風險識別及應對措施范文
時間(jian):2023-06-06 17:56:51
導語:如何才能(neng)寫好一篇風險識別及應對措(cuo)施(shi),這就需要搜集整(zheng)理(li)更多的資(zi)料和文(wen)獻(xian),歡迎閱讀(du)由公務員(yuan)之家整(zheng)理(li)的十篇范文(wen),供(gong)你(ni)借鑒。
篇1
高中體(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)運動(dong)風險(xian)(xian)是指高中生(sheng)在(zai)體(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)運動(dong)中可能發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)運動(dong)傷害(hai)。近年來,體(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)教育(yu)(yu)事(shi)業不斷發(fa)展,但在(zai)體(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)課內發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)傷害(hai)事(shi)故也越(yue)來越(yue)多,給學校及(ji)家庭帶來直接的(de)精神傷害(hai)和經濟(ji)損失。對體(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)課管理(li)的(de)好壞,直接影響到體(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)課上的(de)傷害(hai)風險(xian)(xian)性,因此如(ru)何進行體(ti)(ti)育(yu)(yu)運動(dong)風險(xian)(xian)的(de)識別(bie)及(ji)應(ying)對急救,已經成為(wei)社會各界關心和應(ying)解決的(de)問(wen)題。
一、高中體(ti)育運動風險識別分析
1.運動風險的特(te)征
(1)風(feng)險的(de)(de)不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)、偶(ou)然性(xing)和(he)傷害(hai)性(xing)。絕大(da)部分體(ti)育運動(dong)(dong)損傷是在教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)和(he)訓練(lian)中發生的(de)(de),具有不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)和(he)偶(ou)然性(xing)。如在籃球課中,一(yi)名(ming)學(xue)(xue)生由于過度興奮,跳起用右手抓籃筐,松(song)手后,令左手撐地(di)造成前臂骨折。隨著高中體(ti)育運動(dong)(dong)項目的(de)(de)不(bu)斷增加(jia),體(ti)育運動(dong)(dong)對學(xue)(xue)生身(shen)體(ti)素(su)質的(de)(de)要求也(ye)在不(bu)斷提高,一(yi)般的(de)(de)身(shen)體(ti)素(su)質難以(yi)適應(ying)強度大(da)和(he)難度高的(de)(de)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)訓練(lian),所以(yi)各(ge)種不(bu)可預知的(de)(de)體(ti)育風(feng)險越(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)多,體(ti)育運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)傷害(hai)程度也(ye)越(yue)(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)(yue)重。
(2)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)可測定(ding)性(xing)(xing)以及可控制性(xing)(xing)。某些體育運(yun)動(dong)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)的(de)發(fa)生是(shi)偶(ou)然的(de),無(wu)跡可尋,但通過研究發(fa)現,運(yun)動(dong)損(sun)傷(shang)原(yuan)因帶有(you)一定(ding)的(de)規律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)。我(wo)們(men)可以利用體育風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)規律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)來(lai)控制或減少體育運(yun)動(dong)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)發(fa)生頻(pin)率及損(sun)傷(shang)程度, 為體育風險(xian)(xian)(xian)急救應對提供(gong)理論依據。
2.體(ti)育(yu)教學中存在的體(ti)育(yu)運(yun)動風(feng)險
體育教(jiao)學(xue)中存在(zai)的體育運動風(feng)險可從學(xue)校(xiao)、教(jiao)師(shi)、學(xue)生(sheng)和(he)運動項目本(ben)身(shen)四個(ge)主要方(fang)面來進行(xing)識別。
(1)學校場(chang)地器材(cai)(cai)潛(qian)藏著不(bu)安全(quan)因素。因教學場(chang)地、器材(cai)(cai)等體育(yu)設施不(bu)安全(quan)而引起(qi)的運動風(feng)險是(shi)體育(yu)運動風(feng)險的主要方面(mian)。例如(ru):某高校學生在上跳高課時,因學校沒有田徑場(chang),體育(yu)教師就(jiu)將體育(yu)課安排在水泥籃球(qiu)場(chang)地上進行,一(yi)名學生過(guo)竿(gan)后飛出(chu)海綿墊頭部直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)到水泥地上,當即昏迷,經過(guo)及時搶(qiang)救才避免了惡性事(shi)故。
(2)教(jiao)(jiao)師責任(ren)心(xin)欠缺,對體育運動風險的(de)認識不(bu)(bu)足。北京一所大(da)學某(mou)大(da)學生致殘的(de)原因之一就(jiu)是在(zai)其手舉杠鈴到摔倒的(de)過程中,教(jiao)(jiao)練在(zai)杠鈴房與他(ta)人講(jiang)話(hua),由此(ci)可見,教(jiao)(jiao)師由于責任(ren)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)強,沒有(you)對他(ta)進行合理的(de)幫(bang)助和保護,沒有(you)認真(zhen)檢(jian)查器械排除安全隱患。
(3)學(xue)生安全意(yi)識淡(dan)薄(bo),隱(yin)瞞(man)身(shen)體(ti)實(shi)際狀(zhuang)況或者不遵守上課紀(ji)律。有(you)些有(you)特殊疾病的(de)(de)學(xue)生因為難以啟齒或者沒(mei)有(you)意(yi)識到隱(yin)瞞(man)實(shi)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)后(hou)果而隱(yin)瞞(man)身(shen)體(ti)實(shi)情(qing)(qing)。如:某個學(xue)生患有(you)先天性心(xin)臟病,該學(xue)生及其家(jia)長沒(mei)有(you)將此事(shi)告知(zhi)學(xue)校,他也一直參加體(ti)育鍛(duan)煉,但因患感冒仍然(ran)參加長跑,結果在途中突然(ran)死亡。
(4)體育(yu)運動(dong)項目(mu)本(ben)身(shen)。體育(yu)教學(xue)(xue)中由于(yu)運動(dong)項目(mu)本(ben)身(shen)的特(te)點,學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)運動(dong)風險在(zai)所(suo)難免。在(zai)打籃球(qiu)(qiu)或踢足球(qiu)(qiu)時(shi),兩名學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)為了爭球(qiu)(qiu),在(zai)高速奔跑中發生(sheng)(sheng)碰撞,就(jiu)可(ke)能會造成運動(dong)傷害(hai)。
二、高中體育運動風險的急救(jiu)應對
體(ti)育教(jiao)學中存(cun)在較多的(de)不穩定因素,對于體(ti)育運動(dong)中運動(dong)風(feng)險的(de)急救(jiu)應對需要學校、教(jiao)師(shi)、學生的(de)共同(tong)努力(li)。
(1)對于學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)運動場地和器材方面所(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)運動風(feng)險,可(ke)以安(an)排專(zhuan)門負責人進(jin)行定時檢修和保養。另外,學(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)開展一(yi)些有關體(ti)育運動中安(an)全(quan)意(yi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)座是十分有必要的(de)(de)(de),例如,在開學(xue)(xue)(xue)時,可(ke)以對全(quan)體(ti)高一(yi)新(xin)(xin)生(sheng)開展一(yi)次集體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)育運動安(an)全(quan)意(yi)識(shi)講(jiang)座,這樣(yang)新(xin)(xin)生(sheng)就可(ke)以在頭腦中形成注意(yi)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識(shi)。
(2)對于有特殊疾(ji)(ji)病的(de)(de)(de)學生,學校要(yao)充(chong)分了(le)解(jie)并建立學生健康檔(dang)案,掌(zhang)握學生是否有不適宜劇烈運動的(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)(ji)病,以便在(zai)體育(yu)教學中(zhong)進行合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)排(pai)。
(3)體育教(jiao)師(shi)課前應做好充(chong)分準備,把上(shang)課需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)材安(an)排到(dao)位,反復(fu)檢(jian)查運動場地、運動器(qi)材,做好充(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱身活動。例如(ru),一些(xie)用(yong)于體力鍛煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)啞(ya)鈴(ling)等器(qi)械,有(you)全(quan)金屬質(zhi)地的(de)(de)(de)(de),也有(you)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)質(zhi)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)。通常在啞(ya)鈴(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇中,最好選擇橡(xiang)膠(jiao)質(zhi)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)啞(ya)鈴(ling),因(yin)為在學生的(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛煉(lian)過程中,難免(mian)會有(you)學生肘(zhou)部不經意撞上(shang)啞(ya)鈴(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候。諸如(ru)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例子還是(shi)有(you)很多的(de)(de)(de)(de),因(yin)此,在挑選體育器(qi)械時應充(chong)分考慮到(dao)高中生的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)問題。
篇2
風險(xian)和機遇的應對控制程序
1
目的
為建立風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)機遇(yu)的(de)(de)應對措施(shi),明(ming)確包括風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)應對措施(shi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規避、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)降低和(he)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)接(jie)受在內(nei)的(de)(de)操(cao)作要求,建立全面的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)機遇(yu)管理措施(shi)和(he)內(nei)部控制(zhi)的(de)(de)建設,增(zeng)強抗風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)能力,并為在質量(liang)環境管理體系中納入和(he)應用這(zhe)些措施(shi)及評價這(zhe)些措施(shi)的(de)(de)有(you)效性提供操(cao)作指導。
2
范圍
本程序適用于(yu)在公司質量(liang)環境管理體系活動中應對風險和(he)機遇的方法及要求的控制(zhi)提供操作依據。
3
職責
3.1總(zong)經理室:負責(ze)風險(xian)管理所需(xu)資源(yuan)的(de)提供(gong),包括人員資格、必要(yao)的(de)培(pei)訓、信息獲取等,負責(ze)公司的(de)SWOT分析(xi)并確定公司的(de)戰略方向。
3.2品管(guan)部:負責建立風(feng)(feng)險和(he)機(ji)(ji)遇應(ying)對控制程序(xu),并進行維(wei)護。負責按本文件所(suo)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)周(zhou)期(qi)組織實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)險和(he)機(ji)(ji)遇的(de)(de)評(ping)審,落(luo)實(shi)(shi)跟進風(feng)(feng)險和(he)機(ji)(ji)遇評(ping)估中所(suo)采(cai)取措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)完成情況并跟進落(luo)實(shi)(shi)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)有效性(xing),并編(bian)寫《風(feng)(feng)險和(he)機(ji)(ji)遇評(ping)估分析報告(gao)》,負責本部門的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險評(ping)估及應(ying)對風(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)策劃和(he)應(ying)對風(feng)(feng)險措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)執行和(he)監督。
3.3各部(bu)門(men):負責本部(bu)門(men)的(de)風險和(he)機遇評(ping)估(gu),并制定(ding)相應(ying)的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)以規避(bi)或者降低風險并落實執行。
3.4營銷(xiao)部(bu):負責收集產品(pin)售后的(de)風(feng)險(xian)信息及本部(bu)門的(de)風(feng)險(xian)識別,負責制定(ding)相(xiang)應的(de)措施以規(gui)避或者(zhe)降低風(feng)險(xian)并落實(shi)執行。
3.5供應(ying)鏈管理部:負(fu)責(ze)識別來自供方的要(yao)求或(huo)期望,并(bing)識別其中的風(feng)險或(huo)機遇,負(fu)責(ze)制(zhi)定相(xiang)應(ying)的措施以規避或(huo)者降低風(feng)險并(bing)落(luo)實執行。
4
定義
4.1
風險:在(zai)一定環境下和一定限期內(nei)客(ke)觀存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)、影響企業目標實(shi)現的(de)(de)各種(zhong)不確(que)定性(xing)事件。
4.2
機(ji)遇(yu):對(dui)企業有正面影響的條件(jian)和事件(jian),包括某些突發事件(jian)等。
4.3風險評估:在風險事(shi)件(jian)發(fa)生之前或(huo)之后(但還(huan)沒有(you)結束),該事(shi)件(jian)給各(ge)個(ge)方面造(zao)成的(de)影響(xiang)和(he)損失(shi)的(de)可能(neng)性進行量化評估的(de)工作。即,風險評估就是量化測評某一事(shi)件(jian)或(huo)事(shi)物帶(dai)來的(de)影響(xiang)或(huo)損失(shi)的(de)可能(neng)程度。
4.4風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi):風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)應(ying)對的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種方法,是(shi)指通(tong)過有(you)計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)更來消除風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)或風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件,保(bao)護目標免(mian)受(shou)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)并不意味著完全消除風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),我(wo)們(men)所要(yao)規(gui)避(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)可能給我(wo)們(men)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。一是(shi)要(yao)降低(di)損失(shi)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)機率,這主要(yao)是(shi)采取事(shi)先控制(zhi)措(cuo)施;二是(shi)要(yao)降低(di)損失(shi)程度,這主要(yao)包(bao)括事(shi)先控制(zhi)、事(shi)后補(bu)救(jiu)兩個方面。
4.5風(feng)險降(jiang)低:通過采(cai)取措施以達到降(jiang)低風(feng)險的(de)效果。一般情況下(xia),若采(cai)取的(de)措施能夠有效的(de)降(jiang)低所(suo)遭受(shou)的(de)風(feng)險,應將(jiang)采(cai)取措施的(de)記錄(lu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)保留或(huo)者寫入文件進(jin)(jin)行(xing)歸檔(dang),以便后期重復發生時作為改善的(de)依據(ju)。
4.6風(feng)(feng)險(xian)接受:是(shi)指企業承擔風(feng)(feng)險(xian)造成的(de)損(sun)失(shi)。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)接受一般適(shi)用于那些造成損(sun)失(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)小、重復性較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)、最適(shi)合(he)于自留的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)事(shi)件。
4.7內部(bu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian):企業內部(bu)形成(cheng)的風(feng)(feng)險(xian),例(li)如戰(zhan)略決策風(feng)(feng)險(xian)、環境(jing)因素風(feng)(feng)險(xian)、財務風(feng)(feng)險(xian)、管理(li)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)、經營(ying)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)、應(ying)急事件(jian)等(deng)。
4.8外部(bu)風(feng)(feng)險:由(you)外部(bu)影響(xiang)因(yin)素導致的(de)風(feng)(feng)險,例如政(zheng)策風(feng)(feng)險、市場需求(qiu)風(feng)(feng)險和業務風(feng)(feng)險、相關方(fang)風(feng)(feng)險等。
4.險(xian)嚴(yan)重(zhong)度:風(feng)險(xian)發生后其(qi)所產(chan)生的影響的嚴(yan)重(zhong)程(cheng)度。
4.10風險發生頻(pin)度:風險出現(xian)的頻(pin)率或(huo)者(zhe)概率。
4.11風(feng)險(xian)(xian)系(xi)(xi)數:風(feng)險(xian)(xian)系(xi)(xi)數用(yong)于評定(ding)是(shi)否對已識別的(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)采(cai)取措施(shi),風(feng)險(xian)(xian)系(xi)(xi)數=風(feng)險(xian)(xian)嚴重度x風(feng)險(xian)(xian)發生(sheng)頻度。
4.12
SWOT:S
(strengths)是優勢、W
(weaknesses)是劣勢,O
(opportunities)是機會(hui)、T
(threats)是威(wei)脅。
5
程序
流
程
相關部門
使用表單
備
注
跟蹤驗證至結案
YES
內外部信息收集
記錄保存
方案修訂
NG
部門(men)風險和機遇識(shi)別(bie)
風險和機遇管控
風險和機遇評估
部門風險和機遇識
部門現狀評估
風險和(he)機遇識(shi)別管控
董事會議召集
方案(經營規劃(hua))建立
合作洽談需求收集
趨勢判定
確定投資計劃
方案評估
總經理室
總經理室
總經理室
總經理室
總經理室
董事會/總經理室
董事會/總經理室
總經理室/各部(bu)門/評(ping)估小(xiao)組
各部門/評估小組
各部門/評估小組
各部門/評估小組
各部門/評估小組
品管部
風險和機遇評估表
風險和機遇評估表/FMEA
風險和機遇評估表
風險和機遇評估表
5.1風險和機遇管理策(ce)劃
總經(jing)理室(shi)根據(ju)國際、國內、地區(qu)和(he)本地的各種法律法規、技(ji)術、競爭對手、市場變動和(he)價格、文化(hua)、社會和(he)經(jing)濟因(yin)素,企(qi)業的價值觀、文化(hua)、知(zhi)識和(he)以往績效、客戶技(ji)術信息反(fan)饋等(deng),確定本公(gong)
司企(qi)業目標和(he)戰(zhan)略方向,識(shi)別(bie)出本(ben)公司投資(zi)計(ji)劃要求,同時分(fen)析識(shi)別(bie)風險、消除風險、降低或減緩風險,充分(fen)利用可能的發展機遇(yu),保證(zheng)實(shi)現企(qi)業效益和(he)管(guan)理體系預期(qi)結果,形成初步方案含(han)經營(ying)規劃等,同時上(shang)升(sheng)至董事會討論.
經公司董事(shi)會議(yi)討論研究,最終(zhong)確定公司戰(zhan)略目標(biao)方(fang)向及方(fang)案,明確與公司目標(biao)和(he)戰(zhan)略方(fang)向相關的各種外部(bu)和(he)內部(bu)因(yin)素,包括需要考慮的有利和(he)不(bu)利因(yin)素或條件(jian)。
總經理室根據(ju)董事會會議決議結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo),識別形(xing)成(cheng)《風險(xian)(xian)(xian)和機(ji)遇(yu)評(ping)估(gu)表》,依照分析結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)為重大(da)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)或機(ji)遇(yu)的(de),需實施應對風險(xian)(xian)(xian)和機(ji)遇(yu)的(de)措施,并形(xing)成(cheng)《風險(xian)(xian)(xian)和機(ji)遇(yu)評(ping)估(gu)表》。
各部門依總經(jing)理室(shi)決議(yi)后確定的(de)公司戰略方(fang)向目(mu)標以及識別出的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險和(he)(he)機遇,同時結合本(ben)部門在生產(chan)和(he)(he)管理活動中存在的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險和(he)(he)機遇,建立識別和(he)(he)應對的(de)方(fang)法,確認本(ben)部門存在的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險,并將(jiang)評估的(de)結果(guo)記錄在《風(feng)(feng)(feng)險和(he)(he)機遇評估表》。
在風(feng)(feng)險(xian)和機遇的(de)識(shi)別(bie)和應對過(guo)程(cheng)中,責任(ren)部門應對可能存在風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)車間、生產過(guo)程(cheng)和人員存在的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)逐(zhu)一的(de)篩(shai)選識(shi)別(bie),風(feng)(feng)險(xian)識(shi)別(bie)過(guo)程(cheng)中應識(shi)別(bie)包括但不(bu)限(xian)于以(yi)下方面(mian)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian):
5.1.1總經理(li)對(dui)公(gong)(gong)司環(huan)(huan)境(jing)與背(bei)景、投(tou)資(zi)計劃(hua)方案等階段進行分析,明確公(gong)(gong)司的內部環(huan)(huan)境(jing)與外部經營、環(huan)(huan)保政策環(huan)(huan)境(jing),確定公(gong)(gong)司的正面環(huan)(huan)境(jing)與負面環(huan)(huan)境(jing),并形成(cheng)SWOT分析報告。
a
.在SWOT分析報(bao)告中,
SO方面,屬于(yu)公(gong)司(si)的機(ji)遇,利用公(gong)司(si)的優(you)勢與機(ji)會(hui),由(you)總經理確定公(gong)司(si)的“戰(zhan)略方向”。
b.在(zai)SWOT分析(xi)報告中,
WT方(fang)面,屬于公司(si)的(de)(de)風(feng)險,針對公司(si)的(de)(de)劣勢與威脅,識(shi)別出主要風(feng)險并采取(qu)應對風(feng)險和機(ji)遇的(de)(de)措施。
5.1.2相關方(fang)要求或(huo)期望中存(cun)在的風險或(huo)機遇(yu)。
a.
營銷部識別來自顧客的(de)要(yao)求或期望,識別出的(de)顧客要(yao)求如果(guo)目前公(gong)(gong)司不能滿(man)足,則構成公(gong)(gong)司的(de)風險(xian),需要(yao)采(cai)取應對風險(xian)或機遇的(de)措施。
b.
供應鏈管理部識別來(lai)自供方的要(yao)求或(huo)(huo)(huo)期望,并識別其中的風(feng)(feng)險或(huo)(huo)(huo)機遇,如果(guo)評估(gu)風(feng)(feng)險屬于高風(feng)(feng)險或(huo)(huo)(huo)機遇,需要(yao)有(you)應對風(feng)(feng)險或(huo)(huo)(huo)機遇的措施
c.
廠務(wu)部識別來自法規(gui)監(jian)管方的要(yao)求或(huo)期望(wang),并識別其(qi)中的風險或(huo)機(ji)(ji)遇,如果評估風險屬于高風險或(huo)機(ji)(ji)遇,需(xu)要(yao)有應對風險或(huo)機(ji)(ji)遇的措施。
d.研發部識別來自(zi)產(chan)品方面法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規的要(yao)求,并識別其中的風險(xian)或(huo)機(ji)遇(yu),如果評(ping)估風險(xian)屬(shu)于高風險(xian)或(huo)機(ji)遇(yu),需要(yao)有應對(dui)風險(xian)或(huo)機(ji)遇(yu)的措施。
5.1.3體(ti)系運行過程中存在(zai)的(de)風險來源于以(yi)下幾個方面(mian)
a.對產品適用的法律法規、客戶要求的變更造成的風(feng)險(xian);
b.生(sheng)產作業(ye)過(guo)程中(zhong)的安(an)全(quan)風險;
c.設備、工裝夾具、刀具對產品質量造(zao)成的風險;
d.產品(pin)售后的風險;
e.產品(pin)設計開發階段的(de)設計失效風險①;
f.過程失效的風險①;
g.重(zhong)大(da)環境因(yin)素未識別的風(feng)險;
h.關鍵(jian)設(she)備故障的風(feng)險(xian);
i.應(ying)急預案不(bu)完善的風險(xian);
j.人力(li)資源短缺的風險(xian);
k.操作工無法準(zhun)確理解作業指導書進(jin)行操作過程的風險(xian)和機遇(yu)管理;
l.訂(ding)單突(tu)然增加的風(feng)險(xian);
m.客戶投訴(su)增加的(de)風險等。
注①:設(she)計失(shi)效(xiao)和(he)(he)過(guo)(guo)程失(shi)效(xiao)可(ke)參考(kao)失(shi)效(xiao)模式(shi)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)中DFMEA設(she)計失(shi)效(xiao)模式(shi)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)PFMEA過(guo)(guo)程失(shi)效(xiao)模式(shi)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)的方法對設(she)計和(he)(he)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程存(cun)在的風(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)評估,若選用其結果應(ying)按要求得到控(kong)制(zhi)。
5.2建立風(feng)險/機遇管理團隊
5.2.1建立分風險和(he)機遇(yu)評(ping)估小組
風(feng)險(xian)識別(bie)活動的(de)開展應(ying)是(shi)一(yi)次團(tuan)體(ti)的(de)活動,各部門在進(jin)行風(feng)險(xian)識別(bie)和評估過程中應(ying)通(tong)過集思廣益和有效的(de)分析判(pan)斷下(xia)進(jin)行,在此之前(qian)應(ying)建立(li)一(yi)個“風(feng)險(xian)和機(ji)遇(yu)評估小組”,總經理室應(ying)通(tong)過授權,賦予該“風(feng)險(xian)和機(ji)遇(yu)評估小組”以下(xia)的(de)職責(ze):
a.
組織(zhi)實施風險和(he)機遇分析和(he)評估;
b.
制定風(feng)險和機遇應對措施并落(luo)實執(zhi)行;
c.
組織實(shi)施(shi)風險應對措(cuo)施(shi)的實(shi)施(shi)效果(guo)驗證(zheng)。
在“風險和機(ji)遇評(ping)估(gu)小組(zu)”中,
總經理室應(ying)指派(pai)一名人員(yuan)作為該小(xiao)組的組長,負(fu)責規劃和(he)安排風(feng)險和(he)機(ji)遇(yu)的識別和(he)應(ying)對(dui)的控制,并賦予評估小(xiao)組組長以(yi)下職責:
a.
熟悉其(qi)所在部門的所有流程;
b.
有一定的組(zu)織協調(diao)能(neng)力;
c.
熟悉本標準的要(yao)求,并依據本標準內容策劃風險分析和(he)評估。
5.3
各部門風險機遇策劃及(ji)識別
評(ping)估小組(zu)組(zu)長依據總經(jing)(jing)理(li)室(shi)最(zui)終確認的戰略規(gui)劃及目標(biao),以及總經(jing)(jing)理(li)室(shi)的《風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇評(ping)估表》,組(zu)織策(ce)劃識(shi)別各部門風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇并編制《風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇評(ping)估表》,指(zhi)導操(cao)作(zuo)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別和風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估,及對(dui)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的可接受性準則規(gui)定(ding)。
5.4風險評估
對已識別的風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的嚴(yan)重(zhong)度(du)(du)和發生頻度(du)(du)進行評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia),其評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的要求應(ying)依據本程序所規定的評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)準(zhun)則(ze)進行評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)確認,風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的嚴(yan)重(zhong)度(du)(du)和發生頻度(du)(du)的確認用以(yi)確定風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)系數(shu),之后根據風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)系數(shu)確定對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)應(ying)采(cai)取的措施。
5.4.1風險(xian)的嚴重程度評價(jia)準(zhun)則
風險嚴重度(du)用(yong)于評價潛在(zai)風險可(ke)能造成(cheng)的損害程(cheng)度(du),根據對(dui)潛在(zai)風險的評估(gu)量化,若潛在(zai)風險發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou),其會(hui)導致(zhi)的各方面(mian)的影響(xiang)以及危(wei)(wei)害程(cheng)度(du),以下包括但不限于風險產生(sheng)后(hou)會(hui)導致(zhi)的危(wei)(wei)害:
a.法(fa)律法(fa)規、產品及客戶要(yao)求;
b.風險發(fa)生(sheng)時導(dao)致的(de)環保影響;
c.損失的多少;
d.是否會導致停工/停產;
注:在對風(feng)險進行嚴重程度判定時,推薦擴(kuo)大分(fen)析風(feng)險所帶來的(de)(de)危害層面,以(yi)便于(yu)更有效的(de)(de)對潛在的(de)(de)風(feng)險采取(qu)措(cuo)施,以(yi)達到減(jian)少或部分(fen)消除風(feng)險乃至完(wan)全消除的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。
為便(bian)于識(shi)別風險所帶(dai)來的危害程(cheng)度,對(dui)風險的嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)程(cheng)度進行區(qu)分,風險嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)度分為以下五類:
a.
非常嚴重
b.嚴重
c.
較嚴重
d.
一般
e.
輕微
下表(biao)為依據定(ding)義(yi)的(de)風險(xian)影(ying)響和(he)影(ying)響程度的(de)多少進行量化,在對風險(xian)的(de)嚴重程度進行評價時,下表(biao)作為評價風險(xian)嚴重度的(de)準則:
嚴重程度
描述
嚴重
等級
質量
質量環境
環境
顧客方面
影響后續過程
成本損失
(萬元)
法規監管層面
污染排放方面
非常嚴重
顧客停(ting)止(zhi)與我司合(he)作
本過程無法工作
損失≥10
停業整頓
臨近江河湖(hu)泊流(liu)域性
5
嚴重
顧客停線
本過程全(quan)部離(li)線返工
10<損失≥5
行政罰款
本行政區域內
4
較嚴重
顧客退貨
本過程局部返離線工
5<損失≥0.5
有條件運行
本工業區區域
3
一般
顧客投訴
下過程全部在線返(fan)工
損失<0.5
書面改善
本工廠內
2
輕微
顧客情報反饋
下過(guo)程部分(fen)在(zai)線(xian)返工
無損失
口頭問題
不影響
1
嚴(yan)重度(du)(du)判(pan)定(ding)過(guo)程中(zhong),當多(duo)個因(yin)(yin)(yin)素的判(pan)定(ding)其(qi)嚴(yan)重程度(du)(du)不一(yi)致時,應遵循從(cong)嚴(yan)原則進行判(pan)定(ding),即(ji)當多(duo)個因(yin)(yin)(yin)素中(zhong)僅其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)個或部分(fen)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素其(qi)嚴(yan)重度(du)(du)級(ji)(ji)別更高(gao)時,依據(ju)嚴(yan)重級(ji)(ji)別高(gao)的因(yin)(yin)(yin)素作為風險(xian)嚴(yan)重度(du)(du)進行判(pan)定(ding)。根據(ju)上表(biao)內容(rong)確定(ding)風險(xian)的嚴(yan)重度(du)(du)后,將嚴(yan)重等級(ji)(ji)數(shu)字填(tian)入《風險(xian)和機遇(yu)評估(gu)表(biao)》中(zhong)。
5.4.2風險的發生頻率評價準則
風(feng)(feng)險的發生頻率是指(zhi)潛在風(feng)(feng)險出現的頻率,為(wei)便于識別和定義(yi),將(jiang)風(feng)(feng)險頻度定義(yi)為(wei)5級,如下(xia)所示:
a.
極少發生;
b.
很少發生;
c.
偶爾發生;
d.
有時發生;
e.
經常發生;
通(tong)過(guo)對上述的(de)(de)不確定因素進行(xing)(xing)評價(jia)風險(xian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)頻(pin)度,風險(xian)的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)評價(jia)以其(qi)可(ke)能發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率進行(xing)(xing)量化確認作為風險(xian)的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)評價(jia)準則:
發生頻度
定義
等級
極少發生
發生(sheng)概率≤0.001%
1
很少發生
0.001%<發生概率≤0.1%
2
偶爾發生
0.1%<發生概率(lv)≤1%
3
有時發生
1%<發生概率≤10%
4
經常發生
發生概率≥10%
5
發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)頻(pin)度(du)(du)判(pan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),當一(yi)個(ge)或(huo)多(duo)個(ge)因素(su)在判(pan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)其發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)頻(pin)度(du)(du)不一(yi)致時,應遵循從嚴(yan)原(yuan)則進(jin)行(xing)判(pan)定(ding)(ding)(ding),即當多(duo)個(ge)因素(su)中(zhong)僅其中(zhong)一(yi)個(ge)或(huo)部分(fen)因素(su)其發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)較為頻(pin)繁(fan)時,依據發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)頻(pin)率(lv)較高的(de)(de)因素(su)作為風(feng)險發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)度(du)(du)進(jin)行(xing)判(pan)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。根據上表(biao)(biao)內(nei)容確定(ding)(ding)(ding)風(feng)險的(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)度(du)(du)后,將嚴(yan)重(zhong)等(deng)級數字填入《風(feng)險和機遇評估(gu)表(biao)(biao)》中(zhong)。
5.4.3風險的可接(jie)受準(zhun)則(ze)
風險(xian)可(ke)接受準則是(shi)通過計算(suan)(suan)得出的風險(xian)系(xi)(xi)數來判定(ding)風險(xian)是(shi)否(fou)可(ke)接受,通過對風險(xian)的嚴重度和風險(xian)的發生頻率評價后,通過計算(suan)(suan)風險(xian)系(xi)(xi)數確定(ding)是(shi)否(fou)對風險(xian)采(cai)取(qu)措施(shi)。風險(xian)系(xi)(xi)數的計算(suan)(suan)如下公式(shi):
風險系(xi)數(shu)=風險嚴重(zhong)度等(deng)(deng)級*風險頻度等(deng)(deng)級
使用風(feng)(feng)險系數作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)參(can)考值,下表為(wei)(wei)風(feng)(feng)險風(feng)(feng)險系數的范圍及當風(feng)(feng)險系數達到一(yi)定(ding)值時應(ying)對風(feng)(feng)險采(cai)取的措(cuo)施:
風險
系數
風(feng)險(xian)等級及(ji)應(ying)采取(qu)的措施
風險等級
風險措施
15-25
高風險
應立即采取措(cuo)施規(gui)避或降低風(feng)險
5-15
一般風險
需采取措施(shi)降低(di)風險
1-5
低風險
風險較低
,接受風險
在進行風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析和風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)應(ying)對過(guo)程(cheng)中,應(ying)保持風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)方案和實施(shi)(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)(de)跟進記(ji)錄,風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析和風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)應(ying)對措施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)詳細內容(rong)應(ying)記(ji)錄在《風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)和機遇評估分(fen)(fen)析表》中,記(ji)錄的(de)(de)(de)保持依據《記(ji)錄控制程(cheng)序》文件執(zhi)行,便于后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)查(cha)閱(yue)和跟進。
5.4風險應對
各(ge)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)部(bu)門(men)應(ying)對所識(shi)別的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行(xing)評估,根(gen)據(ju)評估的(de)(de)(de)結果對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)采取措(cuo)施(shi),從而(er)達(da)到降低或(huo)消除(chu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de),風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)對方式應(ying)根(gen)據(ju)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)情況(kuang)進行(xing)篩選,當潛在的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)有效的(de)(de)(de)采取規(gui)避(bi)措(cuo)施(shi)進行(xing)規(gui)避(bi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi),應(ying)制(zhi)定(ding)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)方案,確認風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)規(gui)避(bi)措(cuo)施(shi)并予以(yi)執行(xing),直至(zhi)部(bu)分消除(chu)或(huo)完全(quan)消除(chu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。制(zhi)定(ding)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)對的(de)(de)(de)額措(cuo)施(shi)時(shi)必須(xu)將相關措(cuo)施(shi)貫徹到公(gong)司日(ri)常運行(xing)程(cheng)序中,且部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理活動不應(ying)與(yu)公(gong)司層(ceng)面如SWOT
分(fen)析活動對應的(de)措施(shi)沖突。
對風(feng)險(xian)所采取(qu)的措施應(ying)考慮盡可能的消除(chu)風(feng)險(xian),在無法(fa)消除(chu)或(huo)暫無有(you)效的方法(fa)或(huo)者(zhe)采取(qu)消除(chu)風(feng)險(xian)的方法(fa)的成(cheng)本高出風(feng)險(xian)存(cun)在時造成(cheng)損(sun)失時,再選(xuan)擇(ze)采取(qu)降低風(feng)險(xian)或(huo)者(zhe)風(feng)險(xian)接受的風(feng)險(xian)應(ying)對方法(fa)。
5.5.風險和(he)機遇(yu)評審的策劃
風險和機遇評審應每(mei)年(nian)度至少(shao)實(shi)施一次評審,以(yi)驗證(zheng)其有(you)效(xiao)性。當(dang)出現以(yi)下情況(kuang)是,應當(dang)適當(dang)
增加風險和風險評審的次(ci)數:
a.
與質量環境管(guan)理體系有(you)關的(de)法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規、標準(zhun)及其他要求有(you)變化時(shi);
b.
組(zu)織(zhi)機構、產品范圍、資(zi)源配置發生(sheng)重大調整時;
c.
發生重大品質事(shi)故(gu)或相關方投訴連續(xu)發生時(shi);
d.
第(di)三方認(ren)證審核前或其(qi)他(ta)認(ren)為有管理評審需要時(shi);
e.
其他情況需要時。
6
引用文件:
6.1《記錄控制程(cheng)序》--------------------
SST-QEP-02
7
記錄表單:
篇3
[關鍵詞]戰略聯(lian)盟;知識共享;信任風險;量化
[中圖分類號]F274 [文獻(xian)標(biao)識碼(ma)]A [文章編號]1005-6432(2011)28-0076-02
1 前 言
20世紀80年代以來,信息技術(shu)革(ge)命風(feng)起云涌,知識經(jing)濟迅猛發展,企業競爭運營方(fang)式、社(she)會資源的配置(zhi)和(he)全球經(jing)濟格局因而產生了巨大轉變。企業的生存日漸(jian)依賴(lai)于(yu)
技術(shu)創新。美(mei)國(guo)、日(ri)本(ben)、歐盟等(deng)發(fa)達國(guo)家的跨(kua)國(guo)公司開始由對(dui)立競爭轉(zhuan)向大規模(mo)合作(zuo)(zuo)競爭,戰(zhan)略聯盟是其中(zhong)最(zui)為(wei)重(zhong)要的一環(huan):以(yi)跨(kua)國(guo)公司為(wei)主體的企業與全球范(fan)圍的競爭對(dui)手建(jian)立合作(zuo)(zuo)關系的發(fa)展趨(qu)勢。而戰(zhan)略聯盟本(ben)身也經歷著從以(yi)產(chan)品的生產(chan)和銷售為(wei)核心的產(chan)品聯盟向以(yi)組(zu)織學習和知識(shi)轉(zhuan)移為(wei)核心的知識(shi)聯盟的轉(zhuan)變,聯盟的戰(zhan)略意圖轉(zhuan)向知識(shi)轉(zhuan)移和組(zu)織學習。
2 戰略(lve)聯盟和信任風險
戰略(lve)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)是(shi)(shi)具有(you)一定(ding)優勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)之間,為了實現(xian)某種戰略(lve)目標而進行的(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)動態合(he)作。而戰略(lve)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)中的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)任(ren)(ren)即戰略(lve)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)成員對合(he)作者的(de)(de)(de)可信(xin)任(ren)(ren)度進行一定(ding)評價后,選擇自己熟悉的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)得(de)過的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)行業(ye)內部受人尊敬(jing)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)加盟(meng)(meng)(meng),從(cong)而提高(gao)伙伴之間的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)通水平(ping),加強戰略(lve)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性,提高(gao)對伙伴行為的(de)(de)(de)寬容(rong)程度而避免沖突,最終提高(gao)知識共享的(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)進而提高(gao)雙方的(de)(de)(de)核心競爭(zheng)力。信(xin)任(ren)(ren)風(feng)險(xian)來(lai)源于聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)成員對合(he)作者的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)期(qi),與過去的(de)(de)(de)經驗有(you)關。
3 信任風險管理
信(xin)任風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)過(guo)程如下圖所(suo)示。首先,聯(lian)盟(meng)企業應制訂風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)計(ji)劃,涉及風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的各(ge)個(ge)過(guo)程,包括風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)別、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的分析(xi)與評價(jia)、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)處(chu)理(li)和風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)控(kong)等。之后依次進行風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的識(shi)別、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的分析(xi)與評價(jia)、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)處(chu)理(li)、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)控(kong)。在此過(guo)程中,風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)控(kong)持(chi)續循環進行;這四個(ge)過(guo)程都(dou)要進行績效評價(jia)與反(fan)饋。
3.1 信任風險的計(ji)劃(hua)
戰略聯盟各個成(cheng)員以當前(qian)項(xiang)目為研(yan)究對象設(she)立風(feng)險管(guan)理部門(men),編(bian)寫風(feng)險計劃。在計劃中,做(zuo)好對對方可信度的評估。計劃主要(yao)包括以下(xia)幾個方面:
①基本情況。主(zhu)要包括(kuo)(kuo)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標、總要求、應達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術特性(xing)和使用(yong)特性(xing)、涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心技術、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)實(shi)施(shi)應遵守的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行業(ye)規(gui)范(fan)、政(zheng)策和法(fa)規(gui)等。②工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)和途徑(jing)。主(zhu)要包括(kuo)(kuo)與(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)有關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、政(zheng)策風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、技術風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)及(ji)不可抗力風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)等風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確切定義(yi)、特性(xing)、判(pan)定方(fang)法(fa)以(yi)及(ji)對(dui)這些(xie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行處理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)適方(fang)法(fa)。③工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準備(bei)。包括(kuo)(kuo)對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行識別、評價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體程(cheng)(cheng)序和過程(cheng)(cheng),以(yi)及(ji)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)這些(xie)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體措(cuo)施(shi),并(bing)做好項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本預算。④總結(jie)。對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行總結(jie),并(bing)做好相關(guan)信息(xi)和資料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記錄和檔(dang)案管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)。 3.2 信任風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識別
根(gen)據(ju)上述風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)計劃,聯(lian)盟成(cheng)員(yuan)內部(bu)的(de)(de)各專家、管理人員(yuan)以及(ji)外聘專家根(gen)據(ju)相關經驗和項目(mu)(mu)資料,利用科(ke)學方法,考慮項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)實際情(qing)況(kuang),對具體的(de)(de)項目(mu)(mu)進行信任風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識別。經過(guo)收集數據(ju)或信息、分(fen)(fen)析不確(que)定性、確(que)定風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事件(jian)并歸納分(fen)(fen)類之后,通過(guo)流程分(fen)(fen)析、直接(jie)問詢、現場考察等方法,找(zhao)出工程中可(ke)能導(dao)致核心技術泄露或其他可(ke)能喪失核心競爭力的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事件(jian),形成(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)信任風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)類和描述文檔(dang)。
3.3 信任(ren)風險(xian)的(de)分析與評估
根據(ju)識別階段的(de)成果(guo),各風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)參與(yu)人(ren)員運用概率(lv)統計(ji)方(fang)法,對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)存在(zai)(zai)發生的(de)可能性以(yi)及(ji)后(hou)果(guo)和(he)損失的(de)范圍與(yu)程度進(jin)行估計(ji)和(he)測量。對(dui)于風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)概率(lv)估計(ji),可以(yi)是人(ren)們對(dui)該風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)給予及(ji)時的(de)關(guan)注,進(jin)而減少(shao)有關(guan)損失的(de)發生。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)者(zhe)也可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)信任(ren)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)分析(xi)和(he)評估的(de)基礎上制定恰(qia)當的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)手段及(ji)方(fang)案。
(1)評價指標層次
從項目聯盟信任風險的實際情況出發,可以將信任風險分為(wei)兩個層次(ci),具(ju)體如(ru)下表所示:
評(ping)(ping)價集(ji)即對各(ge)層(ceng)次各(ge)沖突評(ping)(ping)價結果的(de)直接描述和表征形式。根據信(xin)任風險的(de)特點,借(jie)助國內(nei)外(wai)相關問題調查表格的(de)設(she)計(ji)方法,確定各(ge)個因素的(de)評(ping)(ping)價結構為五個等(deng)(deng)級{V1、V2、V3、V4、V5}={非常滿(man)(man)意(yi)、比較(jiao)滿(man)(man)意(yi)、一般、比較(jiao)不滿(man)(man)意(yi)、非常不滿(man)(man)意(yi)},對于第一層(ceng)次指標,參(can)照Manuel Becerra,Randi Lunnan,Lars Huemer等(deng)(deng)人的(de)研究成果,確定評(ping)(ping)價等(deng)(deng)級加權值(zhi)為括(kuo)號內(nei)數(shu)值(zhi)。
(3)確定(ding)各(ge)指標(biao)值
利(li)用(yong)(yong)調查(cha)問卷或直(zhi)接(jie)詢問的(de)方式(shi),獲得一定樣本(ben)空間內的(de)各指標測評平均值Uijk(i=1,2,3;j=0,1,2,3;k=1,2,3,4)(采(cai)用(yong)(yong)1-10評分法,1表示(shi)很(hen)(hen)差,10表示(shi)很(hen)(hen)好,依此(ci)類推)。
(4)模糊綜合評價
在得到各指標數據后,即可測評信任(ren)風險度,公式如下:
3.4 應對措施
在分(fen)析和評估(gu)(gu)信任風險(xian)之后,應用特定的方(fang)法和技術處理(li)這些風險(xian),識別(bie)相關的負責(ze)人并(bing)盡力為降低風險(xian)作出估(gu)(gu)計。處理(li)方(fang)法包括回(hui)避風險(xian)、承(cheng)擔(dan)風險(xian)、轉移風險(xian)、控制損失等。
(1)回避風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。對于信任風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)回避指不(bu)愿(yuan)承(cheng)(cheng)擔風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)(huo)不(bu)愿(yuan)繼續承(cheng)(cheng)擔已承(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),從根(gen)本上放棄可(ke)能產生風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)資源、技術和設(she)計方(fang)案等(deng)(deng),或(huo)(huo)以(yi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)較低的(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)案削(xue)減(jian)并替代風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)較高的(de)(de)(de)活動。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)處理方(fang)法在一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)上降(jiang)低了風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),同時也降(jiang)低了工程(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能、利(li)潤(run)等(deng)(deng)要求。(2)承(cheng)(cheng)擔風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。承(cheng)(cheng)擔風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是指明知風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存在的(de)(de)(de)事實但(dan)不(bu)作任何(he)對風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)加(jia)以(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)努力,接受其(qi)相關風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。但(dan)一(yi)般(ban)情況下還會在成(cheng)本、進度(du)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)面做一(yi)些預防措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)法一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)于風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程(cheng)度(du)較低的(de)(de)(de)情況。(3)轉移風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。當項目(mu)組織(zhi)面臨概率下偶(ou)然(ran)損(sun)(sun)失大,或(huo)(huo)很(hen)難控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)項目(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時,可(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)轉移風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣可(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)面臨風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)所造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)失轉移給其(qi)他單位或(huo)(huo)個人來承(cheng)(cheng)擔。可(ke)以(yi)采取項目(mu)出售、分包(bao)或(huo)(huo)訂立(li)責(ze)任協(xie)議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。(4)控(kong)制(zhi)損(sun)(sun)失。對于信任風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)來說,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)法是比較適用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)。它是一(yi)種(zhong)積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)應對措(cuo)施(shi)(shi),在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生后,降(jiang)低損(sun)(sun)失嚴重(zhong)程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi),其(qi)核(he)心是減(jian)少風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)(sun)失。
一般信任(ren)風(feng)險(xian)發生后(hou),都(dou)會造(zao)成(cheng)比較嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)核(he)心技術的(de)(de)泄露(lu)或核(he)心競(jing)爭力的(de)(de)喪失,補(bu)救方法(fa)除了法(fa)律手段之外(wai),還應(ying)(ying)盡快采取公關措(cuo)施,同時抓緊時間研制(zhi)新的(de)(de)技術,建立(li)新的(de)(de)核(he)心競(jing)爭力。具體措(cuo)施視所在(zai)行業(ye)和具體情況的(de)(de)不同而有所變化。為了在(zai)風(feng)險(xian)發生后(hou)能(neng)夠快速有效的(de)(de)采取應(ying)(ying)對措(cuo)施,應(ying)(ying)在(zai)風(feng)險(xian)評估之后(hou)撰寫(xie)風(feng)險(xian)預警與應(ying)(ying)對方案,詳細地列出可能(neng)發生的(de)(de)信任(ren)風(feng)險(xian)及其后(hou)果,并(bing)列出所要(yao)采取的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)對措(cuo)施。
4 結 論
篇4
關鍵(jian)詞:施工企業 風(feng)(feng)險(xian)類別 風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)措(cuo)施 風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)流程
一、施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)的(de)生(sheng)產特征
因為(wei)建筑產品都是固定(ding)的(de)(de),所以就注定(ding)了施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)生產時必須(xu)是流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de),在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)工(gong)種(zhong)的(de)(de)工(gong)人(ren)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)時,要(yao)在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)建筑體(ti)上進行(xing)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong);另(ling)外工(gong)人(ren)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)時還要(yao)在不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)單位(wei)之間(jian)進行(xing)操作技(ji)術(shu)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)作業 ,企(qi)業的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)隊(dui)伍則在多處工(gong)地、多處地區承包工(gong)程(cheng),進行(xing)區域性(xing)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)。
施(shi)工生產的投資額非常之(zhi)高,例如:建筑(zhu)物(wu)體積(ji)過于(yu)龐大(da)、工期(qi)較長、并且當(dang)年(nian)的施(shi)工項目不能在(zai)當(dang)年(nian)完成(cheng)交(jiao)工;再(zai)加之(zhi)生產周期(qi)長,施(shi)工作業還(huan)要求有一定(ding)的保(bao)養(yang)期(qi),如若不然,會嚴重的影響到建筑(zhu)物(wu)的質量。
一般建筑產品體積(ji)龐大,都有固(gu)定的(de)位置,并且(qie)在施(shi)工生產時極易受到自然(ran)氣候(hou)(hou)條件的(de)影響(xiang)。并且(qie)高(gao)空作業、地(di)下作業及(ji)水(shui)下作業相對多些(xie),因(yin)此非常受制于自然(ran)氣候(hou)(hou)的(de)變化。對企業施(shi)工時的(de)安全(quan)有不(bu)利的(de)因(yin)素,對機械設備也有極大影響(xiang)。
施工(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)任務獲得的獨特性。施工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)不同于一般的工(gong)業(ye)(ye)性企業(ye)(ye),必須先獲得訂單、得到(dao)工(gong)程預付(fu)款(kuan),才(cai)能(neng)組織施工(gong)。也(ye)就是說施工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)完全遵守“以銷定(ding)產(chan)”的原則。
施(shi)工(gong)生產經營的特征決定(ding)了(le)施(shi)工(gong)企業要面對諸多不同于其他企業的風險(xian),因此對施(shi)工(gong)生產風險(xian)進行定(ding)性和定(ding)量(liang)分析(xi)至關重(zhong)要。
二、施工企業風(feng)險類別(bie)及應(ying)對措施
(一)施(shi)工企業常見的風險(xian)類型主要有以下幾(ji)個方面:
1、經營風險
(1)業主(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)風險。工(gong)程的(de)成(cheng)立取決(jue)于(yu)投資(zi)者,投資(zi)者便是(shi)業主(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位最重(zhong)要的(de)合作伙(huo)伴,工(gong)程的(de)實施(shi)是(shi)否順進行,效益是(shi)否能得到滿足,業主(zhu)(zhu)都起著決(jue)定(ding)性影(ying)響。如(ru)業主(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)否在(zai)工(gong)程中隨意使用權(quan)利,隨意拖(tuo)欠款項;亦(yi)或者干擾正常的(de)施(shi)工(gong)程序,對(dui)于(yu)干預(yu)后的(de)損(sun)失(shi)不予以補償;甚至(zhi)出現無(wu)力支付工(gong)程款導致(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位的(de)收入在(zai)經濟上出現惡(e)性循(xun)環。
(2)項目(mu)風(feng)險。工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)投(tou)標的競爭(zheng)(zheng),價格競爭(zheng)(zheng)是最(zui)大(da)因素。現在競爭(zheng)(zheng)也是日趨激(ji)烈,有的施工(gong)單位在投(tou)標中(zhong),為了中(zhong)標,不(bu)做前期工(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)算,對投(tou)資(zi)、工(gong)程(cheng)規模(mo)、施工(gong)技術等一概置之不(bu)顧,無(wu)論(lun)資(zi)質是否符合,資(zi)金是否到位就(jiu)到處投(tou)標,四面(mian)出擊。不(bu)再科學(xue)的分析利潤、成本(ben),預(yu)測報價。
(3)勞動力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、材(cai)料(liao)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)及(ji)設備市(shi)場(chang)(chang)統稱為要素(su)市(shi)場(chang)(chang),要素(su)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的價(jia)(jia)格(ge)風(feng)險就體現在這些市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的價(jia)(jia)格(ge)變化上(shang)(shang)(shang),如果價(jia)(jia)格(ge)上(shang)(shang)(shang)漲(zhang),就會影響到(dao)工(gong)程總價(jia)(jia),尤其是原材(cai)料(liao)的價(jia)(jia)格(ge)上(shang)(shang)(shang)漲(zhang),更(geng)是影響巨大。因此,價(jia)(jia)格(ge)上(shang)(shang)(shang)漲(zhang)對施(shi)工(gong)項目最(zui)后的盈虧具有決定性作用。
2、管理中(zhong)存在的風險(xian)
(1)管理(li)層任用的(de)風險(xian)。管理(li)層通常指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目經(jing)理(li),受委托于(yu)企業(ye)法人(ren)代表。基本(ben)全權負責工(gong)程施工(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目,因此(ci),一名項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目經(jing)理(li)的(de)任用直(zhi)接關系著工(gong)程施工(gong)的(de)安(an)全、施工(gong)質量、工(gong)作效率及各項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)材(cai)料、人(ren)工(gong)等成本(ben)。如果項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目經(jing)理(li)缺(que)乏(fa)管理(li)能力(li)缺(que)乏(fa)創新能力(li),無疑風險(xian)將(jiang)是(shi)致命性的(de)。
(2)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)管理風險。通(tong)常(chang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)都(dou)是通(tong)過總包來完成(cheng),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)本(ben)身一般都(dou)是大規模、大面積(ji)、技術(shu)方面高難度(du),在(zai)管理過程(cheng)中(zhong)顧此(ci)失彼所(suo)造成(cheng)的(de)風險案例也(ye)不少見(jian)。如果想控制住此(ci)類(lei)風險,就要在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管理中(zhong)實現(xian)風險轉移。
(3)質量(liang)與安(an)(an)全(quan)管理中存在的風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。施工安(an)(an)全(quan)無疑是(shi)(shi)每(mei)個施工單(dan)位最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)視的問題(ti),也是(shi)(shi)各部(bu)門最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)關心的問題(ti)。質量(liang)決定安(an)(an)全(quan)成分,一個施工單(dan)位最(zui)(zui)怕的就是(shi)(shi)發生(sheng)質量(liang)與安(an)(an)全(quan)事故,因為(wei)(wei)它不(bu)僅僅是(shi)(shi)給企業的經濟帶(dai)來重(zhong)大(da)損失,更是(shi)(shi)給傷(shang)者(zhe)及傷(shang)者(zhe)家庭帶(dai)來巨(ju)大(da)不(bu)幸。因此,質量(liang)與安(an)(an)全(quan)管理風(feng)險(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)當(dang)前施工企業面臨的最(zui)(zui)大(da)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。
3、財務中的風險
(1)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)風(feng)(feng)險。施工(gong)企業的風(feng)(feng)險中(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)風(feng)(feng)險是尤為重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的。企業生產的經營管(guan)理的組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有多個部(bu)分,其(qi)中(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)管(guan)理是一(yi)(yi)個非常(chang)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的部(bu)分,在項(xiang)目(mu)作業過程中(zhong),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的整體(ti)控(kong)制(zhi),是否(fou)能夠按照原(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)預(yu)算(suan)實施與控(kong)制(zhi),對(dui)(dui)施工(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)工(gong)程所需(xu)的實體(ti)材料、人(ren)工(gong)、操作設備等施工(gong)現場的直接費(fei)用是否(fou)可以采取不同情況(kuang)加以控(kong)制(zhi);對(dui)(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)間接費(fei)的核算(suan)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)能否(fou)按照施工(gong)預(yu)算(suan)及工(gong)期要(yao)求,對(dui)(dui)費(fei)用開支(zhi)定制(zhi)計劃(hua),預(yu)算(suan)開支(zhi),且對(dui)(dui)每一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)目(mu)費(fei)用詳詢核定指標。
(2)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)風險(xian)。資(zi)(zi)金(jin)是企(qi)業(ye)運作的關(guan)鍵(jian)。工(gong)程款(kuan)(kuan)、保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)及(ji)各(ge)種墊(dian)資(zi)(zi)是否能及(ji)時(shi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)都(dou)存在一定的風險(xian)。由于建筑(zhu)市場(chang)供(gong)大于求,法(fa)制與信用體系(xi)也相對(dui)不完(wan)善,致使企(qi)業(ye)巨額(e)應(ying)收(shou)款(kuan)(kuan)無法(fa)及(ji)時(shi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)。控制資(zi)(zi)金(jin)風險(xian)要加強對(dui)保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)、墊(dian)資(zi)(zi)款(kuan)(kuan)的回(hui)(hui)收(shou)。
(二)施工企業(ye)風(feng)險的(de)應對(dui)措施
施工企業的(de)風險類別及相(xiang)應的(de)應對措施總結如(ru)下(如(ru)表1所示):
[ 施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企業風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)類別及(ji)相應應對措施(shi)(shi)總(zong)結 以上風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)只是施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企業所面臨的(de)(de)冰(bing)山一角(jiao),工(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)復雜性決定了施(shi)(shi)工(gong)企業在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)將會遭遇諸多風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),在諸多風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)中(zhong),它們發生(sheng)的(de)(de)概(gai)率(lv)及(ji)其(qi)對工(gong)程產(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)影響程度是有很大(da)不(bu)同的(de)(de)。通(tong)過不(bu)同的(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)具體(ti)實(shi)施(shi)(shi),將風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)范圍最(zui)小(xiao)化,風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)系數最(zui)低(di)化,風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)目(mu)標要(yao)了然于(yu)胸,加強(qiang)加大(da)管理力度,提高工(gong)作效率(lv),將風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)損失降到最(zui)低(di),保障施(shi)(shi)工(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)正常運作。
三、施工企業風險管理流程
(一)風險識別
對(dui)存在于工(gong)程(cheng)項目中的各種(zhong)風(feng)險(xian)根源或不確定性因(yin)素(su)(su)按其產生(sheng)的背景、表現特(te)點和(he)預(yu)期后果(guo)進(jin)行定義和(he)識(shi)別,對(dui)不同的風(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)(su)通過采用問卷調查法、SWOT分(fen)(fen)析法、頭腦風(feng)暴法、德(de)爾菲(fei)法等識(shi)別技術和(he)工(gong)具進(jin)行科學的分(fen)(fen)類,列(lie)(lie)出(chu)風(feng)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)(su)一覽表。并在此基礎上,進(jin)行甄別、選擇、確認,把重要的風(feng)險(xian)篩選出(chu)來(lai),列(lie)(lie)出(chu)正式風(feng)險(xian)清單(dan)。
(二)風險評估
風險(xian)識(shi)別之后,就應對所列(lie)風險(xian)進行評估,建(jian)立問題的(de)系統模型,結(jie)合工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)建(jian)設中的(de)每一個風險(xian)的(de)特征,運用概(gai)率技(ji)術(shu)、非(fei)概(gai)率技(ji)術(shu)、設定基準技(ji)術(shu)等分析方法,
風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)因素有多大的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)需(xu)要進(jin)行數據(ju)化(hua)的(de)定量分析,對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)發生的(de)概率需(xu)要提(ti)前(qian)預算,及風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)概率大小對施工(gong)企業造成(cheng)的(de)直接損失都要進(jin)行估算,這樣,方可(ke)從中找(zhao)出(chu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)在(zai)項(xiang)目工(gong)程中存在(zai)的(de)關(guan)鍵,并做好風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估相(xiang)應的(de)報(bao)告(gao),為重點處理這些風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)提(ti)供(gong)強有力的(de)科學依據(ju),方可(ke)保障工(gong)程施工(gong)過程順利進(jin)行。
(三)風險響應
對分(fen)析(xi)出(chu)來的(de)風(feng)險(xian)就應(ying)該有響(xiang)應(ying),即確定針對工(gong)程項目(mu)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)應(ying)對措施(shi)。通過上述分(fen)析(xi)后(hou),對已識別的(de)風(feng)險(xian)運用風(feng)險(xian)回(hui)避(bi)、風(feng)險(xian)減輕(qing)、風(feng)險(xian)轉移、風(feng)險(xian)自(zi)留及其(qi)組合(he)技術(shu),制定合(he)理(li)、恰當、具體(ti)的(de)應(ying)對措施(shi),以便(bian)施(shi)工(gong)企業減少損失,增加(jia)收益。
(四)風險監控
風(feng)險(xian)監控是工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)生產中(zhong)一(yi)項重(zhong)要工(gong)作。監控風(feng)險(xian)就是監視工(gong)程(cheng)產品及工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)進展和施(shi)工(gong)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)變化(hua),通過檢查工(gong)程(cheng)進展的(de)效果與計(ji)劃的(de)差異來改善(shan)工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)實施(shi)。
四、結束語
本(ben)(ben)文通(tong)過分(fen)(fen)(fen)析施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)的生產特征,詳細梳(shu)理了當(dang)前我國施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)生產中存在(zai)的主(zhu)要(yao)風險(xian)因素及其應對措施(shi),簡要(yao)論(lun)述了施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)風險(xian)管(guan)理流程。限于篇幅,本(ben)(ben)文對風險(xian)應對措施(shi)、風險(xian)的定(ding)量(liang)和定(ding)性分(fen)(fen)(fen)析方法等方面未進行詳細論(lun)述。本(ben)(ben)文對未來風險(xian)研究者(zhe)進行風險(xian)定(ding)性分(fen)(fen)(fen)析和定(ding)量(liang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析具(ju)有理論(lun)借鑒意(yi)義,對企(qi)業(ye)風險(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析師進行風險(xian)識別、風險(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析以(yi)及風險(xian)評(ping)估提供了指導框架。
參考文獻:
[1]方紅星、王(wang)宏譯. 企(qi)業風險管(guan)理―整(zheng)合框架[M].大連:東北財(cai)經大學出版(ban)社,2005.
[2]卜永軍主編. 建設工程項目管理一本通[M].地(di)震出版(ban)社. 2007.
[3]劉曉紅(hong),徐玖平. 項目風(feng)險(xian)管理[M].北京:經濟管理出版社. 2008.
[4]中國(guo)注(zhu)冊(ce)會計師協會. 公司戰略與風(feng)險(xian)管理(li)[M].北京(jing):經濟管理(li)出版社. 2013.
[5]施工企業(ye)法(fa)律風險(xian)管理-薛東林律師(shi)文集 2012
[6]郭要(yao)強;趙永輝(hui).建筑施工企業(ye)風險控制與分析[J].中(zhong)小企業(ye)管理與科技(下(xia)旬刊(kan))2010-08-25
[7]建筑施(shi)工企業的主(zhu)要(yao)風(feng)險(xian)及防范和控(kong)制風(feng)險(xian)的對策,西門吹雪(xue) 網絡
篇5
風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)分(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方法是(shi)要(yao)(yao)使(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)問題能(neng)得到快(kuai)速評估(gu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)分(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。這(zhe)樣可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),估(gu)算(suan)殘留風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)量(liang),準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評估(gu)承(cheng)(cheng)受能(neng)力,有(you)(you)利于在(zai)一個一致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上對(dui)(dui)各種類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)問題進(jin)(jin)行(xing)比(bi)較。1)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)分(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個參數。最(zui)大可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)預(yu)(yu)測(ce)損(sun)失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)R和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)采取(qu)防(fang)范(fan)措施(shi)(shi)后殘留風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)值(zhi)M。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)R和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)殘留風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)值(zhi)M的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲(huo)得均(jun)依賴于風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)程度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)性。嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)性因(yin)(yin)素P是(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示預(yu)(yu)期最(zui)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事件(jian)受損(sun)(傷)程度(du)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)性系數(%)是(shi)用(yong)以(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率。工程公(gong)司對(dui)(dui)各總承(cheng)(cheng)包項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)有(you)(you)效風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)時,針對(dui)(dui)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)規模可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)編制(zhi)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)性和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準。表(biao)(biao)(biao)2和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)表(biao)(biao)(biao)3是(shi)某銅冶煉EPC工程總承(cheng)(cheng)包項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)性和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準。2)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)與測(ce)定(ding)(ding)。工程項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)部以(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)1為(wei)基礎,對(dui)(dui)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分(fen)類,詳盡識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)潛(qian)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各類風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),確認后逐一填入表(biao)(biao)(biao)1當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)。然后,參考(kao)表(biao)(biao)(biao)2“風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)性系數”和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)表(biao)(biao)(biao)3“風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)性因(yin)(yin)數”,對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)性和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)性因(yin)(yin)素給予確定(ding)(ding),并(bing)計算(suan)出(chu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)R。R的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)公(gong)式:R=P×(%),輕(qing)(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)P從表(biao)(biao)(biao)3中(zhong)(zhong)選取(qu),可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)性系數(%)從表(biao)(biao)(biao)2中(zhong)(zhong)選取(qu)。3)確定(ding)(ding)采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)范(fan)措施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)解(jie)決(jue)途徑。引(yin)進(jin)(jin)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)參與人員應(ying)從項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)整體效益(yi)平衡考(kao)慮,針對(dui)(dui)每(mei)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源具體提(ti)出(chu)合理(li)(li)、可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)行(xing)、切(qie)實有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)措施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)解(jie)決(jue)途徑,并(bing)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)匯總分(fen)析。要(yao)(yao)盡量(liang)規避難(nan)以(yi)承(cheng)(cheng)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);采取(qu)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)措施(shi)(shi),避免已識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生;通(tong)過投保或擔(dan)保的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式,轉移風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);留取(qu)合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金,消減風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失;與相(xiang)關(guan)方共擔(dan)并(bing)化解(jie)或降低(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)應(ying)急預(yu)(yu)案以(yi)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)突(tu)發(fa)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);在(zai)取(qu)得收益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,接受合理(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)。落實防(fang)范(fan)措施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)解(jie)決(jue)途徑后,應(ying)計算(suan)殘留風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)值(zhi)M。M的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)公(gong)式:M=P×(%)。4)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)殘留風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通(tong)常分(fen)為(wei)三(san)個級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie),以(yi)衡量(liang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)各階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優先(xian)處(chu)理(li)(li)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie)。1)紅色(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji):輕(qing)(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)取(qu)值(zhi)范(fan)圍(wei)在(zai)30~1000之間,必(bi)(bi)須立(li)即(ji)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)并(bing)實施(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)緩(huan)(huan)解(jie)措施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);2)橙色(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji):輕(qing)(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)取(qu)值(zhi)范(fan)圍(wei)在(zai)3~30之間,需密(mi)切(qie)監控但可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)靈活(huo)判(pan)斷是(shi)否(fou)需制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)緩(huan)(huan)解(jie)措施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);3)黃色(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji):輕(qing)(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)取(qu)值(zhi)范(fan)圍(wei)為(wei)3以(yi)下,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)危(wei)害程度(du)一般(ban)應(ying)保持一定(ding)(ding)關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。例如:表(biao)(biao)(biao)1中(zhong)(zhong)序(xu)號(hao)1.1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草率決(jue)策(ce),以(yi)及(ji)2.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)談判(pan)未能(neng)掌控等(deng),其輕(qing)(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)為(wei)50,均(jun)達到了紅色(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),必(bi)(bi)須立(li)即(ji)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)并(bing)實施(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)緩(huan)(huan)解(jie)措施(shi)(shi)。而序(xu)號(hao)1.2對(dui)(dui)生產工藝要(yao)(yao)求不明確,及(ji)2.1沒有(you)(you)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)格履行(xing)招投標程序(xu)等(deng),其輕(qing)(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)為(wei)15,均(jun)達到了橙色(se)(se)預(yu)(yu)警(jing)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),需密(mi)切(qie)監控并(bing)判(pan)斷是(shi)否(fou)需制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)緩(huan)(huan)解(jie)措施(shi)(shi)。
確定風險承受能力
例如:銅(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉廠陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)對電(dian)解(jie)(jie)聯動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)影響。銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)經(jing)(jing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)成(cheng)型(xing)后的(de)(de)(de)外形(xing)幾(ji)何尺(chi)寸精確度,對電(dian)解(jie)(jie)聯動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)整形(xing)、排扳,特別是(shi)(shi)耳部的(de)(de)(de)矯(jiao)形(xing)和(he)銑削(xue)等工序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)(li),起到關鍵的(de)(de)(de)影響作用。銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)外形(xing)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)合(he)格率若(ruo)達(da)不(bu)到96%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,極(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)造成(cheng)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)聯動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)卡機(ji)(ji)、效(xiao)率低、剔(ti)除回爐(lu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)及(ji)殘極(ji)(ji)率高所帶來的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian),其后果是(shi)(shi)引進(jin)裝(zhuang)備達(da)不(bu)到處理(li)(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)成(cheng)品率的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術指(zhi)標。這個事(shi)件發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)可(ke)預測風(feng)險(xian)(xian)R按近30萬美元估(gu)算(詳見表(biao)3)。其最壞(huai)情(qing)況是(shi)(shi):銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)停機(ji)(ji)改(gai)造或修理(li)(li)1個月。由于在“最大(da)可(ke)預測損失(shi)”事(shi)件發(fa)生前(qian),電(dian)解(jie)(jie)聯動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)都是(shi)(shi)滿負荷運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de),因此(ci)一(yi)旦銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)停機(ji)(ji)改(gai)造或修理(li)(li),電(dian)解(jie)(jie)車間(jian)(jian)將(jiang)停產(chan)(chan)。風(feng)險(xian)(xian)測定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)值(zhi)計(ji)算:以(yi)(yi)(yi)銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)停機(ji)(ji)改(gai)造或修理(li)(li)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)車間(jian)(jian)停產(chan)(chan)1個月為(wei)基(ji)礎,嚴重性(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)=10(財務損失(shi)~30萬美元)R=10×90%。可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)90%(見表(biao)2)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)過(guo)去數(shu)套銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)引進(jin)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)(yan)為(wei)基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)。采取應對措施(shi)后,可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)降(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)20%,則(ze)殘留風(feng)險(xian)(xian)值(zhi)M=2。工程總項目(mu)部確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)該殘留風(feng)險(xian)(xian)等級是(shi)(shi)可(ke)承受的(de)(de)(de)。評估(gu)是(shi)(shi)基(ji)于采取了以(yi)(yi)(yi)下主要(yao)防范措施(shi)和(he)解(jie)(jie)決途徑:對銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)要(yao)求已進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)進(jin)來提(ti)升其可(ke)靠性(xing);通過(guo)招標、技(ji)術談判、合(he)同(tong)條款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)明確約定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、監造交(jiao)驗(yan)(yan)和(he)安(an)裝(zhuang)調試的(de)(de)(de)把關;對銅(tong)(tong)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)檢查,確保保證(zheng)措施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)性(xing);冶(ye)煉廠擁有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)嚴格培(pei)訓并富有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)人力,設(she)備及(ji)備品備件資源充足(zu),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在一(yi)旦發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下,馬上能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)搶修;管理(li)(li)程序(xu)已證(zheng)明具有(you)(you)這種應急能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。因此(ci)將(jiang)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性(xing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)降(jiang)(jiang)低為(wei)20%。
重大風險記錄
經風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)別、評估(gu)(gu)并(bing)分級(ji)后(hou),須(xu)將紅色預警級(ji)的重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題記(ji)錄到(dao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)登記(ji)表中。公(gong)司(si)項目管(guan)理部門(men)應建(jian)立關鍵的重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)準則,明(ming)確(que)(que)(que)哪一類風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題需歸入重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)登記(ji)表,需進行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理監督,上報風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)備案。通常是(shi)殘留風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)值或最大可預見損失值達到(dao)難以(yi)承(cheng)受程度的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題就是(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。應確(que)(que)(que)保(bao)所有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)都能夠被識(shi)(shi)別、評估(gu)(gu)和(he)分級(ji),詳細(xi)分析和(he)記(ji)錄該(gai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事件的起因和(he)控制(zhi)措(cuo)施,確(que)(que)(que)保(bao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)得到(dao)有(you)效的監測和(he)控制(zhi)。同(tong)時,還要關注重(zhong)(zhong)大的計劃外風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)源(事件),尤其是(shi)還未識(shi)(shi)別和(he)收(shou)入記(ji)錄的“新生”重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。
風險控制
篇6
開展法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理工作,既是法(fa)(fa)(fa)治煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)建設和全面(mian)(mian)深化改革的(de)需(xu)要,也(ye)是行(xing)業發展面(mian)(mian)臨的(de)經濟和社(she)會(hui)形勢日(ri)益(yi)復雜的(de)要求(qiu),作為(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)有效載體,法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體系能夠以主動(dong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理和預(yu)防管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)方式加強法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險控制,不斷提升北(bei)京煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理水(shui)平和信譽,實現效益(yi)最(zui)大(da)化,更好的(de)促進北(bei)京煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)平穩健康發展。
二、法(fa)律風險管理流程
法(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理流(liu)程包(bao)括法(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)識別、法(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)評價(jia)和法(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)應對三個流(liu)程。
(一(yi))法律風險識別
開展(zhan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)前要(yao)明確(que)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)環(huan)境(jing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi),即(ji)對(dui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)相關的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)進行(xing)收集、分(fen)析并予以(yi)確(que)定(ding)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)環(huan)境(jing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)分(fen)為外部(bu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)環(huan)境(jing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)和內部(bu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)環(huan)境(jing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)。構(gou)(gou)建法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)框(kuang)架(jia)是開展(zhan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)的(de)一項關鍵(jian)性的(de)工作(zuo)。企(qi)業(ye)應(ying)結(jie)合(he)(he)自(zi)身(shen)實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)構(gou)(gou)建法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)框(kuang)架(jia),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)根據(ju)以(yi)下幾個角度(du)進行(xing)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie):企(qi)業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)的(de)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)管理活動、企(qi)業(ye)組織(zhi)(zhi)機構(gou)(gou)設(she)置(zhi)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)源、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)發生后承擔的(de)責(ze)任、不同的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)領(ling)域(yu)等方面。企(qi)業(ye)可以(yi)結(jie)合(he)(he)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang),選擇不同的(de)角度(du)或不同角度(du)的(de)組合(he)(he),開展(zhan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)框(kuang)架(jia)構(gou)(gou)建工作(zuo)。企(qi)業(ye)組織(zhi)(zhi)機構(gou)(gou)設(she)置(zhi)大多(duo)根據(ju)企(qi)業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)的(de)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)管理活動進行(xing)設(she)置(zhi),一般采(cai)(cai)用企(qi)業(ye)組織(zhi)(zhi)機構(gou)(gou)設(she)置(zhi)與(yu)不同的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)領(ling)域(yu)(如合(he)(he)同、招(zhao)投標、勞動用工等)相結(jie)合(he)(he)進行(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)。按(an)照相應(ying)的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)框(kuang)架(jia),可以(yi)采(cai)(cai)用表(biao)格、座談等方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)來進行(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie),確(que)定(ding)分(fen)類、編碼、命名規則,并列明風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)描(miao)述、涉及(ji)的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規及(ji)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)后果、應(ying)對(dui)措施等信(xin)(xin)息(xi),最(zui)終形成(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)清(qing)單。
(二)法律風險(xian)評(ping)估
法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估(gu)是指(zhi)在對法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)定性和(he)定量的分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)后,按照法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)發生的可(ke)能性和(he)嚴重性等因素對法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)不同維度(du)(du)的排序,根(gen)據管(guan)(guan)理需要(yao)對法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)級。法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)要(yao)采用構(gou)建法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評價(jia)模型、相關(guan)(guan)領域專家建議和(he)企業(ye)經(jing)驗來綜合評定,要(yao)注意與(yu)企業(ye)內(nei)外(wai)部相關(guan)(guan)人(ren)員(yuan)的溝(gou)通,充分(fen)(fen)考慮企業(ye)的實際情況(kuang),同時要(yao)注意克(ke)服(fu)各類意見的局限性。法(fa)(fa)律風(feng)險(xian)(xian)可(ke)能性分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)一(yi)般(ban)包括(kuo)外(wai)部監管(guan)(guan)執(zhi)行(xing)力度(du)(du)、內(nei)控制度(du)(du)的完善與(yu)執(zhi)行(xing)、相關(guan)(guan)人(ren)員(yuan)法(fa)(fa)律素質、利(li)益相關(guan)(guan)者的情況(kuang)、相關(guan)(guan)工(gong)作的頻(pin)次等內(nei)容。
(三)法律風險(xian)應對
法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)是指企(qi)(qi)業(ye)依據法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)具體性質和(he)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)承擔能(neng)力對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)施(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)。法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)包(bao)括選擇應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)策(ce)(ce)略、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)實(shi)施(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)案、監督(du)(du)和(he)檢(jian)查三個(ge)環(huan)(huan)節。法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)策(ce)(ce)略包(bao)括規(gui)避、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、轉移風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、接受風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)選擇一般(ban)為(wei)規(gui)避、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),或者選擇不同策(ce)(ce)略的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合(he)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)實(shi)施(shi)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)案。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)案前一般(ban)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)現(xian)狀進行(xing)評估,找出存在的(de)(de)(de)不足和(he)缺陷,為(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)案提供指導。法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)案一般(ban)應(ying)(ying)(ying)包(bao)括確定(ding)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)措施(shi)、實(shi)施(shi)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)措施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)機構、人員安排、時(shi)間安排、資源需求和(he)配(pei)置方(fang)(fang)案、報(bao)告(gao)和(he)監督(du)(du)檢(jian)查的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求、責任獎懲(cheng)等內容。應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)措施(shi)是法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)案中最為(wei)基礎和(he)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)內容,通常包(bao)括以下幾種類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing):資源配(pei)置類(lei)(lei)(lei)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)流(liu)程類(lei)(lei)(lei)、標準(zhun)指引類(lei)(lei)(lei)、技術手段類(lei)(lei)(lei)、信息類(lei)(lei)(lei)、活動類(lei)(lei)(lei)、培訓類(lei)(lei)(lei)等類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)。應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)措施(shi)可(ke)以采(cai)取(qu)(qu)單一類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing),也可(ke)以采(cai)取(qu)(qu)組(zu)合(he)形式。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)重大風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)一般(ban)采(cai)用組(zu)合(he)形式,且采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)數量會比較多,以便能(neng)起到(dao)更好的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)效(xiao)果。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)案責任部(bu)(bu)門和(he)人員應(ying)(ying)(ying)按照方(fang)(fang)案認真執行(xing)。監督(du)(du)和(he)檢(jian)查。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)要(yao)及時(shi)發(fa)現(xian)內外部(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)環(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua),及時(shi)監督(du)(du)和(he)檢(jian)查法(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)狀況,做好風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理績效(xiao)評估工作,對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)問題進行(xing)持續改進,形成(cheng)閉環(huan)(huan)管(guan)理。
三(san)、建設北京煙草(cao)法律(lv)風險管理體系
(一)目標和原則
北(bei)京(jing)煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體系建設(she)的(de)(de)目標是全(quan)面評(ping)估法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian),理(li)順工作流程(cheng),完善(shan)制(zhi)(zhi)度建設(she),提高法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)(zhi)能力,建成一套科學(xue)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體系,形(xing)成科學(xue)決策、依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)政(zheng)、依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)經營(ying)(ying)、依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)良(liang)好局面,實(shi)現北(bei)京(jing)煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)持(chi)續平穩健康發(fa)展(zhan)。北(bei)京(jing)煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體系的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze):要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)服務中(zhong)心原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze),與行(xing)業(ye)(ye)行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)生(sheng)產經營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)各項活動(dong)、各個環節(jie)有機融(rong)合,妥善(shan)解決行(xing)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)面臨的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)問(wen)題;要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)全(quan)員參與原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze),明(ming)確(que)職(zhi)責(ze)與責(ze)任,充分(fen)調動(dong)各部(bu)門和(he)員工參與法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)積極性和(he)主動(dong)性,形(xing)成長效機制(zhi)(zhi);要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)重(zhong)點管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze),重(zhong)點管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)生(sheng)產經營(ying)(ying)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian),制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)重(zhong)大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)應急預案;要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)循序漸進(jin)(jin)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze),法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)結(jie)合行(xing)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)實(shi)際情況,與北(bei)京(jing)煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)整體管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)水平相適應,注重(zhong)實(shi)際效果,穩步推(tui)進(jin)(jin);堅持(chi)持(chi)續改進(jin)(jin)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)(ze),根據行(xing)業(ye)(ye)內外部(bu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)環境的(de)(de)動(dong)態變化(hua),不斷(duan)完善(shan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li),實(shi)現法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)全(quan)過程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)。
(二)加強組織領(ling)導
要(yao)(yao)健全完善法(fa)律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)組織領導機構,負責(ze)(ze)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)建設的(de)規(gui)劃實施(shi),形成各(ge)級(ji)領導層(ceng)層(ceng)抓、法(fa)規(gui)部門(men)牽(qian)頭(tou)管、各(ge)部門(men)和(he)全體(ti)(ti)員(yuan)工齊(qi)參與的(de)格局和(he)氛圍;要(yao)(yao)明(ming)確(que)工作(zuo)職責(ze)(ze),充分(fen)(fen)發揮法(fa)規(gui)部門(men)的(de)牽(qian)頭(tou)作(zuo)用(yong),負責(ze)(ze)溝通(tong)協調和(he)指(zhi)導推進法(fa)律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)建設工作(zuo);要(yao)(yao)充分(fen)(fen)發揮各(ge)職能部門(men)的(de)主體(ti)(ti)作(zuo)用(yong),認真落(luo)實員(yuan)工崗位法(fa)律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)(li)責(ze)(ze)任,在日常業務中全面落(luo)實法(fa)律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)各(ge)項(xiang)要(yao)(yao)求;要(yao)(yao)建立(li)獎懲考(kao)核制度,明(ming)確(que)責(ze)(ze)任追究;要(yao)(yao)充分(fen)(fen)發揮外聘人(ren)員(yuan)在法(fa)律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)(li)中的(de)作(zuo)用(yong),加強法(fa)律(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)(li)專業人(ren)才的(de)培養(yang)力度,不(bu)斷提(ti)升隊伍建設水(shui)平。
(三)完(wan)善法律風險管理制度(du)
要不斷(duan)健全完善(shan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度,實現(xian)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職(zhi)責和程(cheng)序的制度化(hua)(hua)、體系化(hua)(hua)。要不斷(duan)健全完善(shan)各項(xiang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度,借鑒法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估的結果(guo),不斷(duan)修改完善(shan)有(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)的管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度;強化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制流程(cheng),在事(shi)前(qian)、事(shi)中、事(shi)后等環節設置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)措施,使各崗(gang)位(wei)人(ren)員明確(que)其相關的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)點和控(kong)制措施,實現(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的流程(cheng)化(hua)(hua);對存(cun)在法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制盲點的業(ye)務或環節要及時制定(ding)相應的管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度,填(tian)補管(guan)(guan)理(li)空白。
(四)理順風險管理工作流程
要(yao)不斷(duan)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)完(wan)(wan)善法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)流程(cheng),認真做好法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)識別、評估(gu)、應(ying)對等具體工作。要(yao)不斷(duan)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)完(wan)(wan)善溝通(tong)和報告流程(cheng),在各個層級保持(chi)有效的內外部信(xin)息溝通(tong),提(ti)高(gao)溝通(tong)的效果和管理(li)效率。要(yao)不斷(duan)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)完(wan)(wan)善重大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)應(ying)急(ji)管理(li)流程(cheng),制(zhi)定重大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)應(ying)急(ji)預案,明(ming)(ming)確法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)預警機(ji)制(zhi),及時法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)預警信(xin)息,明(ming)(ming)確應(ying)急(ji)處理(li)的機(ji)構、流程(cheng)、應(ying)急(ji)資(zi)源等內容(rong),做到(dao)及時發現、快(kuai)速(su)反(fan)應(ying)、有效處置(zhi)。要(yao)不斷(duan)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)完(wan)(wan)善法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)評審流程(cheng),建立定期綜合報告和重大(da)事(shi)項特(te)殊報告規定,及時開展法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)評估(gu),不斷(duan)提(ti)升(sheng)管理(li)體系運行水平。
(五(wu))建設法律風(feng)險管理文化
企(qi)業(ye)(ye)全面法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部(bu)分(fen),對(dui)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)發展具有(you)至關(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)義。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)應當(dang)融入企(qi)業(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)建設全過(guo)程(cheng)。優(you)秀的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua),能(neng)夠促進法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)逐步推進,保(bao)障法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)實現。建立優(you)秀的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua),不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)蹴而就的(de)(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)漸進的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。要(yao)高度(du)重(zhong)視和(he)(he)(he)充分(fen)發揮領導層(ceng)對(dui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)態度(du)和(he)(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)示范和(he)(he)(he)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)用(yong);要(yao)采用(yong)多(duo)種方式對(dui)職工(gong)開展風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)意(yi)(yi)識、理(li)(li)(li)念(nian)、技(ji)能(neng)和(he)(he)(he)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)流程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓,樹立全員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)念(nian),使(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)識能(neng)夠轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)全體(ti)(ti)(ti)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)自覺行動(dong)(dong),形成全員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參與(yu)的(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好氛圍;要(yao)培(pei)養行業(ye)(ye)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)專門人(ren)才,不(bu)斷提(ti)升法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規部(bu)門和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)水平(ping)和(he)(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水平(ping),為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)活動(dong)(dong)提(ti)供法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)支持(chi);要(yao)加強一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)普法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)宣傳(chuan)和(he)(he)(he)專業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)知識培(pei)訓,將法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)與(yu)各項(xiang)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)活動(dong)(dong)有(you)機融合(he),力爭使(shi)全體(ti)(ti)(ti)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)做到積極(ji)學法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、謹慎守(shou)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、熟練用(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。
(六(liu))開發(fa)法(fa)律風險管理信息系統
篇7
關鍵詞:企業 風險管理 審計 開(kai)展
隨著(zhu)全(quan)球經濟一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)(hua)進程的加(jia)速,我國內(nei)部經濟環境也發生了相(xiang)應的變化(hua)(hua)(hua),諸多(duo)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)因素將(jiang)導致國內(nei)企(qi)業在運行發展(zhan)的過程中所面(mian)臨的各類風險(xian)(xian)不斷增(zeng)加(jia)。目前,國內(nei)企(qi)業全(quan)面(mian)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作仍處于起步階段(duan),規范的全(quan)面(mian)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系尚未完全(quan)建立。因此,企(qi)業內(nei)部審(shen)計(ji)部門在發揮(hui)對(dui)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作監督、評價職能的同時,通(tong)過運用“審(shen)、幫、促”的工(gong)作方法開展(zhan)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)審(shen)計(ji),幫助(zhu)企(qi)業收集(ji)風險(xian)(xian)信息(xi)、識別判斷風險(xian)(xian)、研(yan)究(jiu)防(fang)控(kong)措施、建立完善風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系。
一、企業風險(xian)管理的(de)現狀
以國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)為例,自2006年國資委《中央企(qi)業(ye)全(quan)面風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)指(zhi)引》后(hou),極大(da)地推動了(le)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)國有(you)大(da)中型企(qi)業(ye)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)對標(biao)國外先進企(qi)業(ye),大(da)部分國企(qi)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作(zuo)(zuo)還存(cun)在(zai)很大(da)的(de)差距(ju),尚(shang)處于起步階段。一是(shi)(shi)一些企(qi)業(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)職能不(bu)(bu)明確,未(wei)設立(li)獨立(li)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)機構;二是(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制度(du)(du)及管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)機制不(bu)(bu)健全(quan),風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)信息收集、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估(gu)等風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)基本制度(du)(du)尚(shang)未(wei)完全(quan)形(xing)成;風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)長效機制尚(shang)未(wei)建立(li);三(san)是(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)專業(ye)程度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)高(gao),量化評(ping)估(gu)工具(ju)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)少,信息技術應(ying)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)充分;四是(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)監督評(ping)價與改進機制尚(shang)未(wei)健全(quan),風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)審計工作(zuo)(zuo)尚(shang)未(wei)全(quan)面開展,沒有(you)構筑起風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)第三(san)道防(fang)線。
二、風險管理(li)審計的主要內容
(一)收集初始信息,識別風險
圍繞(rao)公司(si)戰略經(jing)營目標,收集與(yu)風(feng)險(xian)及風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)相(xiang)關的內外部(bu)環境信(xin)息,包括宏觀經(jing)濟環境信(xin)息、行業相(xiang)關風(feng)險(xian)信(xin)息、典(dian)型風(feng)險(xian)案例、歷史數(shu)據和未來(lai)預測等(deng)。對識別出來(lai)的風(feng)險(xian)進(jin)行描述(shu)和定(ding)義。
(二)運用(yong)技術模板,評(ping)估風險
運(yun)用定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)分析和(he)定(ding)(ding)量計(ji)算(suan)方(fang)法評估風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)等級。從風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)發生的可能性(xing)(xing)和(he)影響程度(du)兩個維度(du),按極低(di)、低(di)、中、高(gao)(gao)、極高(gao)(gao)五個級次進(jin)行計(ji)算(suan)(以1、2、3、4、5分值表示),確定(ding)(ding)重大風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)、重要風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)一般風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。
(三(san))檢查評(ping)價風險管理策略的否(fou)適當性和(he)應對措施的有效(xiao)性
根據風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)偏好和風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)承受度,檢查企業所選擇的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)承擔、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)規避(bi)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)轉移、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)轉換、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)對(dui)沖(chong)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)補(bu)償、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)等管理策略是(shi)(shi)否適當。檢查企業在風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)事(shi)件發生(sheng)前(qian)、中、后所采取的具體應(ying)對(dui)措施(shi)(shi),企業對(dui)可能發生(sheng)的各(ge)(ge)種風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)事(shi)件是(shi)(shi)否制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)各(ge)(ge)種解決預案,實施(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)否有效。
(四)確(que)定(ding)剩余風(feng)險等級
對(dui)(dui)固有(you)風(feng)險控(kong)制結果評(ping)價為有(you)效(xiao)的(de),認定(ding)剩余風(feng)險等級“一(yi)般”;對(dui)(dui)固有(you)風(feng)險控(kong)制評(ping)價為基本有(you)效(xiao)的(de),審計(ji)人員視(shi)具體風(feng)險情況(kuang)評(ping)估剩余風(feng)險等級;對(dui)(dui)固有(you)風(feng)險控(kong)制為無效(xiao)的(de),固有(you)風(feng)險等級即為剩余風(feng)險等級。
(五)檢(jian)查評價風(feng)險管(guan)理組織機構和風(feng)險管(guan)理文化的建立建設情況(kuang)
檢(jian)查企(qi)業(ye)(ye)風險(xian)管理(li)組織機(ji)構的建立健(jian)全情(qing)況,現(xian)有(you)機(ji)構設(she)置(zhi)是否(fou)適應全面(mian)風險(xian)管理(li)要求,各部門風險(xian)管理(li)職能是否(fou)有(you)效履行。檢(jian)查評價企(qi)業(ye)(ye)是否(fou)把風險(xian)管理(li)融入到企(qi)業(ye)(ye)文化建設(she)全過程,是否(fou)將(jiang)風險(xian)管理(li)意識轉(zhuan)化為(wei)員工(gong)的共同(tong)認識和自覺(jue)行動,是否(fou)建立了員工(gong)上崗前風險(xian)管理(li)培訓制度。
(六)檢(jian)查風(feng)險監控報告和考核問責制度的(de)落(luo)實情況
一是(shi)(shi)檢查企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)建立(li)了重(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)險(xian)預警制(zhi)(zhi)度,是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)實現對(dui)重(zhong)大風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)全過程(cheng)的(de)(de)動(dong)態監控。二是(shi)(shi)檢查企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)建立(li)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)報告(gao)制(zhi)(zhi)度,風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)基本(ben)流(liu)程(cheng)的(de)(de)信息溝通渠道是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)順(shun)暢(chang)。三是(shi)(shi)檢查企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)建立(li)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)事故的(de)(de)考核問責(ze)制(zhi)(zhi)度,對(dui)形成損失的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)事件,有無追究(jiu)相(xiang)關部門和(he)人員的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren),風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)責(ze)任(ren)落實是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)到位。
三、風(feng)險(xian)管理審計的方法
(一)立足于“審”,履(lv)行監督職能
在風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理(li)審計程(cheng)序(xu)中,首先需(xu)要企業以(yi)“審”為(wei)(wei)基點,緊扣住風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)所涉及的(de)重點工作(zuo)領域,將查(cha)找企業存在的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)導(dao)向,結(jie)(jie)合(he)實際情(qing)況充(chong)分(fen)識別(bie)組織內外(wai)所面臨的(de)各項(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),結(jie)(jie)合(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理(li)各項(xiang)(xiang)環境(jing)和內控(kong)要素,如組織目標、經(jing)營情(qing)況、管理(li)薄弱環節(jie)及問(wen)題進(jin)(jin)行訪談(tan)、查(cha)閱(yue)資(zi)料、記(ji)錄、歷史案例,評(ping)價(jia)(jia)其充(chong)分(fen)性,并進(jin)(jin)行分(fen)析性復核,對“風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)發生的(de)概率”和“風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)對企業目標產生的(de)影響(xiang)程(cheng)度”進(jin)(jin)行確認,評(ping)價(jia)(jia)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)應(ying)對措(cuo)施的(de)適當性和有效(xiao)性,并對剩余風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)等(deng)級進(jin)(jin)行認定。
(二(er))突出(chu)“幫扶”,幫助企業(ye)建立風險管理體系(xi)
鑒于(yu)大部分(fen)(fen)企業(ye)(ye)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)尚處于(yu)起步階段的(de)(de)客觀情(qing)(qing)況,審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)部門應(ying)(ying)充分(fen)(fen)發揮其“服(fu)務”職能(neng),采取(qu)“以審(shen)(shen)(shen)促(cu)建(jian)”的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)方式,幫(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)(ye)建(jian)立(li)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體系。例如:在(zai)項目實施初(chu)期,應(ying)(ying)對被審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)培訓,將(jiang)審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所掌握的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析識(shi)別(bie)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)方法傳授給(gei)(gei)被審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan);在(zai)實施過程中可與被審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一起收(shou)集分(fen)(fen)析風險(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)息,進(jin)(jin)行分(fen)(fen)析識(shi)別(bie),判斷風險(xian)(xian)(xian)等級(ji),研究應(ying)(ying)對措(cuo)(cuo)施,在(zai)審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)過程中教會被審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)如何識(shi)別(bie)防范風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。同時在(zai)開(kai)展(zhan)現(xian)場(chang)審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過程中,審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)還應(ying)(ying)向被審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)宣傳貫徹(che)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念,提高全員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)意識(shi);針對檢查情(qing)(qing)況,給(gei)(gei)被審(shen)(shen)(shen)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)位(wei)提出改進(jin)(jin)建(jian)議,幫(bang)助(zhu)(zhu)其完善相關制度措(cuo)(cuo)施,進(jin)(jin)而初(chu)進(jin)(jin)企業(ye)(ye)建(jian)立(li)較為完善的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體系。
四、結束語
全面(mian)(mian)風險管理(li)(li)是一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)長期、系統性的(de)工作,不可能(neng)一(yi)(yi)蹴而就(jiu),也不可能(neng)僅僅依靠某一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)力量即能(neng)完(wan)成(cheng),需要各企業(ye)上下共同努力,統籌規劃,分(fen)階段有重點推(tui)進(jin)實施。廣大(da)企業(ye)內審部門,作為風險管理(li)(li)工作的(de)第三道防線,應充分(fen)發揮“監(jian)督、服務”職能(neng),積極(ji)開展風險管理(li)(li)審計(ji),為促進(jin)我國企業(ye)全面(mian)(mian)風險管理(li)(li)工作的(de)提升貢獻力量。
參考文獻:
篇8
關鍵詞:全面風險管理;房地(di)產;開發;項目(mu)
中圖分類(lei)號:C93文(wen)獻標識(shi)碼(ma):A文(wen)章編號:1672-3198(2008)08-0075-02
1房地產(chan)開發(fa)項目全面風險管(guan)理的方法
全(quan)面(mian)(mian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體手段,建立風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)體系有助于各(ge)個(ge)(ge)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體執行(xing)。經過多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)更加成(cheng)熟和多樣化(hua),為房地(di)產開(kai)發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)全(quan)部(bu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)分析提供了(le)可能(neng)。房地(di)產開(kai)發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)體系猶(you)如一個(ge)(ge)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)庫(ku),將各(ge)個(ge)(ge)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)匯總起來,比較各(ge)種方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點和缺(que)點,找出其在(zai)房地(di)產開(kai)發(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適用范圍,在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)時,可以針對各(ge)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點快速選擇有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)進(jin)行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)性和定(ding)量分析。
在全面(mian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理框架中(zhong)目(mu)標體(ti)(ti)(ti)系是(shi)(shi)核心,所有(you)的(de)人員、流(liu)程和(he)方法必(bi)須圍(wei)繞風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)目(mu)標制(zhi)定和(he)執行;組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系是(shi)(shi)基礎,從組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度上保證風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理各項(xiang)工作的(de)順(shun)利進(jin)行,培養(yang)全員風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)氛(fen)圍(wei);流(liu)程體(ti)(ti)(ti)系是(shi)(shi)關鍵,房(fang)地(di)產開發項(xiang)目(mu)全過程的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)都要(yao)按照風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理流(liu)程進(jin)行風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)識別、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)分析、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)處理和(he)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)監控;方法體(ti)(ti)(ti)系是(shi)(shi)手段,促進(jin)全部風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)管(guan)(guan)理。四大體(ti)(ti)(ti)系相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成,共同構成了一個相(xiang)對完整的(de)房(fang)地(di)產項(xiang)目(mu)全面(mian)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)(ti)(ti)系。各個體(ti)(ti)(ti)系的(de)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)關系(如圖1)。
2房地(di)產開發項目全面風(feng)險(xian)管理的流程
2.1房地(di)產開發項目(mu)風險(xian)識(shi)別(bie)
房地產(chan)開(kai)發項目(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)識別(bie)是(shi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理的(de)基礎(chu)。主要(yao)用來確(que)定(ding)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)來源(yuan)和進(jin)行風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)分(fen)類的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)識別(bie)是(shi)在房地產(chan)開(kai)發項目(mu)(mu)工作分(fen)解(jie)的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)進(jin)行的(de),即針對房地產(chan)開(kai)發項目(mu)(mu)的(de)不(bu)同(tong)階段,進(jin)行風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)識別(bie)。不(bu)同(tong)階段的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)因素不(bu)同(tong),風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)分(fen)類和分(fen)組的(de)依據(ju)也不(bu)同(tong)。
2.2房地產開發項目(mu)風險評估
房地(di)產開發(fa)(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)估是(shi)通過(guo)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)定(ding)性分析和(he)定(ding)量分析,估計(ji)房地(di)產開發(fa)(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)生的(de)(de)概率和(he)可(ke)(ke)能產生的(de)(de)后果,在此基礎(chu)上將風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)按照高、中、低風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行排序,編制風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)列表,最后根據風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)程度(du)進(jin)行專題風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)研究的(de)(de)過(guo)程。值得注意(yi)的(de)(de)是(shi),房地(di)產開發(fa)(fa)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)進(jin)度(du)、成(cheng)本(ben)、質量風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)分析的(de)(de)范(fan)圍比建筑工程項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)進(jin)度(du)、成(cheng)本(ben)和(he)質量的(de)(de)范(fan)圍要寬,應該從項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)可(ke)(ke)行性研究、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)規(gui)劃設計(ji)、建設和(he)經營各(ge)個階(jie)段的(de)(de)工作特點來(lai)對(dui)其可(ke)(ke)能出現的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行分析。
2.3房地產開發項目風險監控(kong)
房地(di)產(chan)開發項(xiang)目風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)控是(shi)(shi)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)應對(dui)計(ji)劃執行情況(kuang)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)正和(he)提高的(de)(de)過程(cheng),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)房地(di)產(chan)開發項(xiang)目風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理有效實(shi)施的(de)(de)保(bao)障。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)控不僅僅依(yi)據風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)應對(dui)計(ji)劃采取風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)應對(dui)措施,還應該(gai)隨著項(xiang)目的(de)(de)深入,對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識別、評估(gu)的(de)(de)結果進行修(xiu)(xiu)正,對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)應對(dui)計(ji)劃進行修(xiu)(xiu)改,即風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)識別、評估(gu)、應對(dui)、監(jian)控和(he)再識別的(de)(de)循環(huan)過程(cheng)。
3房地產開發項目全(quan)面風險的應(ying)對策略
3.1風險回避
風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)回(hui)(hui)避(bi)(bi)是根據(ju)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)預測(ce)評價,經過權衡(heng)利(li)弊得失(shi),采(cai)取放棄、中止開(kai)(kai)發項(xiang)目,或(huo)改變開(kai)(kai)發項(xiang)目條件,以避(bi)(bi)開(kai)(kai)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)源地,從(cong)根本上(shang)消除風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)隱患的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施。通常(chang)(chang)潛在威脅(xie)發生可(ke)能性太(tai)大,或(huo)可(ke)能損失(shi)后果太(tai)嚴重,又無其他風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理措(cuo)(cuo)施可(ke)用(yong)時(shi),常(chang)(chang)采(cai)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)回(hui)(hui)避(bi)(bi)。風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)回(hui)(hui)避(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)做法大體可(ke)分為兩種:一種是放棄或(huo)終止某項(xiang)可(ke)能引起風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)活動;另一種是改變活動方(fang)案,或(huo)改變工作(zuo)方(fang)法。可(ke)以看(kan)出,風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)回(hui)(hui)避(bi)(bi)是一種消極的(de)(de)(de)防范手(shou)段,有些迫不得己的(de)(de)(de)意味(wei)。因為回(hui)(hui)避(bi)(bi)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)雖然(ran)能避(bi)(bi)免損失(shi),但同時(shi)也失(shi)去了獲(huo)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)機會(hui)。所以,在選取風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應對措(cuo)(cuo)施時(shi)最好慎用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)回(hui)(hui)避(bi)(bi)這種防范手(shou)段。
3.2風險控制
風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)是指在風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)事件發生(sheng)前、發生(sheng)時及發生(sheng)后,采(cai)取的(de)(de)降低風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)發生(sheng)概(gai)率(lv),縮(suo)小風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)程度(du)的(de)(de)措施(shi)。根據風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de),風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)可以分為風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)預防(fang)和風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)抑制(zhi)。前者以降低風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)發生(sheng)概(gai)率(lv)為目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de);后者以縮(suo)小風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)程度(du)為目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)從(cong)主(zhu)動采(cai)取預防(fang)措施(shi)入手,消(xiao)除和減少風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)隱患,降低損(sun)失(shi)(shi)發生(sheng)頻率(lv)和損(sun)失(shi)(shi)程度(du)。因而,它是一種積(ji)極的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理措施(shi)。由于風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)成本(ben)低、效益好(hao),不會產生(sheng)不良后遺癥(zheng)。因此對于房地(di)產開發過(guo)程中的(de)(de)種種風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian),應優先采(cai)用風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)。3.3風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)移
風(feng)(feng)(feng)險轉(zhuan)移是指(zhi)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)商在開(kai)(kai)發(fa)過程(cheng)中,有意(yi)識地將自己不(bu)(bu)能(neng)承擔或不(bu)(bu)愿承擔的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險轉(zhuan)嫁給其他(ta)經(jing)濟單位承擔所(suo)采取的(de)措施。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險轉(zhuan)移與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險回避不(bu)(bu)同,它不(bu)(bu)是放棄或中止項目開(kai)(kai)發(fa),而(er)是將開(kai)(kai)發(fa)活動中風(feng)(feng)(feng)險可能(neng)所(suo)致損失(shi)的(de)法(fa)律責任轉(zhuan)嫁給他(ta)人(ren)承擔。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險轉(zhuan)移也不(bu)(bu)同于(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險控(kong)制,它不(bu)(bu)像(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險控(kong)制那(nei)樣是直接調節風(feng)(feng)(feng)險因素達(da)到降(jiang)低風(feng)(feng)(feng)險損失(shi)概率和(he)程(cheng)度(du),而(er)是將風(feng)(feng)(feng)臉轉(zhuan)移出(chu)去而(er)間接達(da)到降(jiang)低自身的(de)損失(shi)程(cheng)度(du)。
風險(xian)(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)移的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)途(tu)徑(jing)有合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)證、期(qi)貨和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)形(xing)式有固定總價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)、成本報酬(chou)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)、單價合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)等;保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)有財產保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、責(ze)任保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)人身險(xian)(xian)(xian)。各種(zhong)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)對開(kai)發商(shang)和(he)承包商(shang)的(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)程度不同(tong)(tong),開(kai)發商(shang)可(ke)以根據項目的(de)情(qing)況,采取適當的(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)形(xing)式,合(he)(he)(he)理轉(zhuan)移風險(xian)(xian)(xian),參(can)見表1。
風(feng)(feng)險(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)一般在(zai)以下(xia)情(qing)況下(xia)采用:(1)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)方和(he)被(bei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)方(風(feng)(feng)險(xian)接受方)之(zhi)間的(de)損失可以清楚地計算和(he)劃分,否則雙方之(zhi)間無法(fa)進行(xing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi);(2)被(bei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)人能夠且(qie)愿意(yi)承擔適當的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian);(3)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移(yi)的(de)成(cheng)本低于其他(ta)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理措施(shi)。
3.險自留
風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)房(fang)(fang)地產(chan)開發(fa)者(zhe)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)承擔風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事件所致損失。在(zai)房(fang)(fang)地產(chan)開發(fa)中,對一些(xie)無法回避,難以控制(zhi)和(he)轉移的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),或因冒該風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可能獲得較大(da)(da)(da)利益時,在(zai)不影(ying)響開發(fa)者(zhe)根(gen)本(ben)利益、大(da)(da)(da)局(ju)利益的前提下,常(chang)采取風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)措施。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)可分成兩大(da)(da)(da)類(lei):計劃(hua)性風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)非計劃(hua)性風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)。計劃(hua)性風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)主動(dong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu),其具(ju)體措施有(you):(l)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);(2)專屬保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);(3)損失攤銷;(4)借款補(bu)償;(5)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)負額保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。非計劃(hua)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)被動(dong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu),通過風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應急準備(bei)金來應對。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)對策應與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)對策結合使用,實(shi)行風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)對策時,應盡可能地保(bao)證重大(da)(da)(da)項目風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)己(ji)經(jing)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或實(shi)施了風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)計劃(hua)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)對策也應與(yu)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)對策相(xiang)比較,以便做出更利于節約風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理成本(ben)的決(jue)定。
3.5風險利用
風(feng)險利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)是(shi)指開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)商(shang)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)人們懼(ju)怕風(feng)險、追求安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)(li),通(tong)過(guo)參與確實(shi)(shi)存在(zai)風(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)活動,依靠自身扎實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作(zuo),興(xing)利(li)(li)(li)抑弊,謀求自身最大(da)收益的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為。風(feng)險利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)是(shi)風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較高(gao)層次(ci),對風(feng)險管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)水平(ping)要求較高(gao),必須(xu)具有(you)(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目經(jing)驗,嫻熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)技巧和高(gao)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)應變能力,才能對風(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)(de)可利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)性和可利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)價值(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)分析(xi),有(you)(you)效利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)。例如在(zai)當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)市(shi)(shi)場化的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下,經(jing)營性土(tu)地(di)(di)必須(xu)通(tong)過(guo)招拍掛(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式取得。但是(shi)有(you)(you)些精明的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)地(di)(di)產(chan)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)商(shang)卻另辟蹊徑,從(cong)土(tu)地(di)(di)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)入(ru)手,通(tong)過(guo)爭取某地(di)(di)塊土(tu)地(di)(di)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)權(quan),為獲得二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)權(quan)打(da)基礎(chu)。因(yin)為如果進行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)土(tu)地(di)(di)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa),就從(cong)某種程度上(shang)提前對土(tu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關信息(xi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)了(le)解。在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)土(tu)地(di)(di)進入(ru)二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)市(shi)(shi)場上(shang)市(shi)(shi)交易(yi)時具有(you)(you)先天的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi),獲取二級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾率就更大(da)。即(ji)所(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)“曲線拿地(di)(di)”,就是(shi)很好地(di)(di)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)了(le)政策風(feng)險。
4房地產開發項目全(quan)面風險(xian)應對中(zhong)注意的問題
4.1制定風險應對計劃(hua)應具有針(zhen)對性(xing)
風險(xian)應(ying)對(dui)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)制定是風險(xian)管理的(de)(de)關鍵環節(jie),由于項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)獨特性和(he)唯一性,在制定應(ying)對(dui)措施時(shi)不(bu)可能(neng)照搬(ban)現有(you)的(de)(de)模式,必(bi)須根據項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)自身的(de)(de)條件和(he)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)風險(xian)識(shi)別(bie)、評估的(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo),提出(chu)有(you)針對(dui)性的(de)(de)解(jie)決方案(an)。同時(shi)在制定應(ying)對(dui)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)時(shi)必(bi)須克服(fu)僥幸心理,為了減(jian)少費用支出(chu),不(bu)對(dui)風險(xian)做有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)防(fang)范。
4.2注(zhu)重(zhong)應(ying)對管理方法的組合
無論是(shi)風險(xian)(xian)控制、風險(xian)(xian)轉移還是(shi)風險(xian)(xian)自留等,每種(zhong)風險(xian)(xian)應(ying)對(dui)措施都有它的局(ju)限性,面(mian)對(dui)復雜多(duo)變的風險(xian)(xian),應(ying)注(zhu)重多(duo)種(zhong)方法的組(zu)合(he),根(gen)據項目的具體情況做出多(duo)種(zhong)方案,按照優先級進行(xing)排序(xu),避免(mian)單一方案無效帶來的措手(shou)不及。
4.3注意應對管理的經濟性
為了避免(mian)或(huo)減輕風險(xian)(xian)(xian)獲取(qu)較高的(de)(de)回報(bao),必須付出(chu)一定的(de)(de)代價。但是本著(zhu)節省(sheng)的(de)(de)原則,有必要對(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)措施的(de)(de)有效性(xing)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)性(xing)做一個(ge)(ge)綜合評估(gu)。比(bi)如在(zai)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)不可預測的(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)時,往(wang)往(wang)可以采取(qu)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)自留(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)法,但是哪個(ge)(ge)方(fang)法更轉經濟(ji)有效呢,就(jiu)可以根(gen)據投保(bao)的(de)(de)費用(yong)和(he)(he)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)預留(liu)(liu)金的(de)(de)支(zhi)出(chu)做一個(ge)(ge)比(bi)較,從(cong)而選出(chu)更加經濟(ji)有效的(de)(de)措施。
參考文獻
[1]陳蕾.當前房地(di)產宏觀調控(kong)政(zheng)策特點及政(zheng)策效應思考[J].中國城(cheng)市經濟(ji),2007,(8).
[2]陳煌(huang)紅,張欣.房(fang)地產開發(fa)項目全(quan)面風險管理[J].西南科技大學學報(bao),2006,(3).
篇9
關鍵詞:企(qi)業會計(ji)信息(xi);風險(xian)識(shi)別;管理分(fen)析
中圖分(fen)類號:F23 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1001-828X(2013)11-0-01
風(feng)(feng)險就是(shi)未來可能(neng)發生的(de)(de)不(bu)確定性的(de)(de)結果(guo),在(zai)財務管(guan)理(li)(li)方面不(bu)論何(he)(he)種風(feng)(feng)險都會(hui)造成重大(da)(da)損(sun)失,因此需(xu)要對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效識(shi)別和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)(li),以最大(da)(da)限(xian)度(du)降(jiang)低風(feng)(feng)險成本。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)會(hui)計(ji)信息(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)統可以有(you)效維護企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)整體運行(xing),企(qi)業(ye)(ye)對(dui)會(hui)計(ji)信息(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)統進(jin)行(xing)風(feng)(feng)險識(shi)別和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)不(bu)僅是(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)財務規避風(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)需(xu)要,也是(shi)整個企(qi)業(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)需(xu)要。但(dan)目前我國在(zai)會(hui)計(ji)信息(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)統風(feng)(feng)險識(shi)別和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)(li)方面的(de)(de)研究還很(hen)少(shao),企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)會(hui)計(ji)信息(xi)(xi)風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)方面的(de)(de)認識(shi)和(he)(he)經(jing)驗還不(bu)足(zu),很(hen)多企(qi)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)保證會(hui)計(ji)信息(xi)(xi)安全傾(qing)盡了大(da)(da)量財力、物力卻沒有(you)任何(he)(he)效果(guo)。因此企(qi)業(ye)(ye)如(ru)何(he)(he)識(shi)別風(feng)(feng)險,并(bing)采取措施(shi)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)針對(dui)性的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li),需(xu)要企(qi)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)(li)者認真(zhen)思(si)考(kao)總結,以對(dui)癥(zheng)下(xia)藥。
一、企業(ye)會計信息(xi)風險識別
1.會計信息(xi)風險(xian)識別的定義和重(zhong)要性
對事(shi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)可(ke)以幫助企(qi)業管理(li)者(zhe)熟(shu)悉影響業務(wu)活動的(de)(de)(de)各種因素,但(dan)事(shi)件(jian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)無法清(qing)楚(chu)了解這些事(shi)件(jian)蘊含著怎樣的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)。因此企(qi)業管理(li)者(zhe)在了解事(shi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),更應分(fen)析這些復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)件(jian)蘊含了哪些“風(feng)(feng)險(xian)”,即風(feng)(feng)險(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)。企(qi)業會計信(xin)息(xi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)可(ke)以將不確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)件(jian)轉(zhuan)化為清(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)陳(chen)述(shu),在事(shi)件(jian)識(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)和風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評估之間起(qi)到橋梁的(de)(de)(de)作用。
2.會計信息風險識別的內容
企業會計(ji)信息風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)識別(bie)可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)為(wei)三個(ge)方(fang)面:(1)利(li)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)檢查(cha)表來(lai)系統地識別(bie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian);(2)對已(yi)知(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)進(jin)行(xing)交流。采用口頭或(huo)書面的方(fang)式,在企業會議上(shang)針對已(yi)知(zhi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)進(jin)行(xing)交流;(3)將已(yi)知(zhi)的風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)編(bian)寫成文檔,可(ke)以(yi)方(fang)便以(yi)后(hou)查(cha)閱。文檔內容(rong)從風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)陳述和(he)相關(guan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的背(bei)景兩個(ge)方(fang)面來(lai)寫,風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)背(bei)景中要包括風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)發生的時間、地點、原因(yin)和(he)后(hou)果[1]。
3.會計信息風險識(shi)別的(de)方(fang)法(fa)
企業(ye)(ye)會(hui)計(ji)信(xin)息識別(bie)(bie)風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)有(you)(you)很多,財(cai)會(hui)人員可(ke)以通(tong)過分析公司歷年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務報表,加強與部(bu)門(men)經理(li)的(de)(de)(de)討論溝通(tong),多進行員工調查,或咨詢保險(xian)(xian)人和(he)風險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)咨詢顧問等方(fang)式,以此識別(bie)(bie)各(ge)種潛在(zai)風險(xian)(xian)。財(cai)會(hui)管(guan)理(li)者在(zai)運用各(ge)種風險(xian)(xian)識別(bie)(bie)方(fang)法(fa)時,首先(xian)要全(quan)面(mian)了解部(bu)門(men)、企業(ye)(ye)以及(ji)影響企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)經濟、法(fa)律和(he)法(fa)規等“事(shi)件”。有(you)(you)效識別(bie)(bie)面(mian)臨風險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項財(cai)產以及(ji)造成潛在(zai)損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)原因,考慮對這些(xie)財(cai)產進行計(ji)量的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。綜合各(ge)種計(ji)量屬(shu)性的(de)(de)(de)優缺(que)點,選擇合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)估價方(fang)法(fa)。
二、企業會(hui)計信息風險管理分析
1.會(hui)計信息(xi)風險評估
企(qi)業(ye)會(hui)計信(xin)息(xi)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)即(ji)對會(hui)計信(xin)息(xi)及(ji)信(xin)息(xi)處理(li)設施可能(neng)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)威(wei)脅和(he)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)。企(qi)業(ye)財會(hui)部(bu)門利用風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)可以(yi)有(you)效考(kao)慮潛在風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)對會(hui)計目標達成的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang),以(yi)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)會(hui)計信(xin)息(xi)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)優先(xian)(xian)級,實(shi)現對潛在風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效控制,將風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)降低到(dao)最小范(fan)圍。風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)時管理(li)者首先(xian)(xian)應(ying)考(kao)慮到(dao)企(qi)業(ye)資產及(ji)其價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在威(wei)脅,研究風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性(xing)和(he)薄弱(ruo)點,建立(li)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)流程(cheng)。風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)方(fang)法(fa)分為定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)和(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量兩種,對于不能(neng)量化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)不能(neng)進行定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量評(ping)(ping)價(jia),實(shi)踐中沒有(you)實(shi)用性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)采用定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)方(fang)法(fa)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)分析方(fang)法(fa)側重于關注事(shi)件帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi),而很(hen)少關注事(shi)件發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率,主要是通(tong)過事(shi)件面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)威(wei)脅和(he)脆弱(ruo)點來(lai)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)事(shi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)等級,評(ping)(ping)估(gu)中也沒有(you)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)數據,以(yi)期(qi)望值(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)設定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)值(zhi)(zhi)和(he)概率值(zhi)(zhi)[2]。
當單純的(de)期望值不(bu)能區(qu)分(fen)風險(xian)值間(jian)的(de)差別時(shi),就需(xu)用(yong)(yong)定量評估(gu)法(fa)。定量評估(gu)主要是利用(yong)(yong)威脅事件發生的(de)概率和可能造成的(de)損失這兩個(ge)(ge)因素,這兩個(ge)(ge)因素相(xiang)(xiang)乘的(de)結果稱為ALE。通過ALE可以計算出(chu)風險(xian)等(deng)級(ji),以對此做(zuo)出(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)決策。不(bu)同規(gui)模(mo)的(de)企(qi)業(ye)風險(xian)評估(gu)工具的(de)選(xuan)擇不(bu)同,比較(jiao)小的(de)企(qi)業(ye)財(cai)會(hui)部門的(de)風險(xian)管(guan)理決策主要來自經驗判斷(duan),對于(yu)規(gui)模(mo)較(jiao)大的(de)企(qi)業(ye)一般(ban)通過數據(ju)(ju)收(shou)集、處理分(fen)析來進(jin)行風險(xian)評估(gu)。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)風險(xian)評估(gu)工具有使用(yong)(yong)歷史(shi)數據(ju)(ju)法(fa)、使用(yong)(yong)回歸分(fen)析方(fang)法(fa)和使用(yong)(yong)正態(tai)分(fen)布模(mo)擬損失分(fen)布等(deng)。
2.會計信息風險(xian)應(ying)對
在企(qi)業會計信息風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)中(zhong),首先應(ying)(ying)(ying)以(yi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評估的(de)(de)結果(guo)為依(yi)據(ju),判斷(duan)威脅事件的(de)(de)薄弱點,選(xuan)擇合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)手段和正確的(de)(de)保護措施。其次,也應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)考慮到費用(yong)問題,確保應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)措施的(de)(de)費用(yong)在財(cai)會部(bu)門預(yu)算(suan)范圍之內。根據(ju)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)措施的(de)(de)費用(yong)和部(bu)門的(de)(de)實際預(yu)算(suan)選(xuan)擇合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)方(fang)式,達到降低風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。常見的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)方(fang)法有規避風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、減(jian)輕風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、承擔風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和接受風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)發(fa)生是(shi)隨機和不確定(ding)的(de)(de),因此風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)也是(shi)一個動(dong)態的(de)(de)過程(cheng),財(cai)會部(bu)門應(ying)(ying)(ying)使用(yong)動(dong)態的(de)(de)方(fang)法應(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),及(ji)時更新風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)體系。
3.會計信息風險監控
企(qi)(qi)業會計(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)風(feng)險(xian)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)是財務(wu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)風(feng)險(xian)管理的(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)(bu)分(fen),可以(yi)通(tong)(tong)過持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)和(he)單獨評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)兩種方(fang)式實現。在(zai)企(qi)(qi)業財務(wu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)日(ri)(ri)常業務(wu)活(huo)動(dong)中實行(xing)持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),依靠(kao)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)(ping)估和(he)持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)有(you)效性(xing)進行(xing)單獨評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)。持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)是財務(wu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)對(dui)日(ri)(ri)常工作(zuo)和(he)業務(wu)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)動(dong)態監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),財會部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)在(zai)工作(zuo)中如發現風(feng)險(xian)管理的(de)缺陷應立即向上級匯(hui)報(bao),以(yi)采取相應措(cuo)施彌(mi)補。通(tong)(tong)過日(ri)(ri)常的(de)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)可以(yi)及(ji)時(shi)發現會計(ji)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)管理中的(de)各種問題,以(yi)規(gui)避風(feng)險(xian)。在(zai)風(feng)險(xian)事件發生(sheng)后進行(xing)個別評(ping)(ping)估,探(tan)討財會部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)風(feng)險(xian)管理的(de)有(you)效性(xing),重視對(dui)事件缺陷的(de)挖掘與匯(hui)報(bao),建立可靠(kao)的(de)溝通(tong)(tong)渠(qu)道,及(ji)時(shi)匯(hui)報(bao)一些敏感或非法(fa)的(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)[3]。
三、結語
在激(ji)烈(lie)的(de)市場競(jing)爭中(zhong),企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在經(jing)營(ying)管理的(de)各個環節,不可避(bi)免的(de)會(hui)存在一定風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),這些風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)可能對(dui)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)產生重(zhong)大影響。有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)規避(bi)和(he)化解企(qi)業(ye)(ye)會(hui)計(ji)信息中(zhong)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian),是確保(bao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在激(ji)烈(lie)的(de)競(jing)爭中(zhong)持續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)基本(ben)要求。財會(hui)部門作為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)核心部門,在日(ri)常(chang)工(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)該建(jian)立有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理體(ti)制,對(dui)可能發(fa)生的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)進(jin)行評估,并采取(qu)相應(ying)(ying)的(de)措施(shi)應(ying)(ying)對(dui),也(ye)要實施(shi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)持續監控制度,積極挖掘財會(hui)工(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)的(de)各種風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理缺陷,以此規避(bi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)減(jian)少企(qi)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)濟損失。
參考文獻:
[1]李華(hua)麗(li).淺論會計風險管理(li)存(cun)在的問(wen)題(ti)[J].中國市場,2010,5(26):21-23.
篇10
一、風險管理內涵
企(qi)業(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)可以提高(gao)資(zi)(zi)金使用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv),實現(xian)產業(ye)(ye)結(jie)構調整,不(bu)斷擴大(da)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)規(gui)模,增強盈利(li)水平和(he)(he)提高(gao)市場(chang)競爭力。但(dan)是,企(qi)業(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)不(bu)斷對(dui)(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)、不(bu)斷擴大(da)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)規(gui)模,提高(gao)經濟效(xiao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時也面臨著巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。無數案例說明,對(dui)(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)敗(bai)關系企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)死(si)存亡,對(dui)(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重中(zhong)之重。我國(guo)內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)協會2005年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)具體準則16號――企(qi)業(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)》中(zhong)指出“風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li),是對(dui)(dui)影響組(zu)織目(mu)標實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種不(bu)確定(ding)性事件進(jin)行識(shi)別(bie)與(yu)評估,并(bing)采(cai)取應(ying)對(dui)(dui)措施將其(qi)影響控制在(zai)(zai)可接受(shou)范圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)旨在(zai)(zai)為(wei)組(zu)織目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)提供(gong)合理(li)(li)(li)(li)保證。”企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標在(zai)(zai)于幫(bang)助企(qi)業(ye)(ye)實現(xian)目(mu)標。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標決定(ding)了(le)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)于:通(tong)過(guo)內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)機(ji)構和(he)(he)人員對(dui)(dui)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)解,審(shen)(shen)查并(bing)評價(jia)其(qi)適當(dang)性和(he)(he)有(you)效(xiao)性,提出改進(jin)建議,促進(jin)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)在(zai)(zai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)擔(dan)當(dang)著重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色,他(ta)們更了(le)解企(qi)業(ye)(ye)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)因素(su),具有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)經驗,有(you)利(li)于將內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)源和(he)(he)成(cheng)果(guo)與(yu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制相結(jie)合。參與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)已成(cheng)為(wei)內(nei)部(bu)審(shen)(shen)計(ji)人員義不(bu)容辭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任。
二、企業對外投資(zi)風險(xian)分析
企(qi)業(ye)對外投資(zi)(zi)的主要風(feng)(feng)險從風(feng)(feng)險來源上可(ke)(ke)以(yi)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)“外部(bu)風(feng)(feng)險和內部(bu)風(feng)(feng)險”;從企(qi)業(ye)控(kong)制能力方面分(fen)(fen)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)“系統(tong)性風(feng)(feng)險和非系統(tong)性風(feng)(feng)險”;從資(zi)(zi)金要素分(fen)(fen)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)“技術風(feng)(feng)險與(yu)財務風(feng)(feng)險”;從市(shi)場因素上可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)“資(zi)(zi)金市(shi)場風(feng)(feng)險與(yu)商品(pin)市(shi)場風(feng)(feng)險”等。
(一)外部風險(xian)與內部風險(xian)
外(wai)部(bu)(bu)風(feng)險是(shi)指(zhi)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)環境中(zhong)對企(qi)業(ye)對外(wai)投資(zi)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)實現產生影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定性,其主(zhu)要來源(yuan)于以下(xia)因(yin)素(su)(su):國家法(fa)律、法(fa)規及政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)變化;經濟環境的(de)(de)(de)變化;科技的(de)(de)(de)快速發展;行業(ye)競爭、資(zi)源(yuan)及市場變化;自然災害及意外(wai)損失等(deng)。內部(bu)(bu)風(feng)險是(shi)指(zhi)內部(bu)(bu)環境中(zhong)對企(qi)業(ye)對外(wai)投資(zi)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)實現產生影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定性,其主(zhu)要來源(yuan)于以下(xia)因(yin)素(su)(su):組(zu)(zu)(zu)織治(zhi)理(li)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)缺陷;組(zu)(zu)(zu)織經營活動的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點;組(zu)(zu)(zu)織資(zi)產的(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)以及資(zi)產管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)局限性;組(zu)(zu)(zu)織信息系統的(de)(de)(de)故障或中(zhong)斷;組(zu)(zu)(zu)織人員的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德品(pin)質(zhi)、業(ye)務素(su)(su)質(zhi)未達到要求等(deng)。
(二)技術風險(xian)與財務風險(xian)
科(ke)技(ji)的(de)(de)進步,推(tui)動了生產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術和(he)(he)生產(chan)(chan)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)不動更(geng)新(xin),各(ge)種(zhong)新(xin)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)新(xin)技(ji)術不斷涌現,企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)外(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)技(ji)術風(feng)險(xian)就是企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)技(ji)術更(geng)新(xin)的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)。而(er)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)財務風(feng)險(xian)就是當(dang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)外(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目的(de)(de)效益達不到預計(ji)要求、現金(jin)流(liu)動性差,從而(er)影響企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)盈利能力(li)、資(zi)產(chan)(chan)運(yun)營能力(li)和(he)(he)償債能力(li),使(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)面臨財務上的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)。
(三(san))資金市場風(feng)險(xian)與商品市場風(feng)險(xian)
資金市場(chang)(chang)風險包括匯(hui)率、利(li)率變化的(de)(de)影響。產(chan)品市場(chang)(chang)風險主要有消(xiao)費者與用(yong)戶消(xiao)費嗜好或使(shi)用(yong)形(xing)式的(de)(de)變化、市場(chang)(chang)容量和市場(chang)(chang)環境的(de)(de)變化、新產(chan)品新技(ji)術的(de)(de)產(chan)生與發展對原產(chan)品市場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)影響等(deng)。
三、對(dui)外投資風險(xian)管(guan)理審計的內容
(一)對外投(tou)資風(feng)險管(guan)理機制的審查與評(ping)價
企業的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)外投(tou)資(zi)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)是企業進行對(dui)(dui)外投(tou)資(zi)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)基礎,良好(hao)的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)是企業對(dui)(dui)外投(tou)資(zi)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理是否有效的(de)(de)前提。因此(ci),內部審計部門或人員需要審查以下方面(mian),以確定企業對(dui)(dui)外投(tou)資(zi)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)健全性及有效性。
1.審查對(dui)外投資風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理組織機構(gou)的健(jian)全性。企業(ye)必須根(gen)(gen)據規(gui)模大小、管(guan)理水平、風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)程度以及生產經營的性質(zhi)等方面的特點,在全體(ti)員工參與合作和專(zhuan)業(ye)管(guan)理相結(jie)合的基礎上,建立(li)一個包括風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理負責人、一般專(zhuan)業(ye)管(guan)理人、非專(zhuan)業(ye)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理人和外部(bu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理服務等規(gui)范化的風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理組織體(ti)系。該體(ti)系應根(gen)(gen)據風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產生的原因和階段不(bu)斷地進行動態(tai)調整,并通過(guo)健(jian)全的制度來明確相互之(zhi)間(jian)的責、權、利,使企業(ye)的風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理體(ti)系成為(wei)一個有機整體(ti)。
2.審查對外投資(zi)風險管(guan)理程序的(de)(de)合理性(xing)。企業風險管(guan)理機構應當(dang)采用(yong)適當(dang)的(de)(de)對外投資(zi)風險管(guan)理程序,以確保(bao)對外投資(zi)風險管(guan)理的(de)(de)有效性(xing)。
3.審(shen)查對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)預(yu)警(jing)系統的(de)(de)存在及有(you)效性。企業進行(xing)對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是避免對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、減少(shao)對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),因(yin)此,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理的(de)(de)首要(yao)工作是建立對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)預(yu)警(jing)系統,即通過對(dui)對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)項(xiang)目風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行(xing)科(ke)學的(de)(de)預(yu)測分(fen)析,預(yu)計可能(neng)發(fa)生的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),并(bing)提醒有(you)關(guan)部門采取有(you)力的(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)。企業的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理機構和人員應密切注(zhu)意與(yu)對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)項(xiang)目相關(guan)的(de)(de)各(ge)種內外(wai)因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)發(fa)展趨勢,從對(dui)各(ge)因(yin)素(su)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)動態中(zhong)分(fen)析、預(yu)測對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)發(fa)生的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),進行(xing)對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)預(yu)警(jing)。
(二(er))對外投資(zi)風險識別的適(shi)當性(xing)及(ji)有效性(xing)的審查
對(dui)外(wai)投(tou)資風(feng)險(xian)識別(bie)是指對(dui)企(qi)業面臨的以及潛(qian)在的對(dui)外(wai)投(tou)資風(feng)險(xian)加以判斷、歸類和鑒定風(feng)險(xian)性質的過(guo)程。內部審計(ji)人員應當實施必要(yao)的審計(ji)程序,對(dui)對(dui)外(wai)投(tou)資風(feng)險(xian)識別(bie)過(guo)程進行審查與評價,重點(dian)關注(zhu)組織(zhi)面臨的內、外(wai)部風(feng)險(xian)是否已(yi)得到充(chong)分、適當的確認。筆者認為應當包括以下內容:
1.審查對(dui)外(wai)投資風險(xian)(xian)識別(bie)原則的(de)(de)合理(li)性。企業進行對(dui)外(wai)投資風險(xian)(xian)評估乃至風險(xian)(xian)控制的(de)(de)前(qian)提是(shi)進行對(dui)外(wai)投資風險(xian)(xian)識別(bie)和分(fen)析,對(dui)外(wai)投資風險(xian)(xian)識別(bie)是(shi)關(guan)鍵性的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)步。
2.審查對(dui)外(wai)投資風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識別方法的(de)(de)適(shi)當性。識別風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理的(de)(de)基礎。風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管理人(ren)員應在(zai)進行實地調查研究之后,運用各(ge)種(zhong)方法對(dui)尚未發(fa)生的(de)(de)、潛(qian)在(zai)的(de)(de)及存在(zai)的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進行系(xi)統的(de)(de)歸類,并(bing)總(zong)結(jie)出對(dui)外(wai)投資項(xiang)目面臨的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)識別方法所要解決的(de)(de)主要問題是(shi):采(cai)取一定的(de)(de)方法分析對(dui)外(wai)投資風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)因素、風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)性質(zhi)以及潛(qian)在(zai)后果。
(三(san))對外投(tou)資風險評估方法的適當性(xing)及有效(xiao)性(xing)的審查
內部審計(ji)人員應(ying)當實(shi)施必要(yao)的(de)審計(ji)程(cheng)序(xu),對(dui)對(dui)外投資(zi)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估過程(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)審查與評價,并(bing)重點(dian)關注對(dui)外投資(zi)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)可能(neng)性(xing)和(he)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)對(dui)對(dui)外投資(zi)項目目標的(de)實(shi)現產生(sheng)影響(xiang)的(de)嚴重程(cheng)度兩個要(yao)素。同(tong)時,內部審計(ji)人員應(ying)當充分了(le)解(jie)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估的(de)方(fang)法,并(bing)對(dui)管理層(ceng)所采用(yong)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)評估方(fang)法的(de)適當性(xing)和(he)有效性(xing)進(jin)行(xing)審查。
內部審計(ji)人員應當對(dui)管(guan)理層所采(cai)用的風(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)方法進行審查,并(bing)重點考(kao)慮(lv)以(yi)下因素(su):已識別的對(dui)外(wai)投(tou)資風(feng)險(xian)的特征;相關歷史數據(ju)的充分性與(yu)可靠性;管(guan)理層進行對(dui)外(wai)投(tou)資風(feng)險(xian)評估(gu)的技術能力;成本(ben)效益(yi)的考(kao)核(he)與(yu)衡(heng)量(liang)等(deng)。
內部審計人員在評(ping)價對(dui)外投資風險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)適當性和(he)有效(xiao)性時,應當遵循以(yi)下(xia)原則:定性方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)采(cai)用需(xu)要充分考慮相關部門或人員的(de)意(yi)見,以(yi)提高評(ping)估(gu)結果(guo)的(de)客(ke)觀性;在風險(xian)難以(yi)量(liang)化、定量(liang)評(ping)價所需(xu)數據難以(yi)獲取時,一般應采(cai)用定性方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),定量(liang)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)一般情況(kuang)下(xia)會(hui)比定性方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)提供更(geng)為客(ke)觀的(de)評(ping)估(gu)結果(guo)。
(四)對外投資風險應對措施(shi)適當性(xing)和有效(xiao)性(xing)的審查(cha)
內部審計(ji)人員(yuan)(yuan)應當實施適當的(de)(de)(de)審計(ji)程(cheng)序,對對外投資(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)應對措(cuo)施進行審查。內部審計(ji)人員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)評價(jia)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)應對措(cuo)施的(de)(de)(de)適當性和有效性時,應當考慮以下因素:采取風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)應對措(cuo)施之后的(de)(de)(de)剩余(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)水平是(shi)否在(zai)組織可以接受的(de)(de)(de)范圍之內;采取的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)應對措(cuo)施是(shi)否適合本組織的(de)(de)(de)經營、管理特點;成本效益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)考核(he)與衡量等。
四、內部審(shen)計(ji)人員(yuan)實施對外投資風險管理(li)審(shen)計(ji)的具體實務(wu)
(一)審閱(yue)企業有(you)關文件資(zi)料,判(pan)斷企業是(shi)(shi)否成立對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)相(xiang)關的(de)風(feng)險管理(li)機構,是(shi)(shi)否制(zhi)訂(ding)對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)險管理(li)制(zhi)度,審閱(yue)有(you)關對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)的(de)會議記錄和(he)相(xiang)關的(de)會計(ji)資(zi)料,判(pan)斷風(feng)險管理(li)機構運行(xing)效(xiao)果(guo)和(he)對(dui)外(wai)投資(zi)風(feng)險管理(li)制(zhi)度落實執(zhi)行(xing)情(qing)況。
(二)對對外投資內部會(hui)計控制執行力的(de)審(shen)計
通過審(shen)閱對(dui)外投資相(xiang)關(guan)的規章制(zhi)度(du)、會計資料、現場詢問有關(guan)人員(yuan)、實地觀(guan)察(cha)等,調查、了解對(dui)外投資內部控制(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)執行的詳細(xi)情況,并作出初步評(ping)價(jia)。
1.審查企業(ye)是否(fou)建立對(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)業(ye)務(wu)的崗位責任制,對(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)預算的編制與(yu)審批、對(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)項(xiang)目(mu)的分(fen)析(xi)與(yu)評價、對(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)的決策與(yu)執(zhi)行(xing)、對(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)處(chu)置的審批與(yu)執(zhi)行(xing)、對(dui)外投資(zi)(zi)業(ye)務(wu)的執(zhi)行(xing)與(yu)相關會(hui)計記(ji)錄(lu)等不相容職務(wu)是否(fou)分(fen)離。
2.審查企業對外(wai)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)授(shou)權批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)適當性。審批(pi)人是(shi)否(fou)按照授(shou)權批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)方式、權限(xian)、程序辦理對外(wai)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)業務(wu),是(shi)否(fou)存(cun)在未經授(shou)權的(de)部門或人員辦理對外(wai)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)業務(wu)。
3.審(shen)查企業對(dui)外(wai)(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)決(jue)策控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)合(he)規性和(he)有(you)效性。合(he)規性審(shen)查,重(zhong)點(dian)審(shen)查對(dui)外(wai)(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)預算是(shi)否(fou)符合(he)國家產業政策、單位發(fa)展戰略(lve)要(yao)求(qiu)和(he)社會需要(yao),對(dui)外(wai)(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)建(jian)議(yi)書(shu)有(you)無可行性研究報告以(yi)(yi)及承擔(dan)可行性研究的(de)(de)單位是(shi)否(fou)具備相應的(de)(de)資(zi)格、研究人員的(de)(de)構成是(shi)否(fou)滿足(zu)需要(yao),重(zhong)大對(dui)外(wai)(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目(mu)(mu)決(jue)策是(shi)否(fou)實行集體審(shen)議(yi)聯簽(qian)等(deng);合(he)理性審(shen)查,重(zhong)點(dian)審(shen)查可研報告內容和(he)深度是(shi)否(fou)滿足(zu)對(dui)外(wai)(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)建(jian)議(yi)書(shu)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu),是(shi)否(fou)能(neng)夠滿足(zu)項目(mu)(mu)審(shen)批機關投(tou)(tou)資(zi)決(jue)策及編(bian)制(zhi)設計任務書(shu)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu),是(shi)否(fou)明確(que)(que)回答對(dui)外(wai)(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目(mu)(mu)在經(jing)濟(ji)和(he)技術上的(de)(de)可行性,以(yi)(yi)及確(que)(que)定的(de)(de)對(dui)外(wai)(wai)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目(mu)(mu)所需資(zi)金、預期現金流(liu)量、投(tou)(tou)資(zi)效益(yi)、投(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)安全性是(shi)否(fou)達到合(he)理的(de)(de)精確(que)(que)度。
4.審查(cha)企業(ye)資(zi)(zi)產投出控制的有效(xiao)性。重點審查(cha):是(shi)否與合(he)(he)作單位(wei)簽(qian)訂合(he)(he)同,合(he)(he)同談判我方(fang)是(shi)否兩人(ren)以上(shang)參(can)加;是(shi)否嚴(yan)格按(an)照(zhao)投資(zi)(zi)計劃確定的項目進度、時間、金(jin)額(e)和方(fang)式投出資(zi)(zi)產;提前或延遲投出資(zi)(zi)產、變更投資(zi)(zi)額(e)、改(gai)變投資(zi)(zi)方(fang)式、中止投資(zi)(zi)等是(shi)否經決(jue)策機構(gou)審批。