電廠安全基礎知識范文

時間:2024-05-23 17:44:45

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電廠安全基礎知識

篇1

關鍵詞:電廠安全;文明;施工

電廠(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)多(duo)為露天施(shi)(shi)工(gong),由于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中會(hui)涉(she)及到(dao)(dao)電力(li)、機械等多(duo)方面的內容再加(jia)上施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中設施(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)集中,工(gong)作環境比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)惡劣所以電廠(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場事故多(duo)發,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員的人(ren)身安全(quan)受到(dao)(dao)很大的威脅。踐行安全(quan)文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)是保證電廠(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)的重(zhong)要措施(shi)(shi)。在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)時(shi)貫徹(che)“安全(quan)第一、預防(fang)為主、綜合治理(li)(li)(li)”,強化現場安全(quan)文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)管理(li)(li)(li)可(ke)以有效提(ti)高電廠(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的質量(liang),所以在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的過程(cheng)中一定要做好(hao)安全(quan)文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)管理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作。

1.影(ying)響電廠(chang)安(an)全文明施工的因(yin)素(su)

影響電(dian)廠施(shi)工安全的(de)因素總的(de)來(lai)說主(zhu)要有人為因素、物(wu)質因素以及施(shi)工方(fang)法方(fang)面的(de)失誤。所以為了(le)保證電(dian)廠施(shi)工的(de)安全一定(ding)要綜合考慮這三個方(fang)面的(de)因素。

1.1人為因素

人(ren)為因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)是(shi)影響電廠安(an)全(quan)文明施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的重要因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)。電廠施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)多(duo)在(zai)露天環境中(zhong)(zhong)進行,環境比較惡劣,再加上機械(xie)設施(shi)比較多(duo),施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)容易出(chu)現麻痹(bi)大意的情(qing)況,這就造成了電廠安(an)全(quan)事故(gu)的多(duo)發。根據(ju)調查顯(xian)示電廠施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)的安(an)全(quan)事故(gu)有(you)82.3%左右是(shi)由(you)人(ren)為因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)造成的。這些人(ren)為因(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)主要有(you):施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)良好的安(an)全(quan)意識,在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)做(zuo)到集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)注意力,違(wei)反機械(xie)操作守則;還有(you)一部分(fen)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之前沒有(you)做(zuo)好各種安(an)全(quan)保護(hu)措施(shi),安(an)全(quan)帽、防護(hu)服和安(an)全(quan)手套(tao)等(deng)沒有(you)穿戴齊備;在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)隨意進入施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)危(wei)險地帶;工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具使用不當或者是(shi)使用安(an)全(quan)度不夠高的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具;身體(ti)存在(zai)安(an)全(quan)隱患等(deng)等(deng)。

1.2物質因素

在(zai)(zai)電廠安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)事(shi)故(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),人(ren)為因(yin)素(su)造成的(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)占據大(da)(da)多(duo)數,但是(shi)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)素(su)也(ye)(ye)會影響(xiang)電廠施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)。總的(de)(de)來說物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)素(su)主要包括(kuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要用到的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)、燃料(liao)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具、器械(xie)(xie)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)其他各種(zhong)設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和相關物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),另外(wai)還包括(kuo)其他一些不(bu)(bu)屬于生產性的(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi),比如電能、化學能、熱能和輻射能等等。在(zai)(zai)電廠施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)見的(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)現(xian)象有(you)以(yi)(yi)下幾(ji)種(zhong):機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)應用不(bu)(bu)夠合(he)理,很(hen)多(duo)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)不(bu)(bu)符合(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)要求但是(shi)為了節(jie)省(sheng)成本或者(zhe)其他各種(zhong)因(yin)素(su),這(zhe)些設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)依然活躍在(zai)(zai)電廠施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)(chang);設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)強(qiang)(qiang)度不(bu)(bu)夠大(da)(da),無法承擔(dan)大(da)(da)強(qiang)(qiang)度的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)容易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)的(de)(de)情況,由(you)于沒有(you)提(ti)前做好預防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,事(shi)故(gu)也(ye)(ye)就隨之發生;施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)放(fang)置比較混(hun)亂,很(hen)多(duo)需要有(you)序放(fang)置的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)因(yin)此(ci)受到污損,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)頻發失誤導致事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian);施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)清理不(bu)(bu)到位,在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)易(yi)燃易(yi)爆品;在(zai)(zai)電氣設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)做好絕緣防(fang)(fang)護工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作;施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前沒有(you)對安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做仔細(xi)的(de)(de)檢查(cha),安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)夠牢靠。

1.3建(jian)設(she)方法的失誤(wu)

正確(que)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)是保(bao)(bao)證安(an)全(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證。可以(yi)說(shuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)正確(que)與否(fou)是影響(xiang)電廠施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)第一(yi)因(yin)素。我們(men)知道如(ru)果(guo)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)沒有正確(que)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)做指導再(zai)完(wan)備的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)也是白(bai)費,所(suo)以(yi)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)結合施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)特點制(zhi)(zhi)定合理的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)定不是無章可循的(de)(de),在制(zhi)(zhi)定施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)時候不僅要(yao)(yao)考慮電廠的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作效率還(huan)要(yao)(yao)考慮施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)各種(zhong)情況,把這兩種(zhong)因(yin)素綜(zong)合起來考慮以(yi)保(bao)(bao)證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)可行性。

2.電廠安全文明(ming)施工(gong)的措施

電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)安(an)(an)全(quan)文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是一個比較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)綜合考慮多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)來(lai)保證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)全(quan)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)性。一般來(lai)說,在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)我們都要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)全(quan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)。安(an)(an)全(quan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)是測評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su),提高(gao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)度。需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)方(fang)案一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)切合實際,評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)能(neng)(neng)夠有(you)效提高(gao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)度和(he)適(shi)應(ying)性。良(liang)好科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)方(fang)案可(ke)以(yi)為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)實施(shi)(shi)提出(chu)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)措施(shi)(shi),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程安(an)(an)全(quan)度在(zai)這(zhe)些建議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)下能(neng)(neng)夠得到大(da)幅度地(di)提高(gao)。根(gen)據我國(guo)相關(guan)文件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)測工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作要(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性調研階段開展。按(an)照電(dian)(dian)力部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding),可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性調研的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)內容(rong)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)對電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模和(he)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)選址、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝方(fang)案以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)車間和(he)廠(chang)房的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布置等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。不過(guo)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是,在(zai)這(zhe)個過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)由(you)于(yu)還(huan)(huan)沒(mei)有(you)對設備進(jin)行(xing)(xing)招(zhao)標、相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝方(fang)案也(ye)沒(mei)有(you)得到最(zui)終(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)定(ding),詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝系(xi)統設計還(huan)(huan)沒(mei)有(you)開展,所(suo)以(yi)沒(mei)有(you)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝設計進(jin)行(xing)(xing)準(zhun)確(que)地(di)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)。不過(guo)這(zhe)并不影響具體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開展,因(yin)為(wei)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝比較固定(ding),可(ke)靠(kao)性比較大(da),危險因(yin)素(su)比較清(qing)楚(chu),所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)設計過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)完(wan)全(quan)可(ke)以(yi)按(an)照比較適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)程和(he)規(gui)定(ding)等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)設計。可(ke)以(yi)看(kan)出(chu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)全(quan)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)具有(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)義,所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)全(quan)測評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping),根(gen)據測評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)結果進(jin)行(xing)(xing)合理(li)科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。下面詳(xiang)細(xi)介紹安(an)(an)全(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)措施(shi)(shi)。

2.1提高施工人員的(de)素質

為了(le)保證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)安全(quan)我們一定要加強對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)(xing)安全(quan)意識以及技術素(su)養(yang)方面的(de)(de)培養(yang)。首(shou)先是提高(gao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)安全(quan)意識,要定期組織安全(quan)意識教(jiao)育培訓,向施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員詳(xiang)(xiang)細介紹施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中需(xu)要注意的(de)(de)事項。對(dui)于(yu)一些操作難度比較的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)設備,要詳(xiang)(xiang)細地(di)向施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員介紹操作規范,避免出現操作不(bu)當的(de)(de)情況出現。有些人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)存在身(shen)體(ti)隱患(huan)不(bu)適合在從事這(zhe)項工(gong)作,所以在進(jin)行(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)前一定要對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員進(jin)行(xing)(xing)身(shen)體(ti)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)。另外在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中要做好安全(quan)監(jian)督的(de)(de)工(gong)作,確保做到施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員上工(gong)前接受二次檢(jian)查(cha)(cha),安全(quan)工(gong)作一定到位。

2.2合(he)理使用相關(guan)設備,科學(xue)管理施工(gong)現(xian)場

施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)有(you)序(xu)化管理可以(yi)(yi)提高(gao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)效率、保證施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)安全(quan)高(gao)效,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)一定要(yao)合(he)理使用相關(guan)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei),科學管理施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場。在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)之前清點要(yao)使用到(dao)的(de)相關(guan)機械(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei),并(bing)根據不同需要(yao)做(zuo)好各種(zhong)機械(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)管理和有(you)序(xu)放(fang)置(zhi);另(ling)外針對(dui)有(you)的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)容易遭到(dao)損傷的(de)情況,我們(men)要(yao)重點加強對(dui)這種(zhong)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)護理;在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)于一些(xie)危(wei)險性(xing)比較高(gao)的(de)地區我們(men)要(yao)設(she)(she)立(li)指示牌(pai),比較危(wei)險的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)上要(yao)懸掛警示牌(pai);對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場進行日夜(ye)監管,防止非工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人員在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場長(chang)時(shi)間逗留。

2.3確定科學(xue)合理(li)的施工方案

施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案的(de)(de)正確與(yu)否是(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)安全(quan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)首要(yao)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)前一定要(yao)綜(zong)合(he)考慮各(ge)種因素結合(he)電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)具體特點進(jin)行施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案的(de)(de)制定。這(zhe)里重點要(yao)說的(de)(de)是(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)制定。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)安全(quan)合(he)理(li)就能保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)零事故。這(zhe)需(xu)要(yao)結合(he)電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)不同機(ji)型和電(dian)廠(chang)所處地理(li)位(wei)置進(jin)行技(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)編(bian)制。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案編(bian)制出(chu)來(lai)之(zhi)后(hou)還要(yao)接受進(jin)一步的(de)(de)審核,確保(bao)方(fang)案的(de)(de)可行性。在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可以(yi)建(jian)立施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監測委員會(hui)(hui),電(dian)廠(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)比較長(chang)很多施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員在(zai)長(chang)時間(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)(hui)出(chu)現(xian)疲(pi)乏怠(dai)惰的(de)(de)情況,針對(dui)這(zhe)種現(xian)象監督委員會(hui)(hui)要(yao)擔負起相應的(de)(de)監督職責保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)全(quan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)安全(quan)意識(shi)。

3.結束語

電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)為我國經濟發展提供(gong)了強大的資源保證(zheng),隨(sui)著(zhu)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)數量(liang)(liang)的不斷(duan)增(zeng)加,加強電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)安全(quan)文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)意識(shi)勢在必行(xing)。電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)建設是(shi)一個比(bi)較復雜同時有著(zhu)自身顯(xian)著(zhu)特點的工(gong)程項目,在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)的過程中,不僅要重(zhong)視施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的質量(liang)(liang),更要重(zhong)視安全(quan)文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)的具體落實(shi)。要嚴格按照安全(quan)測評(ping)的建議進行(xing),一旦(dan)發現危險因素馬上(shang)進行(xing)處理(li)。安全(quan)文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)不僅是(shi)保證(zheng)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)工(gong)程質量(liang)(liang)的前提和必要手(shou)段(duan)也是(shi)保證(zheng)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)如期運行(xing)的重(zhong)要措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。

參考文獻

[1]黃勇(yong). 淺談如何在水利水電(dian)建(jian)設工程(cheng)中貫徹安(an)全文(wen)明施工策劃[J].紅水河. 2011(02)

[2]何(he)振鋒,伍永剛,湯留(liu)平. 通用型電廠調度決策支持系統(tong)設(she)計分析[J].水電自動化與(yu)大(da)壩監測. 2009(04)

篇2

關鍵詞(ci) 生(sheng)產經營;發展方(fang)向(xiang);火電廠(chang)

中(zhong)圖(tu)分類號TM6 文(wen)獻標識碼A 文(wen)章(zhang)編號 1674-6708(2013)95-0042-02

0引言

隨著(zhu)21世(shi)紀(ji)我國的社會經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的大流,我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源行業迅(xun)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到一定的規模,單方面大幅度促進了(le)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)動(dong)力(li)的空前發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)動(dong)力(li)指(zhi)的是輸(shu)送到火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(站)的將(jiang)燃料熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)或高溫蒸(zheng)汽的熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)動(dong)力(li)系統(蒸(zheng)汽爐、鍋爐等)[1]。熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)動(dong)力(li)的生產經(jing)(jing)(jing)營直(zhi)接影(ying)響到火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益的起伏波(bo)動(dong),直(zhi)接影(ying)響火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

1生產經營

火電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)熱能動力生產(chan)經(jing)營,要做好機組的(de)(de)(de)全面工作(zuo),使(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)線(xian)安全生產(chan);優(you)化(hua)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)配置,合理分配技術人才(cai)和資(zi)源(yuan)使(shi)(shi)用,維(wei)護托管市(shi)場(chang)和開拓火電(dian)檢修,促進火電(dian)廠(chang)事業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)可持續發展;建設火電(dian)廠(chang)企(qi)業(ye)文化(hua),提(ti)高技術人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)生活質量。

1.1明確熱能動力系統對(dui)火電(dian)廠經濟(ji)的影(ying)響

熱(re)能(neng)動(dong)力(li)科學技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),一些新技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)(zao)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)高火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)效益(yi),直接帶動(dong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。像應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠電(dian)泵的(de)(de)(de)變速調節系(xi)統(tong),應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠鍋爐(lu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)少(shao)油點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)和(he)離子點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)兩種技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)。技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)改造(zao)(zao)可以(yi)提(ti)高設備效率,在確保技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)可行(xing)性和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合理的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下(xia)提(ti)高火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)效益(yi)。由于熱(re)能(neng)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)長期不斷地使用(yong)(yong)或者自身設計(ji)上(shang)存在的(de)(de)(de)漏洞,要(yao)對其進行(xing)適時的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護和(he)改造(zao)(zao),以(yi)保證(zheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)能(neng)持續增長。對解決(jue)同一問題的(de)(de)(de)多種不同技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu),論證(zheng)這些技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)對于火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)促進作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小,選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)對經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)促進大(da)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)作為首選(xuan)(xuan)方案,并且不斷進行(xing)合理的(de)(de)(de)改造(zao)(zao)。如新型點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)方式選(xuan)(xuan)擇,少(shao)油點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)比等(deng)離子點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)更成熟(shu)、更經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)適用(yong)(yong),那么(me),通常火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠通過高頻率地使用(yong)(yong)少(shao)油點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)來增加經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)效益(yi)。

1.2普及(ji)火電(dian)廠技術(shu)人員經濟學(xue)知識(shi),提高(gao)全(quan)員經濟意(yi)識(shi)。

在(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)盈利為首要(yao)(yao)目的(de)的(de)熱能(neng)(neng)動力(li)(li)生產(chan)中,多數火電廠都(dou)重(zhong)視生產(chan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)和(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)引進(jin),忽視工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)意識(shi)(shi),導(dao)致技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)對經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)學知識(shi)(shi)了解不(bu)多,使全體技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)采取簡單的(de)思維(wei)解決經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)問題。每(mei)(mei)一種技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)運(yun)用都(dou)是(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)學問題,生產(chan)中的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)無(wu)一不(bu)涉及經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)學問題,技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)存在(zai)內在(zai)的(de)互動、促進(jin)和(he)(he)制約,而(er)(er)且(qie),作為產(chan)業生產(chan)最強(qiang)手段(duan),技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)目的(de)性質非常(chang)明(ming)顯而(er)(er)突(tu)出。火電廠的(de)工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)日(ri)常(chang)生產(chan)工(gong)作都(dou)與經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)學知識(shi)(shi)息(xi)息(xi)相關,工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)掌握基礎的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)常(chang)識(shi)(shi)很重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)。只有掌握、熟(shu)用一些經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)基礎知識(shi)(shi),工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)才能(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)效益(yi)為中心進(jin)行(xing)的(de)每(mei)(mei)項生產(chan)。那(nei)么,就要(yao)(yao)在(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理上(shang)實行(xing)工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)精(jing)英制,培養熟(shu)悉(xi)生產(chan)又掌握經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)學知識(shi)(shi)的(de)高級管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)(ren)才,設立專業的(de)管(guan)(guan)理部門,根據電價(jia)和(he)(he)燃料成本(ben)確定生產(chan)方(fang)案,在(zai)指導(dao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)生產(chan)的(de)同時(shi),制定競價(jia)上(shang)網(wang)的(de)百家方(fang)案,加強(qiang)生產(chan)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)結合,以(yi)(yi)(yi)便火電廠由勞動力(li)(li)生產(chan)型(xing)向技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)型(xing)轉變。

1.3建(jian)立熱能動力經(jing)營和生產相統一的指(zhi)標體(ti)系和管(guan)理體(ti)系

以利(li)潤(run)為中(zhong)心分(fen)(fen)層次地(di)建立經(jing)營指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)和生(sheng)(sheng)產指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),并(bing)使經(jing)營指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)和生(sheng)(sheng)產指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)緊(jin)密聯系,分(fen)(fen)析各(ge)項指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)對火電(dian)廠收(shou)支(zhi)的(de)(de)影響已達到分(fen)(fen)析各(ge)縣指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)對利(li)潤(run)總(zong)的(de)(de)影響。整合、改造(zao)現有的(de)(de)管(guan)理體系,將經(jing)營指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)和生(sheng)(sheng)產指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)統一,圍繞(rao)最(zui)大(da)利(li)潤(run)制定火電(dian)廠各(ge)項管(guan)理措施,力(li)求以追(zhui)求最(zui)大(da)利(li)潤(run)為生(sheng)(sheng)產目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),根據市(shi)場和實際(ji)情況(kuang)生(sheng)(sheng)產經(jing)營。

2改進方向

要(yao)實(shi)現火電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)安全發電(dian)、供電(dian)的發展要(yao)求,就要(yao)對(dui)熱(re)能(neng)動力的生產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)進(jin)行深(shen)化改革(ge),加強管理以提(ti)高火電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)的經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益。對(dui)火電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)熱(re)能(neng)動力的生產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)的深(shen)化改革(ge)主要(yao)在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)流上。

2.1空間數字化、虛擬化建(jian)設

火(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠熱(re)能動(dong)力生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是一條(tiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)程化(hua)(hua)管理的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)主線,工作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)空間數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)(hua)、虛擬(ni)化(hua)(hua)等都是設(she)計火(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠總體工作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)關鍵。熱(re)能動(dong)力生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)工作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)(hua)和(he)虛擬(ni)化(hua)(hua)的(de)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)建(jian)設(she)應(ying)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)系(xi)統建(jian)設(she)同步,引進(jin)國內(nei)外先(xian)進(jin)的(de)管理體系(xi)和(he)信(xin)息技術,注重信(xin)息應(ying)用集(ji)成(cheng),建(jian)成(cheng)全(quan)面到位、與(yu)時(shi)俱進(jin)的(de)管理系(xi)統,以建(jian)設(she)跨時(shi)代(dai)的(de)熱(re)能動(dong)力生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)工作(zuo)(zuo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)促成(cheng)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠長遠的(de)發展(zhan)戰(zhan)略目標。

2.2以信息化(hua)帶動(dong)管理現代化(hua)的建(jian)設

企業(ye)的(de)信息化(hua)涉及人力(li)(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)(li)、財力(li)(li)(li)的(de)投入和管理(li)理(li)念、工(gong)作模式(shi)、運作機制(zhi)及業(ye)務(wu)流程的(de)調整(zheng),涉及企業(ye)全面性的(de)發(fa)展。以信息化(hua)帶動管理(li)現代化(hua)的(de)建(jian)設,以推進(jin)工(gong)作流信息化(hua)建(jian)設,加(jia)快推動發(fa)展方式(shi)的(de)轉(zhuan)變(bian),實現火電廠(chang)熱能動力(li)(li)(li)生(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)的(de)現代化(hua)轉(zhuan)型。那么(me),就要在火電廠(chang)熱能動力(li)(li)(li)生(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)中建(jian)立企業(ye)價值鏈運行模式(shi),加(jia)強控(kong)制(zhi)盒優化(hua)熱能動力(li)(li)(li)生(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)全過程,實現高效、科學性的(de)經營(ying)管理(li),提高火電廠(chang)的(de)綜合(he)管理(li)能力(li)(li)(li)。

2.3建立先進的基(ji)礎網絡和標(biao)準(zhun)的數(shu)據管理規范

我國電(dian)(dian)力體制改革,把原本(ben)相連的(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)(chang)網(wang)(wang)分(fen)離開來(lai),造成(cheng)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)燃(ran)料的(de)(de)(de)定價存在(zai)矛盾,不利于火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算和上(shang)網(wang)(wang)競價。火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算和競價上(shang)網(wang)(wang)系統(tong)(tong)運(yun)用經濟學(xue)和統(tong)(tong)計(ji)學(xue)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)地(di)處(chu)理(li)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)動力生產(chan)經營(ying)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju),分(fen)析、統(tong)(tong)計(ji)制約發(fa)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種影響因素[2]。核(he)(he)(he)心業務應用系統(tong)(tong)根(gen)據(ju)用電(dian)(dian)市場的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化,做出相應的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)方案,預測不同(tong)方案產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)經濟效益,選(xuan)擇可(ke)帶來(lai)最大利潤的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)方案。成(cheng)本(ben)核(he)(he)(he)算系統(tong)(tong)監(jian)控和分(fen)析火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)燃(ran)料、轉機設(she)備(bei)、維修材料、財務等(deng),給熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)動力的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)經營(ying)、管(guan)理(li)決策提(ti)供(gong)數據(ju)。因而(er),根(gen)據(ju)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)體目標(biao),在(zai)管(guan)理(li)組織構架(jia)中,建立國內(nei)先進的(de)(de)(de)基礎網(wang)(wang)絡設(she)施、標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)管(guan)理(li)規范,促成(cheng)核(he)(he)(he)心業務由(you)于系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)全(quan)面性、分(fen)析精確性,提(ti)高熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)動力生產(chan)經營(ying)運(yun)作流程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)健全(quan)和一體化。

3 結論

我國市場(chang)經濟全速發(fa)展,熱(re)能(neng)動(dong)力的(de)發(fa)展在電力市場(chang)競爭異常激烈(lie),熱(re)能(neng)動(dong)力的(de)生產經各方面(mian)存在問題,極(ji)大(da)(da)(da)地加大(da)(da)(da)了火(huo)(huo)電廠(chang)的(de)壓(ya)力[3]。只有在熱(re)能(neng)動(dong)力的(de)生產和(he)經營兩大(da)(da)(da)塊進行合理的(de)調整(zheng)和(he)技術改進,才能(neng)給火(huo)(huo)電廠(chang)創造贏面(mian),緩解熱(re)能(neng)動(dong)力發(fa)展給火(huo)(huo)電廠(chang)帶(dai)來的(de)巨大(da)(da)(da)壓(ya)力,

參考文獻

[1]胡柏玲(ling).采(cai)集(ji)化管理是(shi)火電廠(chang)燃料管理的重(zhong)中之(zhi)重(zhong)[J].黑龍江科技(ji)信息,2010,9(7):81-85.

篇3

關鍵(jian)詞:培訓、大學生(sheng)、生(sheng)產理論、現場實踐、考試(shi)

近年來,隨著國(guo)家(jia)西部(bu)大開發(fa)戰略的(de)深(shen)入推(tui)進,將(jiang)寧(ning)夏的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)優(you)(you)(you)勢轉化(hua)為(wei)經濟優(you)(you)(you)勢。寧(ning)夏具(ju)有天然的(de)煤(mei)炭資(zi)(zi)源(yuan),以此為(wei)依(yi)托(tuo)新建了(le)各大火電廠,實(shi)現(xian)能(neng)源(yuan)就地轉化(hua),推(tui)動地區經濟發(fa)展。國(guo)電電力(li)吳忠熱(re)電有限(xian)責任(ren)公(gong)司作為(wei)國(guo)電電力(li)的(de)全資(zi)(zi)子公(gong)司,依(yi)托(tuo)寧(ning)夏的(de)煤(mei)炭資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)優(you)(you)(you)勢,新建兩臺供熱(re)機組,擔負吳忠市(shi)區的(de)供熱(re)。

人力資源作為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)長足發展的重要支撐(cheng)力,企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部如何培養(yang)人才是人力資源工(gong)作的重要內容。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部培養(yang)人才具有較好的經(jing)濟性,培訓內容較為(wei)靈活,更適(shi)合企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自身(shen)的情(qing)況。

一、基(ji)建期火力(li)發電廠生產技能人(ren)員現狀(zhuang)

由于(yu)電(dian)力發電(dian)廠(chang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)人(ren)員(yuan)專(zhuan)業(ye)性高、實操(cao)(cao)(cao)性強(qiang)、培訓人(ren)員(yuan)周(zhou)期性較(jiao)長的(de)特點(dian),隨(sui)著全區(qu)新(xin)建電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)陸續(xu)基建投產(chan)(chan),具(ju)有電(dian)力生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)相關技(ji)能(neng)(neng)的(de)人(ren)才越發緊缺。各大(da)高校(xiao)畢業(ye)生(sheng)是電(dian)廠(chang)人(ren)員(yuan)補充的(de)重(zhong)要途徑,每年(nian)入職大(da)學生(sheng)人(ren)數較(jiao)多,他們專(zhuan)業(ye)性強(qiang)、基礎知識較(jiao)為系(xi)統,但所學理論知識較(jiao)刻板難以在(zai)短(duan)時間內(nei)與實際操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)相融合;缺乏實際操(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)經(jing)驗,不(bu)具(ju)備直接上(shang)崗工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)能(neng)(neng)力。

如(ru)何做好大學生培(pei)訓(xun)工(gong)作(zuo)是(shi)吳忠熱電(dian)在(zai)基(ji)建(jian)(jian)期、基(ji)建(jian)(jian)期面對的(de)(de)突出問題。火力(li)發電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)環境及實(shi)(shi)際上崗操(cao)作(zuo)是(shi)新(xin)員(yuan)工(gong)培(pei)訓(xun)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)途(tu)徑,由于公司(si)處于基(ji)建(jian)(jian)期建(jian)(jian)環境較(jiao)為艱苦,培(pei)訓(xun)經費較(jiao)為緊(jin)張,沒有(you)生產現場,缺乏實(shi)(shi)際操(cao)作(zuo)能力(li)的(de)(de)培(pei)訓(xun)條件。如(ru)何充分(fen)抓(zhua)住(zhu)寶貴的(de)(de)基(ji)建(jian)(jian)期、基(ji)建(jian)(jian)期對大學生進行培(pei)訓(xun),保證他們在(zai)電(dian)廠(chang)投產后能直接上崗工(gong)作(zuo),符合(he)全能值班員(yuan)的(de)(de)要(yao)求,具(ju)備合(he)格的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)技能,保證機組投產后的(de)(de)安全、穩(wen)定(ding)運行是(shi)公司(si)人力(li)資源亟需解決的(de)(de)問題。

二、培訓的整(zheng)體目標

由于(yu)吳忠熱(re)電處于(yu)基(ji)建期,生產(chan)人員(yuan)沒有生產(chan)任(ren)務,培(pei)訓(xun)時間較為充足,大學生作(zuo)為主(zhu)要培(pei)訓(xun)對象,針對其缺(que)乏實(shi)際(ji)操作(zuo)技能的(de)(de)(de)情況,制(zhi)定“集控運行(xing)、全能值班”的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標,貫(guan)徹“先感性(xing)認識、理(li)論(lun)突(tu)破(po),再仿(fang)(fang)真機(ji)練(lian)習(xi),最后通過實(shi)踐(jian)提(ti)高”的(de)(de)(de)螺旋式(shi)上(shang)(shang)升培(pei)訓(xun)的(de)(de)(de)思路。整個(ge)培(pei)訓(xun)工作(zuo)從生產(chan)理(li)論(lun)知識入手,不斷深化細挖各專業,再帶著問題深入生產(chan)現場實(shi)踐(jian),保證理(li)論(lun)知識與(yu)實(shi)際(ji)工作(zuo)相(xiang)結合(he),通過現場的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)操作(zuo)學習(xi)查漏補缺(que),使(shi)(shi)實(shi)際(ji)工作(zuo)回(hui)歸(gui)理(li)論(lun)達到理(li)論(lun)知識與(yu)實(shi)際(ji)工作(zuo)能力共同(tong)提(ti)高的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。通過制(zhi)訂培(pei)訓(xun)卡制(zhi)度,展開(kai)仿(fang)(fang)真機(ji)培(pei)訓(xun),抓(zhua)住過程(cheng)跟蹤,結合(he)開(kai)展電廠相(xiang)關專業的(de)(de)(de)特殊工種培(pei)訓(xun)考(kao)試,最后回(hui)歸(gui)現場實(shi)踐(jian),全面提(ti)高大學生的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)工作(zuo)能力,使(shi)(shi)其具備(bei)合(he)格的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)崗條件。

三、培訓過程

1、夯實基礎 公(gong)司內部集(ji)中授(shou)課階段

為了普及(ji)汽(qi)輪(lun)機(ji)、鍋爐(lu)、電氣三個專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)知識(shi)點(dian),公司各專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)責(ze)負責(ze)相關專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)知識(shi)的培訓(xun)(xun),用集中(zhong)授課的方式(shi),以(yi)每(mei)星期(qi)五(wu)天的工作日為周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)講課,圍繞公司設備特點(dian)、工作原理及(ji)構造(zao)、系統流程等基礎(chu)知識(shi)展(zhan)開專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)題授課。每(mei)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)各專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)統一考(kao)試(shi),采用滾動(dong)式(shi)出題,每(mei)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的考(kao)試(shi)內容不僅(jin)要涵蓋(gai)本周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的講課還(huan)要涉及(ji)之前的授課內容。以(yi)考(kao)試(shi)成(cheng)績作為本周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)學習成(cheng)果的檢(jian)測(ce),為了達到(dao)鞭策的目的每(mei)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)成(cheng)績進(jin)行(xing)(xing)公示(shi),不合格者(zhe)安排補考(kao)。在(zai)培訓(xun)(xun)期(qi)要結(jie)束時安排培訓(xun)(xun)結(jie)業(ye)考(kao)試(shi),匯總總成(cheng)績、平均成(cheng)績,擇優者(zhe)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)獎勵(li),以(yi)此達到(dao)強化學習目的。

2、理論(lun)結合實(shi)際 外出培訓階段

安排一名(ming)值長負責培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)過程管(guan)理(li),出(chu)發前對(dui)所有(you)外(wai)出(chu)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)人員進(jin)行(xing)摸底考(kao)(kao)試(shi),制定每月的培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)計劃(hua),每半個月進(jin)行(xing)一次(ci)考(kao)(kao)試(shi),檢驗培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)效果。部(bu)門每月派人檢查培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)情況,并進(jin)行(xing)現場考(kao)(kao)問,實習結束后部(bu)門統一安排考(kao)(kao)試(shi)驗證培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)效果,通過考(kao)(kao)試(shi)促使所有(you)運行(xing)人員能夠達(da)到培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)目標。

(1)通過第一階段(duan)的(de)公司(si)(si)內部(bu)集中授課,大學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)本公司(si)(si)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)流程有(you)了一定(ding)掌握的(de)基礎上,安排(pai)大學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進入寧夏(xia)電(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)培訓中心進行(xing)仿真機培訓。

(2)結合公司發電(dian)設備(bei)特點(dian),安(an)排(pai)大學生前(qian)往已投(tou)產的同(tong)類(lei)型電(dian)廠進行巡(xun)操員培訓(xun)。

3、查漏補缺 回(hui)歸理論學(xue)習

制(zhi)定(ding)培訓計劃,專責、主任輪(lun)流(liu)講課,以(yi)(yi)規(gui)程、系統圖為載體逐步進行擴展,內容涉及(ji)到系統及(ji)設備(bei)投入(ru)、切除(chu)、運行維(wei)護(hu)、事(shi)故處理(li)(li)及(ji)容易發生、以(yi)(yi)前(qian)發生的(de)異常(包括典型事(shi)故案例(li)的(de)講解及(ji)預(yu)防)。講課內容從(cong)實際運行操作及(ji)維(wei)護(hu)出發,不斷灌輸(shu)人(ren)員理(li)(li)論與實際要有效結合的(de)理(li)(li)念。整理(li)(li)機組調試期(qi)典型事(shi)故案例(li),進行分析講解。每(mei)周(zhou)日(ri)進行講課效果驗(yan)證,對一周(zhou)講課進行總結。

對每次考(kao)試成績進行歸檔,每月(yue)對考(kao)試情況進行總結。為確保培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)效果,安排每月(yue)最后一周進行鞏固、復(fu)習,對前一階(jie)段集(ji)中培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)內容進行強化。同(tong)時,為了達到預期培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)效果,從培訓(xun)(xun)(xun)制(zhi)度入(ru)手,建立(li)激(ji)勵機制(zhi)。

3.1建立培訓卡制(zhi)度

通(tong)過前兩個階段理(li)論和現(xian)場(chang)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)學習,培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)人員(yuan)(yuan)對火電(dian)(dian)廠的(de)(de)生產流程有了一定的(de)(de)掌握,按(an)照全(quan)能(neng)值班(ban)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)要求(qiu),汽輪機、鍋(guo)爐、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)三個專業必須(xu)全(quan)面了解和掌握。為(wei)了調(diao)動培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)人員(yuan)(yuan)參與培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)積極(ji)性,檢驗培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)效果,提高集控運行(xing)(xing)人員(yuan)(yuan)操(cao)作維護技能(neng)和事故判斷與處理(li)能(neng)力(li),采取(qu)“培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)卡”方(fang)式進行(xing)(xing)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)。

將(jiang)機、爐、電(dian)三(san)個專業按照系統建立培訓(xun)(xun)卡,每張培訓(xun)(xun)卡主(zhu)要內容(rong)由(you):1、該系統(或設備)的原理(li)、結構(gou)和作用;2、該系統(或設備)的正(zheng)常運行注意事項、啟停步驟(zou)、相(xiang)關邏輯;3、該系統(或設備)的相(xiang)關保護、事故處理(li)。

圍繞培訓卡,培訓人(ren)員每(mei)周進行自主預約考(kao)試,記錄(lu)考(kao)試結果(guo),每(mei)個(ge)培訓人(ren)員需要完成全部的培訓卡考(kao)試才能上崗。

3.2 特殊(shu)工(gong)種考試

基建期大學(xue)生的生產技能(neng)培(pei)訓是緊密圍(wei)繞機組(zu)投(tou)產后(hou)能(neng)夠上崗(gang)操(cao)作展(zhan)開(kai)的,由于火(huo)電廠(chang)生產的特(te)殊(shu)性,生產人(ren)員需要持(chi)(chi)證(zheng)上崗(gang)。通(tong)過(guo)理論學(xue)習聯系(xi)實際工作到深入現場培(pei)訓,查漏(lou)補缺再次(ci)回歸理論學(xue)習的過(guo)程,培(pei)訓人(ren)員已經(jing)基本具(ju)備火(huo)電廠(chang)生產的知識(shi)。由此,需開(kai)展(zhan)專業性較強的特(te)殊(shu)工種考試,用資格考試成(cheng)績檢測學(xue)習效果,并且(qie)保證(zheng)日后(hou)具(ju)備持(chi)(chi)證(zheng)上崗(gang)的資格。

4、仿真機培訓

仿(fang)真(zhen)機培(pei)訓主要(yao)任務是(shi)承(cheng)擔公司運行人(ren)員(yuan)相關崗位(wei)操作(zuo)技能培(pei)訓、考核、反事故演習(xi)和(he)操作(zuo)習(xi)慣的(de)(de)仿(fang)真(zhen)試驗,是(shi)提高(gao)生產運行人(ren)員(yuan)運行操作(zuo)水(shui)平、事故分析(xi)和(he)事故處理(li)能力十(shi)分有(you)效的(de)(de)手段,充分發揮仿(fang)真(zhen)培(pei)訓應有(you)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)集控(kong)全能值班員(yuan)培(pei)訓的(de)(de)重要(yao)環節。在理(li)論培(pei)訓、對同(tong)類(lei)型電廠認(ren)識實習(xi),培(pei)訓人(ren)員(yuan)具備一定生產知(zhi)識的(de)(de)基礎上,開展仿(fang)真(zhen)機培(pei)訓。

通過(guo)仿真機培(pei)訓使運行人(ren)員(yuan)掌(zhang)握(wo)啟動流程,每項操作注意事項,重點要求集控(kong)人(ren)員(yuan)針對不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)參(can)數掌(zhang)握(wo)操作量(liang)、操作的(de)(de)提前量(liang)以及每項操作相互影響必須(xu)綜合(he)考慮,同(tong)(tong)時也鍛煉了(le)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)協調能力。

5、現場培訓

根據(ju)現場(chang)設備(bei)安裝進(jin)(jin)度及(ji)(ji)調試節(jie)點及(ji)(ji)時安排現場(chang)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)。計劃采取“一幫一”的形式(shi),對現場(chang)設備(bei)正常運行(xing)檢查項目(mu)、系統及(ji)(ji)設備(bei)投入、系統及(ji)(ji)設備(bei)退出等(deng)操作進(jin)(jin)行(xing)詳細講解(jie),專(zhuan)業(ye)人員每周進(jin)(jin)行(xing)驗證。同時開展“廠用帶電”現場(chang)培(pei)(pei)訓(xun),以達到培(pei)(pei)訓(xun)人員能(neng)夠熟練掌握升壓站(zhan)啟備(bei)變的操作。

基建電廠(chang)新員工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)集控運(yun)行培(pei)訓(xun)不(bu)能脫離現場(chang)實踐(jian)與技能操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。整個(ge)培(pei)訓(xun)要圍繞提(ti)升(sheng)理(li)(li)論知識水平,用(yong)(yong)理(li)(li)論知識指導實踐(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),理(li)(li)論與實踐(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)相結合(he),在實踐(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中彌補理(li)(li)論知識的(de)不(bu)足。要加強過程監督,用(yong)(yong)現場(chang)考問、仿真機操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、考試等(deng)多方面測試結合(he)。只有作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好生產人員的(de)培(pei)訓(xun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),抓住新入職大學(xue)生集控運(yun)行培(pei)訓(xun),才能保證(zheng)日后生產的(de)安全運(yun)行,為企業(ye)未來的(de)長足發展提(ti)供(gong)動力。

篇4

關鍵詞:電廠(chang) 電氣設備 檢(jian)修方法 研究(jiu)

發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)是(shi)一個需要設備(bei)(bei)連續運轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)企業(ye),設備(bei)(bei)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)正常發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)是(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)發(fa)(fa)電和向(xiang)社會提供能(neng)源的(de)(de)前提條件,而保(bao)證(zheng)檢修工作(zuo)成效又是(shi)決(jue)定設備(bei)(bei)性(xing)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。電廠(chang)設備(bei)(bei)檢修是(shi)一項系統工程,需要通(tong)過(guo)系統思維(wei)尋找提高(gao)設備(bei)(bei)檢修水平(ping)的(de)(de)途(tu)徑。

1當(dang)前發電廠在(zai)電氣(qi)設備維(wei)護方(fang)面(mian)還存在(zai)以下(xia)幾(ji)方(fang)面(mian)的問(wen)題:

1.1 臨時性檢修(xiu)頻繁。即根據制定(ding)的維護方案, 有些設備(bei)還(huan)沒有運行到下一(yi)個維護周期就被迫停運進行提前檢修(xiu)。

1.2 維(wei)修過剩。即在既定的維(wei)護方案下(xia),對(dui)運(yun)行良好的設備(bei)也進行了(le)不必要的維(wei)護,浪(lang)費人力(li)、物力(li)、財力(li),降(jiang)低(di)了(le)設備(bei)利用率。

1.3 盲目維(wei)修(xiu)。維(wei)護(hu)方(fang)案設(she)計制定(ding)的(de)不(bu)合(he)理,或不(bu)根據既定(ding)方(fang)案,只依靠經驗對電(dian)器設(she)備進行(xing)維(wei)修(xiu),往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)造成不(bu)良后果。

1.4 維(wei)修不(bu)足。電氣設(she)備已經出現了較為明顯的(de)問題, 但是受制于既定的(de)維(wei)修計(ji)劃,設(she)備不(bu)得不(bu)繼續運行。

目(mu)前(qian)先進的(de)設(she)備維(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)方案都是基(ji)于設(she)備狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)評價的(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)進行(xing)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)和檢修。這(zhe)種(zhong)制度(du)的(de)制定以先進的(de)檢測(ce)技術為手段, 以嚴謹、科學的(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)計劃作為基(ji)礎(chu), 盡可(ke)能地保(bao)障在故障將要發(fa)生(sheng)之前(qian)或繼續運行(xing)不經(jing)濟的(de)時候,進行(xing)有目(mu)的(de)的(de)適當(dang)和必要維(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu)。

2電(dian)氣設備檢修與管理(li)的重要性

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)主要(yao)有變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣主接(jie)線(xian)及廠用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)等(deng)組成。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)較高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大的原因(yin),其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)安(an)裝要(yao)求也相應較高。設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)質(zhi)量以(yi)及設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的選型、施工質(zhi)量等(deng)多方面(mian)決定了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的運(yun)(yun)行(xing)安(an)全。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)接(jie)線(xian)牢固(gu)度、正確(que)性,變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)接(jie)地線(xian)的安(an)裝,設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)固(gu)定螺絲的旋緊、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣儀表設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)固(gu)定架的焊(han)接(jie)等(deng)等(deng)多方面(mian)都是影響供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量的因(yin)素,因(yin)此在進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)檢查與修理過程(cheng)中,必須(xu)通過健全的檢修控制體(ti)系來對運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)進(jin)行(xing)監控,保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的安(an)全運(yun)(yun)轉。

3電廠(chang)電氣設備(bei)的“五防”管理

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)因不具備(bei)“五防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”功能而造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)誤操(cao)(cao)作事(shi)故是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)災(zai)難,它(ta)直(zhi)接影(ying)響到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)以及(ji)其它(ta)企業生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)時甚至造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)損(sun)壞、企業停產(chan)(chan)(chan)、以及(ji)造(zao)成人(ren)身傷亡。做好防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)重(zhong)(zhong)大事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施,是(shi)保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)穩定(ding)經(jing)濟運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)條件,是(shi)制造(zao)、設計、安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)、調試、生產(chan)(chan)(chan)等(deng)各個單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)同任務。因此(ci),應加(jia)大并完善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“五防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣裝(zhuang)置微機防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)誤操(cao)(cao)作裝(zhuang)置是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)必(bi)不可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)之一(yi)(yi),是(shi)有效防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣人(ren)員誤入間隔(ge)和(he)(he)誤操(cao)(cao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)項重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術保障措施,是(shi)保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)手段之一(yi)(yi)。“五防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”管理包括:防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)誤分、誤合斷(duan)路(lu)器;防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)帶(dai)負荷拉(la)、合隔(ge)離(li)開關;防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)掛(合)接地(di)線(xian)(刀閘(zha));防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)帶(dai)接地(di)線(xian)(刀閘(zha))合斷(duan)路(lu)器(隔(ge)離(li)開關);防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止(zhi)誤入帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間隔(ge);為確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)性(xing)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)和(he)(he)經(jing)濟性(xing),必(bi)須(xu)加(jia)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“五防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”管理。

4電(dian)廠(chang)電(dian)氣設備的檢修管(guan)理

4.1建(jian)立檢修管理機制

(1)密切點檢(jian)與(yu)(yu)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)的(de)關(guan)系。一是(shi)提高點檢(jian)人(ren)(ren)員對(dui)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)指(zhi)導(dao)功能(neng),尤其是(shi)在檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)指(zhi)導(dao)書(shu)和檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)規程(cheng)編(bian)制(zhi)時,要發揮點檢(jian)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)指(zhi)導(dao)作(zuo)(zuo)用和保證全程(cheng)參與(yu)(yu);二是(shi)在檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)過(guo)程(cheng)中,點檢(jian)人(ren)(ren)員要積極參與(yu)(yu),認真做好相關(guan)記錄(lu)、錄(lu)像和信(xin)息反饋(kui)等(deng)工作(zuo)(zuo);三是(shi)在檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)完成后,做好作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)分析及指(zhi)導(dao)工作(zuo)(zuo)。通過(guo)實行檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)管(guan)理(li)機制(zhi)創新,注重(zhong)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)、點檢(jian)和管(guan)理(li)人(ren)(ren)員工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)高度協調性等(deng),使三者的(de)關(guan)系更(geng)為緊密、檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)更(geng)能(neng)有的(de)放矢。

(2)實現(xian)三(san)位(wei)一體的工(gong)作(zuo)機制(zhi)。要讓檢(jian)修、點檢(jian)和管理(li)人員發(fa)揮好各(ge)自的職(zhi)能作(zuo)用,樹(shu)立(li)大局意識、配合意識和服務意識;通(tong)過(guo)(guo)建立(li)的網路組(zu)織機構(gou),協調好各(ge)方(fang)面工(gong)作(zuo);通(tong)過(guo)(guo)行之有效的獎(jiang)懲體系,將(jiang)責、權、利緊密(mi)聯系在(zai)一起;通(tong)過(guo)(guo)工(gong)作(zuo)流程進一步固化他們的工(gong)作(zuo)職(zhi)責范圍。

(3)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)分類(lei)(lei)。將檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)劃分為(wei)全(quan)部設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)、部分設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)和(he)單臺設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)三類(lei)(lei),根據檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)周期可分為(wei)定(ding)期檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)、事故狀態下檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)和(he)不定(ding)期檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)三類(lei)(lei)。不同類(lei)(lei)型的檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),采取的工藝方(fang)(fang)法、檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)組織(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式和(he)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)各不相同,例如(ru),不定(ding)期檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)就是(shi)點檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)或狀態檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)預案(an)(an)中(zhong)的典(dian)型檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)模式,此類(lei)(lei)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)主要是(shi)掌握(wo)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)律和(he)工作狀態,是(shi)以典(dian)型案(an)(an)例作為(wei)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)制(zhi)定(ding)的重(zhong)要依據。注(zhu)重(zhong)的是(shi)對設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)劣化趨(qu)勢規(gui)律的把握(wo),正(zheng)確掌握(wo)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)日常運行(xing)(xing)(xing)數據及曲線,根據設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的實際運行(xing)(xing)(xing)狀態提出具體的修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)理(li)及工藝方(fang)(fang)案(an)(an)。

4.2人員管理方面

檢修人員的(de)(de)技術素質不是一朝一夕就可以提高(gao)的(de)(de),也無其(qi)它捷徑(jing)可走,只有(you)采取行之有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)措施,才會取得好效(xiao)果。可采取以下(xia)方式。

(1)以工代培方式。

崗(gang)位和(he)(he)部門輪換是培養員(yuan)工素質的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳辦(ban)法(fa),讓員(yuan)工到本專業(ye)(ye)其他崗(gang)位或相近專業(ye)(ye)鍛(duan)煉(lian)或者(zhe)到其它部門的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)專業(ye)(ye)崗(gang)位鍛(duan)煉(lian),一可以(yi)保持和(he)(he)激(ji)發員(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)工作和(he)(he)學習熱情;二(er)可以(yi)培養全(quan)面(mian)及(ji)綜(zong)合型技(ji)(ji)術人才,為全(quan)能型技(ji)(ji)術人才的(de)(de)(de)培養和(he)(he)選拔提(ti)供(gong)便利條件;三能抵御人才流(liu)失造成的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)骨干空缺問題(ti)。要(yao)從基礎(chu)知(zhi)識培訓(xun)抓起,通(tong)過創新和(he)(he)開拓培訓(xun)思路(lu),充分利用計(ji)算機技(ji)(ji)術,使員(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)修(xiu)技(ji)(ji)術水平不斷得到提(ti)升(sheng)。要(yao)不斷增(zeng)加(jia)學員(yuan)日常訓(xun)練與(yu)考核的(de)(de)(de)比重,要(yao)使以(yi)工代培方式逐步走向日常化和(he)(he)規范化管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)軌道。

(2)校廠(chang)、廠(chang)廠(chang)合作培訓方式。可(ke)以(yi)采取委托院(yuan)校代培、到(dao)(dao)優秀兄(xiong)弟(di)單位培養(yang)鍛煉(lian)等方式,培養(yang)高(gao)水平的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電氣檢修(xiu)人(ren)才。每年舉辦一(yi)次操作技能測試(shi)和理論考試(shi),作為人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崗位調整的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要依據,甚(shen)至讓不適應(ying)檢修(xiu)工作的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉入(ru)其他專業。為了激發學(xue)(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習和實踐熱情,除(chu)引入(ru)競爭機制之外,還(huan)要不斷(duan)提高(gao)優秀學(xue)(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、優秀業務能手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)待遇,建立一(yi)條職業技能提高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)快速(su)通(tong)道,使優秀學(xue)(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)能在(zai)政治與物(wu)質上得到(dao)(dao)尊(zun)敬和回報。為確保檢修(xiu)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素質,應(ying)在(zai)選(xuan)(xuan)拔環節進(jin)行嚴格管理,包括(kuo)學(xue)(xue)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)專業知識結構、操作技能水平,通(tong)過(guo)測試(shi)優選(xuan)(xuan)出檢修(xiu)人(ren)才后備隊伍(wu),為后續培養(yang)及選(xuan)(xuan)拔打好基(ji)礎。

(3)保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)質(zhi)量。對人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)配置企(qi)業(ye)(ye)應有具(ju)體(ti)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),既要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證數(shu)量,又要(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)層級配備。例如,操(cao)作(zuo)層人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan),除具(ju)有工(gong)藝要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)外,更要(yao)(yao)(yao)體(ti)現(xian)在勞動的(de)(de)(de)密集(ji)性(xing)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)素(su)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)提高等方面(mian)。檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)成(cheng)效的(de)(de)(de)提高是(shi)一(yi)個循序漸進的(de)(de)(de)過程,在人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)配備之初,越是(shi)層級低的(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan),配備的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量應稍多一(yi)些。分(fen)(fen)層級配備是(shi)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),因為在作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang),作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)層的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)級是(shi)按質(zhi)檢(jian)、指導、作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)三級來(lai)劃分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)。對專業(ye)(ye)化隊伍劃分(fen)(fen),既要(yao)(yao)(yao)確保(bao)他們之間(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)同(tong)與(yu)配合,還要(yao)(yao)(yao)體(ti)現(xian)出(chu)專業(ye)(ye)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)包括施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)安裝布置、設備拆解后的(de)(de)(de)收回(hui)、零部件修(xiu)(xiu)理和現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)清理。

總之,電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)(bei)檢修(xiu)與管理,是一項長期的(de)(de)(de)監控過(guo)程。而且(qie)需要電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)各個部門及科室積(ji)極配(pei)合。通過(guo)監督管理體系的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)立來有效保障設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)運(yun)行。同(tong)時也要注重電(dian)廠技術(shu)人才的(de)(de)(de)培訓和培養,加強日常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)培訓,建(jian)立專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)人才隊(dui)伍(wu),通過(guo)有效的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)管理和專(zhuan)(zhuan)業人員的(de)(de)(de)檢修(xiu),保障了(le)發(fa)電(dian)企(qi)業電(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行,同(tong)時增加了(le)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)效益和競(jing)爭力,為發(fa)電(dian)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)長期發(fa)展打下了(le)堅實的(de)(de)(de)基礎。

參考文獻

[1] 郭順 ,王維平 .電(dian)廠電(dian)氣設備的檢(jian)修(xiu)與(yu)管理[J].中國新技(ji)術新產(chan)品(pin),2011(17).

篇5

關鍵詞:工(gong)程力學;工(gong)程建設;實踐應(ying)用

在我(wo)國的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)中,基(ji)礎理(li)論性研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)占(zhan)據著(zhu)較為重要的作用(yong)(yong)。其中作為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)技(ji)術(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)最為基(ji)礎與核心的技(ji)術(shu)理(li)論,力(li)(li)學知識(shi)特別(bie)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)程力(li)(li)學基(ji)礎知識(shi)的應用(yong)(yong),為我(wo)國的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技(ji)術(shu)發展(zhan)提供了不可(ke)替代的支持作用(yong)(yong)。因此(ci)我(wo)們(men)結(jie)合當前(qian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)的實(shi)踐技(ji)術(shu),以及工(gong)(gong)(gong)程力(li)(li)學的應用(yong)(yong)理(li)論,開展(zhan)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程力(li)(li)學在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)中的實(shi)踐應用(yong)(yong)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。

1工程力(li)學(xue)在當前工程建設中的實踐應用(yong)研究

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)為常用(yong)(yong)與基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi),因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)當前我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)各類(lei)(lei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)得(de)(de)到(dao)了廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。因(yin)此(ci)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)技術(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)人員,結(jie)合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)特征(zheng),將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)利(li)用(yong)(yong)進行了系統化研(yan)究(jiu)。目前就實(shi)踐(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)而言,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)以下(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)得(de)(de)到(dao)了廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。(1)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)與超高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。隨(sui)著我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)城市建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)開展(zhan),各類(lei)(lei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)與超高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)數(shu)量,正在(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷地增加中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。而在(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)與超高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與使用(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)對于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安全與質量保(bao)障起到(dao)了不(bu)可忽(hu)視的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。(2)能(neng)(neng)源工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。能(neng)(neng)源工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)未來(lai)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)重點(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)決定(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)計(ji)民(min)生的(de)(de)重點(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)源工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)我們(men)發現,無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、石油、風力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),甚至是(shi)(shi)核能(neng)(neng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)都(dou)(dou)得(de)(de)到(dao)了廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。如核電(dian)廠(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)技術(shu)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong),極大(da)地提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)廠(chang)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)堆(dui)外殼的(de)(de)穩定(ding)性與堅固(gu)性,進而很好地提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)了核電(dian)廠(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安全性。(3)水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與農業發展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),起到(dao)了不(bu)可忽(hu)視的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小型(xing)水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也(ye)得(de)(de)到(dao)了有(you)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)長江三峽水(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),就廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)了水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、通航水(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、河流動力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問題(ti)、巖基(ji)(ji)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等各類(lei)(lei)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi),確保(bao)這一偉大(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)順利(li)完(wan)成。(4)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)防工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)防工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)武(wu)器(qi)基(ji)(ji)地、機場等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)防基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),還是(shi)(shi)各類(lei)(lei)導彈(dan)、飛(fei)機、艦船(chuan)等武(wu)器(qi)研(yan)究(jiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)都(dou)(dou)發揮了不(bu)可忽(hu)視的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。因(yin)此(ci)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)探究(jiu),將(jiang)會為我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)各類(lei)(lei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)質量提升,提供有(you)效的(de)(de)理論支持,這也(ye)是(shi)(shi)我們(men)此(ci)次(ci)研(yan)究(jiu)開展(zhan)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。

2工程建(jian)設中常用的工程力學內容

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)門(men)歷(li)史悠久、構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)成(cheng)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),其(qi)所(suo)包含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)副(fu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)理(li)論(lun)(lun)對(dui)(dui)(dui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)(qi)到(dao)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個重要(yao)(yao)(yao)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設實踐(jian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩門(men)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)應用(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)基、鉆探、地(di)(di)下(xia)開(kai)挖以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)下(xia)交通(tong)等(deng)各類工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。如(ru)(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)當(dang)前高層與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)超高層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),深(shen)基坑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)得到(dao)了(le)廣泛應用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)深(shen)基坑挖掘與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)支(zhi)護(hu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),土(tu)(tu)(tu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)公式發(fa)(fa)揮著(zhu)(zhu)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)人員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)不(bu)同(tong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特點,進(jin)行(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan),進(jin)而(er)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)挖掘與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)支(zhi)護(hu)方案(an),確保深(shen)基坑穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)下(xia)挖掘施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)人員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)地(di)(di)下(xia)巖體(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)特征(zheng),進(jin)行(xing)其(qi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特征(zheng)分(fen)析(xi),提(ti)(ti)高地(di)(di)下(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)巖體(ti)(ti)(ti)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),避免塌方、滲漏等(deng)事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)。特別是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)下(xia)軌道交通(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)人員(yuan)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)合(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)下(xia)交通(tong)隧道、車站以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)下(xia)配(pei)套(tao)設施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),發(fa)(fa)揮其(qi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。(2)連續(xu)(xu)(xu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)到(dao)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。連續(xu)(xu)(xu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)物理(li)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)論(lun)(lun),如(ru)(ru)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)梁(liang)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)剛度與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)強度;柱結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)各結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)變形(xing)問題產生和(he)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)等(deng),都是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)一(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)內容。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)連續(xu)(xu)(xu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推進(jin),這(zhe)一(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各類結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)模(mo)型(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公式都出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)不(bu)自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,影響了(le)其(qi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)理(li)論(lun)(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。因此(ci)物理(li)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)者以(yi)(yi)(yi)現(xian)代數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)世紀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)頁提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)觀點,并將其(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)連續(xu)(xu)(xu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進(jin)行(xing)結(jie)(jie)合(he),提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)連續(xu)(xu)(xu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)。這(zhe)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)各結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)間力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)有力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。(3)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應用(yong)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知(zhi)識(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)。其(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)包括(kuo)(kuo)了(le)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)斷(duan)裂力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),是(shi)(shi)當(dang)前土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應用(yong)最(zui)廣,研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)最(zui)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容。如(ru)(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)確保施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、抗(kang)壓強度、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)數(shu)據(ju)符合(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方案(an)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實際使用(yong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),進(jin)而(er)保證建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量。而(er)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)則是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),利用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)原理(li)確保建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)安全。彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)則是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)上(shang),為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)震(zhen)、抗(kang)壓性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能提(ti)(ti)供(gong)保障(zhang)。(4)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)論(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應用(yong)。計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)門(men)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。其(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)包括(kuo)(kuo)了(le)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)兩個分(fen)支(zhi)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后者是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設起(qi)(qi)到(dao)了(le)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)理(li)論(lun)(lun)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。其(qi)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)架包括(kuo)(kuo)了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、離(li)散化技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)值(zhi)分(fen)析(xi)和(he)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機軟(ruan)件技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。其(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)就是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機軟(ruan)件,使用(yong)離(li)散化技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)數(shu)值(zhi)分(fen)析(xi)方法,對(dui)(dui)(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析(xi)、檢測以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)優化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)手段(duan)。(5)其(qi)他(ta)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)簡述。隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)進(jin)步,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還產生了(le)一(yi)些其(qi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)理(li)論(lun)(lun),如(ru)(ru)靜(jing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、概率有限(xian)元法等(deng)分(fen)支(zhi)理(li)論(lun)(lun),都在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)起(qi)(qi)到(dao)了(le)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。如(ru)(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)靜(jing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),我們形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)靜(jing)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)動(dong)(dong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)概念,進(jin)而(er)為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)論(lun)(lun)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。(6)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實驗(yan)室研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)項重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)理(li)論(lun)(lun)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),其(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實驗(yan)室研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)有著(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)可分(fen)割的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)。如(ru)(ru)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實驗(yan)室研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),可以(yi)(yi)(yi)驗(yan)證建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)是(shi)(shi)否達到(dao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),進(jin)而(er)確保建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)質量。

作(zuo)者:李(li)磊 單位:成都理工(gong)大(da)學環境與(yu)土木工(gong)程學院

參考文獻:

篇6

[關鍵詞]電力企業 用電檢(jian)查 問題 措施

中圖(tu)分類號(hao):U665.11 文獻標識碼:U 文章編(bian)號(hao):1009914X(2013)34011101

發(fa)電(dian)廠在其電(dian)力(li)生(sheng)產(chan)過程中(zhong),各(ge)環節用電(dian)量較大,主要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)動機、采暖通風、保(bao)護裝(zhuang)置、修配車間、照明等用電(dian)等,給電(dian)力(li)企業開展(zhan)(zhan)用電(dian)檢查(cha)工(gong)作(zuo)帶來(lai)了諸多難題。就(jiu)電(dian)力(li)企業而言,發(fa)電(dian)廠開展(zhan)(zhan)用電(dian)檢查(cha)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)主要(yao)目的(de)在于促進(jin)其電(dian)電(dian)力(li)生(sheng)產(chan)正常開展(zhan)(zhan),保(bao)障電(dian)廠設備以(yi)及人(ren)身安全(quan),促進(jin)電(dian)網安全(quan)運行,它也是增強電(dian)力(li)企業的(de)核心競爭(zheng)力(li)必不可少的(de)途徑之一。

一(yi)、用電檢(jian)查存在的(de)問題分析

(一)用電檢查隊伍落后(hou)

1.用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)數(shu)量緊缺(que)。當前,雖然(ran)(ran)我國在電(dian)(dian)源建(jian)設(she)以及電(dian)(dian)網建(jian)設(she)等多(duo)方面都取得了(le)重(zhong)大的(de)進步(bu),隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)力(li)生產事業的(de)持續(xu)推進,發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)容量大幅增加,但用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)數(shu)量仍然(ran)(ran)不理想,不能適應我國電(dian)(dian)網迅速發展的(de)需(xu)要。尤其是(shi)在一些人(ren)(ren)口(kou)分散(san)且交通不便的(de)偏遠地區,用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)出現了(le)嚴重(zhong)緊缺(que)的(de)現象,造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業的(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查工作(zuo)無法順利正常開(kai)展。

2.用(yong)(yong)電(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)人(ren)員的(de)(de)綜合素(su)質(zhi)普遍偏低。目前,我國電(dian)力(li)企業中專業技術(shu)(shu)好,且素(su)質(zhi)高(gao)的(de)(de)人(ren)才(cai)出現了缺(que)口,同時,在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)作(zuo)中,運用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)裝備與用(yong)(yong)電(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)要求不適應,裝備技術(shu)(shu)以及高(gao)素(su)質(zhi)人(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)缺(que)乏,使我國用(yong)(yong)電(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)效率難以提高(gao)。

(二)發電廠(chang)廠(chang)用電率(lv)未(wei)得到(dao)有效控制(zhi)

發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞對(dui)(dui)于提高(gao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益具有(you)重要意義(yi)。在發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力生產過程(cheng)中,科學(xue)合理地(di)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)并減少發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能消耗,并使(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)輸出能量增加,使(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)得到(dao)(dao)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)(qi)業而(er)言至關(guan)重要。然而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)(qi)業在進(jin)行(xing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢查過程(cheng)中,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)多數(shu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)仍(reng)然未得到(dao)(dao)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)地(di)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。例(li)如,閥(fa)門內漏與外漏問題(ti)突出,閥(fa)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗大。同(tong)時,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主機設備廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)不到(dao)(dao)位(wei),如鍋(guo)爐系統(tong)中預熱器漏風現(xian)象(xiang)嚴(yan)重;汽輪機系統(tong)中其熱效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)未得到(dao)(dao)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提高(gao),熱耗損失(shi)嚴(yan)重等。作(zuo)為用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)而(er)言,用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業在開展發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢查工(gong)作(zuo)中,應對(dui)(dui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)給予高(gao)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)重視,積極(ji)采取有(you)力措施,加強發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),促進(jin)我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力事業快速發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展。

(三)用電檢查程序缺乏(fa)規范性

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)工作(zuo)實踐中(zhong),用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)人(ren)員(yuan)多未按照規范的檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)程序(xu)執行(xing),從(cong)而造(zao)成即使(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現違章用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)者竊(qie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等行(xing)為,也由(you)于證據收集不足而不能對其進行(xing)處罰(fa)。同(tong)時許(xu)多用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)人(ren)員(yuan)在檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)過(guo)程中(zhong)有越位(wei)以及(ji)違規行(xing)為,造(zao)成許(xu)多供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)糾紛產生。同(tong)時,在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)中(zhong),沒有加強對發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備是否滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)生產以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運行(xing)安全需求的檢(jian)查(cha)(cha),導(dao)致(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備故(gu)障頻發(fa)(fa)(fa),降低了(le)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)工作(zuo)效率。

二、優化(hua)用電檢查(cha)的措施分析

(一)組建綜(zong)合素質高的用電檢查隊伍,加大監管力度

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業要(yao)(yao)重視(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)培訓,尤其要(yao)(yao)強化對高(gao)低壓開關(guan)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、避雷器(qi)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等的(de)(de)(de)性能、結構以及原理以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)基礎(chu)知識等專業理論知識的(de)(de)(de)培訓,并要(yao)(yao)求用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)員(yuan)具(ju)備檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備的(de)(de)(de)不安(an)全因素(su)、發現發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠中用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不規范,廠用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率不達標的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)(li)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)報告的(de)(de)(de)撰寫能力(li)(li),全面提(ti)升用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)綜合素(su)質,組建(jian)一支(zhi)專業知識技能過硬的(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)作隊(dui)伍。同時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業還要(yao)(yao)加大對用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)投入力(li)(li)度(du),購置并引進專業且先進的(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)設備裝置,提(ti)升用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)質量與效率。

(二)強(qiang)化發電廠廠用電率以及線損控制

用(yong)(yong)電(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)人(ren)員在實際工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中,若發(fa)(fa)(fa)現發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)率(lv)(lv)控制不到(dao)位,與(yu)要(yao)求有出入,要(yao)積極加強(qiang)與(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)相(xiang)關(guan)人(ren)員的(de)配合,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)率(lv)(lv)的(de)的(de)控制。例如,確保(bao)主(zhu)機(ji)(ji)匹配合理電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)及變(bian)壓器應合理選用(yong)(yong)容(rong)量(liang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)配置、確保(bao)選用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)纜(lan)材(cai)料及其截(jie)面(mian)科學合理,有效控制發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)損耗,優選小容(rong)量(liang)的(de)配套設備,并確保(bao)至(zhi)少2臺以(yi)(yi)上,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)并列運行(xing)(xing);降低變(bian)壓器負荷(he)損耗以(yi)(yi)及空(kong)載損耗等措施,使發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)率(lv)(lv)得到(dao)科學合理地控制。同(tong)時,在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)實際工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中,要(yao)強(qiang)化工(gong)(gong)程圖紙的(de)審(shen)查(cha)以(yi)(yi)及驗收工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),特別是對電(dian)能計量(liang)裝(zhuang)置進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)嚴格(ge)的(de)檢(jian)查(cha),其檢(jian)查(cha)的(de)具體內容(rong)如下:

1.加(jia)強(qiang)對電能計(ji)量裝置(zhi)的倍率(lv)檢查,并確保(bao)電能計(ji)量方式準確合(he)理;

2.加強對電(dian)能計量裝置(zhi)安裝的(de)檢查,確保其在同一計量小(xiao)車(che)內安裝,而(er)且(qie)配備有單(dan)獨的(de)接(jie)線盒(he);

3.電(dian)能(neng)表(biao)檢查(cha)(cha)。確保其(qi)電(dian)流互感器在使(shi)(shi)用(yong)過程中(zhong),是采用(yong)一組(zu)單獨使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的方式進(jin)行使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的,且對(dui)其(qi)產生的誤差(cha)(包括角差(cha)與比差(cha))的檢查(cha)(cha),并對(dui)電(dian)能(neng)表(biao)的合格證進(jin)行檢查(cha)(cha);

4.在(zai)檢(jian)查電能計量裝(zhuang)置的(de)過程中(zhong),確保(bao)其一(yi)次(ci)接線(xian)與二次(ci)接線(xian)的(de)準確性。

加強對電(dian)能計量裝置的全面檢查,提(ti)高電(dian)能計量裝置的準確度,有效降(jiang)(jiang)低電(dian)能計量裝置在計量過(guo)程中(zhong)產生(sheng)誤差(cha),確保降(jiang)(jiang)損計劃(hua)的順利實(shi)現。

(三)規范用(yong)(yong)電檢查程序,加強(qiang)對(dui)違章用(yong)(yong)電的打擊(ji)力度

用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)人員(yuan)在(zai)實(shi)際工作中(zhong),要自覺規(gui)范自己的(de)行(xing)為,嚴格(ge)執行(xing)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)程序,確(que)保用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)程序的(de)規(gui)范性,避免越位(wei)以及(ji)違(wei)規(gui)行(xing)為發(fa)(fa)生,防止供用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)糾紛發(fa)(fa)生。同時,在(zai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)工作中(zhong),要采取多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)方式,例如(ru),儀表(biao)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)法、直(zhi)觀(guan)檢(jian)測(ce)法、電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)法等多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)方式方法加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)對發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha),并(bing)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)對廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率數(shu)值超值的(de)處罰力(li)度,確(que)保發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率控(kong)制到位(wei),提高發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業的(de)綜合(he)經濟效益。此(ci)外,還需(xu)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)能計量(liang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)改造力(li)度,或(huo)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)科技含量(liang)較高的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能計量(liang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置,并(bing)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)負荷控(kong)制系統的(de)運(yun)用(yong)(yong),對用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)況加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)線(xian)監(jian)控(kong),實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)實(shi)時監(jian)控(kong),有效減少發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能計量(liang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置的(de)綜合(he)誤差。

總之(zhi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業的(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢查是確保發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠電(dian)(dian)(dian)力生產安全的(de)有效手段(duan),用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢查人員在(zai)實際工作中(zhong)要及時(shi)掌(zhang)握(wo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)運行狀況,對(dui)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢查中(zhong)發(fa)現的(de)安全隱患以及問(wen)題,采取有力措施,在(zai)第一(yi)時(shi)間(jian)內解決(jue),最大限(xian)度地(di)降低(di)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)損(sun)失,促進我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力事業的(de)發(fa)展。

參考文獻

[1]徐(xu)琛.電力企業用電檢查存在的問題及處理措施[J].機電信息,2011,(36):181-182.

篇7

關鍵詞:電(dian)氣工程(cheng);自動化;問題及對策

前言:在發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)前提下(xia)夯實基礎對(dui)電(dian)(dian)氣工程(cheng)及(ji)其自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)而言很有(you)必(bi)要(yao)。該技術是(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣信息(xi)領(ling)域的(de)新興(xing)科學,由于(yu)(yu)當(dang)時受(shou)到資金(jin)等因素的(de)限制(zhi),被(bei)推遲了二十年電(dian)(dian)氣工程(cheng)及(ji)其自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)技術才(cai)開始(shi)真正融(rong)入工業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)。在改革開放(fang)大(da)背景(jing)下(xia),我(wo)國當(dang)代(dai)科技發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)促(cu)進了電(dian)(dian)氣工程(cheng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。電(dian)(dian)氣工程(cheng)的(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)程(cheng)度對(dui)于(yu)(yu)社(she)會(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)有(you)著重大(da)意義,它也是(shi)我(wo)國科技水平的(de)一種體現。國內電(dian)(dian)氣工程(cheng)及(ji)其自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)技術雖然有(you)了很大(da)的(de)進步,但是(shi)在發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)還是(shi)存在著缺陷和(he)不足,因此,相關人員需結(jie)合(he)解(jie)決對(dui)策應對(dui)電(dian)(dian)氣自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)存在的(de)問(wen)題,結(jie)合(he)時展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)來滿足當(dang)代(dai)社(she)會(hui)的(de)需求。

1.電氣工程及(ji)其(qi)自動化的基本(ben)概況

1.1電氣工(gong)程及其自動化發(fa)展(zhan)史(shi)

電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)發展處(chu)于核(he)心和關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)上(shang)(shang),現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)科技發展在很大(da)(da)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上(shang)(shang)推動(dong)(dong)了電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)進程(cheng)(cheng),且日益成為了推動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)行業(ye)(ye)進步的(de)(de)(de)重要動(dong)(dong)力(li),從19世紀上(shang)(shang)半葉安培發現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)磁效應(ying)(ying)、法拉第(di)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應(ying)(ying)定(ding)律到(dao)西(xi)方國家的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)學陸續設(she)置(zhi)了電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)到(dao)1908年,南洋大(da)(da)學堂(tang)(交通(tong)大(da)(da)學前身)設(she)置(zhi)了電(dian)(dian)機專(zhuan)科,這(zhe)是我國大(da)(da)學最早的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye),至今已(yi)有近一個世紀。自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)這(zhe)種新興的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)模式,可以對(dui)電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)效率進行有效的(de)(de)(de)提升,從各學校開設(she)電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)到(dao)研究生學位的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)立。各個學校響應(ying)(ying)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)號召(zhao),適應(ying)(ying)社會主(zhu)義現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)建設(she)需要為國家培育養出一批又一批的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)攻人(ren)才。具有較強的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)素質和一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新精神的(de)(de)(de)學子(zi)奔赴崗位工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。因(yin)此相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員應(ying)(ying)該對(dui)電(dian)(dian)氣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)技術和流程(cheng)(cheng)等進

行充分的(de)認識,并且將理論(lun)應用到不同的(de)行業之中,從(cong)而將電氣工(gong)程自動(dong)化的(de)價值發揮出(chu)來。

1.2電(dian)氣工程及其(qi)自(zi)動(dong)化應用

電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)術作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)分支,涉及(ji)范圍(wei)大,應(ying)用廣泛,電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程度對于社(she)會生(sheng)產(chan)有著重大意(yi)義,它能(neng)(neng)有效(xiao)提高(gao)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水平,自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)術在(zai)電(dian)網(wang)調度上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用是(shi)一個現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理手段,是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)安全質運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)保證,電(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)控監(jian)(jian)管(guan)電(dian)壓(ya)、周波(bo)等,以及(ji)觀(guan)測主設備位置情況以及(ji)水、熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指標等,除(chu)了(le)安全監(jian)(jian)控,自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用可以讓電(dian)網(wang)調度節能(neng)(neng)減耗,自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)術可以對電(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行進行分析,并(bing)對相關事故提出處(chu)(chu)理對策,能(neng)(neng)有效(xiao)降低(di)事故發(fa)生(sheng)率。我(wo)國主要(yao)有水電(dian)和火電(dian)發(fa)電(dian)廠,它們在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施中,有較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相同點,一般來說,水電(dian)廠比火電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程度更高(gao)。配點自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)我(wo)國應(ying)用規模較(jiao)小,主要(yao)在(zai)就地控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饋線、集中監(jian)(jian)控等自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方面。變電(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)術,主要(yao)應(ying)用在(zai)傳輸(shu)技(ji)(ji)術、自(zi)(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)控制、信(xin)息處(chu)(chu)理上,主要(yao)是(shi)為(wei)了(le)代(dai)替人工(gong)作(zuo)業,提高(gao)管(guan)理水平。

1.3電氣工程及其自(zi)動化現存問題

電(dian)氣工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)其自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現存(cun)問題主要體現在(zai)能源(yuan)(yuan)消耗(hao)大(da)以及(ji)質量不(bu)達標。電(dian)氣工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量,直接影響(xiang)著后(hou)續使用(yong)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),以及(ji)使用(yong)壽命,管理不(bu)合格,施工(gong)質量不(bu)能保障,都是電(dian)氣工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。集成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)(cheng)度低(di),自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua),是未來方向(xiang),我國這(zhe)方面(mian)起步晚,信(xin)息資源(yuan)(yuan)難以有效(xiao)共享(xiang),給自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)造成(cheng)(cheng)了制約。網(wang)(wang)絡架(jia)構不(bu)統(tong)一。由于網(wang)(wang)絡架(jia)構不(bu)統(tong)一,電(dian)氣工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)絡架(jia)構不(bu)相同,使得(de)自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系統(tong)缺少兼容性,導致信(xin)息難以共享(xiang),自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系統(tong)在(zai)實際工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)不(bu)能有效(xiao)發揮應有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。

2.電氣工程及其自(zi)動化(hua)問題(ti)的解決措施

2.1系(xi)統集成化程度(du)和網絡構架

增強集成(cheng)化程度,建(jian)(jian)立起系統的(de)自動化體系促進相關的(de)電氣(qi)工程企業的(de)良好(hao)發展,應該(gai)建(jian)(jian)立起相對高效的(de)管理模式(shi)和工作模式(shi),使不(bu)同電氣(qi)工程

自(zi)動(dong)化系統(tong)(tong)均具有良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)兼(jian)容性(xing)。隨著安全事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)生,人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全意識(shi)增強(qiang),在施工過程中,人(ren)們對(dui)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)工程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也越來越高(gao)。但(dan)在目前眾多電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)施工過程中,由于對(dui)企業(ye)對(dui)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理力度不(bu)到位(wei),將現(xian)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進設(she)計理念和(he)管(guan)(guan)理思(si)想應用(yong)到實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理體系建立的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程之中,這樣可以(yi)實現(xian)對(dui)系統(tong)(tong)最大限度的(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa),將系統(tong)(tong)運行和(he)管(guan)(guan)理產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)。電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)工程企業(ye)在進行自(zi)動(dong)化系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)時(shi),使用(yong)相同開發(fa)平臺(tai),提高(gao)技術開發(fa)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技能(neng)水平,提升電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)動(dong)化平臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨立性(xing),提高(gao)自(zi)動(dong)化系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兼(jian)容性(xing),發(fa)揮其(qi)主(zhu)觀能(neng)動(dong)性(xing),這樣不(bu)僅可以(yi)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本,還能(neng)在系統(tong)(tong)運行后,降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)維護成(cheng)(cheng)本。

2.2優化(hua)電氣自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)節能減排設計

優(you)化(hua)電(dian)氣(qi)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)節能(neng)(neng)減(jian)排(pai)設(she)(she)計主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是在(zai)(zai)節能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)技能(neng)(neng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計等方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)和設(she)(she)備在(zai)(zai)電(dian)氣(qi)工程(cheng)及(ji)其自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中發(fa)(fa)揮著至關重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)工業(ye)生產中,電(dian)氣(qi)工程(cheng)也具(ju)有十分重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)位,發(fa)(fa)揮著不可替代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),它可以(yi)(yi)最(zui)大限度地(di)(di)滿足實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產需求,有效地(di)(di)解決能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費問題。隨著我國電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge),人(ren)們逐(zhu)漸地(di)(di)意(yi)識到(dao)了(le)電(dian)氣(qi)工程(cheng)管理(li)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)意(yi)義。管理(li)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)確保電(dian)廠(chang)正常運(yun)行(xing),需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對電(dian)廠(chang)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)日常照(zhao)明以(yi)(yi)及(ji)溫度等方面進行(xing)調節,做(zuo)好對于材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)潮工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),防(fang)止材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞,做(zuo)好防(fang)火的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),這就使得在(zai)(zai)電(dian)氣(qi)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)質量以(yi)(yi)及(ji)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消耗(hao)和利用(yong)之間存在(zai)(zai)著一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖突。充分認識到(dao)建設(she)(she)施工中質量管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),嚴(yan)控材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)質量,加強人(ren)員(yuan)管理(li),嚴(yan)格按照(zhao)規范進行(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)氣(qi)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計中,除(chu)了(le)滿足實際需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)最(zui)大程(cheng)度上減(jian)少能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消耗(hao),例如(ru)選擇(ze)使用(yong)阻(zu)值小的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)壓器等,減(jian)少運(yun)行(xing)成本(ben),使電(dian)氣(qi)工程(cheng)能(neng)(neng)實現(xian)可持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展。

2.3提高技術(shu)人員素質(zhi)

篇8

在(zai)傳統教學(xue)(xue)模式中(zhong),學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)被動參(can)(can)與到(dao)課堂教學(xue)(xue),預習不(bu)足、思(si)考(kao)時(shi)間有(you)限等因素都會抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)課堂上的參(can)(can)與度和學(xue)(xue)習的積極性,從而降(jiang)低課堂教學(xue)(xue)效(xiao)(xiao)率。“自(zi)學(xue)(xue)自(zi)講”教學(xue)(xue)環節讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自(zi)己準備(bei)資料、制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)課件并(bing)完成課堂教學(xue)(xue),能夠有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提高學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對課堂的參(can)(can)與度,培養(yang)獨(du)立學(xue)(xue)習能力和團隊精神。

[關鍵詞]

專業課(ke)教學;自學自講教學環節(jie);課(ke)堂參與度

高校(xiao)專業(ye)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)基(ji)本安(an)排在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)(da)三和大(da)(da)(da)四完(wan)成(cheng),這(zhe)個時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)經過(guo)(guo)前兩年公共(gong)基(ji)礎(chu)課(ke)(ke)和專業(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)課(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洗禮,已(yi)具備一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)素養,對(dui)(dui)大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)模式也(ye)從不適(shi)應逐(zhu)漸過(guo)(guo)渡到(dao)找準(zhun)自(zi)己在(zai)(zai)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置。學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度也(ye)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)分化(hua):一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)由于(yu)對(dui)(dui)本專業(ye)興趣較(jiao)(jiao)高而在(zai)(zai)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)上變得更(geng)(geng)積極主動,對(dui)(dui)所學(xue)(xue)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)夠批判的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思考(kao),并(bing)轉化(hua)為自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力;也(ye)有(you)相當(dang)大(da)(da)(da)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)失去了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)興趣,神(shen)游物外或者沉浸于(yu)手機(ji)等與(yu)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)無關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動。[1]因此(ci),專業(ye)任(ren)課(ke)(ke)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)要備好課(ke)(ke)充實課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)、具備深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)背景(jing)外,還要能(neng)(neng)夠根據課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)特點(dian)采用靈活多(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)(shou)課(ke)(ke)形式,培養教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)機(ji)智,盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)吸引(yin)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)(duo)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)參與(yu)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)。[2]筆(bi)者所授(shou)(shou)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工程(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)基(ji)礎(chu)是(shi)(shi)本校(xiao)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)與(yu)工程(cheng)(cheng)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)修課(ke)(ke),選用教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材為浙江大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)朱(zhu)華教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授(shou)(shou)編著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)與(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)》。[3]本課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)設置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)讓(rang)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)之余了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)這(zhe)種(zhong)發(fa)展(zhan)潛力巨大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新晉(jin)常(chang)(chang)規能(neng)(neng)源(yuan),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)主要包括(kuo)概述、核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)反應堆(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理和熱(re)(re)(re)工基(ji)礎(chu)、壓水(shui)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)廠、核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制和運(yun)行、核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)(xing)、各種(zhong)型(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)廠與(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)廠、核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他應用技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等七(qi)章。一(yi)門課(ke)(ke)涵(han)蓋了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong),難度大(da)(da)(da)、課(ke)(ke)時緊。由于(yu)目前國際上開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主流核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)站類(lei)型(xing)(xing)繁多(duo)(duo),如果想讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)各種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)廠和核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)廠有(you)一(yi)個較(jiao)(jiao)深(shen)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie),僅靠教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)(jiang)授(shou)(shou)完(wan)全沒(mei)有(you)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)。那么如何既兼顧(gu)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整性(xing)(xing)和邏輯嚴謹性(xing)(xing),又能(neng)(neng)讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)到(dao)盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)新知識(shi)(shi)(shi)呢?為了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)決這(zhe)一(yi)沖(chong)突,筆(bi)者在(zai)(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中引(yin)入(ru)“自(zi)學(xue)(xue)自(zi)講(jiang)(jiang)”教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)環節(jie)。課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)設置中,前五章作(zuo)(zuo)為本門課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)心內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong),所授(shou)(shou)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)以核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)以及(ji)壓水(shui)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)站為主;第七(qi)章是(shi)(shi)除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)發(fa)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)利用領(ling)域,和其他章節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)弱(ruo),這(zhe)兩部(bu)(bu)分由教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師完(wan)成(cheng)講(jiang)(jiang)授(shou)(shou)。壓水(shui)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)作(zuo)(zuo)為現代商業(ye)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要堆(dui)(dui)(dui)型(xing)(xing),其結(jie)構、各個系(xi)統和功能(neng)(neng),以及(ji)運(yun)行與(yu)控制等相關(guan)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)和技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)都比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)完(wan)善,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師講(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)夠讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)獲得全面完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)體系(xi),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)更(geng)(geng)注重邏輯性(xing)(xing)。而重水(shui)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)、高溫(wen)氣冷堆(dui)(dui)(dui)、快堆(dui)(dui)(dui)和小型(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)等多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)型(xing)(xing)正是(shi)(shi)目前研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)門堆(dui)(dui)(dui)型(xing)(xing),學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)有(you)必(bi)要了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)壓水(shui)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)廠。[4]因此(ci),適(shi)當(dang)地學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)和了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)各種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)反應堆(dui)(dui)(dui)是(shi)(shi)非常(chang)(chang)必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),關(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)如何讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)來學(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)和了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)?如何讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)將(jiang)學(xue)(xue)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)展(zhan)現在(zai)(zai)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)(tang)上?以下筆(bi)者將(jiang)進一(yi)步探索這(zhe)些(xie)問題。

一、“自學(xue)自講”教學(xue)環(huan)節實施細(xi)則

壓(ya)水堆(dui)有什(shen)么特點?在(zai)學(xue)習的過程中(zhong)(zhong)應該(gai)注意什(shen)么?在(zai)前(qian)面的課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)學(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)我已經(jing)將(jiang)這(zhe)些問題充分(fen)展(zhan)示給(gei)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)了。那么接下來其他(ta)類型的核反應堆(dui),學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)以自(zi)己(ji)收集資料、總結(jie)要(yao)點、與壓(ya)水堆(dui)作比(bi)較,并把所學(xue)所想總結(jie)成(cheng)幻燈片展(zhan)現(xian)在(zai)課(ke)(ke)堂(tang)上,進(jin)而作為完整(zheng)的知識講(jiang)授給(gei)其他(ta)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng),是謂“自(zi)學(xue)自(zi)講(jiang)”。筆者的教(jiao)學(xue)班有64個(ge)人,僅有4個(ge)課(ke)(ke)時供(gong)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)完成(cheng)第六(liu)章“各(ge)種型式的核電廠(chang)與核供(gong)熱廠(chang)”的講(jiang)授,讓每一個(ge)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)都講(jiang)解一部分(fen)是不太可(ke)能(neng)(neng)的,那么如何讓學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)比(bi)較容易(yi)形成(cheng)團(tuan)隊(dui),并更好地參(can)與到該(gai)教(jiao)學(xue)活動則是設置此教(jiao)學(xue)環節考(kao)慮的主要(yao)問題。

(一(yi))明(ming)確教學任(ren)務

本門課(ke)程(cheng)第一次(ci)上(shang)課(ke),把完整的(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)計劃告訴(su)大家,尤其是“自學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自講”環節(jie)的(de)內容、實施細(xi)則、考(kao)核標準(zhun)等。明確告訴(su)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生在課(ke)程(cheng)的(de)每一個階段應該完成的(de)任務,保(bao)證(zheng)“自學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自講”教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環節(jie)能夠順利開展。

(二)分小組進行(xing)學習

以(yi)(yi)(yi)寢(qin)室(shi)為單位把(ba)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)分成若干組(zu),提前(qian)兩周(zhou)把(ba)每一(yi)個小組(zu)要完(wan)成的(de)(de)(de)內容分配下(xia)去,并指導其收集資料(liao)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)寢(qin)室(shi)為單位分組(zu)便于(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)匯總(zong)資料(liao)、討論PPT等,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)寢(qin)室(shi)臥談(tan)時(shi)(shi)光有效轉化為學(xue)(xue)(xue)習時(shi)(shi)間。如(ru)果(guo)是小班教學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi),分組(zu)方式(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)更豐富,例如(ru),根據(ju)人(ren)數限制(zhi)讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)自(zi)由組(zu)隊(dui),此法更有利于(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)發揮團隊(dui)精(jing)神(shen),減少部(bu)分學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)渾(hun)水摸(mo)魚的(de)(de)(de)情況。開展這一(yi)階段工(gong)作之前(qian),還需要培訓(xun)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)如(ru)何利用(yong)網絡搜索(suo)引擎和(he)期刊(kan)數據(ju)庫等資源選取(qu)合適的(de)(de)(de)關鍵詞獲得其想要的(de)(de)(de)參考資料(liao)。

(三)收集資料(liao),適當指導

提前(qian)一周(zhou)查看學(xue)生(sheng)收集到(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)資料,及其所列的(de)(de)(de)PPT提綱,并做出必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)。這一階段工作的(de)(de)(de)難點(dian)在于學(xue)生(sheng)收集到(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)資料豐富(fu)且零(ling)散,有(you)些組的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)有(you)可能把握不到(dao)(dao)(dao)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian),PPT中加入很(hen)多無用知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)點(dian)或者漏(lou)掉重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)內容,沒(mei)有(you)注意到(dao)(dao)(dao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)點(dian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)內在關系(xi)。任(ren)課(ke)教師需(xu)要(yao)指導(dao)學(xue)生(sheng)確定教學(xue)課(ke)件的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)和(he)難點(dian),理清知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)點(dian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)邏輯關系(xi),豐富(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)點(dian)所涵蓋的(de)(de)(de)內容。

(四)成果展示

教(jiao)師在上課(ke)前一(yi)天要對(dui)學(xue)(xue)生準備(bei)(bei)的(de)PPT完成(cheng)修(xiu)改,并讓學(xue)(xue)生試(shi)講,確保第二天課(ke)堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)能(neng)夠順(shun)利(li)進(jin)行。學(xue)(xue)生的(de)自學(xue)(xue)成(cheng)果要通過教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)課(ke)件的(de)講解(jie)體現出來,PPT的(de)制作(zuo)細節(jie)等直接(jie)影響到主講學(xue)(xue)生的(de)發揮(hui)和其他學(xue)(xue)生的(de)聽課(ke)情況(kuang),因此指(zhi)導教(jiao)師需要對(dui)學(xue)(xue)生最(zui)終的(de)PPT質量進(jin)行把(ba)關,使其具備(bei)(bei)可讀(du)性和易于講解(jie)的(de)特(te)點。

(五)考核方法

每一組(zu)選出(chu)(chu)一個(ge)(ge)到兩個(ge)(ge)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)講(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)PPT,小組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績由聽(ting)課(ke)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)代表(biao)(如(ru)寢室(shi)長等)和(he)任課(ke)教師(shi)共同打(da)分(fen)給出(chu)(chu)。任課(ke)教師(shi)打(da)分(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)考(kao)查“PPT內容(rong)是(shi)(shi)否完(wan)整、翔實(shi)”“PPT的(de)可讀(du)(du)性”“PPT講(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)否簡練、熟悉”和(he)“對知識(shi)點(dian)的(de)理解(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)否深入(ru)”四個(ge)(ge)方面,充分(fen)考(kao)慮學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)所(suo)付出(chu)(chu)的(de)勞動。學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)代表(biao)主(zhu)要(yao)從“內容(rong)邏輯(ji)關系是(shi)(shi)否明確、知識(shi)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)否清晰”“重點(dian)是(shi)(shi)否突(tu)出(chu)(chu)、聽(ting)課(ke)后是(shi)(shi)否有所(suo)收(shou)獲”和(he)“PPT可讀(du)(du)性、課(ke)堂表(biao)現力”三個(ge)(ge)方面打(da)分(fen),重視實(shi)際授課(ke)效(xiao)果。小組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績由教師(shi)和(he)聽(ting)課(ke)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)代表(biao)給出(chu)(chu),而組(zu)內學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績由學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)自評給出(chu)(chu)。學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)個(ge)(ge)人自評的(de)目的(de)是(shi)(shi)讓學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)如(ru)實(shi)評價自己(ji)對本組(zu)PPT制(zhi)作過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)參(can)與程(cheng)度,主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)四部分(fen)的(de)內容(rong):查閱、收(shou)集(ji)資料,分(fen)析資料匯(hui)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)知識(shi)點(dian),參(can)與完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)PPT的(de)制(zhi)作和(he)講(jiang)(jiang)述(shu)PPT。本次“自學(xue)(xue)自講(jiang)(jiang)”教學(xue)(xue)環節的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績計入(ru)本門課(ke)程(cheng)的(de)總成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績。

 二、“自學自講”教學環節實(shi)施(shi)效(xiao)果、存在(zai)問題和(he)改進措施(shi)

通過(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)課(ke)(ke)(ke)程中(zhong)設(she)置“自(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自(zi)(zi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”環(huan)(huan)節(jie),著重培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)收集(ji)資(zi)料(liao)、分(fen)析總結資(zi)料(liao)、清晰(xi)表達自(zi)(zi)己觀(guan)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力,從而實(shi)現自(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)培養(yang)。本(ben)次(ci)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)任(ren)務(wu)是以(yi)寢(qin)室為單位,寢(qin)室長(chang)為組長(chang),負(fu)責溝通教(jiao)師和(he)同(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),并為組員(yuan)分(fen)配任(ren)務(wu),最終完(wan)(wan)成“自(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自(zi)(zi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”任(ren)務(wu)。在(zai)(zai)這個過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),小組成員(yuan)要分(fen)工明確,團結協作。另外,要求學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)自(zi)(zi)己參與(yu)(yu)“自(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自(zi)(zi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程進行如實(shi)評價,建立(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)和(he)教(jiao)師之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)信(xin)(xin),從小事上培養(yang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)誠信(xin)(xin)精(jing)神。“自(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自(zi)(zi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施也能夠有(you)效抑制學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)上課(ke)(ke)(ke)竊竊私語、走神和(he)隨(sui)意使用手機(ji)等現象的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng),顯著提高(gao)課(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)效率。從“自(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自(zi)(zi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開展和(he)實(shi)施效果來看,尚(shang)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)問題和(he)改善空(kong)間(jian)。首(shou)先,考(kao)核(he)方式造(zao)成了少(shao)部(bu)分(fen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)渾(hun)水摸魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個寢(qin)室可(ke)能會(hui)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)幾個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習能力較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng),總攬了大部(bu)分(fen)工作,其(qi)他(ta)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)(yu)度不夠,甚(shen)至有(you)可(ke)能出現某(mou)些(xie)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)本(ben)組所(suo)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作不太清楚的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。要解決(jue)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)問題,可(ke)與(yu)(yu)目前比較(jiao)流行的(de)(de)(de)(de)“微課(ke)(ke)(ke)”教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)模(mo)式結合[5],讓同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組內的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)錄制一(yi)(yi)(yi)個視頻(pin)短片,要求完(wan)(wan)成本(ben)組PPT的(de)(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)解和(he)核(he)心(xin)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)論述,作為考(kao)核(he)指標之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。其(qi)次(ci),學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)信(xin)(xin)息檢(jian)(jian)索工具(ju)不熟悉造(zao)成資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來源比較(jiao)有(you)限,針對(dui)(dui)(dui)此問題任(ren)課(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)師可(ke)以(yi)采用直播平臺與(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)約定(ding)好(hao)時間(jian)進行信(xin)(xin)息檢(jian)(jian)索的(de)(de)(de)(de)網上培訓(xun)[6],或者提前錄制教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)短片向同(tong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)們傳授最常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息檢(jian)(jian)索方法。[7]最后,課(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)授過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),部(bu)分(fen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)其(qi)他(ta)組學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)課(ke)(ke)(ke)不夠重視,對(dui)(dui)(dui)相(xiang)應(ying)知識點的(de)(de)(de)(de)理解也比較(jiao)弱。解決(jue)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)問題,可(ke)適當(dang)增加(jia)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)章節(jie)知識點在(zai)(zai)期末試(shi)卷中(zhong)所(suo)占的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例,或者適當(dang)增加(jia)對(dui)(dui)(dui)聽課(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提問借以(yi)提高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)此部(bu)分(fen)內容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重視。

三、結語

自學(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)養成(cheng)(cheng)不是一(yi)(yi)朝一(yi)(yi)夕的(de)(de)(de)事情,也不是自己看看書(shu)做(zuo)做(zuo)題就可以(yi)了,獨(du)立(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)養成(cheng)(cheng)也需要教師適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)引導,教會學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)清主次,注重(zhong)內在(zai)(zai)(zai)邏(luo)輯關系(xi)等。“自學(xue)(xue)(xue)自講”教學(xue)(xue)(xue)環節的(de)(de)(de)設置不僅能(neng)夠改(gai)善課堂教學(xue)(xue)(xue)氛(fen)圍(wei),有效提高(gao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對課堂教學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)參與度(du),還(huan)為學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)自學(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)培養提供了一(yi)(yi)個高(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)媒介,讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)自學(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)充(chong)分(fen)掌握專業知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)技巧和(he)(he)注意事項(xiang)。教學(xue)(xue)(xue)任務的(de)(de)(de)出色完成(cheng)(cheng)也是對學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)獨(du)立(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)能(neng)力和(he)(he)團隊精(jing)神的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)分(fen)肯定,使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)能(neng)夠獲得更大的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)就感和(he)(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)興趣。

作者:高海(hai)麗(li) 單位:福建(jian)農林大學

[參考文獻]

[1]郭文宏,于萬鈞.普(pu)通高等院校課程(cheng)階段教學法探討(tao)[J].大學教育,2015(10):32-33.

[2]鄢顯俊.課堂教(jiao)學(xue)能(neng)力是(shi)高校教(jiao)師的首要職(zhi)業能(neng)力[J].中(zhong)國高等教(jiao)育(yu),2016(9).

[3]朱華(hua).核(he)電與核(he)能[M].杭州:浙江大學(xue)出版社,2009.

[4]余(yu)娜.海上核電站提速[J].中國(guo)能(neng)源,2016(3):72-76.

[5]胡鐵生.“微(wei)課”:區域教(jiao)育(yu)信息資源(yuan)發展的新趨(qu)勢[J].電化教(jiao)育(yu)研究,2011(10):61-65.

篇9

【關鍵詞】鍋爐壁溫 熱電偶 安裝(zhuang)方式

前言

在鍋爐運(yun)行(xing)期(qi)間發(fa)生(sheng)的爆(bao)管事故中,過(guo)熱器(qi)和再熱氣超溫爆(bao)管排在首位。發(fa)生(sheng)爆(bao)管事故,將(jiang)會降低設備的可(ke)用率,增加(jia)發(fa)電(dian)成本。因(yin)此,監測受熱面金屬的工作溫度(du),對(dui)預防超溫、提高發(fa)電(dian)設備可(ke)靠性具有(you)顯著的作用。因(yin)此金屬壁溫安裝質(zhi)量的好壞(huai),將(jiang)直接影響鍋爐運(yun)行(xing)的監控(kong)。

正文

火力發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)鍋爐過(guo)熱(re)器、再(zai)熱(re)器金屬壁(bi)(bi)溫(wen)(wen)監視點較多(duo),從(cong)本人經歷的(de)(de)幾臺(tai)機(ji)組(zu)來看,過(guo)熱(re)、再(zai)熱(re)蒸(zheng)汽管(guan)(guan)金屬壁(bi)(bi)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)大(da)致可(ke)分(fen)為兩種(zhong)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方(fang)式(shi)(shi):第一(yi)種(zhong)是采用集熱(re)塊焊接(jie)在管(guan)(guan)壁(bi)(bi)上,用螺絲固定(ding)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou);第二種(zhong)是用不銹鋼管(guan)(guan)焊接(jie)在管(guan)(guan)壁(bi)(bi)上,尾部用卡(ka)套接(jie)頭固定(ding)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)后引出(chu)保溫(wen)(wen)層。再(zai)者由(you)于熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)長(chang)度(du)不夠,前置(zhi)機(ji)設計位(wei)置(zhi)不合理等(deng)因素,導致排列(lie)紊亂,造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)檢修(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)不便。這里(li)我針對(dui)以(yi)往的(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)及檢修(xiu)(xiu)經歷,分(fen)析(xi)鍋爐壁(bi)(bi)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方(fang)式(shi)(shi),進(jin)行總結改進(jin),希望能對(dui)機(ji)組(zu)提供良好的(de)(de)監控和檢修(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)方(fang)便。

在(zai)我安裝過的(de)機組中,采用集(ji)熱塊安裝方式的(de)有:廣州珠江電(dian)廠(chang)、廣東新會雙(shuang)水電(dian)廠(chang)、廣東連州電(dian)廠(chang)等多數電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)壁(bi)溫安裝,如(ru)圖(tu)1所示。

這種安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)方(fang)式,由(you)于熱電偶與被測(ce)管壁接(jie)觸面積較(jiao)大(da),溫(wen)度(du)能較(jiao)準確地反映出(chu)(chu)來(lai),可靠(kao)(kao)性較(jiao)好,被大(da)部分電廠所采用。但就檢(jian)修(xiu)方(fang)面來(lai)說,雖然(ran)現在很多(duo)壁溫(wen)測(ce)量采用雙支熱電偶,萬一出(chu)(chu)現雙支都損壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況,更(geng)換起來(lai)就較(jiao)為復雜了。第一,熱電偶被螺(luo)絲(si)(si)固定(ding)在集熱塊上,更(geng)換時需要待停爐(lu)冷卻后,拆除鍋(guo)爐(lu)外護板及(ji)保溫(wen)材料,且安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)環(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)還保持較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)。第二(er),鍋(guo)爐(lu)經(jing)過(guo)長時間的(de)(de)(de)運行,用于固定(ding)鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)熱電偶的(de)(de)(de)螺(luo)絲(si)(si)在高溫(wen)環(huan)境下牙絲(si)(si)變(bian)軟(ruan)或生銹,造成螺(luo)絲(si)(si)退出(chu)(chu)困難或更(geng)本無法退出(chu)(chu),需要在旁邊(bian)重新焊(han)接(jie)集熱塊,這又(you)涉及(ji)到高壓(ya)管道的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)問(wen)題。所以(yi)個人認為這種安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)方(fang)式有所欠缺(que)。當然(ran),安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)壁溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)主要目的(de)(de)(de)還是(shi)首先(xian)保證運行監測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)(kao)性,所以(yi)在不考慮檢(jian)修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況下,這種方(fang)法還是(shi)最(zui)可靠(kao)(kao)的(de)(de)(de)。

第二(er)種壁溫安(an)裝方式(shi)采用普(pu)通Φ12×2mm的不銹鋼管作為鎧裝熱電偶(ou)的護(hu)套,并用卡套接(jie)頭(tou)固定,如圖2所示。

以(yi)汕尾紅海灣電(dian)廠#1、#2號(hao)爐為例(li),壁(bi)溫(wen)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)安裝(zhuang)采用(yong)Φ12×2mm的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼護套(tao)管(guan)(guan),垂直(zhi)焊在(zai)(zai)被測(ce)管(guan)(guan)壁(bi)上,引出保溫(wen)層,而在(zai)(zai)保護套(tao)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)尾部(bu)用(yong)卡(ka)套(tao)接(jie)頭卡(ka)緊(jin)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou),這種安裝(zhuang)方法對(dui)于(yu)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)更(geng)換(huan)帶來了很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)方便,可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)停爐,不(bu)拆保溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)情況下輕松更(geng)換(huan)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)。但也存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一些問題,如在(zai)(zai)運行(xing)過(guo)程中,經常發現(xian)壁(bi)溫(wen)測(ce)量(liang)不(bu)準(zhun),我們首先檢(jian)查(cha)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償是(shi)否(fou)足(zu)夠,熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)設備有無損壞(huai),再檢(jian)查(cha)接(jie)線是(shi)否(fou)松動等,均(jun)未發現(xian)異(yi)常,最后(hou)(hou)檢(jian)查(cha)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)插(cha)入(ru)深度(du),發現(xian)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)前端與(yu)被測(ce)管(guan)(guan)壁(bi)接(jie)觸(chu)距離(li)較大(da),出現(xian)了脫(tuo)離(li),這是(shi)因為鍋爐在(zai)(zai)運行(xing)中存(cun)在(zai)(zai)震(zhen)動及熱(re)脹冷縮因素,并且選用(yong)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)護套(tao)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)Φ12×2mm,管(guan)(guan)通徑為8mm,而熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑為5mm,熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)(ou)在(zai)(zai)安裝(zhuang)后(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)護套(tao)管(guan)(guan)內還有3mm的(de)(de)(de)剩余空(kong)隙,在(zai)(zai)震(zhen)動及膨脹的(de)(de)(de)應力作用(yong)下導(dao)致(zhi)測(ce)溫(wen)端面(mian)與(yu)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸(chu)距離(li)變大(da),從(cong)而導(dao)致(zhi)個別溫(wen)度(du)測(ce)量(liang)不(bu)準(zhun)。

針對(dui)上述兩種常用方法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不足之處,本人提出自己(ji)對(dui)壁溫安(an)裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法(fa),進行(xing)一(yi)些小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)進。以(yi)梅(mei)州荷樹園(yuan)電廠(chang)為(wei)例,#3、#4爐壁溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計安(an)裝方法(fa)基本和汕(shan)尾紅海灣(wan)電廠(chang)一(yi)樣,在經過與設計院(yuan)、業主(zhu)、監(jian)理(li)和廠(chang)家(jia)溝通后(hou)贊(zan)成了我的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)裝方法(fa),即(ji)將護(hu)套(tao)管(guan)改(gai)成Φ12×3mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)不銹鋼護(hu)套(tao)管(guan),方便(bian)檢修,將檢測端部(bu)角度切成30o ,增大(da)端頭與管(guan)壁的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸面積,同(tong)時(shi)沿(yan)護(hu)套(tao)管(guan)軸向切兩條1~2mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)察(cha)縫,以(yi)便(bian)安(an)裝時(shi)觀(guan)察(cha)溫度是否安(an)裝到位(wei),如圖3所示。

這種(zhong)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方式對于(yu)第(di)二種(zhong)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方式有三點改(gai)進:第(di)一是將原(yuan)先的不(bu)銹鋼護(hu)套(tao)管規格由(you)Φ12×2mm改(gai)成Φ12×3mm,這樣就使得(de)熱電(dian)(dian)偶安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)后在護(hu)套(tao)管內的活動(dong)空間由(you)3mm減少到1mm,配合得(de)更加緊密,減小了運行過程中產生的外力影(ying)響;第(di)二是不(bu)銹鋼護(hu)套(tao)管由(you)垂直改(gai)成傾(qing)斜30度安裝(zhuang)(zhuang),相對減小了熱電(dian)(dian)偶測(ce)量端與管壁的接觸距離,增大(da)了受熱面(mian)積,提高了測(ce)量精度;第(di)三是在護(hu)套(tao)管的焊接端開(kai)觀察縫,在安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的時候可以清晰地(di)觀察到熱電(dian)(dian)偶是否安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)到位(wei)。

除了壁溫熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding),熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)短(duan)對運(yun)(yun)行和(he)檢修也有(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。爐頂壁溫基本都是(shi)用100×75mm線(xian)槽(cao)稍加集中引(yin)到(dao)鋼(gang)架平臺,這時(shi)熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶的(de)(de)(de)必須有(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度引(yin)到(dao)鋼(gang)架平臺上,同時(shi)還需要考(kao)(kao)慮接(jie)(jie)線(xian)端的(de)(de)(de)排列(lie)(lie)問題(ti)。在以(yi)往的(de)(de)(de)施工中,由(you)于熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度不夠(gou),或(huo)者(zhe)前置機的(de)(de)(de)設計安(an)裝(zhuang)位置不合理,導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)有(you)一(yi)部(bu)分熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶無法一(yi)次(ci)性(xing)引(yin)出至前置機,這時(shi)只能采用補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)。由(you)于線(xian)槽(cao)內線(xian)路比(bi)較雜亂,對于安(an)裝(zhuang)后線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)檢查造成一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)麻煩。所以(yi)從(cong)運(yun)(yun)行穩定(ding)性(xing)和(he)檢修的(de)(de)(de)便捷(jie)性(xing)考(kao)(kao)慮,盡量不使用補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)。當熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶引(yin)至前置機接(jie)(jie)線(xian)處(chu)時(shi),應(ying)做支架將熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)端分層排列(lie)(lie)掛牌,當需要檢查或(huo)更換某條線(xian)路時(shi),從(cong)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)端處(chu)便能快捷(jie)地查找出所需的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶。

綜上(shang)所述,改進(jin)型(xing)的(de)安(an)裝方式(shi)具有(you)一定的(de)可行性,值得探討,推(tui)廣。需要(yao)(yao)指出的(de)是,在施工中如需要(yao)(yao)做諸如此(ci)類的(de)改進(jin)時,首先要(yao)(yao)和(he)相關部門(men)溝通,待取(qu)得設計、廠家、業主和(he)監(jian)理的(de)同意后方可施工。

篇10

關鍵詞:中職;財(cai)務管理;教學方(fang)法

隨(sui)著社會的(de)(de)發展,企(qi)業所需要的(de)(de)是(shi)高素(su)質的(de)(de)、技術應用型的(de)(de)財務管理(li)人才,那種(zhong)有(you)理(li)論知識但(dan)沒有(you)實際操作能力的(de)(de)學(xue)生很(hen)難得到社會認可。因此,筆者認為,中(zhong)職學(xue)校《財務管理(li)》課(ke)程的(de)(de)教學(xue)應側(ce)重于實際操作的(de)(de)訓(xun)練,才是(shi)務實的(de)(de)、有(you)效的(de)(de)教學(xue)。

傳統的(de)(de)(de)財務管(guan)理教學(xue)(xue)(xue)比較側重(zhong)于基(ji)礎知識的(de)(de)(de)灌輸,忽略了(le)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)培養,學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)進入企(qi)業(ye)往往不能(neng)適應企(qi)業(ye)崗位需(xu)求(qiu),為了(le)讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)能(neng)夠(gou)適應企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要,培養學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)清晰(xi)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)理論知識、良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)技能(neng)以及(ji)敏銳的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)判(pan)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li),促進學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)提高和學(xue)(xue)(xue)習方式的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變,得到真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)、全方面的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),結合中職學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)實際情況,采用最佳的(de)(de)(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)方法(fa)(fa)成為《財務管(guan)理》課(ke)程教師值得探(tan)討的(de)(de)(de)問題。筆者主要對分層(ceng)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)、真(zhen)實場景再現法(fa)(fa)、案例教學(xue)(xue)(xue)法(fa)(fa)、問題探(tan)究法(fa)(fa)進行了(le)初步探(tan)索。

根(gen)據學(xue)生實際實施分(fen)層教(jiao)學(xue)

根(gen)據(ju)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)實(shi)際實(shi)施分層教(jiao)學(xue)(xue),并讓學(xue)(xue)得好(hao)的(de)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)幫助基(ji)礎較差的(de)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng),可以(yi)(yi)真正實(shi)現(xian)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)之間(jian)的(de)互助,共同提高。分層教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)就是根(gen)據(ju)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)現(xian)有的(de)知(zhi)識基(ji)礎、智力(li)水平、非智力(li)因素以(yi)(yi)及學(xue)(xue)習成績差異(yi)等方面的(de)情況,因人而異(yi)分層制定教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)計(ji)劃。

中職學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)基礎(chu)(chu)參差(cha)不(bu)齊,因此(ci)在講(jiang)資金時間價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算時,可實行分層教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。教(jiao)師(shi)舉例說明終值(zhi)與現(xian)(xian)(xian)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)念,并提出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際問題(ti)讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)回答,做到扎實掌握。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算,教(jiao)師(shi)根據(ju)復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)念在黑板(ban)上推(tui)導出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)終值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi),再根據(ju)終值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)念推(tui)導出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)利(li)(li)息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi),根據(ju)復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)念推(tui)導出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi),并舉例說明,再通過相關練(lian)(lian)習(xi)檢查學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)(dui)此(ci)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握程度。最(zui)終對(dui)(dui)基礎(chu)(chu)較(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)只要求記(ji)住復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)終值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi),其他公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)簡單推(tui)導即可,而(er)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)得(de)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)要求只需記(ji)住相關概(gai)(gai)念,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式(shi)(shi)自己(ji)推(tui)導出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)來。接下來,教(jiao)師(shi)從課外找(zhao)來大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)練(lian)(lian)習(xi)題(ti)給學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)做,目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是讓學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)能夠熟(shu)練(lian)(lian)掌握復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算。做得(de)又快(kuai)又好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)可以幫助不(bu)會(hui)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng),并把自己(ji)對(dui)(dui)題(ti)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理解講(jiang)給他們聽(ting),這(zhe)樣最(zui)終使(shi)得(de)基礎(chu)(chu)較(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)也能掌握,并讓基礎(chu)(chu)較(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)(dui)自己(ji)所(suo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)進行總結,而(er)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)得(de)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)(dui)復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)掌握更(geng)熟(shu)練(lian)(lian),實現(xian)(xian)(xian)雙贏。最(zui)后讓全班學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)自己(ji)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)道復(fu)(fu)利(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算題(ti)并做出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)來以鞏(gong)固所(suo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),使(shi)得(de)全班得(de)到更(geng)進一步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)。在整堂課當中,教(jiao)師(shi)所(suo)充當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是“權(quan)威”、“顧問”及“同伴”三(san)重角(jiao)色(se),教(jiao)師(shi)只是起一個(ge)引導作用,而(er)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)才是真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體。

此(ci)次課后針對學生的(de)(de)學習(xi)狀況進行了一個調查,被詢問的(de)(de)學生有(you)30人(ren)(ren),其中(zhong),有(you)85%的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)認為學習(xi)的(de)(de)積極性提高了,100%的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)認為對于(yu)復(fu)利法的(de)(de)計算完(wan)全掌握(wo),可(ke)見學習(xi)效果非常好。

根據(ju)具(ju)體內容實施真(zhen)實場景再現教(jiao)學法

真實(shi)場景(jing)再現法可以使(shi)學生(sheng)設身處(chu)地地處(chu)于各種(zhong)(zhong)角色(se)當中(zhong),充分(fen)體會(hui)各種(zhong)(zhong)情形發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)過程與結果,從而(er)掌握相關知識并能(neng)熟(shu)練運用所(suo)學分(fen)析(xi)與解決問題(ti),提高實(shi)際(ji)操作能(neng)力。

在講授籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)管(guan)理時,可運用(yong)電腦模(mo)擬一個企業(ye)的(de)(de)各部(bu)門工作的(de)(de)真實場(chang)景,通過多媒體呈現給(gei)學(xue)生。同時,用(yong)事(shi)先準備好的(de)(de)寫上(shang)各部(bu)門名字的(de)(de)紙條給(gei)不同的(de)(de)學(xue)生帶上(shang),讓學(xue)生充當(dang)(dang)這個部(bu)門的(de)(de)工作人員(yuan),分(fen)別為股東會、董事(shi)會、管(guan)理層、財務處(chu)(chu)以及生產部(bu)門等(deng)組織機構,學(xue)生充當(dang)(dang)角色進行(xing)(xing)仿真練習。扮演財務處(chu)(chu)職員(yuan)的(de)(de)學(xue)生首先制(zhi)定出企業(ye)籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)劃書(shu),其內容應(ying)當(dang)(dang)包括籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)目的(de)(de)、籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)渠道與方式、籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)數量(liang)的(de)(de)預測等(deng);之(zhi)后由董事(shi)會對該策(ce)(ce)劃書(shu)進行(xing)(xing)評價,分(fen)析其合理性、可行(xing)(xing)性;最后,管(guan)理層根據(ju)財務處(chu)(chu)提出的(de)(de)籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)備選方案,運用(yong)加權平均資(zi)(zi)本成(cheng)本的(de)(de)計算進行(xing)(xing)籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)決策(ce)(ce),確定最佳(jia)籌(chou)(chou)資(zi)(zi)方案。

通過這一系列的(de)操作,營造愉快(kuai)、寬松、開放的(de)教(jiao)學(xue)氛圍,讓學(xue)生不僅知(zhi)道企業籌(chou)資的(de)具體(ti)流(liu)程,也對相關(guan)的(de)計算決策知(zhi)識(shi)掌握(wo)得比較扎實,懂得如(ru)何去運用。

根據(ju)財務管(guan)理(li)課程特點實(shi)施(shi)案例教(jiao)學法(fa)

《財務管理(li)》課程(cheng)有(you)很多理(li)論知(zhi)識可以通過案例(li)教學法(fa)來(lai)講述(shu)。案例(li)教學法(fa)是在(zai)(zai)教學中恰當地引(yin)入案例(li),使其在(zai)(zai)教學效果中發揮最有(you)效的(de)作用(yong)。案例(li)教學法(fa)的(de)目的(de)在(zai)(zai)于提(ti)高學生分析、思(si)考(kao)、表達能力。

比如,在講企業無(wu)(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產的管理時,通過案例(li)說明無(wu)(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產的內容與計價,形(xing)象而具體,學生能產生感性的認識(shi)。例(li)如:稅(shui)務(wu)人員審閱某名牌香煙生產企業“無(wu)(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產”賬(zhang)戶,發現有無(wu)(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產商譽作價入賬(zhang),會計分錄為:

借:無形資產——商譽(yu) 80000000元

貸:實收資(zi)本80000000元

并(bing)已據此(ci)計算(suan)無(wu)形資產(chan)攤銷,經向有關(guan)方面詢問(wen),該企業并(bing)未與其他企業合(he)并(bing),請問(wen)可(ke)否?

學(xue)生根據所學(xue)開動(dong)腦筋,最(zui)后得出答案(an):不可(ke),因為(wei)該(gai)企業(ye)并(bing)未與其他企業(ye)合并(bing)說明該(gai)商譽(yu)為(wei)自創商譽(yu),而(er)自創商譽(yu)不能確認為(wei)無(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產(chan),所以不可(ke)。再如(ru):a公(gong)司(si)購買新產(chan)品的(de)(de)專(zhuan)利(li)(li)權(quan),價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)款為(wei)45萬元,相關費用為(wei)8000元,價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)款已從銀行存款支付,問(wen)此專(zhuan)利(li)(li)權(quan)的(de)(de)入賬價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)多少元?學(xue)生思考(kao)并(bing)相互討論(lun)得出:此專(zhuan)利(li)(li)權(quan)的(de)(de)入賬價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)45.8萬元。因為(wei)據規(gui)定,專(zhuan)利(li)(li)權(quan)如(ru)果是外(wai)購的(de)(de),其實際支付的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)款除(chu)了(le)買家外(wai)還包括有關部門收取的(de)(de)有關費用。無(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產(chan)如(ru)為(wei)投資(zi)者投入的(de)(de),應(ying)按投資(zi)雙方(fang)確認的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)計價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。例(li)如(ru):某公(gong)司(si)收到(dao)投資(zi)者以其商標權(quan)作價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)投資(zi),雙方(fang)確認的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)10萬元,該(gai)商標權(quan)即無(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產(chan)的(de)(de)入賬價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)應(ying)為(wei)10萬元。經過案(an)例(li)分(fen)析,學(xue)生對無(wu)形(xing)資(zi)產(chan)的(de)(de)內(nei)容與計價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)有了(le)清晰認識,而(er)且記憶(yi)深刻,分(fen)析思考(kao)問(wen)題的(de)(de)能力得到(dao)了(le)提高。

運用(yong)問題(ti)探究(jiu)法(fa)靈活處理實際問題(ti)

問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)探(tan)(tan)究法教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)是教(jiao)師(shi)在課堂教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)程中引(yin)(yin)導學(xue)(xue)生自(zi)主(zhu)探(tan)(tan)索問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)法,是一種以問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)為導向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、學(xue)(xue)生有高度智力(li)投入(ru)、且內容(rong)和(he)形式都十(shi)分豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)活動。它強調引(yin)(yin)導學(xue)(xue)生在具體情境(jing)中,通(tong)過(guo)對所(suo)提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主(zhu)思考,經整理分析后(hou)得出結(jie)論(lun)(lun),解決(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)探(tan)(tan)究是多(duo)層面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動,包(bao)括觀察、提(ti)出問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti),通(tong)過(guo)瀏(liu)覽書籍和(he)其(qi)他信息資源(yuan)發(fa)現或得出結(jie)論(lun)(lun),并對已有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)論(lun)(lun)做出評價,在課堂中發(fa)揮學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主(zhu)性。

說(shuo)到(dao)(dao)投(tou)(tou)資,我(wo)(wo)們都知道是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de),所謂風險(xian)(xian)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指在(zai)特定情況下某(mou)種(zhong)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)確(que)定性(xing),風險(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)確(que)定性(xing)和(he)(he)可能性(xing)。在(zai)給學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)講投(tou)(tou)資管理(li)時,如何將投(tou)(tou)資的(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)降到(dao)(dao)最低,引用“不(bu)(bu)(bu)把(ba)雞(ji)蛋(dan)放在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)籃(lan)(lan)子里(li)”來說(shuo)明。首(shou)先(xian)解(jie)釋其(qi)含義,即把(ba)雞(ji)蛋(dan)放在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)籃(lan)(lan)子里(li),如果(guo)(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)籃(lan)(lan)子砸了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),則(ze)(ze)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雞(ji)蛋(dan)也都砸了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),損失(shi)慘重,因此(ci),這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)做法(fa)風險(xian)(xian)很(hen)(hen)大(da)。再如,你把(ba)錢和(he)(he)身份(fen)(fen)證(zheng)都放在(zai)錢包(bao)(bao)里(li),如果(guo)(guo)錢包(bao)(bao)丟了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),則(ze)(ze)錢和(he)(he)身份(fen)(fen)證(zheng)也都沒了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。試問(wen):為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)避免這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)全(quan)盤皆輸的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面(mian),我(wo)(wo)們應該(gai)(gai)怎么做?學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)此(ci)問(wen)題思考得(de)出(chu),最好將雞(ji)蛋(dan)放在(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)籃(lan)(lan)子里(li),即使有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)籃(lan)(lan)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)雞(ji)蛋(dan)砸了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)籃(lan)(lan)子;把(ba)錢和(he)(he)身份(fen)(fen)證(zheng)分(fen)開放,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)即使以(yi)(yi)(yi)后掉了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)錢,也不(bu)(bu)(bu)會丟失(shi)身份(fen)(fen)證(zheng)。教師(shi)(shi)點評:這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)問(wen)題就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)如同俗語“東邊不(bu)(bu)(bu)亮,西邊亮”、“西邊不(bu)(bu)(bu)亮、東邊亮”,那么對于企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)來講經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)風險(xian)(xian)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)規避嗎?應該(gai)(gai)如何經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)才能分(fen)散風險(xian)(xian)呢?教師(shi)(shi)讓學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)帶(dai)著問(wen)題以(yi)(yi)(yi)小組為(wei)(wei)單位(wei)進行(xing)討(tao)論(lun)(lun)并(bing)(bing)搜集實(shi)例(li)(li)(li)來論(lun)(lun)證(zheng)最終的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)論(lun)(lun)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)通過(guo)網(wang)絡搜到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)實(shi)例(li)(li)(li):“一(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)由于與一(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)大(da)型火(huo)(huo)電(dian)廠(chang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)‘過(guo)硬(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)’關(guan)系,便開始(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)煤(mei)炭,將煤(mei)炭倒(dao)賣給該(gai)(gai)電(dian)廠(chang),后來又開始(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)小型機電(dian)產品,客戶仍然主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)廠(chang)。再往后發(fa)展,這(zhe)(zhe)家(jia)(jia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)又成立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)運輸公司(si)(si)(si),主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)廠(chang)提供‘外包(bao)(bao)’的(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸服(fu)務(wu),甚至在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)廠(chang)擴建(jian)時,該(gai)(gai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)又成立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)建(jian)筑裝飾公司(si)(si)(si)參與電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)建(jian)設項目。目前,這(zhe)(zhe)家(jia)(jia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)得(de)紅紅火(huo)(huo)火(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。”這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)通過(guo)此(ci)網(wang)絡實(shi)例(li)(li)(li)得(de)出(chu)結(jie)論(lun)(lun):經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)風險(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)規避的(de)(de)(de)(de),企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)想分(fen)散經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)風險(xian)(xian)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)得(de)多元(yuan)(yuan)化經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying),不(bu)(bu)(bu)能吊(diao)死在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)棵(ke)樹上(shang)。教師(shi)(shi)舉(ju)例(li)(li)(li):“作為(wei)(wei)微軟的(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)席架構師(shi)(shi)比爾·蓋茨早在(zai)網(wang)絡股泡(pao)沫破滅之前就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)開始(shi)分(fen)散投(tou)(tou)資了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。蓋茨在(zai)1995年(nian)建(jian)立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)名為(wei)(wei)cascade的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資公司(si)(si)(si),實(shi)現了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)資產的(de)(de)(de)(de)多元(yuan)(yuan)化。據了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)解(jie),該(gai)(gai)公司(si)(si)(si)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資組合價(jia)值100億美元(yuan)(yuan),其(qi)中,很(hen)(hen)大(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)投(tou)(tou)入了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)收入穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)債券市場,主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)國債。蓋茨曾(ceng)通過(guo)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資公司(si)(si)(si)收購了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)紐波特紐斯(si)造船公司(si)(si)(si)78%的(de)(de)(de)(de)股份(fen)(fen),后來這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)股票幾(ji)乎(hu)上(shang)漲了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)倍;他(ta)(ta)對加拿大(da)國家(jia)(jia)鐵路公司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資也給他(ta)(ta)帶(dai)來了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)豐厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)回報,在(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)內,股價(jia)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)上(shang)升了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)約1/3。分(fen)散投(tou)(tou)資,這(zhe)(zhe)邊不(bu)(bu)(bu)成功,那邊也許能彌(mi)補(bu)回來,從而保證(zheng)資金的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)。”學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)領悟到(dao)(dao):這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)穩妥的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)財觀(guan)念。教師(shi)(shi)更(geng)深(shen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步引導;“企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)除了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)多元(yuan)(yuan)化經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying),還(huan)(huan)需要(yao)顧及哪些(xie)問(wen)題呢?”讓學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)閱讀“經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)方(fang)式影響投(tou)(tou)資效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)”案(an)例(li)(li)(li)并(bing)(bing)且互相討(tao)論(lun)(lun),最終得(de)到(dao)(dao)啟示:在(zai)投(tou)(tou)資中,除了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)要(yao)明確(que)投(tou)(tou)資項目本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產技術特點和(he)(he)風險(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)外,還(huan)(huan)需要(yao)樹立正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)理(li)念,選(xuan)擇好的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)方(fang)法(fa),善于運用經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟利(li)(li)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)刺(ci)激作用,做到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)使人(ren)們有(you)(you)(you)(you)動力去(qu)做對自己(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)、也對社(she)會有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)資才會有(you)(you)(you)(you)好效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)。教師(shi)(shi)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步啟發(fa)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng):生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)哪些(xie)事情可以(yi)(yi)(yi)用到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)理(li)財觀(guan)念?學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)思考后答(da)到(dao)(dao):“個(ge)(ge)人(ren)理(li)財和(he)(he)家(jia)(jia)庭理(li)財都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)用到(dao)(dao)。”教師(shi)(shi)作最后總結(jie):在(zai)今后的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)道路上(shang),無論(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)創業(ye)(ye)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye),都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)用到(dao)(dao)我(wo)(wo)們今天所學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知識,也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)知識可以(yi)(yi)(yi)伴隨我(wo)(wo)們一(yi)(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。

以提(ti)出問題的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)來(lai)引入新課,可(ke)以引起(qi)學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)好奇心,吸引學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)注意力,充分調動學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)習積極性。通(tong)過對問題的(de)(de)(de)探究,使得學(xue)生(sheng)能夠(gou)鞏固所(suo)學(xue),運用所(suo)學(xue)解決新的(de)(de)(de)問題,提(ti)高應變(bian)能力,讓學(xue)生(sheng)有更多的(de)(de)(de)感悟、體驗、實(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)機會,為(wei)以后(hou)打下(xia)堅實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)基礎。

總之,筆(bi)者根(gen)據教學(xue)內容(rong),靈活運用(yong)以上教學(xue)方法,培養(yang)(yang)出的(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)具有扎實的(de)(de)財務管(guan)理理論知識(shi)和(he)實操技能(neng)(neng),能(neng)(neng)夠適應工作崗位的(de)(de)需求(qiu)。筆(bi)者認(ren)為,教師(shi)應在(zai)(zai)教學(xue)內容(rong)的(de)(de)呈現(xian)方式和(he)教法上下工夫,以學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)為主體,激發(fa)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)情感,讓學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)教師(shi)的(de)(de)引導(dao)下積極思考、樂于實踐(jian),從而培養(yang)(yang)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)分析問(wen)題能(neng)(neng)力、解(jie)決問(wen)題能(neng)(neng)力以及實際操作能(neng)(neng)力,才(cai)能(neng)(neng)使學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)基(ji)(ji)礎文(wen)化知識(shi)、基(ji)(ji)本技能(neng)(neng)與實踐(jian)能(neng)(neng)力等方面(mian)都能(neng)(neng)獲得具體進步。

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