管(guan)(guan)理(li)等。隨著建(jian)(jian)筑市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)競爭日益(yi)加劇,建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設中發揮著越(yue)來越(yue)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),其不僅為建(jian)(jian)筑企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)提供了(le)理(li)論依(yi)據,同時還融合了(le)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)實踐經驗,使得(de)很多建(jian)(jian)筑企業(ye)(ye)將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)應用(yong)到建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)具體環節中,有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)協調了(le)進度、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、成本之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),確保建(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)(ye)實現高效的(de)(de)(de)利潤。

2、構建完善的建筑工程管理(li)思路體系

目(mu)(mu)(mu)前,在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中尚未確(que)立適合(he)(he)(he)我(wo)(wo)國國情的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)思(si)路體系,究(jiu)(jiu)其根本原因(yin)在(zai)(zai)于我(wo)(wo)國缺乏對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論的(de)深入研究(jiu)(jiu),沒有(you)將理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論與經(jing)(jing)(jing)營相結合(he)(he)(he),致使建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)思(si)路混(hun)亂、不(bu)明確(que)。在(zai)(zai)此情況下,我(wo)(wo)國應(ying)當(dang)積極組(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)由資深建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)專家和管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗豐富的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人員組(zu)成的(de)專研團隊,對我(wo)(wo)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)思(si)路進行深入研究(jiu)(jiu),確(que)保(bao)與國際先進理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念相接軌。此外,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體系要吸收國外成功的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗,研究(jiu)(jiu)其在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國實施(shi)(shi)的(de)可行性(xing),借此提高我(wo)(wo)國工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)水平。總之,建(jian)(jian)(jian)立健全工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體系是確(que)保(bao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)有(you)序(xu)開展的(de)重(zhong)要保(bao)障,也(ye)是提高施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業綜合(he)(he)(he)競爭力的(de)有(you)效途徑。對于規(gui)模較大、單項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)較多(duo)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)而言,應(ying)當(dang)推行項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)制(zhi)和成本核(he)算制(zhi)。由于實施(shi)(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)制(zhi)的(de)制(zhi)約(yue)因(yin)素諸多(duo),各(ge)參建(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)重(zhong)點不(bu)同,所以必須處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)好甲乙方(fang)、業主、監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)、承(cheng)包方(fang)、分包方(fang)、設計(ji)方(fang)之間的(de)關系,確(que)保(bao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)落(luo)實到(dao)位。同時,在(zai)(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)任(ren)用(yong)上,需要企業在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立完善的(de)分配(pei)機制(zhi)、用(yong)人機制(zhi)、監督(du)機制(zhi)的(de)前提下進行選(xuan)聘(pin),確(que)保(bao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)具備豐富的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)知識和經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗,能夠做(zuo)到(dao)優化配(pei)置資源(yuan),協調處理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)好各(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。

二、建筑施工管理(li)存在的問題論(lun)述

1、施工管(guan)理(li)相關機制不健(jian)全

健全、完善的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)機制是(shi)保(bao)證建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作順(shun)利進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)首要要求(qiu),然而(er),在(zai)現行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體制下,存(cun)(cun)在(zai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)部門和機構人(ren)員(yuan)分配(pei)不(bu)足,分包現象嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)問題。依據實際需(xu)求(qiu)設置相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)部門和機構,以及(ji)合理(li)(li)分配(pei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作人(ren)員(yuan)是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順(shun)利進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證,然而(er),由于部分施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)為節(jie)省開支,在(zai)建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目中削(xue)減工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作人(ren)員(yuan)數(shu)量,造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)項(xiang)目管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)部門和機構人(ren)員(yuan)分配(pei)不(bu)足,對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順(shun)利進(jin)行(xing)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)了很大的(de)(de)(de)影響;分包現象的(de)(de)(de)普遍存(cun)(cun)在(zai),造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)分包單位(wei)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作范圍的(de)(de)(de)界定上很難(nan)(nan)做到十分明確(que),進(jin)而(er)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)協調管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)復雜性的(de)(de)(de)增加,以及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序上的(de)(de)(de)遺漏,造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)難(nan)(nan)以順(shun)利進(jin)行(xing),甚(shen)至帶(dai)來安全隱患(huan)。

2、施(shi)工質量控制不到位(wei)

施工管理(li)中施工質量控制不到位(wei),主(zhu)要表現(xian)在以(yi)下(xia)幾個方面:

2.1質量管理體制不完善(shan)

由于我(wo)國現行(xing)(xing)的建設工程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)體制起步(bu)較晚,存(cun)在內(nei)部(bu)監督(du)體和系局部(bu)封閉(bi)管(guan)理(li)等問題,造成質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監督(du)難(nan)以公正、嚴格的予以執行(xing)(xing);加(jia)之一些質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)部(bu)門(men)不能有效地對行(xing)(xing)業內(nei)保護主義進行(xing)(xing)遏止(zhi),工程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控制難(nan)以實現。

2.2過(guo)分追求進度

部分施(shi)工企業在施(shi)工過(guo)程中,一味(wei)追求(qiu)進度,進而造成(cheng)施(shi)工技術(shu)要求(qiu)的難以落實,出現相(xiang)關違規操作,造成(cheng)質量方(fang)面的欠缺(que)。

2.3從業(ye)人(ren)員素質較低(di)

目前,我國從事施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)人(ren)員雖然(ran)理論豐富(fu),但經(jing)驗(yan)不(bu)(bu)足,宏觀控制(zhi)和微(wei)觀把握能力(li)都(dou)不(bu)(bu)強(qiang),導(dao)致施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備不(bu)(bu)能按(an)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規(gui)范的(de)需要進(jin)行投入,甚至導(dao)致現場施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量控制(zhi)混亂;加之從事施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)勞(lao)動力(li)以農民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為主(zhu),靠經(jing)驗(yan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),進(jin)而施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活動中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)按(an)圖施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、不(bu)(bu)按(an)順(shun)序施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、違反操作規(gui)程(cheng)、技術措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)當,甚至偷(tou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)減(jian)料等現象層出不(bu)(bu)窮,造成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量的(de)降低。

2.4工程質量檢(jian)驗(yan)不到位

由于現場施工(gong)操作型工(gong)序產(chan)品面(mian)廣量大,全面(mian)檢(jian)查的方法難以實現,進(jin)而(er)造(zao)成遺(yi)漏質量問題不能及時予以發現、處理,進(jin)而(er)造(zao)成更大的損失。

3、技術(shu)管理存(cun)在的問題

現(xian)代(dai)科學技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)發展也(ye)(ye)帶動了我國建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)發展,在(zai)(zai)現(xian)代(dai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中所涉及(ji)到的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)領域也(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)逐漸的(de)(de)擴大,對(dui)(dui)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)也(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)提高(gao),但是,在(zai)(zai)實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理中其管理內容相對(dui)(dui)較多,相互之間總(zong)(zong)是會存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著一定的(de)(de)矛盾,這就(jiu)(jiu)影(ying)響(xiang)了施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)實際(ji)效果。具(ju)體而言問(wen)題(ti)(ti)分為以(yi)下幾種,第一,缺(que)少施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前的(de)(de)詳細考(kao)察。相關(guan)管理部(bu)門在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之前總(zong)(zong)是忽視工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程實際(ji)的(de)(de)管理內容,并沒有充分的(de)(de)了解到所需(xu)要管理的(de)(de)專業有哪(na)些,也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)導(dao)致了在(zai)(zai)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)出現(xian)時(shi)(shi)不能夠及(ji)時(shi)(shi)有效的(de)(de)進行溝通(tong),會嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)。第二,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)管理存(cun)在(zai)(zai)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。由(you)于現(xian)代(dai)人對(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物的(de)(de)創新性要求(qiu)(qiu)較高(gao),因(yin)此,在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)過(guo)程中對(dui)(dui)相關(guan)系統和管道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)要求(qiu)(qiu)較高(gao),管理難(nan)度也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)相對(dui)(dui)增加。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)提高(gao)自然也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)帶來(lai)了建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)增加,但是在(zai)(zai)實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中所使(shi)用的(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)往往沒有根據實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)要而使(shi)用,出現(xian)了材料(liao)(liao)使(shi)用混亂現(xian)象。

三、如何改進建筑施工管理方法(fa)

1、完善管理制度

完善的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)是建筑施工(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)實施的(de)保障,管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)應(ying)落(luo)實到工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)的(de)每個(ge)環節(jie)。為此,應(ying)該不斷完善包括領(ling)導(dao)組織管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、成本控制(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、施工(gong)進(jin)度(du)(du)控制(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、工(gong)程(cheng)質量控制(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)督管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、財務管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和費用支出(chu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)等在內的(de)各(ge)(ge)項管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du),并保證各(ge)(ge)項制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)切實可行,嚴格落(luo)實。

2、做好技術準備

在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之前要(yao)(yao)做好技(ji)(ji)術(shu)交(jiao)底(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),像施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員與管理(li)人(ren)(ren)員闡述設計圖紙的內涵以及在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)應(ying)該注意的要(yao)(yao)點。對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員要(yao)(yao)做好技(ji)(ji)術(shu)培訓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),尤其是對(dui)于新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的掌(zhang)握。在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),要(yao)(yao)做好環節間(jian)的有效銜接,對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)質量(liang)監督(du)管理(li),嚴(yan)格按照施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規范(fan)執行(xing),保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的質量(liang)和進(jin)度。

3、強(qiang)化施工(gong)質量管理(li)

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)提高是施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)開展的(de)(de)(de)最終目標,而(er)(er)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理就是施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)部分,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理可以(yi)從以(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)方(fang)面著(zhu)手,第(di)一(yi),施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)技術管(guan)理。雖然施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)和(he)技術相對較多,但(dan)是具體選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)何種施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術是需(xu)要(yao)根(gen)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實際情況而(er)(er)確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de),因此,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員在工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)時一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)技術要(yao)求進行(xing)細致的(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)。第(di)二,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)管(guan)理。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)直接關系到(dao)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang),因此,建筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)要(yao)重(zhong)點(dian)把握施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理,主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理方(fang)式是對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)進行(xing)抽樣(yang)檢(jian)驗,對于施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設備和(he)器材要(yao)加強日常的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)管(guan)理和(he)養護工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),以(yi)延長其使用(yong)壽(shou)命。

4、搞好安全管理

建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)最為重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)一環是(shi)建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理。它(ta)貫穿(chuan)于(yu)建(jian)筑生(sheng)產的(de)(de)整個過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),只(zhi)有各(ge)個部(bu)門(men)落(luo)實本部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產責(ze)任制,才能確保(bao)(bao)整個工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)。由(you)于(yu)在第(di)一線施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)大(da)多為農民工(gong),而他(ta)們流動性(xing)大(da),自(zi)我安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)意識差等特點,所以,要(yao)督促其在生(sheng)產中(zhong)嚴格遵(zun)守安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)規范,對(dui)其進(jin)行安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)教育。要(yao)把(ba)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)責(ze)任制落(luo)實到人,建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)領導層要(yao)親自(zi)抓安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產,確保(bao)(bao)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產能夠有效(xiao)進(jin)行。對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)的(de)(de)地貌(mao),地形(xing),地物進(jin)行勘察,在施(shi)工(gong)前要(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)準(zhun)備工(gong)作,做(zuo)好(hao)預防和(he)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)工(gong)作,及時發現可能造成安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)(yin)患的(de)(de)因素。安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)部(bu)門(men)要(yao)定期(qi)和(he)不定期(qi)的(de)(de)檢(jian)查,督促各(ge)個部(bu)門(men)做(zuo)好(hao)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)作,必須加強(qiang)對(dui)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)作的(de)(de)檢(jian)查力度,把(ba)潛在的(de)(de)危險和(he)隱(yin)(yin)患消滅在萌芽(ya)之中(zhong)。

結束語

綜上所(suo)述,建筑施工管理還存(cun)在著(zhu)這(zhe)樣或者那樣的(de)問題,加強對(dui)施工管理方法的(de)探索對(dui)提高(gao)管理效(xiao)益至關重要。

參考文獻

篇4

1.1 器皿的選擇 歷(li)代醫家對煎(jian)藥(yao)器具均有論述。梁代陶(tao)弘景說:“溫湯勿用(yong)鐵(tie)器”。明代李時珍說:“煎(jian)藥(yao)并忌(ji)銅(tong)(tong)、鐵(tie)器,宜(yi)(yi)銀器瓦罐(guan)”。現代煎(jian)藥(yao)一般用(yong)耐(nai)火的砂罐(guan)或陶(tao)罐(guan)為最理想,因其受熱均勻,性質穩定(ding),煎(jian)汁濃,質量高,搪瓷燒鍋(guo)也可選用(yong)。不(bu)宜(yi)(yi)選用(yong)鐵(tie)、鋁、銅(tong)(tong)、鍋(guo)等,以免發生(sheng)化學反應,影響(xiang)療效或污染藥(yao)液,產生(sheng)毒性。煎(jian)具的容量宜(yi)(yi)稍大,以利煮沸時藥(yao)液不(bu)斷翻滾。

1.2 煎藥(yao)(yao)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi) 用井水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、純凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)均(jun)可(ke)(ke)。常用加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方法有3種(zhong):①將飲片置煎鍋內,加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)至超過藥(yao)(yao)物表面(mian)3~5 cm為度,第(di)(di)二煎可(ke)(ke)超過藥(yao)(yao)物表面(mian)1~2 cm;②按每(mei)克中藥(yao)(yao)加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)約10 ml計算,然后(hou)按總(zong)藥(yao)(yao)量(liang)計算總(zong)加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang),將其中70%用于第(di)(di)一煎,余下的(de)(de)30%留作(zuo)第(di)(di)二煎;③根據中藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性大小、煎藥(yao)(yao)時間長(chang)短、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分蒸發的(de)(de)多少以及(ji)所(suo)需藥(yao)(yao)液(ye)的(de)(de)多少來具體(ti)掌握加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。為了提(ti)高(gao)煎出率,藥(yao)(yao)物在煎煮前宜加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)攪拌后(hou)浸(jin)泡(pao)30~60 min。冬天若用20℃~30℃的(de)(de)溫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浸(jin)泡(pao)可(ke)(ke)縮短煎煮時間,但不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用開水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浸(jin),以免某些(xie)植物細(xi)胞(bao)中的(de)(de)蛋白質突然受(shou)熱凝固、外層形成(cheng)堅(jian)密的(de)(de)包(bao)膜,或使部分高(gao)分子物質形成(cheng)膠(jiao)體(ti)不(bu)(bu)利有效成(cheng)分浸(jin)出。有些(xie)藥(yao)(yao)材不(bu)(bu)易浸(jin)透,建議(yi)搗碎后(hou)再煎。

1.3 煎(jian)(jian)煮次(ci)數、時間及(ji)火(huo)(huo)候 一(yi)般藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物煎(jian)(jian)煮2次(ci),補益(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或質地堅硬的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物可煎(jian)(jian)3次(ci)。煎(jian)(jian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)時間按藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)性味不同,可以分為解(jie)表藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、一(yi)般藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、滋補藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)三類,一(yi)般藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)按傳統(tong)煎(jian)(jian)法,一(yi)煎(jian)(jian)在(zai)武火(huo)(huo)煮沸后(hou)改(gai)文火(huo)(huo)30 min,二煎(jian)(jian)在(zai)武火(huo)(huo)沸后(hou)改(gai)文火(huo)(huo)20 min。而(er)解(jie)表藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)則建議使(shi)用一(yi)煎(jian)(jian)二煎(jian)(jian)均減少10 min的(de)(de)方法。滋補藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)建議一(yi)煎(jian)(jian)二煎(jian)(jian)均增(zeng)加10 min并始終用文火(huo)(huo)煎(jian)(jian)煮。如需三煎(jian)(jian),武火(huo)(huo)煮沸后(hou)改(gai)文火(huo)(huo)15 min。煎(jian)(jian)煮過(guo)程中不可經常打開鍋蓋,以防有(you)效(xiao)成分散(san)失。

2 特殊(shu)藥物的煎煮

需(xu)特殊(shu)處理藥(yao)物按常(chang)規(gui)難于煎(jian)(jian)煮、煎(jian)(jian)透(tou),必須采用特殊(shu)的(de)煎(jian)(jian)法,以保證(zheng)湯劑的(de)質量。

2.1 礦(kuang)石(shi)、貝殼(ke)、角甲類(lei)需先(xian)煎,以增加藥物有效成分的溶出,一般礦(kuang)石(shi)、貝殼(ke)、角甲類(lei)要打碎成顆粒或粗(cu)粉(fen)先(xian)煎至少30 min。

2.2 有毒藥如川烏、草烏、生(sheng)半夏等均需先煎1~2 h,以降低藥物的毒性,增加安全性和(he)有效性。

2.3 對一些質地松軟的花、葉及氣(qi)味芳香(xiang)含揮發性成(cheng)分的藥(yao)(yao)物(wu),如、竹葉、芍藥(yao)(yao)、薄荷、砂仁、木香(xiang)、青蒿、藿香(xiang)等或(huo)久(jiu)煎易破(po)壞有(you)效成(cheng)分的中藥(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片需后下,應在煎好其他藥(yao)(yao)前5~10 min內加(jia)入煎煮。

2.4 花粉類(lei)、細小種(zhong)子類(lei)、中藥粉散劑(ji)、霜散劑(ji)不(bu)易(yi)與(yu)水(shui)完全接觸而(er)易(yi)漂浮(fu)于(yu)水(shui)面(mian),要用布袋包煎;含淀粉、黏液質較多(duo)的(de)種(zhong)子類(lei)藥物,易(yi)粘鍋(guo)、糊化、粘底的(de)亦要包煎。

2.5 對一些(xie)有毛(mao)、刺的(de)藥(yao)材,如蜈蚣、蝎子、斑蝥等(deng)(deng),要(yao)放在布(bu)袋里進(jin)行煎煮,以防止(zhi)藥(yao)材的(de)毛(mao)刺進(jin)入藥(yao)液(ye)中刺激咽喉引起咳嗽(sou)等(deng)(deng)。

2.6 名貴(gui)藥材(cai),如人(ren)參(can)、羚羊角、犀牛角等應切成小片(pian),單獨煎煮后(hou)再和其余藥液混(hun)合(he)在一(yi)起(qi)服(fu)用,盡可能保存其有效成分,減(jian)少同(tong)煎時被其他(ta)藥物(wu)吸收。

3 注意事項

3.1 煎(jian)藥(yao)前(qian)不要清(qing)(qing)洗(xi) 有(you)的(de)(de)患(huan)者以為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)很臟,用清(qing)(qing)水洗(xi)后再浸泡、煎(jian)煮。這(zhe)是不對的(de)(de)。因為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)很多藥(yao)是粉(fen)末的(de)(de),如滑石粉(fen)等(deng),會(hui)被洗(xi)掉(diao)。還(huan)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)飲片(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)水溶(rong)性成(cheng)分在洗(xi)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)與(yu)水一起流失掉(diao)。蜜炙、麩炒(chao)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)飲片(pian)也(ye)會(hui)被洗(xi)掉(diao)。

3.2 藥(yao)(yao)渣(zha)(zha)是否擠壓(ya) 藥(yao)(yao)煎好后即將藥(yao)(yao)液濾出(chu),末煎應將藥(yao)(yao)渣(zha)(zha)擠壓(ya),使藥(yao)(yao)渣(zha)(zha)內藥(yao)(yao)液殘留量減至最(zui)少(shao)。實踐證(zheng)明(ming),藥(yao)(yao)渣(zha)(zha)擠壓(ya)后有(you)效成分增(zeng)加10%。

3.3 兒科用藥(yao)煎(jian)煮注意(yi) 小兒內服藥(yao)要求少而濃(nong),以(yi)便(bian)喂服。頭煎(jian)、二煎(jian)藥(yao)液(ye)合并靜(jing)置(zhi)澄清,取上(shang)清液(ye)再加(jia)熱濃(nong)縮至合適量。

3.4 外(wai)用(yong)藥(yao)的煎煮(zhu) 外(wai)用(yong)熏洗藥(yao)一般(ban)用(yong)藥(yao)量(liang)大,且(qie)多含(han)藥(yao)性猛烈或(huo)毒性的中藥(yao),煎煮(zhu)時加(jia)(jia)水(shui)量(liang)要適當(dang)增加(jia)(jia),采用(yong)武(wu)火、文(wen)火交替煎煮(zhu),煎出液要比(bi)內(nei)服藥(yao)多2~3倍。外(wai)搽(cha)藥(yao)要少(shao)而(er)濃,加(jia)(jia)水(shui)量(liang)適當(dang)減少(shao)。凡外(wai)用(yong)藥(yao)一般(ban)均要趁熱使用(yong),以(yi)利有效(xiao)成分(fen)透皮吸收。

3.5 毒(du)性(xing)、烈性(xing)中藥(yao)的(de)煎(jian)煮(zhu) 毒(du)性(xing)、烈性(xing)中藥(yao)除了先煎(jian)外,煎(jian)藥(yao)器具(ju)使用后應(ying)反(fan)復擦(ca)洗,必要時(shi)煮(zhu)過(guo)后再用,以免毒(du)性(xing)、串味、串色而影(ying)響藥(yao)物(wu)療效和煎(jian)劑質量。

參 考 文 獻

[1] 陳平亞. 中(zhong)藥煎煮方法與煎取量間關系(xi)的探討.中(zhong)國(guo)民康醫學,2007,6(6):496-497.

篇5

關(guan)鍵詞(ci):工(gong)程造價;方法;問(wen)題(ti);注(zhu)意要點

前言

社會環境(jing)以及人們生活品質(zhi)的(de)(de)提高,促(cu)使人們對建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)要求愈來愈高,而(er)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)預結算審(shen)(shen)核工(gong)(gong)(gong)作是保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)有效管(guan)理手段。因此,如何利(li)用正確的(de)(de)造價(jia)審(shen)(shen)核方法,合理的(de)(de)控(kong)制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)整體造價(jia),也就(jiu)成(cheng)為了業(ye)內人士共同探討的(de)(de)熱點之一(yi),根據(ju)現有的(de)(de)造價(jia)審(shen)(shen)核方法進行科學的(de)(de)研究創新,完善工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)預結算審(shen)(shen)核體系也就(jiu)成(cheng)為了關鍵所(suo)在。

1工程造價(jia)預結算(suan)審核的(de)方法

在建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)建(jian)造過(guo)程中(zhong)具有多次計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)特性,并且整個計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)周期較長、計(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)方(fang)式較為復雜。因此(ci)使用一(yi)種科學的(de)審(shen)核方(fang)式進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)預結算審(shen)核工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),不僅能夠提高整個工(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)速度,還能更高效的(de)完(wan)成(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)計(ji)算審(shen)核。在實際的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)過(guo)程中(zhong)主(zhu)要有以下幾(ji)種方(fang)法(fa)進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)(jia)(jia)預結算審(shen)核工(gong)(gong)作(zuo):

1.1整體審核

這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)審(shen)(shen)核(he)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)預結(jie)算審(shen)(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作人(ren)員對(dui)(dui)整體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的多個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面進行(xing)全方(fang)(fang)位的審(shen)(shen)查(cha),其中(zhong)就(jiu)包(bao)括整體的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量、各(ge)類(lei)定額單價(jia)、相關費用的計(ji)費依據等,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)審(shen)(shen)查(cha)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)不僅能夠全面的對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的各(ge)方(fang)(fang)面進行(xing)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)審(shen)(shen)核(he),還能夠提高整體造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的審(shen)(shen)核(he)質量。但使(shi)用這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)需要(yao)(yao)注意的是(shi)整體審(shen)(shen)核(he)時間長,對(dui)(dui)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)些工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量較大的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)審(shen)(shen)核(he)起來(lai)會相對(dui)(dui)較困難,所以在(zai)一(yi)(yi)些對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)具有嚴格要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當中(zhong)才會使(shi)用這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa),另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)也使(shi)初學(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)預結(jie)算審(shen)(shen)核(he)人(ren)員,通過仔細的審(shen)(shen)核(he)熟悉(xi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的各(ge)項造(zao)(zao)價(jia)預結(jie)算審(shen)(shen)核(he)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序。

1.2分類審核

分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)審(shen)核(he)顧名(ming)思義就是將整體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)各(ge)關聯部分(fen)(fen)進(jin)(jin)行分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)計算。使用(yong)這種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)進(jin)(jin)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價預結算的(de)審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),只(zhi)需要將事前歸結好(hao)的(de)各(ge)類(lei)(lei)數據(ju)進(jin)(jin)行同類(lei)(lei)別(bie)的(de)審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)即(ji)可,這種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)不(bu)僅可以較大的(de)減少(shao)造價審(shen)核(he)人員的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量,而且能夠使整體審(shen)核(he)進(jin)(jin)度更(geng)快(kuai)。而缺點在于,在進(jin)(jin)行審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)前的(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)較為繁瑣(suo),需要對(dui)每一個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)細節問題(ti)進(jin)(jin)行系統劃(hua)分(fen)(fen),保證每個類(lei)(lei)別(bie)的(de)統一性為后續審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)開展奠定便(bian)利的(de)基礎。

1.3統籌法

使用(yong)這種審(shen)核(he)方法主要是根據單位面積的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)、相關費用(yong)這三個數(shu)值(zhi),通過對不同(tong)部位的(de)數(shu)值(zhi)與預(yu)算(suan)數(shu)值(zhi)之間的(de)比較(jiao),進(jin)行(xing)審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),當發(fa)現兩個數(shu)值(zhi)相差較(jiao)多時,應(ying)分析(xi)具體(ti)數(shu)據指(zhi)標后及(ji)時進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)整,以保證(zheng)整體(ti)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)在(zai)預(yu)結算(suan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中能夠將誤差降至最小(xiao),在(zai)實際的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中該種方法由于操作(zuo)簡單,使用(yong)效果(guo)好(hao),被廣(guang)泛運用(yong)。

1.4比較法

進(jin)行(xing)這(zhe)種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)預(yu)結(jie)算審核方式的首要(yao)條件,是需要(yao)在(zai)(zai)本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建造區(qu)域內有(you)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)與本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)類別相同的參(can)(can)照工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)。保證(zheng)(zheng)參(can)(can)照工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)能夠在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)體的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)用材(cai)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)構等方面(mian)與本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)相似。將兩個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)比較(jiao),在(zai)(zai)相同類目中以(yi)參(can)(can)照工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)基準,查找(zhao)本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的問題所在(zai)(zai),對二者之(zhi)異進(jin)行(xing)復核,對不(bu)合理的地(di)方進(jin)行(xing)修正,保證(zheng)(zheng)整(zheng)體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)預(yu)結(jie)算審核的高效性。

1.5重點突出法

這(zhe)種(zhong)方法在(zai)實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)預結算(suan)審(shen)核工(gong)作中也較為常用,這(zhe)種(zhong)方式的(de)(de)(de)主要特點就在(zai)于,對整體(ti)工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)中的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵部(bu)分進(jin)行重點審(shen)核,對一(yi)(yi)些次要的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程部(bu)分,選擇性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)抽查,這(zhe)種(zhong)方式能夠加快整體(ti)審(shen)查的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)度,同時(shi)防止(zhi)對同一(yi)(yi)工(gong)程部(bu)位的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查,在(zai)一(yi)(yi)些大型的(de)(de)(de)建筑工(gong)程項目中較為常見。

2工程造價預結算審核(he)注意要點(dian)

2.1熟悉建筑工程施工各項文件

在進(jin)行工(gong)程造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)預(yu)結(jie)算審核(he)前,相(xiang)關工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)人員首先(xian)要對(dui)整(zheng)體工(gong)程的(de)施(shi)工(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)進(jin)行了(le)解,對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)中的(de)各(ge)項(xiang)規定以及招標文(wen)件等(deng)相(xiang)關資料能夠熟練掌握,以這(zhe)些文(wen)件作(zuo)(zuo)為定制造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)預(yu)結(jie)算合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)基礎參照,而這(zhe)個環(huan)節(jie)的(de)實施(shi)好壞對(dui)整(zheng)個工(gong)程的(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)都起著十分重要的(de)基礎作(zuo)(zuo)用。

2.2熟悉設計圖紙

在進(jin)行(xing)(xing)造價的(de)(de)預結算(suan)審(shen)(shen)核過程(cheng)中還需要對整(zheng)體的(de)(de)施工(gong)圖(tu)紙或(huo)竣工(gong)圖(tu)紙進(jin)行(xing)(xing)熟悉(xi)(xi)了解,由(you)于(yu)設計(ji)圖(tu)紙是整(zheng)個工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)指導性文件,因此熟悉(xi)(xi)設計(ji)圖(tu)紙,能使(shi)造價審(shen)(shen)核人(ren)員更好的(de)(de)熟悉(xi)(xi)整(zheng)個工(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)各(ge)個部分(fen),使(shi)之在進(jin)行(xing)(xing)造價審(shen)(shen)核的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中能夠更好的(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)土建(jian)、電氣安(an)裝等各(ge)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)造價預算(suan)工(gong)作,更全面(mian)的(de)(de)對整(zheng)體工(gong)程(cheng)做出(chu)預算(suan)規劃和更改意見。

2.3審(shen)核方(fang)法選擇

由于每(mei)個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑規(gui)模(mo)、建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)期、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)都(dou)有所不(bu)同(tong),這就需要工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價預(yu)結算(suan)審核(he)人(ren)員(yuan)能夠(gou)根據不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)選擇與之適應的(de)(de)(de)(de)造價審核(he)方(fang)式。像是針對大(da)型工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)造價預(yu)結算(suan)審核(he)工(gong)(gong)作就不(bu)宜使用整體審核(he)法(fa),在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)擬建(jian)區域沒有相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進行對比時(shi),也不(bu)能夠(gou)盲目的(de)(de)(de)(de)參照其他工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)使用對比審核(he)法(fa)。根據在實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中所發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,針對性的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇造價預(yu)結算(suan)審查方(fang)法(fa),保(bao)證對各(ge)項目中的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)個部(bu)分都(dou)能夠(gou)做到數(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確(que)性,對出現偏(pian)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分進行及(ji)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更正(zheng)。

2.4工(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)與(yu)其清單(dan)的(de)造價(jia)審核(he)

在(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)工程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),需要對工程(cheng)的(de)各個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)工程(cheng)量清單進(jin)(jin)行(xing)熟悉了解,以(yi)方(fang)便(bian)在(zai)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)工作(zuo)(zuo)時能夠根(gen)據(ju)實際情(qing)況及(ji)項(xiang)目(mu)特(te)征(zheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)具(ju)體數據(ju)的(de)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)。另一(yi)方(fang)面需要核(he)(he)(he)實實際的(de)工程(cheng)量與(yu)施工招標(biao)文(wen)件中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)標(biao)準量是否一(yi)致,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)招標(biao)價(jia)格的(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)審(shen)核(he)(he)(he)工程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),需要根(gen)據(ju)具(ju)體的(de)市場情(qing)況進(jin)(jin)行(xing)適時的(de)調整。因此(ci),在(zai)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)審(shen)核(he)(he)(he)人員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)計(ji)(ji)價(jia)工作(zuo)(zuo)時一(yi)定要熟悉費率(lv)和定額的(de)套用模式,根(gen)據(ju)大環境(jing)的(de)走勢,以(yi)及(ji)相關工程(cheng)用材的(de)經濟環境(jing)變化,提出(chu)適當的(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)預(yu)結算(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)(he)標(biao)準。

2.5工程(cheng)過程(cheng)中造價結算審核

在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)結算(suan),主要(yao)就(jiu)是針(zhen)對一些常用項目的(de)結算(suan),例如在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)垂直(zhi)運(yun)輸機械使(shi)用費用,還有針(zhen)對施工(gong)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)審核。一般情況下對材(cai)料(liao)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)審查需要(yao)參(can)考工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)當地(di)的(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)部分所公布(bu)的(de)相(xiang)關材(cai)料(liao)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)信息,以及(ji)向一些市場(chang)上的(de)相(xiang)關材(cai)料(liao)供應商、供應廠家進(jin)(jin)行(xing)詢價(jia)(jia),或者對一些與本工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)似的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)參(can)考得出材(cai)料(liao)的(de)單價(jia)(jia),進(jin)(jin)行(xing)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)計(ji)算(suan)。

2.6工程竣工造價結算

在造價結算(suan)階段(duan)主(zhu)要是針對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)費率計算(suan)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量計算(suan)、用材單價計算(suan)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)進(jin)行審(shen)核(he)(he)(he)。較為重(zhong)要的(de)主(zhu)要有兩個方(fang)面(mian):①對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招標文件(jian)(jian)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)同等(deng)相關合(he)(he)同文件(jian)(jian)的(de)審(shen)核(he)(he)(he)計算(suan);②對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)現場簽證(zheng)情況的(de)審(shen)核(he)(he)(he)。對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)簽證(zheng)的(de)審(shen)核(he)(he)(he),是保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建筑雙(shuang)方(fang)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變動的(de)有力印證(zheng),在實(shi)(shi)際的(de)造價結算(suan)審(shen)核(he)(he)(he)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中是不可忽略的(de)重(zhong)要部分。

3結束語

由上文可知,做好工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價預算(suan)(suan)和結算(suan)(suan)審核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)對(dui)于建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程而(er)言至關重要,不僅能夠促(cu)進建筑(zhu)(zhu)單位(wei)改進工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)存在的(de)(de)問題,更(geng)(geng)加高(gao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)完成(cheng)預算(suan)(suan)和結算(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),而(er)且能夠促(cu)使(shi)建筑(zhu)(zhu)單位(wei)更(geng)(geng)好控(kong)制建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價預結算(suan)(suan)審核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)需要工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)員具有耐心、細心的(de)(de)特質(zhi),在進行(xing)造價審核(he)的(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)要根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)方各(ge)(ge)面進行(xing)系統的(de)(de)考慮,針對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種問題作(zuo)出最及時以及最適合的(de)(de)解決,促(cu)使(shi)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)能夠高(gao)速度、高(gao)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)完成(cheng)。

參考文獻

[1]劉曉坤(kun).論建筑工程的預結算及其審核[J].魅(mei)力中國,2010(13).

[2]賈獻偉,許曉娜.建筑工程預結算(suan)常見問(wen)題與對策[J].江(jiang)西(xi)建材,2014(5).

[3]石優玲.建設工程造價預結算(suan)中(zhong)的問題及對策探究[J].建筑知識:學術刊,2014(6).

[4]楊海(hai)英,李(li)剛.淺議(yi)工程預結算編制中存(cun)在(zai)的(de)問題和建議(yi)[J].青海(hai)石(shi)油,2014(2):93~95.

篇6

【關(guan)鍵詞(ci)】 集群設計;精英;創意;藝術家;建筑設計

“集(ji)群(qun)設(she)計”最早源于國(guo)(guo)外示范性(xing)實物建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)展(zhan),其中(zhong)(zhong)1927年(nian)“德(de)意志制造聯盟(meng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魏森霍夫試驗住(zhu)宅(zhai)(zhai)區可謂現代(dai)(dai)“集(ji)群(qun)設(she)計”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)山之作。展(zhan)覽(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初衷是應對第一次(ci)世界大戰后德(de)國(guo)(guo)住(zhu)房(fang)緊(jin)缺(que)和(he)經濟狀(zhuang)況急劇惡(e)化中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)房(fang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)問(wen)題(ti),強調的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是經濟與適用(yong)。展(zhan)覽(lan)聚集(ji)了(le)(le)密斯(si)、柯布西耶、格羅皮(pi)烏斯(si)、夏隆等17位世界著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)(dai)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)師,代(dai)(dai)表(biao)了(le)(le)當時歐洲(zhou)最前衛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計組合。他們以探索未來(lai)住(zhu)宅(zhai)(zhai)設(she)計為己任(ren),使(shi)用(yong)創新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計概念和(he)設(she)計方(fang)法,對住(zhu)宅(zhai)(zhai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面布局、空(kong)間效果、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)結構、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材料等進行(xing)了(le)(le)一系列(lie)革(ge)新,并(bing)開(kai)創了(le)(le)“國(guo)(guo)際(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)風(feng)格”。之后,1931年(nian)以“我們時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)宅(zhai)(zhai)”和(he)“新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)”為主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“德(de)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)展(zhan)”,以及1957年(nian)以“明日城市”為主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)展(zhan),現代(dai)(dai)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)師一次(ci)次(ci)集(ji)體(ti)亮相,無一不(bu)是針對當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會問(wen)題(ti),體(ti)現了(le)(le)他們強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會責任(ren)感(gan)。集(ji)體(ti)智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)鋒(feng)推動了(le)(le)學術(shu)進步,于是“集(ji)群(qun)設(she)計”這種與身俱來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“精英”氣質,使(shi)“集(ji)群(qun)”不(bu)只是簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量概念,還隱含(han)了(le)(le)“前瞻性(xing)”與“示范性(xing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。

西(xi)方各國在20世(shi)紀80年代(dai)后也涌現出一些集(ji)群(qun)設計(ji)力作(zuo),如德國柏林波茨坦(tan)廣場、日本(ben)東京六本(ben)木(mu)山等,這些項(xiang)目(mu)不再是(shi)有(you)組織、有(you)主題、有(you)特定目(mu)的(de)和(he)區域(yu)的(de)展覽(lan)活動,而是(shi)一般意義(yi)的(de)房(fang)產(chan)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu),其產(chan)生動機(ji)不再是(shi)單純的(de)學(xue)術研究或是(shi)對于社(she)會建(jian)構的(de)使命,其精英(ying)氣質更多(duo)地被當作(zuo)商業利(li)益最大(da)化的(de)籌碼(ma)。2000年潘石屹、張永和(he)策劃的(de)“長城腳下的(de)公社(she)”開(kai)(kai)啟了中國的(de)“集(ji)群(qun)設計(ji)”時(shi)代(dai)。

其后的(de)(de)(de)集群創(chuang)作項目(mu)中既(ji)有(you)上海的(de)(de)(de)“青浦營(ying)造(zao)”和(he)杭(hang)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)“良渚文化村”這類大規模的(de)(de)(de)新城(cheng)制(zhi)造(zao),也有(you)銀川的(de)(de)(de)“賀蘭山房(fang)”那樣屬于藝術(shu)家“玩”建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)產物;既(ji)有(you)在(zai)全球(qiu)范圍邀請設計師參(can)加的(de)(de)(de)具有(you)國(guo)際影響(xiang)力的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)(如南京的(de)(de)(de)“中國(guo)國(guo)際建(jian)筑藝術(shu)實踐展(zhan)”和(he)浙江金華的(de)(de)(de)“建(jian)筑藝術(shu)公園”),也有(you)聲(sheng)勢(shi)浩大、毫不遜色(se)的(de)(de)(de)本土建(jian)筑師參(can)與的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)(如廣東(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)莞的(de)(de)(de)“松山湖新城(cheng)”和(he)成都的(de)(de)(de)“建(jian)川博物館(guan)聚落”);這些項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)委托方既(ji)有(you)政府(fu)機(ji)構,也有(you)房(fang)地產企業。它們普遍具有(you)以下(xia)特點:

第一,在(zai)國內建(jian)筑項(xiang)目運作中(zhong),業(ye)主選擇(ze)建(jian)筑師的(de)一般方式(shi)是(shi)設計(ji)競賽(sai)招標(biao),而國內集群設計(ji)的(de)特殊性(xing)在(zai)于絕大多數項(xiang)目從規劃到城(cheng)市設計(ji)再到建(jian)筑設計(ji)均采(cai)用委托設計(ji)形式(shi),如此大規模的(de)邀(yao)標(biao)需要(yao)業(ye)主具有相當的(de)魄力、實力和影響力。

第二(er),國內集(ji)群設計(ji)項目(mu)的(de)(de)基(ji)地(di)(di)大多在(zai)自然環(huan)境(jing)優越的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)郊區(qu)。城(cheng)郊土(tu)地(di)(di)資(zi)源較市(shi)(shi)區(qu)內豐富,土(tu)地(di)(di)成本相對較低(di),基(ji)地(di)(di)環(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)的(de)(de)可選(xuan)擇余(yu)地(di)(di)大,基(ji)地(di)(di)遠離(li)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)同時也遠離(li)了城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)矛盾,因而建筑設計(ji)受到的(de)(de)限制較小,為集(ji)群設計(ji)的(de)(de)創作(zuo)自由度提供了條件(jian)。

集群設計的價值和(he)意義:

第(di)一,從學術上(shang)來講(jiang),集群設(she)計(ji)(ji)推動了建筑(zhu)(zhu)界學術的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流和發展(zhan)(zhan),“長城腳(jiao)下的(de)(de)(de)公社”在(zai)威尼斯(si)雙年展(zhan)(zhan)國際建筑(zhu)(zhu)展(zhan)(zhan)上(shang)還獲得“建筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術推動獎”。有專(zhuan)家說:由于中(zhong)國正處在(zai)經濟(ji)及(ji)城市建設(she)快(kuai)速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)階段,一個(ge)很大規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目往往在(zai)很短時(shi)間(jian)(jian)內被一家設(she)計(ji)(ji)院或(huo)一個(ge)設(she)計(ji)(ji)師的(de)(de)(de)簡單(dan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)所(suo)吞噬,必然少(shao)了對城市空間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)思考以及(ji)可能呈現(xian)給城市的(de)(de)(de)更豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)形態。而集群設(she)計(ji)(ji)恰恰化整為零,集思廣益,共同探討城市和建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)取舍,創造出沒有時(shi)間(jian)(jian)積(ji)累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)智慧結晶(jing)。

第(di)二,營銷(xiao)作(zuo)用和商(shang)(shang)業價(jia)值(zhi)。參(can)與(yu)集群(qun)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)師通常(chang)都(dou)是設(she)計(ji)界的(de)(de)(de)精英,他(ta)們(men)不僅富有創意,還(huan)有更(geng)為(wei)嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)方式和態度。無論(lun)基(ji)于(yu)消費者從盲目(mu)(mu)追求品(pin)(pin)牌到趨于(yu)理(li)性消費的(de)(de)(de)變化,還(huan)是基(ji)于(yu)開發(fa)商(shang)(shang)對商(shang)(shang)業利潤以及品(pin)(pin)牌價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)追求,他(ta)們(men)都(dou)相信在高質量的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)身后,必然是品(pin)(pin)牌效(xiao)應帶來的(de)(de)(de)高附加值(zhi)。而對于(yu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)師來說,正如(ru)在運(yun)作(zuo)“長(chang)城腳下的(de)(de)(de)公社”時張(zhang)欣曾(ceng)說過(guo)的(de)(de)(de):“商(shang)(shang)業是建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藝(yi)術最有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)推動(dong)手段。”集群(qun)設(she)計(ji)正是借著眾多優勢條件,成為(wei)引(yin)人注目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)事件,并形(xing)成開發(fa)方和建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)師的(de)(de)(de)“雙贏”。

篇7

關鍵(jian)詞(ci):建(jian)筑結構;后(hou)張(zhang)法預應(ying)力(li);施工技術;應(ying)用

Abstract: The post-tensioned construction technology today has been widely used in the field of engineering structures, especially in housing construction. In this paper the post-tensioned in the course of construction, technology, engineering examples, a variety of construction techniques.

Keywords: building structure; post-tensioned; construction technology; application

中圖(tu)分類(lei)號(hao):TU74 文(wen)獻標識(shi)碼:A文(wen)章編號(hao):2095-2104(2012)05-0020-02

1工程概況

此工程的(de)(de)(de)類型為(wei)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力框架結(jie)構,框架柱(zhu)、主(zhu)梁均是有(you)(you)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力張拉,在剪(jian)力墻(qiang)筒體(ti)及外環(huan)(huan)梁中采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是無粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力張拉。大廳黃總預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力梁跨度(du)為(wei)東西(xi)向(xiang)長度(du)27.9m,南北方(fang)向(xiang)長度(du)29.7m,雙向(xiang)主(zhu)梁的(de)(de)(de)截面尺寸為(wei)550×1800~2100mm(此為(wei)結(jie)構找坡的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin))以及550×1800mm;服務(wu)廳為(wei)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)型,其預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力梁的(de)(de)(de)跨度(du)南北方(fang)向(xiang)最(zui)大單跨為(wei)46m,東西(xi)方(fang)向(xiang)為(wei)30m,其中起支撐(cheng)主(zhu)梁作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)八根Φ1200mm的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)也是單向(xiang)有(you)(you)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力張拉。工程采(cai)用(yong)無粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力張拉剪(jian)力墻(qiang)筒體(ti)以及聯系橢(tuo)圓(yuan)外圈的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)梁。無粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力張拉由每(mei)組四根Φ15.24的(de)(de)(de)鋼絞線組合(he)成,有(you)(you)粘(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)預(yu)(yu)用(yong)力張拉每(mei)組由四束7Φ15.24的(de)(de)(de)鋼絞線配(pei)成。

工程中所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)柱、梁(liang)以及剪力(li)墻的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)鋼(gang)筋采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)彈性(xing)模量(liang)為(wei)1.95*105MPa的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)絞線,其單(dan)股面積(ji)As為(wei)139,設計強度標(biao)準值;錨固端(duan)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)OVN15-5(7)P型錨具,張拉(la)端(duan)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)OVN15-5(7)型錨具,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)張拉(la)設備為(wei)YDC240Q型千(qian)斤頂(ding),取的(de)(de)(de)張拉(la)控制應(ying)力(li)為(wei)0.7ptk=1302MPa;無粘(zhan)結預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)鋼(gang)絞線采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)專(zhuan)業生產廠家出產的(de)(de)(de)套有塑膠管的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)鋼(gang)絞線,而(er)有粘(zhan)結預(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)鋼(gang)絞線采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)金屬(shu)波(bo)紋管,外套管直徑取為(wei)Φ70。

2施工方法及(ji)注意事項

2.1制作波紋管

①采(cai)用手提式砂輪切(qie)割(ge)機制(zhi)作金屬(shu)波(bo)紋管(guan),不采(cai)用電焊(han)切(qie)割(ge)以防(fang)波(bo)紋管(guan)的破壞。

②安(an)(an)置鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋初步成型之(zhi)(zhi)后,立(li)即開(kai)始按照設計的(de)張(zhang)拉(la)曲線將波紋(wen)管安(an)(an)放到位(wei),并(bing)且采用Φ8的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋彎成“S”狀和兩側(ce)的(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋進行(xing)綁扎(zha),每個間(jian)隔為40cm左(zuo)右,之(zhi)(zhi)后再使用鐵(tie)絲進行(xing)綁扎(zha)固定,避免在澆筑混凝土的(de)過程中管道位(wei)移。

③在(zai)澆(jiao)筑混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)之前,金屬波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)破洞與管(guan)道接頭必(bi)須使用膠帶修補綁扎好(hao)。本工程在(zai)鋼(gang)絞線和(he)波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)之間多(duo)加入了一道尼(ni)龍(long)套管(guan),以(yi)此可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)澆(jiao)筑混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)過程中確(que)保漿液等的(de)擠入,保證可(ke)以(yi)達到最好(hao)的(de)張拉效果。

④每隔一(yi)(yi)定的(de)距離(一(yi)(yi)般是每隔5米),波紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道都要設(she)置一(yi)(yi)個灌(guan)漿(jiang)排氣孔(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),并與最低處(chu)設(she)置一(yi)(yi)處(chu)排水(shui)孔(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。排水(shui)孔(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和排氣孔(kong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)般情況下選取(qu)塑料管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或者是PVC管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),最小內徑為(wei)20mm,這樣施行的(de)目的(de)是為(wei)了(le)保證注漿(jiang)后整個管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內的(de)空間能夠(gou)被水(shui)泥漿(jiang)液充分填充。

⑤布設波紋管定在鋼筋(jin)(jin)初步成型之后,固定端和(he)張(zhang)拉端的鋼墊(dian)板(ban)內側安(an)裝加強筋(jin)(jin)和(he)螺(luo)旋筋(jin)(jin),一般情(qing)況下螺(luo)旋筋(jin)(jin)采用的是長約(yue)為(wei)(wei)30cm的Φ6.5圓(yuan)鋼,鋼板(ban)厚度約(yue)為(wei)(wei)15mm。

⑥波紋管(guan)張拉端(duan)喇(la)叭(ba)(ba)進口(kou)和錨(mao)墊板(ban)之間有約一米左右的(de)(de)一段(duan)直線(xian)(xian)(xian)段(duan),在安裝時要確保其和墊板(ban)錨(mao)具的(de)(de)垂直,和喇(la)叭(ba)(ba)口(kou)的(de)(de)結(jie)合(he)處,用(yong)鐵(tie)絲、布塊、膠(jiao)帶(dai)密封起來(lai),防止(zhi)在澆筑混凝土的(de)(de)時候漿液(ye)流入管(guan)內。錨(mao)墊板(ban)上(shang)預(yu)留孔中心(xin)位(wei)置須和鋼絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)束(shu)的(de)(de)州中心(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相吻(wen)合(he),鋼絞線(xian)(xian)(xian)束(shu)須和錨(mao)墊板(ban)承壓面相垂直,經過校(xiao)正(zheng)之后梁筋和墊板(ban)錨(mao)腳要焊接固(gu)定于梁端(duan)。

2.2鋼絞線下料

①根據構件的鋼絞線實際鋪設長度(du)和錨固、張拉工作長度(du)來確定(ding)鋼絞線下料(liao),這需要進行多次的核算。

②鋼絞線進行(xing)切割(ge)時,用鐵絲在每(mei)端距(ju)離切口30至50mm的地方進行(xing)綁扎,為(wei)防止鋼絲扭結,最好進行(xing)編束,每(mei)隔1米左右(you)綁扎一條鉛絲,將鉛絲頭彎至鋼束之內。

③鋼(gang)絞線下料(liao)嚴禁使用(yong)(yong)電焊切(qie)割(ge)、氣(qi)割(ge),以免造成(cheng)因(yin)高(gao)溫而(er)形成(cheng)的鋼(gang)絞線材(cai)料(liao)特性變化問題,因(yin)此,一般切(qie)割(ge)是采用(yong)(yong)高(gao)速手提式砂輪切(qie)割(ge)機進行。

2.3擠P型錨(mao)具(于單面張拉時(shi)采用)

①將一端的鋼絞線頭(tou)先行穿過(guo)鋼墊板,之后套(tao)(tao)上(shang)擠壓彈(dan)簧(huang),在操作時彈(dan)簧(huang)套(tao)(tao)一定(ding)要超過(guo)擠壓的長度(du),繼而進入(ru)擠壓模,最后裝上(shang)擠壓套(tao)(tao)。

②啟(qi)動擠(ji)壓(ya)(ya)機的液壓(ya)(ya)油泵,使得鋼(gang)套在液壓(ya)(ya)的作用下擠(ji)壓(ya)(ya)鋼(gang)絞線,使其固(gu)定(ding),最后(hou)將此端擠(ji)成固(gu)定(ding)端。

2.4混凝土澆(jiao)筑(zhu)和(he)養(yang)護

①由于一般的(de)(de)(de)預應力(li)柱(zhu)、梁以及(ji)鋼絞(jiao)線都(dou)較密,混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)拌(ban)合時(shi)要(yao)摻入適當的(de)(de)(de)外加劑(ji),這主要(yao)是為(wei)了(le)(le)使混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)流動性和(he)早期(qi)強(qiang)(qiang)度加強(qiang)(qiang),并縮短了(le)(le)工(gong)期(qi)。;②混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)進行(xing)攪拌(ban)時(shi),要(yao)檢查攪拌(ban)質量(liang)以及(ji)坍落度,符合要(yao)求之(zhi)后(hou)才能(neng)施加澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu);③混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)采用分層振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao),一次澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)方法,于斜面上逐層進行(xing)升高,每層定為(wei)30cm。在(zai)(zai)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)之(zhi)時(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可大力(li)的(de)(de)(de)撬(qiao)動模(mo)板(ban)和(he)鋼板(ban),必須嚴密振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)漏振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)現(xian)象。在(zai)(zai)振(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)搗(dao)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)也要(yao)保(bao)證波紋管的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)好性,錨具尾部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)骨(gu)料要(yao)相對(dui)集(ji)中(zhong)一些;④為(wei)了(le)(le)確保(bao)結構邊緣的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)好性,在(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)強(qiang)(qiang)度還沒有(you)達到設計強(qiang)(qiang)度的(de)(de)(de)90%之(zhi)前(qian),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)拆(chai)(chai)模(mo),底部(bu)支撐(cheng)和(he)梁底模(mo)板(ban)必須在(zai)(zai)張拉施工(gong)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)后(hou)才能(neng)夠拆(chai)(chai)除(chu),拆(chai)(chai)除(chu)時(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)用力(li)敲打和(he)撬(qiao)動而對(dui)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)表面和(he)外觀(guan)質量(liang)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)損傷。⑤完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)后(hou),要(yao)將制作日期(qi)及(ji)安裝方向標在(zai)(zai)端部(bu),混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)之(zhi)后(hou),覆蓋以麻袋,灑水進行(xing)養(yang)護(hu)。在(zai)(zai)養(yang)護(hu)期(qi)間(jian),混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)表現(xian)宜保(bao)持濕潤,孔道(dao)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)進水,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)入雜物。

2.5鋼絞線張拉

①工(gong)程按照設計(ji)要(yao)(yao)求,在(zai)(zai)混凝土達(da)到設計(ji)強度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)90%之時(shi)才(cai)進(jin)行(xing)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)施(shi)工(gong);②預應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)柱和(he)無粘(zhan)結張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混凝土筒(tong)體都采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)端張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la),預應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)梁(liang)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)兩(liang)端同時(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la),兩(liang)端同時(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)時(shi),要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)端進(jin)行(xing)控制,要(yao)(yao)保證畫線(xian)(xian)標記(ji)(ji)、千(qian)斤(jin)(jin)頂升降、伸長(chang)(chang)(chang)測量(liang)以(yi)及插墊等工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一致性;③張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)時(shi)前,要(yao)(yao)取用(yong)無油污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓縮空氣,對(dui)錨(mao)(mao)具(ju)、鋼(gang)絞(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)端部(bu)以(yi)及孔道(dao)記(ji)(ji)性清洗;④鋼(gang)絞(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)分四(si)次(ci)(ci)施(shi)加拉(la)(la)(la)力(li)(li)(li),采(cai)用(yong)漸進(jin)勻速張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la);⑤張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)順序(xu):先縱梁(liang)再橫(heng)梁(liang),先中(zhong)間(jian)再兩(liang)邊;⑥張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)程序(xu):從0初(chu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)至(zhi)二倍初(chu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)至(zhi)控制應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)到103%超張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)(此(ci)狀(zhuang)態保持三分鐘)直至(zhi)最終錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)。⑦在(zai)(zai)四(si)次(ci)(ci)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)過(guo)程中(zhong),工(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)員都要(yao)(yao)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)號(hao)伸長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du),填寫在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)之上(shang)。主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注意事(shi)項(xiang)還有(you)以(yi)下幾(ji)點(dian):在(zai)(zai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)開始之前,稍加張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)鋼(gang)絞(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian),消除松弛狀(zhuang)態,并(bing)且(qie)檢(jian)(jian)查錨(mao)(mao)具(ju)、千(qian)斤(jin)(jin)頂以(yi)及孔道(dao)軸線(xian)(xian)是(shi)不是(shi)在(zai)(zai)一條直線(xian)(xian)上(shang);當鋼(gang)絞(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)始應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)達(da)到了(le)設計(ji)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)控制應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10%,這時(shi)候可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)絲(si)上(shang)打上(shang)標記(ji)(ji),作(zuo)為(wei)參考以(yi)測量(liang)、記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)伸長(chang)(chang)(chang)量(liang),并(bing)且(qie)檢(jian)(jian)查鋼(gang)絞(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)有(you)沒有(you)滑(hua)動現(xian)象(xiang);持續3min的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)103%張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)之后,若是(shi)發現(xian)伸長(chang)(chang)(chang)量(liang)與要(yao)(yao)求相符,就可(ke)以(yi)封閉錨(mao)(mao)具(ju)并(bing)將千(qian)斤(jin)(jin)頂拆除,若是(shi)伸長(chang)(chang)(chang)量(liang)以(yi)及張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)要(yao)(yao)求差別較大,須暫停(ting)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la),將原(yuan)因查出(chu)并(bing)解(jie)決之后才(cai)能繼續進(jin)行(xing)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)拉(la)(la)(la);若是(shi)錨(mao)(mao)頭出(chu)現(xian)了(le)斷(duan)絲(si)、滑(hua)絲(si)以(yi)及錨(mao)(mao)具(ju)損壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況,須立即停(ting)止作(zuo)業,檢(jian)(jian)查情(qing)況。當斷(duan)絲(si)、滑(hua)絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數目超過(guo)了(le)規定,就應(ying)(ying)(ying)當將鋼(gang)絞(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)抽換(huan);錨(mao)(mao)具(ju)外(wai)面(mian)多(duo)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)絞(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線(xian)(xian)不得采(cai)用(yong)電弧焊切割,可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)高(gao)速手提式砂輪切割機(ji)進(jin)行(xing)切割。

2.6孔道(dao)灌(guan)漿和封(feng)端

①先使用壓力(li)水將灌漿孔道(dao)清理干凈(jing)(jing),并檢(jian)查預應(ying)力(li)管(guan)道(dao)和灌漿孔、出氣孔是不是都聯通,否則要處理干凈(jing)(jing);

②在張拉完成之后(hou)要盡快注漿,減少預(yu)應力損(sun)失;

③注(zhu)漿壓力一般都(dou)控制在0.4~0.6MPa,保持(chi)先下后上的注(zhu)漿順(shun)序,避免上層孔(kong)道漏漿堵(du)塞下面的孔(kong)道,待(dai)得排氣孔(kong)有(you)濃漿冒出,就可以用木塞堵(du)住,再壓漿到0.5~0.6MPa,保持(chi)1~2min之后就可以堵(du)住注(zhu)漿孔(kong)。

3結語

在(zai)建筑結構中,預應力工(gong)(gong)藝較(jiao)為(wei)復雜,只有做好預應力施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)的技術培訓,認真做好施(shi)工(gong)(gong)之前的各項(xiang)檢查,同時不(bu)斷的引(yin)入各種(zhong)新技術、新工(gong)(gong)藝和(he)新材(cai)料,才(cai)能保證工(gong)(gong)程的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量。

參考文獻

篇8

一、發展目標

“十二五”期間,全(quan)市建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)總產值力爭年均增長20%以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);對(dui)地方財(cai)政貢獻率年均遞增30%以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),至2015年達到地方財(cai)政總收入的10%以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);2015年,建(jian)筑(zhu)集團公司(si)發展(zhan)到3家以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),特級建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工企(qi)業(ye)1家以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),一級建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工企(qi)業(ye)10家以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二級建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工企(qi)業(ye)80家以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。

二、政策措施

(一(yi))鼓勵建筑企(qi)業(ye)(ye)做強做大。建筑企(qi)業(ye)(ye)聯合、兼并(bing)、重組享受我(wo)市工業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)轉制的相關優(you)惠政策(ce)。對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)資質晉升為一(yi)級(ji)、特級(ji)的施工企(qi)業(ye)(ye)給(gei)予適(shi)當獎勵。

(二(er))建(jian)立(li)市外市場推介機制。加強與市外的地方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府和(he)行業(ye)(ye)管理部門的溝(gou)通(tong)和(he)協作,幫助我(wo)市建(jian)筑企(qi)業(ye)(ye)開(kai)拓市外建(jian)筑市場,為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)辦理相關手續(xu)開(kai)通(tong)“綠色(se)通(tong)道”,協助企(qi)業(ye)(ye)解決在(zai)施工所在(zai)地遇到的困難和(he)問題(ti)。建(jian)筑施工企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)市外承建(jian)工程(cheng)(項目)在(zai)我(wo)市繳納(na)的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)所得稅,以2011年為(wei)基數,受益地方(fang)財政(zheng)(zheng)按(an)照地方(fang)留成(cheng)增量部分的80%獎勵(li)給(gei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。

(三)鼓勵本市(shi)(shi)建筑企(qi)(qi)業參建政(zheng)府(fu)及國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業投(tou)資(zi)(zi)項目(含(han)國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業投(tou)資(zi)(zi)占主體,下同)。對(dui)我市(shi)(shi)被省住建廳評為(wei)全省50強的建筑施工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業,在全市(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)圍內,公開招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)免資(zi)(zi)格(ge)審(shen)查(cha),直接參加(jia)投(tou)標(biao)。建設(she)項目招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)工(gong)作中,要嚴格(ge)執行(xing)《關于進一(yi)步規范(fan)(fan)我省建設(she)工(gong)程招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)活動有(you)關問題(ti)的通知》,對(dui)政(zheng)府(fu)及國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業投(tou)資(zi)(zi)項目公開招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)時(shi),不(bu)得任(ren)意抬高資(zi)(zi)質等級和(he)提(ti)出不(bu)合理、不(bu)公平的附加(jia)條(tiao)件,排(pai)斥(chi)我市(shi)(shi)建筑施工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業。

(四(si))改善建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)融(rong)資環(huan)境。銀行(xing)業(ye)金(jin)融(rong)機構應對我市(shi)二級以上建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)進行(xing)信用評估,確(que)定授信額度,切實幫(bang)助(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)解(jie)決資金(jin)困(kun)難。建(jian)立(li)現代企(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)度,完善建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)公(gong)(gong)司治理結構,構建(jian)企(qi)業(ye)金(jin)融(rong)信用體系(xi),鼓勵建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)自身(shen)或(huo)聯合(he)成立(li)建(jian)筑(zhu)行(xing)業(ye)貸款擔保公(gong)(gong)司。

(五(wu))加(jia)強建筑企(qi)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)才培(pei)養(yang)。積(ji)極推行建筑執(zhi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)格證書制度(du)。鼓(gu)勵企(qi)業(ye)(ye)負責人(ren)進(jin)入大專院(yuan)校參加(jia)各類管(guan)理培(pei)訓班,提(ti)(ti)高企(qi)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理水平和自身素質,政(zheng)府有關部門每年(nian)組織(zhi)一次(ci)建筑企(qi)業(ye)(ye)家赴知(zhi)名院(yuan)校參加(jia)專題培(pei)訓班。市建設、人(ren)力資(zi)源和社會保障、中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)等(deng)行政(zheng)主管(guan)部門要(yao)積(ji)極爭取上級主管(guan)部門對建筑類專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)支持和政(zheng)策傾斜,為建筑類專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)提(ti)(ti)供便捷服(fu)務。建筑企(qi)業(ye)(ye)發生的(de)職工(gong)教育經(jing)費支出(chu),不超(chao)過工(gong)資(zi)、薪(xin)金總額(e)2.5%的(de)部分準予稅前扣除(chu),超(chao)過部分準予結轉以后(hou)納稅年(nian)度(du)扣除(chu)。其中(zhong)60%的(de)職工(gong)教育費要(yao)用于一線(xian)職工(gong)的(de)技(ji)能(neng)培(pei)訓。

(六)打造建(jian)筑總部基地(di)。政府(fu)規劃一定數量(liang)的土(tu)地(di)用于建(jian)筑企業(ye)總部基地(di)建(jian)設(she)(包括配套(tao)企業(ye)及(ji)附屬(shu)設(she)施(shi)),土(tu)地(di)供應統一采取招拍(pai)掛方式出讓。

(七)鼓勵市(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業落(luo)戶我(wo)市(shi)(shi)。凡總(zong)部新落(luo)戶我(wo)市(shi)(shi)的(de)市(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)建(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)業,按其(qi)在市(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)承建(jian)工(gong)程(項目)在我(wo)市(shi)(shi)繳(jiao)納的(de)企(qi)業所得稅(shui)地(di)方(fang)所得部分(fen)給予獎(jiang)勵,第一、二年(nian)獎(jiang)勵80%,之(zhi)后(hou)按照比(bi)前二年(nian)地(di)方(fang)所得部分(fen)平(ping)均值(zhi)的(de)增量部分(fen)獎(jiang)勵80%。

(八)支持建(jian)筑企業爭先創優(you)。建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)實(shi)行優(you)質優(you)價制度,對(dui)已列入創優(you)計(ji)劃并(bing)獲得優(you)質工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)獎的(de)項目(mu),由(you)建(jian)設(she)單位獎勵施工(gong)單位一(yi)定比例(li)的(de)優(you)質工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)經費(fei)。對(dui)于創建(jian)優(you)質工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、文明標(biao)化工(gong)地的(de)項目(mu)經理除特殊工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)外,在本市內同(tong)一(yi)地區可以同(tong)時承接多個工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)。

(九(jiu))加大對(dui)建筑企業(ye)的獎(jiang)(jiang)勵(li)(li)力度。除上述(shu)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵(li)(li)措施外,同時參(can)照(zhao)(zhao)《關于印(yin)發市工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)和非(fei)工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵(li)(li)辦法的通知》給予(yu)獎(jiang)(jiang)勵(li)(li),凡涉稅獎(jiang)(jiang)若(ruo)有(you)重復,按照(zhao)(zhao)最(zui)高(gao)金額計(ji)算,不(bu)重復計(ji)獎(jiang)(jiang)。對(dui)年納稅連(lian)續幾年排名靠前的建筑企業(ye)法人及主要負責人優先(xian)給予(yu)政治待遇與榮譽。

篇9

【關(guan)鍵詞】裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi);施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi);工(gong)業化(hua);集成模塊(kuai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配

1 前言

隨(sui)著生(sheng)活(huo)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)提高,人們(men)(men)(men)對工(gong)作(zuo)環境、生(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)也(ye)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)高,建(jian)筑裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾自然備(bei)受人們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視,各種裝(zhuang)(zhuang)修得金(jin)碧輝煌的(de)(de)(de)(de)賓館、酒店、寫字樓,以(yi)及各種時(shi)尚(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)家居(ju)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)修,為我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市增添許(xu)多色(se)彩,使我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)環境及生(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)量得到很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾材(cai)料(liao)資源豐(feng)富,市場(chang)(chang)龐大,發展(zhan)前(qian)景(jing)非(fei)常(chang)廣闊。尤(you)其是我(wo)(wo)國(guo)加入(ru)“WTO”后,國(guo)外先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾材(cai)料(liao)和施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)進入(ru)我(wo)(wo)國(guo),給我(wo)(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)帶來(lai)(lai)巨大沖(chong)擊,因此,利用我(wo)(wo)國(guo)有利的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源條件和廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang),迅(xun)速發展(zhan)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)建(jian)筑裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾材(cai)料(liao)市場(chang)(chang)已迫(po)在(zai)眉睫。未來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)法究竟應該朝什(shen)么方(fang)(fang)向發展(zhan)?這是我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)建(jian)筑裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾行業普遍十分關注和重(zhong)視的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。

2 傳統施工方法的落(luo)后(hou)(hou)性(xing),導致了整個(ge)裝飾行業的工業化滯后(hou)(hou)

2.1 傳統的施工方法限(xian)制了勞動生產率提高的空間

一般而(er)言,希(xi)望通過提(ti)(ti)高操作(zuo)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)熟練程度而(er)提(ti)(ti)高勞(lao)動生(sheng)產率(lv),但在建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)地(di)其本身的(de)勞(lao)動生(sheng)產率(lv)拓(tuo)展空間(jian)(jian)已不(bu)是(shi)(shi)很大。因為(wei),即(ji)便是(shi)(shi)最(zui)熟練的(de)技術工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren),與(yu)一般工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)速度之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)功效差別也是(shi)(shi)微乎其微的(de)。而(er)且,在傳統(tong)的(de)裝飾(shi)施工(gong)(gong)過程中,技術工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)需要在構配(pei)件加工(gong)(gong)和(he)安裝之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)不(bu)斷(duan)地(di)進(jin)行轉換,所以勢必(bi)在場所、工(gong)(gong)具、技能(neng)和(he)空間(jian)(jian)上作(zuo)適(shi)應轉換,相應制約了(le)他(ta)們的(de)效率(lv)和(he)速度發揮。更何況,作(zuo)為(wei)一個普通的(de)正常人(ren)(ren),隨時會受到(dao)環境、健(jian)康、情緒(xu)等等因素的(de)影響,也限制了(le)本身的(de)技能(neng)、效率(lv)、速度,難以保證(zheng)恒定發揮。

2.2 傳統的施工方法限(xian)制了質量標準(zhun)提高的空(kong)間(jian)

裝飾工(gong)程質量很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)一(yi)點是講究精(jing)度,但(dan)在各個技術(shu)水平高低不同(tong)(tong)的工(gong)人操(cao)作(zuo)的影響(xiang)下,其精(jing)度水平必定參差不齊。即(ji)便(bian)是同(tong)(tong)一(yi)工(gong)人操(cao)作(zuo),其不同(tong)(tong)環境和不同(tong)(tong)時間的精(jing)度也是難于保持同(tong)(tong)一(yi)水準的,更重(zhong)要(yao)的是手(shou)工(gong)作(zuo)業與專(zhuan)(zhuan)用機(ji)器(qi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)精(jing)度等(deng)級(ji)懸殊的影響(xiang),手(shou)工(gong)制品(pin)的精(jing)度與專(zhuan)(zhuan)業機(ji)械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)產品(pin)的精(jing)度不可能同(tong)(tong)一(yi)而論。

3 集成模塊裝(zhuang)配體現了現代工(gong)業思想

目前,建筑裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)界(jie)普遍重視和(he)實現(xian)了木(mu)裝(zhuang)修的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化。木(mu)裝(zhuang)修工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化的(de)(de)最大特點,是(shi)將構配件(jian)制作與(yu)現(xian)場安裝(zhuang)分離。構配件(jian)采用機械加工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)組(zu)合,整(zheng)個生產(chan)過程批(pi)量化進行,它(ta)集(ji)中體(ti)現(xian)了現(xian)代(dai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業化的(de)(de)雛形。相對于傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法,它(ta)是(shi)木(mu)裝(zhuang)修領域的(de)(de)一次革命。就這(zhe)點而(er)言,它(ta)代(dai)表(biao)了裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)發展方(fang)(fang)向。但是(shi),木(mu)裝(zhuang)修工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化的(de)(de)這(zhe)種進步,僅僅集(ji)中在木(mu)飾(shi)(shi)面施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)領域,就整(zheng)個裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程而(er)言,是(shi)局(ju)部性(xing)的(de)(de),或僅僅是(shi)單個集(ji)成(cheng)模塊,而(er)非整(zheng)體(ti)性(xing)變革。它(ta)有(you)限的(de)(de)覆(fu)(fu)蓋面,使(shi)它(ta)僅能成(cheng)為局(ju)部的(de)(de)一種施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法,不足(zu)于代(dai)表(biao)整(zheng)個裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)法。而(er)集(ji)成(cheng)模塊裝(zhuang)配體(ti)現(xian)現(xian)代(dai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業思想,具有(you)整(zheng)體(ti)覆(fu)(fu)蓋寬度,能提升裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)行業整(zheng)體(ti)水平。

3.1 集成(cheng)模塊(kuai)裝(zhuang)配(pei)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)施(shi)工方法的概念

用一個形象的比(bi)喻,集成模塊裝配式施(shi)工方法的施(shi)工現場是一個名副(fu)其實的組(zu)裝車間(jian)或(huo)總裝流水線。凡是進入(ru)現場的裝飾(shi)材料不再(zai)是原材料,而(er)是經(jing)過預先加(jia)工的集成模塊體系,已經(jing)適合現場特定部(bu)位(wei)安(an)裝的組(zu)件。在(zai)施(shi)工現場也少見(jian)或(huo)不見(jian)傳統的以(yi)16道技(ji)藝為主的初加(jia)工過程和影(ying)響(xiang)環境保護的現象,而(er)僅(jin)僅(jin)是將各種部(bu)件進行(xing)搭配安(an)裝的過程。

集(ji)成(cheng)模塊(kuai)裝配式施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理,已不再(zai)是(shi)(shi)將施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法進行特(te)定組合的方案編(bian)制(zhi)管(guan)理過程,不再(zai)是(shi)(shi)按工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、質量(liang)標準進行現場(chang)監控的技(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理;集(ji)成(cheng)模塊(kuai)裝配式裝飾技(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理的主要(yao)內(nei)容是(shi)(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)深化設計。

3.2 集成模(mo)塊裝配基本(ben)原理

集成(cheng)模(mo)塊裝配(pei)式裝飾施(shi)工方法與木裝修工廠化(hua)(hua)加工、現場(chang)安(an)裝(預制裝配(pei)式)一樣,其基本(ben)原理源(yuan)于現代工業(ye)思想,基于現代工業(ye)的基本(ben)原則,即專(zhuan)業(ye)社會(hui)化(hua)(hua)、加工機械(xie)化(hua)(hua)、生產(chan)批量化(hua)(hua)、出廠標準化(hua)(hua),以此提高勞動生產(chan)率(lv)、提高產(chan)品質(zhi)量。

集成(cheng)(cheng)模塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又是木裝(zhuang)修(xiu)工(gong)廠(chang)化的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、延伸,它要求覆(fu)蓋裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)程(cheng)所有(you)工(gong)作內容。目的(de)(de)在于(yu)最(zui)終(zhong)徹底消(xiao)滅現(xian)(xian)場手工(gong)制作現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),使裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行業擺脫目前落后現(xian)(xian)狀,它帶有(you)整個施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)法改變的(de)(de)性質(zhi),與木裝(zhuang)修(xiu)工(gong)廠(chang)化相(xiang)比較,集成(cheng)(cheng)模塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)提升(sheng)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行業整體水平、帶動(dong)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行業朝工(gong)業化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)性質(zhi)。因此,集成(cheng)(cheng)模塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)法才是裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行業未來的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)向。

總體而言,集成模塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)裝(zhuang)飾應(ying)該是(shi)一(yi)個漸進式(shi)(shi)的發展過(guo)程(cheng),是(shi)一(yi)個數量、質量覆蓋(gai)面(mian)不斷擴(kuo)展的過(guo)程(cheng),由一(yi)個不完(wan)全到逐漸接近完(wan)全的過(guo)程(cheng)。從一(yi)個局(ju)部(bu)(bu)、單體預制裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)化發展過(guo)程(cheng),最后達到了全部(bu)(bu)預制裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi),才真正達到集成模塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)裝(zhuang)飾目標。

經過(guo)實踐、研究,以及全(quan)國各個裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾企業的(de)(de)(de)不斷探(tan)索,就目(mu)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)條件(jian),只要在技術(shu)管理上作些調整,大部(bu)分裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾內容應該(gai)已經具有(you)預制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配式(shi)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)基(ji)礎。因此經過(guo)若干年的(de)(de)(de)努(nu)力,實現(xian)全(quan)部(bu)集成模塊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配式(shi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾并非夢想。

4 結束語

總之,從木飾(shi)面、石材飾(shi)面裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式的成功實踐,已(yi)經(jing)為(wei)集(ji)成模(mo)塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)施工(gong)奠定(ding)了重要基礎(chu)。進一步推廣、普及有助于預制裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)集(ji)成模(mo)塊由(you)點到(dao)面擴展(zhan),有助于裝(zhuang)飾(shi)集(ji)成模(mo)塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)目標逐步實現。經(jing)過(guo)一定(ding)技術攻關,大部分傳統(tong)的裝(zhuang)飾(shi)施工(gong)方法有可能實現集(ji)成模(mo)塊裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式施工(gong)。

木飾(shi)(shi)面(mian)(mian)預(yu)(yu)制集(ji)成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)塊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)實踐(jian),不(bu)僅(jin)為其他(ta)飾(shi)(shi)面(mian)(mian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法(fa)(fa)的(de)轉變提供了樣板,而且,為整個裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)過(guo)程集(ji)成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)塊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)奠定(ding)了基礎。但(dan)是,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)集(ji)成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)塊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)目標的(de)實現是建立在所有(you)(you)飾(shi)(shi)面(mian)(mian)內容(rong)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方法(fa)(fa)都成(cheng)為工(gong)(gong)廠加工(gong)(gong)。盡管,目前受(shou)到應用集(ji)成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)塊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)力量薄(bo)弱的(de)限制,受(shou)到一些諸如價格、社會(hui)配(pei)(pei)套、設(she)計(ji)銜接等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)障礙,全(quan)面(mian)(mian)推廣(guang)存在一定(ding)時間問(wen)題。但(dan)是,只(zhi)要行業有(you)(you)激勵措施(shi)(shi),輿(yu)論有(you)(you)支持呼(hu)聲,企業有(you)(you)堅定(ding)決(jue)心,技(ji)術(shu)(shu)上創造更多(duo)培訓實踐(jian)機會(hui),造就一批適應于(yu)預(yu)(yu)制裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)集(ji)成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)塊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)計(ji)人才是完全(quan)可能(neng)的(de)。而且,從某(mou)種意義上說,價格問(wen)題的(de)關鍵還在于(yu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)開(kai)拓,通過(guo)開(kai)拓、創新,降(jiang)低成(cheng)本的(de)潛力還是很大(da)的(de)。因此,全(quan)面(mian)(mian)推廣(guang)預(yu)(yu)制裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)集(ji)成(cheng)模(mo)(mo)塊裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)是可以預(yu)(yu)期的(de)。

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[3]新型建筑裝飾材料(liao)[J]. 技(ji)術(shu)與市(shi)場(chang) , 2002,(12) .

[4]毛云章. 家裝石材的(de)選擇(ze)技(ji)巧和施工[J]. 石材 , 2004,(04) .

[5]劉開平(ping). 現代建(jian)筑裝飾材料(liao)發展(zhan)的(de)環(huan)境問題思考[J]. 中(zhong)國(guo)人口.資源與環(huan)境 , 2003,(02) .

[6]曾軍. 拉(la)桿(gan)點(dian)式(shi)玻璃幕(mu)墻的安裝施工[J]. 中國建筑金(jin)屬結(jie)構 , 2001,(01) .

篇10

【關鍵詞】建筑給排(pai)(pai)水(shui) 給水(shui)管道 排(pai)(pai)水(shui)管道

隨著時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),建筑(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術,生產(chan)技(ji)(ji)術,不斷提高(gao)(gao),供(gong)水和(he)排水工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計,施(shi)(shi)(shi)工,維(wei)修和(he)運行(xing)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求將越(yue)來越(yue)高(gao)(gao)。為了使管(guan)網能(neng)實現高(gao)(gao)品質,高(gao)(gao)效率,能(neng)耗(hao)低(di),便于操(cao)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de),除了有一個合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計方案外,也要(yao)(yao)保證供(gong)水和(he)排水系統安(an)裝(zhuang)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),以(yi)及對今后(hou)使用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)便于維(wei)護性。高(gao)(gao)品質的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工質量(liang)和(he)科學管(guan)理(li)是保證系統安(an)全運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)條(tiao)件和(he)高(gao)(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工。為了滿足供(gong)水和(he)排水施(shi)(shi)(shi)工技(ji)(ji)術要(yao)(yao)求,為了提高(gao)(gao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工質量(liang),施(shi)(shi)(shi)工人員需要(yao)(yao)不斷學習,提高(gao)(gao)他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術素(su)質,只有這樣,才能(neng)確(que)保安(an)裝(zhuang)質量(liang),在安(an)裝(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)保障工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)順利進行(xing)。下面根據(ju)我自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)經歷,在建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)水和(he)排水工程(cheng)談論(lun)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗。

一、給水管道的施工

1.給水(shui)管道(dao)特點及選用(yong)原則(ze)

新型水管(guan)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)種類包括以(yi)下內(nei)容:聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯,聚(ju)(ju)乙烯,聚(ju)(ju)丙(bing)烯,聚(ju)(ju)丁烯類,工程(cheng)(cheng)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)和(he)復合管(guan):鋼,鋁,銅塑(su)復合管(guan)。受多種因素(su)影響,在材料(liao)(liao)的(de)選擇(ze)上(shang),需(xu)(xu)要(yao)綜(zong)合考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)國家和(he)地方的(de)政策(ce),標(biao)準,規范(fan),并根據區(qu)域特性,工程(cheng)(cheng)特性,設(she)計(ji)標(biao)準等因素(su)來選擇(ze)。其中,使用位置和(he)使用方法(fa)是(shi)考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)管(guan)道材料(liao)(liao)的(de)選擇(ze)過程(cheng)(cheng)紅需(xu)(xu)要(yao)關(guan)注的(de)問題,而管(guan)和(he)連接管(guan)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)選擇(ze),也是(shi)一個常常被忽(hu)略的(de)重要(yao)問題。

2.給水管道施(shi)工措施(shi)

PPR供水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)熱(re)熔連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie),要(yao)把(ba)握好加熱(re)時間和連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)插(cha)入(ru)深度(du)(du)(du)。插(cha)入(ru)過深,導(dao)致管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷面家少(shao),插(cha)入(ru)過淺(qian),界(jie)面結合(he)強度(du)(du)(du)降(jiang)低。熱(re)熔連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)接(jie)縫溫度(du)(du)(du)、加熱(re)時間和壓力是熱(re)熔連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三個關鍵因(yin)(yin)素。鋁(lv)塑復(fu)(fu)合(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)卡(ka)套(tao)式連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)泄(xie)漏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)(yin)是:O型(xing)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)圈和C型(xing)壓環(huan)套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相對位置沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)調整,導(dao)致不垂直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)剪切(qie)、螺(luo)母沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)擰緊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。鋁(lv)塑復(fu)(fu)合(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是一(yi)種柔軟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料,公稱直(zhi)徑≤1.259 8英寸,轉(zhuan)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)時應(ying)(ying)盡量使用(yong)(yong)(yong)自身直(zhi)接(jie)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu),彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)半(ban)(ban)徑不小(xiao)(xiao)于外(wai)徑5倍。直(zhi)接(jie)埋在(zai)地(di)(di)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),為防(fang)止(zhi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)包裝水(shui)(shui)泥出現裂縫,應(ying)(ying)注意管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)包裝方法。鋼塑復(fu)(fu)合(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie),螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(du)(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)該是嚴格按(an)照標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)入(ru)牙數進(jin)行控制(zhi);管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)件螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)加工應(ying)(ying)進(jin)行清洗,防(fang)腐(fu)和密(mi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)處(chu)理(li)后,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)防(fang)銹劑進(jin)行處(chu)理(li), 用(yong)(yong)(yong)PTFE膠(jiao)帶繞線外(wai)露螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)部分(fen)和所(suo)有(you)(you)鉗痕,表面損(sun)傷部位應(ying)(ying)涂(tu)防(fang)銹密(mi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)劑,厭(yan)氧型(xing)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)膠(jiao)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)接(jie)頭(tou),維修需要(yao)24h以上壓力測試(shi)。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工設備不能隨意替(ti)換。溝(gou)槽(cao)式連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie),要(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)圈,不能使用(yong)(yong)(yong)普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非襯塑管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)。 PEX供水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)隱藏在(zai)地(di)(di)板下(包括(kuo)木(mu)地(di)(di)板),架空層內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)應(ying)(ying)是保護(hu)套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),起(qi)到保護(hu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和隔(ge)熱(re)效果,且方便更(geng)換管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。所(suo)述(shu)殼體可以由硬質PVC波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。安裝De≤25 Inrn管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)性(xing)能,沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)或只有(you)(you)很少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)件,彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)半(ban)(ban)徑(與管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)線。)應(ying)(ying)不小(xiao)(xiao)于6DE; 90度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)時,金屬管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子夾緊裝置,保持管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩固性(xing)。

二、排水管道的施工

1.排(pai)水(shui)管道漏水(shui)、堵塞(sai)原(yuan)因(yin)分析

首先是(shi)施工方面的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin),施工單位在(zai)使用材料時(shi)沒(mei)有(you)選擇(ze)經檢(jian)驗合格的(de)(de)產品,供應商以(yi)次(ci)充好,加上在(zai)安裝之前(qian)沒(mei)有(you)做材料的(de)(de)漏(lou)水試驗。這(zhe)樣容(rong)易(yi)把帶有(you)沙眼等(deng)質量(liang)問題的(de)(de)材料用上,導致(zhi)漏(lou)水;其(qi)次(ci)是(shi)住(zhu)戶本身(shen)的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin);再次(ci)是(shi)設計方面本身(shen)有(you)問題。

2.排水管(guan)道漏水、堵塞(sai)防治措施

為了避(bi)免(mian)交叉(cha)施(shi)(shi)工中(zhong)(zhong)造成(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)堵(du)塞(sai)(sai)現象(xiang),在(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)前(qian),除(chu)(chu)應認真疏通管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)腔,清除(chu)(chu)雜物(wu),合(he)(he)(he)理(li)按規(gui)范規(gui)定正(zheng)確(que)(que)使用排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)配(pei)件(jian);在(zai)(zai)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)時(shi)(shi),應保證坡度,符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)設計要(yao)求與規(gui)范規(gui)定及(ji)(ji)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)采(cai)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)砂漿封(feng)口(kou)(kou)等措施(shi)(shi)外,還必須采(cai)取(qu)如下(xia)多種技術措施(shi)(shi)以防止管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)堵(du)塞(sai)(sai):由于建(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構需要(yao)原因,當立(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)設有乙字(zi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)時(shi)(shi),根據規(gui)范要(yao)求,應在(zai)(zai)乙字(zi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)上(shang)部設檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)口(kou)(kou)便于檢(jian)修。排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)時(shi)(shi),埋地(di)(di)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)出(chu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)與立(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)暫(zan)不連接,在(zai)(zai)立(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)口(kou)(kou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)插端用托(tuo)板基或其他(ta)方法支(zhi)(zhi)牢,并(bing)(bing)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)封(feng)堵(du)立(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)穿(chuan)二層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)樓板洞,待確(que)(que)認立(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)伺定可(ke)靠(kao)后(hou)(hou),拆(chai)除(chu)(chu)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)撐物(wu)。在(zai)(zai)土建(jian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)修基本結(jie)束后(hou)(hou),給水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)明(ming)設支(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)前(qian),對底層(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)(ji)二層(ceng)(ceng)以上(shang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)做灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)試驗(yan)(yan)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha),證實(shi)各管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)段(duan)暢通,然后(hou)(hou)用直(zhi)通套(管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan))筒將(jiang)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)口(kou)(kou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)與底層(ceng)(ceng)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)出(chu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)連接。排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工中(zhong)(zhong),待分段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)充水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膠囊灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)合(he)(he)(he)格后(hou)(hou),在(zai)(zai)放水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)如發現排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流速緩慢,說明(ming)該水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平支(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)段(duan)內(nei)有堵(du)塞(sai)(sai),應查(cha)(cha)(cha)明(ming)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平支(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)被堵(du)塞(sai)(sai)部位(wei),并(bing)(bing)將(jiang)垃(la)(la)圾雜物(wu)等清理(li)干凈(jing)。為保證樓面地(di)(di)漏(lou)及(ji)(ji)屋面管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)免(mian)受黃砂、石(shi)子(zi)、垃(la)(la)圾等掉落入排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei),所有地(di)(di)漏(lou)及(ji)(ji)伸出(chu)屋面的(de)(de)透氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)應及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)砂漿封(feng)閉(bi),并(bing)(bing)經常檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)是否被土建(jian)工人(ren)拆(chai)開(kai)。衛生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)具就(jiu)(jiu)位(wei)時(shi)(shi),先拆(chai)除(chu)(chu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)封(feng)閉(bi)件(jian),檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)是否有雜物(wu),并(bing)(bing)把管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)清理(li)干凈(jing),認真檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)衛生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)具各排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)承孔確(que)(que)實(shi)無(wu)堵(du)塞(sai)(sai)后(hou)(hou),再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)衛生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)具的(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)位(wei)。在(zai)(zai)土建(jian)砌筑(zhu)小便槽時(shi)(shi),污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)應用木(mu)塞(sai)(sai)堵(du)住,防止土建(jian)抹水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)砂漿或裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)修瓷磚面層(ceng)(ceng)時(shi)(shi),砂漿及(ji)(ji)垃(la)(la)圾掉入污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),在(zai)(zai)完成(cheng)通水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能力(li)試驗(yan)(yan)后(hou)(hou),再(zai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)罩式(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)栓(shuan)并(bing)(bing)加以防護措施(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)磨(mo)石(shi)地(di)(di)面施(shi)(shi)工時(shi)(shi),應先確(que)(que)定臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)措施(shi)(shi),避(bi)免(mian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)作(zuo)其排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通道(dao)(dao)(dao)。排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)栓(shuan)、地(di)(di)漏(lou)等處存水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)彎塞(sai)(sai)頭在(zai)(zai)交叉(cha)施(shi)(shi)工中(zhong)(zhong)暫(zan)不封(feng)堵(du),待通水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)試驗(yan)(yan)前(qian)沖洗后(hou)(hou)再(zai)行(xing)(xing)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。

三、W型元承(cheng)口機制柔性排(pai)水鑄鐵管的施工方法和注意事項

1.施工方法

首(shou)先下料,用無鋸齒來切割管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材,要(yao)保證管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口平直(zhi)。 其次連接(jie),松開不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼卡(ka)(ka)箍(gu),取(qu)出(chu)內襯橡(xiang)膠圈,將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠圈和(he)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼卡(ka)(ka)箍(gu)套入管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口一(yi)側,待管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口對齊后,將(jiang)橡(xiang)膠圈置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)接(jie)口上(shang),鎖緊不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼卡(ka)(ka)箍(gu)緊固螺(luo)絲即完成管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)連接(jie)。再次支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi),在直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)段(duan)上(shang)就管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材強度(du)而言,每3m設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)個(ge)支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),也是可以的。但由于(yu)W型無承(cheng)口機制柔性排(pai)水鑄(zhu)鐵管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)接(jie)口屬(shu)柔性接(jie)口,當(dang)支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)段(duan)中段(duan)時,理(li)論上(shang)找到管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)重心點(dian)也可將(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)保持平衡(heng),實際工作中,此點(dian)較難找,因此,常常無法使管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)接(jie)口保證平滑,影(ying)響了(le)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)坡度(du),在實際施(shi)工中,我們采取(qu)了(le)每隔1.5m設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)個(ge)支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的方法來進(jin)行支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)布置(zhi)(zhi),結果證明,此間距(ju)較好解決(jue)了(le)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)外觀(guan)和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)坡度(du)問題,在其它管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)段(duan)上(shang),我們仍然(ran)比照承(cheng)插鑄(zhu)鐵排(pai)水管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求,每個(ge)接(jie)口處設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)個(ge)支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。

2.注意事項

在進行W型無承口機制(zhi)鑄鐵排水管(guan)(guan)的施工(gong)時,有以下幾點(dian)(dian)需要(yao)(yao)注意:管(guan)(guan)道(dao)切口一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要(yao)(yao)整齊,否(fou)則無法保證(zheng)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)接口的嚴密(mi)性;管(guan)(guan)道(dao)接口處兩端管(guan)(guan)材的外徑要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致,一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦發(fa)現不一(yi)(yi)(yi)致時更換或進行修整;設置(zhi)支(zhi)架(jia)時,其支(zhi)架(jia)根部位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要(yao)(yao)用(yong)線拉來確定吊點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi),用(yong)支(zhi)架(jia)的整齊來保證(zheng)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)的外觀(guan)整齊,而不是反(fan)之。