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篇1

按照《__省城市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)(yun)管(guan)理辦(ban)法》所(suo)表述的城市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)(yun)是指城市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)(yun)，是指在城市(shi)市(shi)區(qu)內以(yi)公(gong)共(gong)汽車(che)（含小公(gong)共(gong)汽車(che)）、出租(zu)汽車(che)等交通工具組成的客(ke)運(yun)(yun)體系(xi)。該縣(xian)自2006年10月(yue)，開始(shi)啟動(dong)以(yi)首(shou)先投放50輛出租(zu)車(che)，隨后增加(jia)投放3臺公(gong)交車(che)為補充客(ke)運(yun)(yun)工具的城市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)(yun)體系(xi)，建立了(le)(le)初步的城市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)(yun)服務(wu)；2013年5月(yue)完(wan)成了(le)(le)《____縣(xian)城區(qu)道路安全管(guan)理規劃》編制，城市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)(yun)得(de)到了(le)(le)一定的發展。

一是城市(shi)(shi)(shi)客運(yun)(yun)情況。該縣目(mu)前城市(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)共客運(yun)(yun)是以(yi)優先發(fa)展出租汽車(che)為主，公(gong)共汽車(che)為輔的城市(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)共客運(yun)(yun)模式。2006年(nian)經省、州(zhou)批準同意投放(fang)出租車(che)60臺(tai)，2008年(nian)經州(zhou)批準同意投放(fang)公(gong)交(jiao)車(che)4臺(tai)。目(mu)前實際運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)(ying)出租車(che)50臺(tai)，經營(ying)(ying)(ying)期(qi)限8年(nian)；公(gong)共中巴汽車(che)3臺(tai)，經營(ying)(ying)(ying)期(qi)限6年(nian)，公(gong)交(jiao)營(ying)(ying)(ying)運(yun)(yun)線路2條(tiao)，即：十(shi)字街—柑(gan)子坪—石板街，河街—涼水井—三(san)道河—太陽城。汽車(che)全(quan)部為個人(ren)私有(you)。城市(shi)(shi)(shi)客運(yun)(yun)公(gong)交(jiao)車(che)和出租車(che)的經營(ying)(ying)(ying)期(qi)限到期(qi)日(ri)為2014年(nian)10月(yue)31日(ri)。

二是客運企業(ye)情況。全縣(xian)現有(you)(you)城市客運企業(ye)一家，即____縣(xian)棲(qi)鳳(feng)湖(hu)出租(zu)車(che)有(you)(you)限公司，并(bing)加掛____縣(xian)棲(qi)鳳(feng)湖(hu)城市公共汽車(che)運輸有(you)(you)限公司牌(pai)子，現有(you)(you)管(guan)理人員5人，負(fu)責對該(gai)縣(xian)出租(zu)車(che)及公交車(che)的(de)運營管(guan)理。

三是行政管(guan)(guan)理機構情況。2007年(nian)成立了(le)縣出租車管(guan)(guan)理辦公室，管(guan)(guan)理權屬歸縣建設局。2012年(nian)國(guo)家大部制改革(ge)，城(cheng)市(shi)客(ke)運管(guan)(guan)理權限整體移交縣交通(tong)運輸局，具體由(you)其下(xia)屬的縣交通(tong)運輸管(guan)(guan)理所負責城(cheng)市(shi)客(ke)運管(guan)(guan)理的相關(guan)工作，并成立了(le)城(cheng)市(shi)客(ke)運管(guan)(guan)理辦公室，實有(you)編制1人。

由于該縣城(cheng)市基礎設施建(jian)設不(bu)完善，加上城(cheng)市公(gong)(gong)共(gong)客(ke)(ke)運(yun)規劃嚴重(zhong)滯后，2006年(nian)10月份(fen)開(kai)始(shi)啟動(dong)的(de)城(cheng)市出(chu)租車客(ke)(ke)運(yun)與《湖南(nan)省城(cheng)市公(gong)(gong)共(gong)客(ke)(ke)運(yun)管(guan)理(li)辦法》所(suo)定義(yi)的(de)城(cheng)市客(ke)(ke)運(yun)不(bu)符(fu)，隨(sui)著城(cheng)市擴容、人口增(zeng)加，現有(you)的(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)客(ke)(ke)運(yun)體(ti)系建(jian)設、運(yun)營(ying)模式與人民群眾的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)以(yi)及縣城(cheng)城(cheng)區的(de)道路安全管(guan)理(li)要求(qiu)矛盾日益(yi)突出(chu)，城(cheng)市公(gong)(gong)共(gong)客(ke)(ke)運(yun)管(guan)理(li)存在著以(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)突出(chu)的(de)問題(ti)：

一(yi)(yi)是城市公共客(ke)運規劃滯后，與(yu)城市發展(zhan)不適應(ying)。由于(yu)城市公共客(ke)運規劃滯后，8年來，一(yi)(yi)直維持原有的(de)運營(ying)模式，且管理(li)缺位(wei)，隨著(zhu)出(chu)(chu)租(zu)車運營(ying)期(qi)限將(jiang)滿，新一(yi)(yi)輪(lun)出(chu)(chu)租(zu)車的(de)續(xu)牌或新增數量(liang)指標(biao)及(ji)運營(ying)出(chu)(chu)讓經營(ying)權管理(li)等(deng)前期(qi)準(zhun)備工(gong)作啟動(dong)遲(chi)，續(xu)牌和新增數量(liang)指標(biao)申(shen)報(bao)難(nan)度大，對規范(fan)下一(yi)(yi)輪(lun)出(chu)(chu)租(zu)車、公交車經營(ying)管理(li)帶來了(le)很大的(de)被動(dong)，工(gong)作難(nan)度大、時間(jian)緊、工(gong)作量(liang)大、任務重。

二是城市公共客運體系不完善，難以滿足市民出行需求。隨著城市擴容，城市人口增加，現有公共客運運力已經遠遠滿足不了市民出行的需求，根據《城市道路交通規劃設計規范》的要求小城市公共汽車配備量為：1200-1500人/標臺，城市出租車規劃擁有量根據實際情況確定，配置標準為不少于0.5輛/千人。在本次調研中，通過發放200份問卷調查顯示，要求(qiu)增加(jia)公交(jiao)車(che)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)有(you)169 人(ren)，占總調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)人(ren)數(shu)的(de)(de)84. 5 %，認為我縣城區(qu)公交(jiao)車(che)覆蓋面不足的(de)(de)有(you)172人(ren)，占總調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)人(ren)數(shu)的(de)(de)86 %，如(ru)老壇坊(fang)、縣人(ren)民醫院等區(qu)域無公交(jiao)車(che)運行，無法滿足老百姓的(de)(de)出行需求(qiu)。另(ling)外，調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)顯示，要求(qiu)增加(jia)出租車(che)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)有(you)151人(ren)，占總調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)人(ren)數(shu)的(de)(de)75.5%。

據(ju)統計資料顯示(shi)，目前該縣城(cheng)區人口（含(han)流動人口）已達4.5萬人，由(you)于(yu)該縣目前城(cheng)市客(ke)運(yun)不(bu)合(he)理，現(xian)有出租(zu)車已經投入(ru)運(yun)營50臺(tai)，而(er)公(gong)交(jiao)車僅為3臺(tai)，兩條公(gong)交(jiao)線(xian)路，運(yun)營能力有限，且公(gong)交(jiao)車運(yun)行線(xian)路極不(bu)合(he)理，發班的間(jian)隔時間(jian)也長，市民候車時間(jian)長，無形中變成了班線(xian)客(ke)運(yun)，沒(mei)有真正發揮公(gong)交(jiao)車的作(zuo)用。出租(zu)車隨意拼(pin)客(ke)現(xian)象(xiang)嚴重(zhong)，三輪車違(wei)規載客(ke)乘虛(xu)而(er)入(ru)。

三是城市公共(gong)客運管(guan)理混亂，缺乏有(you)效的監管(guan)主體(ti)。監管(guan)部門和(he)運營企業(ye)、出租車(che)車(che)主主體(ti)不(bu)明(ming)、責任不(bu)清，造成(cheng)目前出租車(che)行業(ye)管(guan)理混亂，責任落實不(bu)到位(wei)。

1、城(cheng)市客(ke)運管理辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)室配備(bei)不足。目前僅有(you)(you)編制一(yi)名，由于人員少(shao)，辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)設施、經費(fei)嚴重不足，工作(zuo)運轉(zhuan)困(kun)難(nan)，難(nan)以對出租車、公(gong)(gong)交車運營(ying)實行有(you)(you)效的(de)監(jian)管。

2、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)企業經營(ying)(ying)管理缺位，沒有(you)(you)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)同約(yue)定的管理責任和(he)(he)義務，造成城市公共客運(yun)處于無(wu)序管理狀態。按照合(he)同約(yue)定，____縣(xian)棲鳳湖出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)車有(you)(you)限公司(si)為(wei)(wei)建設部門出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)車運(yun)營(ying)(ying)管理中標(biao)單位，其出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)車為(wei)(wei)公司(si)競標(biao)時標(biao)的資產(chan)。現出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)車已(yi)經全部私(si)有(you)(you)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)車車主個人所(suo)有(you)(you)，采用掛靠公司(si)經營(ying)(ying)模(mo)式運(yun)營(ying)(ying)，存在私(si)下轉讓交易、炒(chao)賣(mai)炒(chao)賣(mai)的行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，導(dao)致出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)車經營(ying)(ying)成本(ben)增加，運(yun)營(ying)(ying)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業惡性無(wu)序競爭等(deng)不穩定隱患(huan)凸(tu)顯，也(ye)給政(zheng)府管理和(he)(he)決(jue)策帶來嚴重影響和(he)(he)障(zhang)礙(ai)。

3、出(chu)租(zu)(zu)車從業人(ren)員素質普遍(bian)不高，出(chu)租(zu)(zu)車行業不能很好的(de)發揮城市(shi)名片的(de)作用。出(chu)租(zu)(zu)車普遍(bian)存在拒載、隨(sui)意停靠(kao)、隨(sui)意調頭等現(xian)象，出(chu)租(zu)(zu)車從業人(ren)員對國(guo)家規(gui)定的(de)《出(chu)租(zu)(zu)車運營服務規(gui)范》沒有

很深(shen)的認識(shi)。4、安全(quan)隱患突出。目前(qian)出租車(che)運營(ying)期(qi)限將滿，由于車(che)輛(liang)質量不(bu)高，年久運行造成車(che)輛(liang)老(lao)化，加上維護和維修不(bu)到(dao)位、超期(qi)運行造成安全(quan)性能低，存在一定(ding)的安全(quan)隱患。

5、摩托(tuo)車(che)、三輪車(che)載(zai)客(ke)擅(shan)自進入(ru)客(ke)運市場，且(qie)有蔓延趨勢(shi)。嚴重擾亂城(cheng)市公共客(ke)運的(de)營運秩序，且(qie)存在極大的(de)安全隱患。

四(si)是城(cheng)市公共客(ke)運設施嚴重缺乏。公交(jiao)車(che)、出租車(che)停(ting)(ting)靠沒有固定的停(ting)(ting)靠點和停(ting)(ting)靠標志，隨(sui)意停(ting)(ting)車(che)上下(xia)客(ke)現象嚴重，造成交(jiao)通安全隱患(huan)，給(gei)縣城(cheng)交(jiao)通管理帶來(lai)不少(shao)壓力。

五(wu)是政府對(dui)城(cheng)市公(gong)共客(ke)(ke)運投(tou)入嚴重不足。導致出租(zu)車運營不打表計價(jia)、隨意(yi)(yi)喊價(jia)，節假日隨意(yi)(yi)漲(zhang)價(jia)等成(cheng)為(wei)慣例，加大(da)了市民出行成(cheng)本。據了解，2007年-2012年，縣政府累(lei)計對(dui)城(cheng)市公(gong)共客(ke)(ke)運（公(gong)交車和(he)出租(zu)車）投(tou)入中央財(cai)政成(cheng)品油價(jia)格(ge)補貼(tie)311.16萬元(yuan)，縣財(cai)政本級預算沒有對(dui)城(cheng)市公(gong)共客(ke)(ke)運作預算支出安排。

六(liu)是缺乏對(dui)城市(shi)(shi)公共客運事業發展(zhan)的有(you)效管(guan)理辦(ban)法(fa)，加上城市(shi)(shi)公共客運規劃(hua)滯后，嚴重制約了我縣(xian)城市(shi)(shi)公共客運事業的科學有(you)序(xu)發展(zhan)。

按照《湖(hu)南省城(cheng)市公共(gong)客運(yun)管(guan)理辦法》規(gui)定，城(cheng)市公共(gong)客運(yun)要(yao)以運(yun)輸效率(lv)高的大公共(gong)汽(qi)車為主(zhu)，適度發展(zhan)出租汽(qi)車。基于我縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)道(dao)路(lu)比較狹窄的客觀現(xian)實(shi)(shi)，應以中型公共(gong)汽(qi)車為主(zhu)，適度發展(zhan)出租車。應按照《____縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)區道(dao)路(lu)安(an)全管(guan)理規(gui)劃》總體要(yao)求(qiu)，切(qie)實(shi)(shi)加(jia)快我縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)市公共(gong)客運(yun)規(gui)劃編制，穩步推進該縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)市公共(gong)客運(yun)事業(ye)。

一是要(yao)提高(gao)認識，積(ji)極完善城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共客(ke)運體系(xi)建設(she)(she)。基于(yu)該縣城(cheng)區小、道路狹窄的(de)實際問(wen)題，縣人民政府和社會各界應牢固樹立(li)公(gong)交優先發(fa)展、穩(wen)步適度發(fa)展出(chu)租(zu)車的(de)指導(dao)思想，加快編(bian)制____縣城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共客(ke)運規(gui)劃，努力完善該縣城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共客(ke)運體系(xi)建設(she)(she)，按照國(guo)家《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)道路交通(tong)規(gui)劃設(she)(she)計(ji)規(gui)范》要(yao)求，積(ji)極完善市(shi)(shi)區至郊區的(de)公(gong)共交通(tong)線路網，始終堅(jian)持把公(gong)交出(chu)行方式作為解決我(wo)縣城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)客(ke)運矛盾的(de)最重要(yao)手段。

二(er)是要理(li)順和機制，著力(li)提高(gao)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的綜合服(fu)務功能。進一步建立健全(quan)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)運輸(shu)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)理(li)模(mo)式(shi)，認(ren)真探索“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)車(che)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)營(ying)(ying)(ying)”模(mo)式(shi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)和出租車(che)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)由(you)(you)縣交(jiao)(jiao)通運輸(shu)管(guan)理(li)局負責監管(guan)，實行(xing)績效(xiao)考核。改進出租車(che)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)模(mo)式(shi)，所有(you)車(che)輛(liang)由(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)統一購(gou)置，車(che)輛(liang)產權及經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權歸(gui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)所有(you)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)以承包的方式(shi)與(yu)司(si)(si)(si)機簽訂運營(ying)(ying)(ying)合同。鑒(jian)于目前的實際情況，對第(di)一輪運營(ying)(ying)(ying)的出租汽車(che)司(si)(si)(si)機給予優先承包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)的照(zhao)顧，與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)簽訂運營(ying)(ying)(ying)合同，按(an)規(gui)定交(jiao)(jiao)納管(guan)理(li)費，服(fu)從公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)管(guan)理(li)。創新公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)車(che)管(guan)理(li)機制，通過公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開招標的方式(shi)引(yin)進有(you)實力(li)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)，由(you)(you)政府出資購(gou)買公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)車(che)，實行(xing)政府主導、企業運行(xing)、市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。使該縣的城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)客運更(geng)好地彰顯城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)風采(cai)，形成(cheng)規(gui)模(mo)效(xiao)應(ying)和品牌效(xiao)益(yi)。

三是要加(jia)強組(zu)織(zhi)領導，確(que)保(bao)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)落(luo)實(shi)。要健全(quan)組(zu)織(zhi)機構，充實(shi)人員(yuan)隊伍(wu)，完善工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)措施，及(ji)時組(zu)建(jian)(jian)班(ban)子，成(cheng)立由縣(xian)(xian)人民政(zheng)府縣(xian)(xian)長(chang)(chang)任組(zu)長(chang)(chang)，常務副縣(xian)(xian)長(chang)(chang)、分(fen)管(guan)交通副縣(xian)(xian)長(chang)(chang)、人大、政(zheng)協相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關領導任副組(zu)長(chang)(chang)，交通、公安、住建(jian)(jian)、交警、財政(zheng)、國(guo)土(tu)、、物(wu)價、古陽(yang)鎮等(deng)單位(wei)負(fu)責人為成(cheng)員(yuan)的領導小組(zu)，由縣(xian)(xian)人民政(zheng)府牽頭并(bing)從相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關單位(wei)長(chang)(chang)期抽(chou)調5-6人熟悉(xi)業(ye)務的人員(yuan)組(zu)成(cheng)專門的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)班(ban)子，抽(chou)調人員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)暫時與原單位(wei)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)脫鉤，明確(que)辦(ban)公場地。盡(jin)早制定實(shi)施方案和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)措施，切實(shi)保(bao)障第二輪出(chu)租車、公交車經(jing)營規范管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)有(you)序推進，穩(wen)步(bu)落(luo)實(shi)。并(bing)解(jie)決好(hao)開展(zhan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)所需的經(jing)費。要加(jia)強城(cheng)市公共客(ke)(ke)運管(guan)理(li)辦(ban)公室（簡稱“縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)客(ke)(ke)辦(ban)”）的機構和人員(yuan)配置，保(bao)障工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)經(jing)費，充分(fen)發(fa)揮縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)客(ke)(ke)辦(ban)的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)職能，以確(que)保(bao)城(cheng)市公共客(ke)(ke)運市場的長(chang)(chang)效管(guan)理(li)機制。

四是(shi)要切(qie)(qie)實做好維穩(wen)工(gong)作(zuo)，確保工(gong)作(zuo)順利推進(jin)。由于(yu)出(chu)租汽車續牌（包括公(gong)交(jiao)車）期(qi)滿，啟(qi)動(dong)第二輪(lun)公(gong)交(jiao)車與(yu)出(chu)租車經營權出(chu)讓、規范公(gong)司經營模式、推動(dong)公(gong)交(jiao)車與(yu)出(chu)租車及城鄉公(gong)交(jiao)試(shi)點工(gong)作(zuo)同步運(yun)行(xing)等問(wen)題，關系到市民和(he)城市客(ke)運(yun)經營者(zhe)的切(qie)(qie)身(shen)利益，工(gong)作(zuo)政策(ce)性強(qiang)，涉及面廣，時間緊，難度(du)大，要由縣(xian)政法(fa)委牽頭成立(li)維穩(wen)領(ling)導小組，采取多(duo)種方式加(jia)大對出(chu)租車管理的宣傳力度(du)，取信于(yu)民，切(qie)(qie)實增強(qiang)政策(ce)的透明度(du)。

五是(shi)要進一(yi)步(bu)完善(shan)城(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)的(de)(de)基礎設施。要切實(shi)加(jia)大對(dui)城(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)設施的(de)(de)建設投入，要預(yu)算安排(pai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)資(zi)金用(yong)(yong)于(yu)改(gai)善(shan)城(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)客(ke)運(yun)基礎設施，做好公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)停(ting)靠站(zhan)點(dian)和(he)出(chu)租車(che)(che)停(ting)靠標(biao)志的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)工(gong)作。由縣(xian)(xian)人民政府牽頭，交(jiao)(jiao)通、住建、交(jiao)(jiao)警等(deng)相關職能部門進行實(shi)地考察按(an)照《____縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)區道(dao)路安全(quan)管理規(gui)(gui)劃》要求(qiu)，針(zhen)對(dui)重點(dian)地段、客(ke)流集中和(he)重要單(dan)位(wei)（如：車(che)(che)站(zhan)、醫院、學校等(deng)）街面(mian)寬敞(chang)的(de)(de)路段，征用(yong)(yong)人行道(dao)修(xiu)建公(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)停(ting)靠站(zhan)點(dian)，盡量為群(qun)眾(zhong)創造(zao)良好的(de)(de)乘車(che)(che)、候車(che)(che)環境(jing)。

篇2

然而世界瞬(shun)息萬變，社會發展(zhan)快速，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)逐漸退出國(guo)民(min)經濟第一支(zhi)柱(zhu)，工業(ye)(ye)成為國(guo)家經濟繁榮的(de)大力支(zhi)柱(zhu)，隨即(ji)帶來(lai)了大量農(nong)民(min)工外流(liu)，向大城市流(liu)入，導致村(cun)官(guan)這個職業(ye)(ye)無人想做，村(cun)官(guan)難做的(de)問題(ti)，調研發現村(cun)官(guan)工作就是個難。

村(cun)(cun)官(guan)(guan)難(nan)做。第(di)一(yi)點，村(cun)(cun)中之事(shi)(shi)無關(guan)大(da)(da)小，一(yi)律村(cun)(cun)官(guan)(guan)包下。我們(men)(men)村(cun)(cun)現在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)興建設工(gong)廠，大(da)(da)量征(zheng)集土地(di)(di)。土地(di)(di)買賣(mai)經高(gao)于村(cun)(cun)機(ji)關(guan)的(de)其他(ta)機(ji)關(guan)處理(li)(li)，而(er)與(yu)村(cun)(cun)民(min)協商土地(di)(di)糾(jiu)紛，解釋土地(di)(di)賣(mai)出(chu)(chu)原因等等各項事(shi)(shi)情(qing)都需要(yao)(yao)(yao)村(cun)(cun)官(guan)(guan)來做，當然村(cun)(cun)里(li)一(yi)級(ji)一(yi)級(ji)分配下去的(de)，但是(shi)每(mei)個(ge)組的(de)隊長所管轄(xia)的(de)戶主也有幾(ji)十上百(bai)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)達到每(mei)家同意，并(bing)且(qie)和諧處理(li)(li)各項事(shi)(shi)宜。這件事(shi)(shi)，村(cun)(cun)官(guan)(guan)工(gong)作量也非常大(da)(da)，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)村(cun)(cun)官(guan)(guan)東跑西走的(de)，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)打(da)電(dian)話聯(lian)系在(zai)(zai)外(wai)打(da)工(gong)的(de)村(cun)(cun)民(min)（農(nong)民(min)外(wai)出(chu)(chu)打(da)工(gong)較多），所以有的(de)時候我們(men)(men)見到很多村(cun)(cun)里(li)干(gan)部很黑(hei)就是(shi)這個(ge)原因吧(ba)。而(er)且(qie)調(diao)解的(de)好便(bian)罷，調(diao)解的(de)不好會搞得自己里(li)外(wai)為難(nan)。

村(cun)(cun)(cun)官(guan)工(gong)作難(nan)。第二點(dian)，無中生(sheng)有(you)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)官(guan)硬著頭皮(pi)去拉(la)(la)(la)(la)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)。我們村(cun)(cun)(cun)比(bi)較(jiao)靠近城鎮，加(jia)之區里(li)重(zhong)點(dian)發展楚州之東—城東，所(suo)以這邊工(gong)廠就(jiu)大量遷入。但是(shi)(shi)上(shang)級(ji)就(jiu)給村(cun)(cun)(cun)里(li)下達命令(ling)：每(mei)村(cun)(cun)(cun)必須到外面去拉(la)(la)(la)(la)一個投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)項目或工(gong)程。這倒是(shi)(shi)使村(cun)(cun)(cun)官(guan)為難(nan)了，村(cun)(cun)(cun)官(guan)工(gong)作便難(nan)上(shang)加(jia)難(nan)了。去哪(na)兒(er)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)啊？村(cun)(cun)(cun)官(guan)大部分在(zai)村(cun)(cun)(cun)里(li)活動，一沒有(you)廣大的(de)(de)人脈，二沒有(you)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)，三沒有(you)區別(bie)其他(ta)地方的(de)(de)特色，拉(la)(la)(la)(la)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)談何(he)容易啊。于是(shi)(shi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)官(guan)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)最多方法就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)請(qing)在(zai)外混的(de)(de)好的(de)(de)人（以為這些是(shi)(shi)進大企業，或者在(zai)外開廠有(you)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)人脈關系）吃飯(fan)，然后請(qing)他(ta)們幫忙(mang)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)，這樣例子(zi)有(you)典(dian)型的(de)(de)好的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)，但是(shi)(shi)大都(dou)數不成功。要么(me)是(shi)(shi)被請(qing)之人騙(pian)吃騙(pian)喝，不做實事(shi)；要么(me)則招商引資(zi)，引來(lai)的(de)(de)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)污(wu)染嚴重(zhong)，設備差的(de)(de)小(xiao)廠子(zi)。:

篇3

一、經濟發展情況

從(cong)1994年(nian)以(yi)來的10年(nian)間(jian)，我(wo)市社會經(jing)濟全(quan)面發展(zhan)，綜合競爭(zheng)能力不斷增(zeng)強，經(jing)濟實(shi)力進一步(bu)提升，財政(zheng)收入(ru)快速增(zeng)長，國民經(jing)濟保持了健(jian)康、協調發展(zhan)的良好態勢。10年(nian)滄(cang)桑巨變，目前我(wo)市經(jing)濟增(zeng)長方(fang)式和產業(ye)結構都(dou)發生了深刻變化，具體表現在以(yi)下方(fang)面：

一是(shi)經濟“塊(kuai)頭”壯大。國內生產總值（現價(jia)）由(you)(you)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的93.6億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)增加(jia)到(dao)(dao)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的343.5億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增長(chang)13.8%。工業增加(jia)值由(you)(you)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的25.2億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)增加(jia)到(dao)(dao)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的133億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增長(chang)18.1%。社(she)會消(xiao)費(fei)品零售總額由(you)(you)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的24.2億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)增加(jia)到(dao)(dao)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)114.5億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增長(chang)16.8%。

二(er)是產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)優(you)化。經過10年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)調整，三大產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)比(bi)重由(you)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)42.64：29.27：28.08（“一(yi)二(er)三”）調整到2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)23.67：42.29：34.03，呈現“二(er)三一(yi)”發展(zhan)態勢(shi)，其中(zhong)第一(yi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)比(bi)重下降近20%，第三產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)壯大，占到經濟總量的(de)1/3，10年(nian)(nian)(nian)內比(bi)重上升(sheng)了近6個百(bai)分點，第二(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)上升(sheng)了13%多，第二(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)平穩增長，始(shi)終在經濟總量中(zhong)占據主導地(di)位，工業(ye)(ye)(ye)興(xing)市戰略初見成效.

三是地(di)方“財力”增(zeng)加。1994年(nian)(nian)，我(wo)市(shi)財政收入(ru)不足5億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)，至2003年(nian)(nian)，則增(zeng)加到18.6億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)，增(zeng)長(chang)了(le)2.7倍多，稅(shui)收收入(ru)從(cong)39764萬(wan)元(yuan)增(zeng)加到139699萬(wan)元(yuan)，增(zeng)長(chang)了(le)2.5倍多，但(dan)稅(shui)收收入(ru)占(zhan)財政收入(ru)的(de)比重卻由(you)1995年(nian)(nian)的(de)80.35%下降(jiang)到2003年(nian)(nian)的(de)75.06%，呈(cheng)現(xian)“稅(shui)降(jiang)費增(zeng)”的(de)局面。

二、稅收發展情況

與經濟增長(chang)保持同步的(de)(de)國(guo)稅收入(ru)也由1994年的(de)(de)28568萬元增加到2003年的(de)(de)77027萬元，年均(jun)增長(chang)10.43%。

一(yi)是國(guo)稅收(shou)(shou)入總(zong)量(liang)不斷(duan)(duan)擴張。十(shi)年(nian)來，全市(shi)(shi)國(guo)稅收(shou)(shou)入從(cong)1994年(nian)的28568萬(wan)元(yuan)，到(dao)(dao)2003年(nian)增長(chang)為(wei)77026萬(wan)元(yuan)，總(zong)量(liang)成倍擴張，規(gui)模不斷(duan)(duan)擴大(da)，凈增了(le)48459萬(wan)元(yuan)，累(lei)計入庫國(guo)稅收(shou)(shou)入約55億(yi)元(yuan)，其中(zhong)近90%為(wei)地方收(shou)(shou)入，也就是說(shuo)有近50億(yi)元(yuan)直接投入到(dao)(dao)了(le)孝感經濟、社會發(fa)展建(jian)設之中(zhong)。國(guo)稅收(shou)(shou)入規(gui)模分縣(xian)市(shi)(shi)從(cong)2003年(nian)完成情況來看，除孝昌之外，其余收(shou)(shou)入規(gui)模都超過(guo)了(le)5000萬(wan)，其中(zhong)收(shou)(shou)入規(gui)模過(guo)億(yi)的有漢(han)川、應城(cheng)、市(shi)(shi)直（含市(shi)(shi)直屬分局和開發(fa)區分局,下同），分別達到(dao)(dao)了(le)24204萬(wan)元(yuan)、14581萬(wan)元(yuan)、12193萬(wan)元(yuan)；云夢縣(xian)發(fa)展勢頭較好，2003年(nian)已突破(po)了(le)7000萬(wan)元(yuan)大(da)關(guan)，今年(nian)計劃為(wei)7850萬(wan)元(yuan)。

二是財政收入占GDP的(de)比(bi)重穩步提(ti)高(gao)。1994年財政收入占GDP的(de)比(bi)重為5.27%，到2003年這(zhe)一比(bi)重上升到5.42%，增加(jia)了0.15個(ge)百分點。

三是國(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)保(bao)持占(zhan)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)較大比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)。國(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)歷來(lai)是財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)主要來(lai)源，保(bao)持國(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)長期穩定增長對保(bao)持財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)增長和收(shou)支(zhi)平(ping)(ping)衡有著不可替代的(de)(de)作用。十年來(lai)，國(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)占(zhan)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)最高達到(dao)58.36%以上(shang)，最低也保(bao)持在41%以上(shang)，平(ping)(ping)均占(zhan)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)達到(dao)46%，對發展地方經濟(ji)起到(dao)了舉足輕重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)作用。

三、從國稅收入透視孝感(gan)經濟

（一）從(cong)國(guo)稅收(shou)入變化來看，孝感經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)成績可喜。經(jing)濟決定稅收(shou)，經(jing)濟增長的(de)速(su)(su)度、規模(mo)和結(jie)構直接決定著稅收(shou)收(shou)入的(de)增長速(su)(su)度、規模(mo)和結(jie)構。

1、國稅(shui)(shui)收入(ru)(ru)總(zong)(zong)量的擴張(zhang)直接反映了經濟(ji)(ji)的發展。全市國稅(shui)(shui)收入(ru)(ru)的穩(wen)步增(zeng)長(chang)，與國稅(shui)(shui)部門推(tui)進依法(fa)治稅(shui)(shui)，深化稅(shui)(shui)收改革，強化科學管理，加強隊伍建設等(deng)有(you)著(zhu)不可忽視的內在聯系，但決定的因素還是經濟(ji)(ji)，是經濟(ji)(ji)的持續發展。1994年，全市GDP總(zong)(zong)量為93.63億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),其中:第(di)一產業(ye)39.93億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),第(di)二(er)產業(ye)27.40億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),第(di)三(san)(san)產業(ye)26.30億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan);2003年,孝(xiao)感市GDP總(zong)(zong)量達到343.55億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),增(zeng)幅達到3.7倍,其中:第(di)一產業(ye)81.34億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),第(di)二(er)產業(ye)145.29億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),第(di)三(san)(san)產業(ye)116.92億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)。

2、各(ge)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)份(fen)國(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入比(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)反映孝(xiao)感經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)結(jie)構得(de)到(dao)優化。以國(guo)有(you)(you)、集(ji)體(ti)(ti)、個體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)單一(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)結(jie)構格局(ju)已不復存在，私(si)營(ying)(ying)、聯營(ying)(ying)、股份(fen)制、涉外(wai)(wai)(wai)等多種所(suo)有(you)(you)制經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)如雨后(hou)春筍，競(jing)相發(fa)展。從(cong)各(ge)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)份(fen)對國(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入比(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)的(de)變化可(ke)見一(yi)斑。1994年(nian)，國(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入來源基本只有(you)(you)國(guo)有(you)(you)、集(ji)體(ti)(ti)、個體(ti)(ti)三種經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)份(fen)，而且(qie)主(zhu)要(yao)依賴于國(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)68.6%、11.37%、16.44%，除此之外(wai)(wai)(wai)，外(wai)(wai)(wai)資(zi)有(you)(you)2.26%。至2003年(nian),國(guo)有(you)(you)、集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)國(guo)稅(shui)貢獻率(lv)大幅下降(jiang),分(fen)別(bie)只占22.11%、1.91%，而私(si)營(ying)(ying)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)資(zi)、股份(fen)制等經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)份(fen)從(cong)無到(dao)有(you)(you)、從(cong)小(xiao)到(dao)大，分(fen)別(bie)占6.13%、21.02%、37.99%，基本形成(cheng)了股份(fen)制、國(guo)有(you)(you)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)資(zi)等經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)份(fen)并駕齊驅、“三分(fen)天下”的(de)格局(ju)。

3、民(min)營經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)得到了長(chang)足發展。可(ke)以注(zhu)意到，直至2002年(nian)(nian)，全(quan)市國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅收入(ru)貢(gong)獻率(lv)仍高居第一，占(zhan)37.17%，與居第二位(wei)的外資(zi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)22.33%，相(xiang)差達14.84個(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)，地位(wei)似(si)乎(hu)相(xiang)當“穩固”，但(dan)僅(jin)一年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅收入(ru)貢(gong)獻率(lv)便退(tui)居第二。與此同時(shi)，股份(fen)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)成(cheng)份(fen)大幅增長(chang)，一年(nian)(nian)之間分(fen)(fen)別增加(jia)了18.62個(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)。表明“公退(tui)民(min)進”成(cheng)效顯(xian)著，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)已悄(qiao)悄(qiao)讓出了“頭把交(jiao)椅(yi)”，民(min)營經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)來勢較好(hao)。云夢縣(xian)情況尤其如此，1993年(nian)(nian)該縣(xian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)、集體經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅貢(gong)獻率(lv)達73.2%，個(ge)(ge)體民(min)營經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)（以個(ge)(ge)體為主）國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅貢(gong)獻率(lv)為26.2%，至2003年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)、集體經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅貢(gong)獻率(lv)下(xia)降到18.6%，下(xia)降了54.6個(ge)(ge)百(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)，民(min)營經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅貢(gong)獻率(lv)比重上(shang)升到了60.5%。

4、外(wai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)濟成為孝(xiao)(xiao)感經(jing)濟新(xin)的重(zhong)要增長點(dian)。資(zi)(zi)(zi)料反(fan)映,自從1991年(nian)孝(xiao)(xiao)感市征(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)外(wai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)3.8萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)，實現涉外(wai)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)“零”的突(tu)破以來，至1994年(nian)外(wai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)濟國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)比重(zhong)達(da)到2.25個(ge)百分點(dian)。至2003年(nian),涉外(wai)企業已提(ti)供(gong)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)16192萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)，占全年(nian)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的21.02%。以云夢縣為例，1994年(nian)該縣外(wai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)濟供(gong)提(ti)供(gong)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)不足11萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)，比重(zhong)為0.36%，至2003年(nian)，外(wai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)濟提(ti)供(gong)稅(shui)(shui)已達(da)1578萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)，收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)比重(zhong)達(da)到了(le)21.57%,呈幾何(he)級數增長態(tai)勢。

（二）從稅(shui)源分布(bu)結構情況，折(zhe)射出區域經濟(ji)運行(xing)現(xian)狀。稅(shui)收作(zuo)為經濟(ji)的(de)一面鏡子，在(zai)一定(ding)程度上折(zhe)射出了各(ge)地(di)經濟(ji)運行(xing)質量，從各(ge)地(di)經濟(ji)稅(shui)源提供國稅(shui)收入看，稅(shui)源集中于(yu)經濟(ji)活躍地(di)區。

1、第二產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)狀況，決定了(le)(le)區域(yu)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)規模。從地域(yu)分(fen)(fen)布看(kan)(kan)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)源主(zhu)要(yao)集(ji)中(zhong)于漢(han)(han)川、應(ying)城、市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)直形(xing)成“三足(zu)鼎立”的(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)源格局(ju)，2003年(nian)(nian)共(gong)提(ti)供國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)50979萬(wan)元(yuan)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)66.18%，其(qi)中(zhong)漢(han)(han)川占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)31.42%、應(ying)城占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)18.93%、15.83%。從經濟運行情況看(kan)(kan)，這也是我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)較(jiao)好(hao)，第二產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)較(jiao)穩健的(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)，以漢(han)(han)川為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，1994年(nian)(nian)，漢(han)(han)川市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第二產(chan)業(ye)(ye)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)該市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)GDP的(de)(de)(de)41%，2003年(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)45.22%，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)4.22個百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)，其(qi)中(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)1994年(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)38.82%，2003年(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)42.61%，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)3.79個百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)。1994年(nian)(nian)漢(han)(han)川市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)稅(shui)(shui)源共(gong)提(ti)供國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)5833萬(wan)元(yuan)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)20.26%，2003年(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)31.42%，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)11.16個百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)；而(er)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)較(jiao)薄弱，第二產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)不(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)，在稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)上(shang)(shang)反(fan)映也較(jiao)明顯(xian)。以安陸為(wei)(wei)(wei)例：1994年(nian)(nian)，安陸市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)第二產(chan)業(ye)(ye)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)該市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)GDP的(de)(de)(de)36.72%，2003年(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)39.42%，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)2.7個百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)，其(qi)中(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)1994年(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)34.15%，2003年(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)34.69%，僅提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)0.54個百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)。1994年(nian)(nian)安陸市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)稅(shui)(shui)源共(gong)提(ti)供國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)4437萬(wan)元(yuan)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)15.41%，2003年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5783萬(wan)元(yuan)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)我(wo)(wo)(wo)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)7.5%，從數量上(shang)(shang)看(kan)(kan)，僅增加了(le)(le)1346萬(wan)元(yuan)，從比重(zhong)上(shang)(shang)看(kan)(kan)，下降了(le)(le)7.91個百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)點(dian)。

2、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)向，決定(ding)了(le)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)構成。從(cong)目(mu)前我市(shi)(shi)(shi)梯級稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)日益擴(kuo)張(zhang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)結構特(te)點(dian)(dian)，突出表達了(le)目(mu)前做(zuo)強(qiang)、做(zuo)大(da)(da)企業，推(tui)出品牌、推(tui)出拳頭產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)思路(lu)。1994年(nian)我市(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)國稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)過千萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企業只有(you)大(da)(da)悟(wu)煙廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、安陸棉紡(fang)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、省化工廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、漢(han)川電廠(chang)(chang)(chang)四家，四家提(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)共(gong)占(zhan)當(dang)年(nian)總收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)18.24%，基礎上是普遍(bian)開花、普遍(bian)弱(ruo)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)結構，經(jing)(jing)過10年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)演變發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，在(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)突出重點(dian)(dian)，特(te)別(bie)是近幾(ji)年(nian)加快招(zhao)商引資步伐、企業改制盤活(huo)，提(ti)(ti)高企業產品科(ke)技含量(liang)、市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭力的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)大(da)(da)氣候下影響，稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)構成也發(fa)(fa)生了(le)相應(ying)變化。2003年(nian)我市(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)國稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)過4000萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企業就有(you)漢(han)新、漢(han)元(yuan)、湖北雙環(huan)3家，1000萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)至4000萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)金龍泉啤酒(jiu)（孝感）有(you)限公(gong)司(si)、湖北福星(xing)科(ke)技股(gu)份有(you)限公(gong)司(si)、孝棉紡(fang)織實(shi)業有(you)限責(ze)任公(gong)司(si)、大(da)(da)悟(wu)煙廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、湖北省鹽運站、供(gong)電、煙草7家企業，2003年(nian)全市(shi)(shi)(shi)納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)規模過1000萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企業共(gong)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)33226萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)，占(zhan)總收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)77027萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)43.14%，比1994年(nian)上升了(le)近25個百分點(dian)(dian)。

（三(san)）從國稅收入(ru)與相關指標比較來看(kan)，孝感經濟發展尚存在一些不合(he)理因素。

主要表現為,全(quan)市國稅收入(ru)與(yu)同(tong)期(qi)(qi)財(cai)政收入(ru)、GDP聯(lian)系(xi)起來看(kan),所(suo)占比(bi)重呈下滑趨(qu)勢，未能與(yu)同(tong)期(qi)(qi)財(cai)政收入(ru)、GDP增(zeng)長保持同(tong)步。

1、全市國(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)占(zhan)(zhan)GDP比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)滑。從全市國(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)速度與GDP增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)速度比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較來看,國(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)速度比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)GDP增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)速度要慢;從國(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)占(zhan)(zhan)GDP的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)來看，1994年到2003年,國(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)占(zhan)(zhan)GDP的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)總體水平只有2.42，1994年比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)最高為3.1,總體呈現逐年下(xia)滑態(tai)勢(shi),2003年比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)只有2.24。據(ju)相(xiang)關資料反映，湖北(bei)省(sheng)1994年至2003年國(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)在(zai)GDP中的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)分別(bie)為5.0、4.5、4.1、4.1、4.3、4.4、4.3、4.6、4.8、5.0。孝感與全省(sheng)平均水平存在(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)差(cha)距，在(zai)2點以上。原(yuan)因(yin)是多方面的(de)(de)，如(ru)：第(di)一(yi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)較大，第(di)二產(chan)業(ye)(ye)中支(zhi)農免、三(san)稅(shui)產(chan)品占(zhan)(zhan)較大比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)，僅066基地(di)軍(jun)工企業(ye)(ye)、黃麥(mai)嶺磷礦、雙環科技、飼(si)料等企業(ye)(ye)每年免稅(shui)額達數千萬元。

2、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)占(zhan)(zhan)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)比重下降(jiang)。從國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)占(zhan)(zhan)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的比重來看，1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)58.36%,至(zhi)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)逐步降(jiang)至(zhi)41.38%,而財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)占(zhan)(zhan)GDP的比重,1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)5.27%,2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)5.42%,反而有所上升,這表(biao)明隨著經(jing)濟總量的增加，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)和綜合財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)力得到不斷增強，但(dan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)卻(que)相(xiang)對(dui)滯后(hou)于(yu)同期(qi)財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的增長(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)（見(jian)表(biao)二(er)）;從全市國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)增長(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)與財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)增長(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)比較來看,1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)增長(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)明顯要慢(man),財(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)均增長(chang)14.9%,比國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)年(nian)(nian)(nian)均增長(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)要快4.47個百分點。

3、百(bai)(bai)(bai)元(yuan)(yuan)GDP“兩(liang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)含(han)量(liang)(liang)”下降(jiang)(jiang)。從百(bai)(bai)(bai)元(yuan)(yuan)GDP兩(liang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)含(han)量(liang)(liang)來看，也呈總體下降(jiang)(jiang)趨勢(shi)。1994年百(bai)(bai)(bai)元(yuan)(yuan)GDP兩(liang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)含(han)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)2.79元(yuan)(yuan),為(wei)(wei)十(shi)年最高值(zhi),至2003年，百(bai)(bai)(bai)元(yuan)(yuan)GDP兩(liang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)含(han)量(liang)(liang)下降(jiang)(jiang)到1.96元(yuan)(yuan),為(wei)(wei)十(shi)年最低值(zhi)，十(shi)年共下降(jiang)(jiang)了0.83個百(bai)(bai)(bai)分點(dian)。

4、稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)“異常”。從(cong)理(li)論上(shang)講，稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)應在(zai)1左右，是(shi)(shi)最為(wei)理(li)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)源于(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)了(le)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)才有(you)(you)了(le)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)，如(ru)果稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)大(da)于(yu)1，則(ze)說(shuo)明(ming)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)快于(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)主要(yao)有(you)(you)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)國家新出臺(tai)增(zeng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)政策，如(ru)，開征個人利息所得(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)；二是(shi)(shi)提(ti)供(gong)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan)快速(su)，而(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)非(fei)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan)較緩；三是(shi)(shi)非(fei)即期稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入庫(ku)較多(duo)，如(ru)，清(qing)理(li)歷欠(qian)、查補稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)等；四(si)是(shi)(shi)預征、空轉等非(fei)正常方式組織稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，形(xing)成當期虛假稅(shui)(shui)(shui)；五是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)它因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)增(zeng)加稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，不增(zeng)加GDP，或(huo)對(dui)(dui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加程度較多(duo)。如(ru)果稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)小于(yu)1，則(ze)說(shuo)明(ming)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)慢于(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)(yin)主要(yao)有(you)(you)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)國家新出臺(tai)減收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)政策，如(ru)，提(ti)高起征點等；二是(shi)(shi)提(ti)供(gong)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan)慢，而(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)非(fei)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan)較快；三是(shi)(shi)消化歷年稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)包袱，影響(xiang)當年稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)速(su)度；四(si)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)它因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)影響(xiang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，增(zeng)加GDP，或(huo)對(dui)(dui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)程度較大(da)。一(yi)般都是(shi)(shi)多(duo)種因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)同時對(dui)(dui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)進行影響(xiang)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此很難得(de)到理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)1，實際較為(wei)理(li)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)在(zai)0.8----1.2之間。從(cong)我(wo)(wo)市(shi)近(jin)(jin)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)看，我(wo)(wo)市(shi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)漸近(jin)(jin)線波峰(feng)過(guo)高，最高年度為(wei)2000年，達(da)2.01，波谷(gu)偏低，最低的(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)2002年為(wei)0.11。

5、增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)綜(zong)合(he)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)偏(pian)低(di)(di)。從(cong)理(li)論(lun)上講(jiang)，經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟指標中的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)與計(ji)算工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)額最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)接近，因(yin)此我(wo)們(men)把工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)“經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)基”，從(cong)我(wo)們(men)對近10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)數(shu)(shu)據測算情況(kuang)看(kan)，我(wo)市國稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4.44%，最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6.86%，最(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3.68%。雖然我(wo)市整體工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)環節增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)偏(pian)低(di)(di)，但還是有個別行(xing)業(ye)(ye)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)現象存在，從(cong)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收調查數(shu)(shu)據分(fen)析(xi)，我(wo)市非(fei)金(jin)屬礦產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)擔率(lv)比企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)實際(ji)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)明(ming)顯偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，主要有非(fei)金(jin)屬礦產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)部分(fen)電力(li)等(deng)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)分(fen)析(xi)，我(wo)們(men)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)這些(xie)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)擔率(lv)明(ming)顯偏(pian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)原因(yin)有兩(liang)點：一(yi)是行(xing)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟不景氣，市場(chang)疲軟，市場(chang)需求(qiu)趨于飽和(he)狀態，產(chan)(chan)品銷(xiao)路不暢(chang)，毛利(li)率(lv)低(di)(di)，導致(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)金(jin)困難，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)國家(jia)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收難以(yi)(yi)收回，實際(ji)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)偏(pian)低(di)(di)；二(er)是歷史原因(yin)和(he)我(wo)國現行(xing)的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)運行(xing)機制，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)擔過(guo)重，難以(yi)(yi)擔負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)起(qi)沉(chen)重的(de)(de)包袱；三(san)是固定(ding)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)購進不能抵扣，進項稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)額減少，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)理(li)論(lun)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)過(guo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)擔，使(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)難度(du)加(jia)(jia)大(da)，導致(zhi)欠稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)大(da)，形成(cheng)(cheng)實際(ji)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)比理(li)論(lun)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)低(di)(di)。如應城的(de)(de)鹽(yan)礦、石膏(gao)礦以(yi)(yi)及(ji)電廠等(deng)生產(chan)(chan)及(ji)供應業(ye)(ye)；商(shang)業(ye)(ye)環節增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.91%，最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3.75%，最(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.35%，商(shang)業(ye)(ye)環節增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)呈(cheng)遞減態勢。商(shang)業(ye)(ye)環節增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)較低(di)(di)，原因(yin)是多方面(mian)的(de)(de)：一(yi)是商(shang)家(jia)之(zhi)間競爭激烈，一(yi)些(xie)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了加(jia)(jia)速資(zi)金(jin)周轉和(he)擴大(da)銷(xiao)售，往(wang)往(wang)采取薄利(li)多銷(xiao)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)也隨之(zhi)下降；二(er)是商(shang)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)容易鉆(zhan)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收的(de)(de)空子，管理(li)難度(du)較大(da)，偷(tou)逃增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)(zhi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)普遍；三(san)是商(shang)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)廣(guang)戶多，經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)方式靈活，經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)品種繁雜(za)，財務核算較工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)差，稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收征(zheng)管較之(zhi)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要困難得多。

從(cong)我們調查分析情況，結合(he)我市經濟實際情況分析，我市整體(ti)增(zeng)值(zhi)稅稅負偏低的原因，主要有：

一是(shi)稅收(shou)含量低的經濟總量顯現出強勁(jing)勢(shi)頭(tou)。以(yi)工業(ye)總產(chan)值為標準，將全(quan)民(min)所(suo)有制和年(nian)工業(ye)總產(chan)值500萬(wan)元以(yi)上的非國有經濟的實(shi)體稱(cheng)“規模(mo)(mo)以(yi)上”經濟，否(fou)則(ze)稱(cheng)謂“規模(mo)(mo)以(yi)下”經濟。按(an)工業(ye)總產(chan)值統(tong)計(ji)，近(jin)幾年(nian)來(lai)，規模(mo)(mo)以(yi)上的經濟正在不(bu)斷縮(suo)小(xiao)，而規模(mo)(mo)以(yi)下的經濟得到較快(kuai)發展(zhan)。由于實(shi)體規模(mo)(mo)小(xiao)，內(nei)部管(guan)理不(bu)規范，給稅收(shou)征收(shou)管(guan)理帶來(lai)一定困(kun)難，也是(shi)形(xing)成稅收(shou)與(yu)經濟不(bu)同步發展(zhan)的一個重(zhong)要(yao)因素。

二是高新(xin)技術(shu)產業發展緩(huan)慢。一個區域經濟是否活躍(yue)、是否有(you)潛(qian)在(zai)能力，高新(xin)技術(shu)產業的發展水平至(zhi)關(guan)重要。我市高新(xin)技術(shu)增加值在(zai)起點低、規模小的前提下難以撐起區域經濟的一片天地。

三(san)是(shi)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)優(you)(you)惠(hui)與藏富于民的(de)政策得(de)到全面落(luo)實。，我(wo)國“兩稅(shui)(shui)”的(de)優(you)(you)惠(hui)政策主(zhu)要體(ti)現在(zai)減(jian)免(mian)稅(shui)(shui)的(de)兩個方面：一是(shi)開放(fang)開發(fa)(fa)型的(de)減(jian)免(mian)，他既包括沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)、沿(yan)(yan)江、沿(yan)(yan)邊地區(qu)，也包括各類經濟開發(fa)(fa)區(qu)等(deng)等(deng)的(de)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)優(you)(you)惠(hui)性(xing)的(de)減(jian)免(mian)；二(er)是(shi)扶貧救困(kun)(kun)性(xing)的(de)減(jian)免(mian)，如貧困(kun)(kun)山區(qu)、三(san)線轉移減(jian)免(mian)，校辦(ban)、民政、福利型企業減(jian)免(mian)，先征后退，即征即退，免(mian)、抵、調(diao)、退等(deng)等(deng)的(de)優(you)(you)惠(hui)。隨著這類企業的(de)發(fa)(fa)展，稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)優(you)(you)惠(hui)的(de)額度(du)在(zai)不斷增(zeng)大。2003年全市減(jian)免(mian)稅(shui)(shui)額達1.7億元(yuan)。落(luo)實增(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui)起征點的(de)政策，2003年減(jian)少(shao)稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)1000余(yu)萬元(yuan)，2004年進一步(bu)提高起征點，將會影(ying)響稅(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)減(jian)少(shao)1100余(yu)萬元(yuan)。

四是非稅(shui)收入名目繁多。在經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)不發達(da)的(de)(de)(de)地區，普遍表現為“吃飯(fan)型”財政體(ti)制，它一方(fang)(fang)面要求稅(shui)收多收，另一方(fang)(fang)面又必(bi)須將應納(na)入財政預算的(de)(de)(de)資金轉(zhuan)嫁給(gei)地方(fang)(fang)部門自行解決(jue)，各類(lei)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)實體(ti)承擔著(zhu)稅(shui)費的(de)(de)(de)雙重壓力，超(chao)出一定范(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)壓力，就會形(xing)成費大于(yu)稅(shui)，費擠占稅(shui)的(de)(de)(de)現象。

五是(shi)(shi)統(tong)計數據內(nei)含(han)“水(shui)分”。經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)是(shi)(shi)宏(hong)觀(guan)決策的重要依據，經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)也是(shi)(shi)代表(biao)著一(yi)個地區的經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)形象，為宣染環境氣份，提升區域(yu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)規模，顯示工(gong)作業績，很容易(yi)在統(tong)計數據上下(xia)工(gong)夫，形成“水(shui)分”GDP。因此很難客觀(guan)、準確分析稅收(shou)與經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)之(zhi)間的各種(zhong)內(nei)在關(guan)系(xi)，也給我們尋找經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)與稅收(shou)合協發(fa)展(zhan)的途徑增加了難度。

經濟(ji)結構(gou)決定GDP結構(gou)，而GDP結構(gou)又決定國稅(shui)收(shou)入構(gou)成。因此(ci)，經濟(ji)結構(gou)對國稅(shui)收(shou)入增(zeng)(zeng)長起著至關重(zhong)要(yao)的作(zuo)用。當前，受經濟(ji)結構(gou)中不(bu)合理因素的制約(yue)，孝(xiao)感(gan)市國稅(shui)收(shou)入增(zeng)(zeng)長難以與GDP增(zeng)(zeng)長保持(chi)同(tong)步。主要(yao)表(biao)現在：

1、工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)是一個(ge)國(guo)家或地區由(you)傳統(tong)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)文明向現代化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)文明轉變的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，也(ye)是經(jing)濟總(zong)體(ti)實力提(ti)(ti)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征。孝(xiao)(xiao)感(gan)市(shi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)構經(jing)過(guo)多年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)懈(xie)努力，不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)調整，取得了(le)(le)(le)(le)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好效果(guo)，結(jie)構順序(xu)已由(you)一二(er)(er)三(san)(san)轉換為二(er)(er)三(san)(san)一(見圖二(er)(er))。先看(kan)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)：2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)湖(hu)北省(sheng)(sheng)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為47.8%,孝(xiao)(xiao)感(gan)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為42.29%,比全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)低(di)(di)5.51%,基本(ben)相(xiang)當(dang)于湖(hu)北省(sheng)(sheng)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)43.2%;聯系第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)分(fen)析,從1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)至2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)，孝(xiao)(xiao)感(gan)市(shi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)占(zhan)GDP的(de)(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已由(you)此(ci)42.65%降(jiang)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)23.68%，2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為14.7%,孝(xiao)(xiao)感(gan)高出了(le)(le)(le)(le)近9%;按錢納里模型，當(dang)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下降(jiang)到(dao)20%以下，二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)升到(dao)高于第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)進入(ru)了(le)(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)期(qi)階段。這說(shuo)明全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均已達到(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)期(qi)階段，而孝(xiao)(xiao)感(gan)仍處于工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)初期(qi)向中(zhong)期(qi)過(guo)渡階段，低(di)(di)于全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均水平(ping)(ping)(ping)，在(zai)全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)還屬農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)大市(shi)；其次看(kan)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)：孝(xiao)(xiao)感(gan)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)程度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，與(yu)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)關聯度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或低(di)(di)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)值占(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)當(dang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)成分(fen)，即使這一期(qi)間(jian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)GDP由(you)39.93億元增(zeng)(zeng)加到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)81.34億元，凈(jing)增(zeng)(zeng)41.41億元，但對國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直接貢獻(xian)率(lv)卻幾(ji)幾(ji)乎為零；再看(kan)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)：第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)與(yu)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)本(ben)身稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少，增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)可能很快，并且飲食(shi)服務等快速增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)部分(fen)，又與(yu)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)關聯，反映到(dao)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)上(shang)總(zong)量上(shang)升，比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)反而會下降(jiang)。例如，2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)GDP占(zhan)GDP總(zong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)比值為32.65%，2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)為34.03%，四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)上(shang)升了(le)(le)(le)(le)1.38個(ge)百分(fen)點(dian)，但提(ti)(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)由(you)2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)22.11%到(dao)2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)23.22%,僅上(shang)升了(le)(le)(le)(le)1.11%;第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)(ti)供國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)占(zhan)GDP比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)呈下降(jiang)趨(qu)勢,分(fen)別(bie)為2.33%、2.07%、1.97%、1.8%。由(you)以上(shang)分(fen)析，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展不(bu)(bu)夠，工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，成為制約國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原因之一。

2、第(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)整體(ti)素(su)質不高(gao)(gao)。行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)結構(gou)合(he)理(li)(li)化是工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合(he)素(su)質的(de)(de)反映(ying)，工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)盈利能力(li)、競爭能力(li)、開發能力(li)、創稅(shui)(shui)(shui)能力(li)在很(hen)大(da)程度上取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)結構(gou)是否合(he)理(li)(li)。從行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結構(gou)來看(kan)，目(mu)前孝(xiao)(xiao)感市(shi)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結構(gou)具有偏(pian)重(zhong)(zhong)、偏(pian)老、偏(pian)初、偏(pian)加工的(de)(de)特點，經濟與(yu)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收均屬偏(pian)重(zhong)(zhong)型，傳統行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、加工型行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)仍占主(zhu)導地(di)位；從產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)結構(gou)狀況來看(kan)，其(qi)特點可(ke)以概括為(wei)三多(duo)三少(shao)，即(ji)：老產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)多(duo)，新產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)少(shao)，一(yi)般產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)多(duo)，名牌(pai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)少(shao)，粗放產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)多(duo)，精密產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)少(shao)。從孝(xiao)(xiao)感品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)的(de)(de)知名度和競爭力(li)上可(ke)見(jian)一(yi)般。這樣，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)技術含量低(di)，檔次質量差，決(jue)定了產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)市(shi)場擴(kuo)張能力(li)及稅(shui)(shui)(shui)源增(zeng)長潛(qian)力(li)均顯不足。2000年(nian)至(zhi)2003年(nian),從第(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值及提(ti)供的(de)(de)國稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收入關(guan)系(xi)上看(kan)，2000年(nian)全市(shi)第(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在GDP中的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)39.84%，2003年(nian)上升(sheng)(sheng)到42.29%，增(zeng)加了2.45%，提(ti)供國稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收入的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)由(you)2000年(nian)的(de)(de)70.29%升(sheng)(sheng)至(zhi)2003年(nian)72.70%,僅增(zeng)加了2.41%；第(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)供國稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收入占GDP比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)也呈(cheng)下降(jiang)趨勢,分別(bie)為(wei)4.49%、4.39%、3.95%、3.85%。這說明我市(shi)第(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)素(su)質不高(gao)(gao)，傳統工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)偏(pian)大(da)，具有較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收含量的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)新技術產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)小，不僅導致第(di)二(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)創新能力(li)弱小，且高(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出、低(di)創稅(shui)(shui)(shui)現象尤為(wei)突出。

3、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)影響。我(wo)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)結(jie)構不(bu)夠合理。從戶數(shu)來看：大(da)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)多(duo)，小的(de)(de)(de)太多(duo)，大(da)中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)比重在(zai)全(quan)省處于比較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)位次上(shang)，難以充分(fen)發揮規(gui)(gui)模(mo)效應。以2003年(nian)為(wei)例，全(quan)市(shi)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)過(guo)5000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)有(you)(you)2戶，1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)至5000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)有(you)(you)8戶，500萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)至1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)有(you)(you)9戶，50萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)至500萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)92戶。全(quan)市(shi)50萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)只(zhi)有(you)(you)110戶，不(bu)到納(na)稅(shui)人總(zong)戶數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)0.4%；從產值來看：以2002年(nian)為(wei)例，據資料反映，孝感(gan)大(da)中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)占規(gui)(gui)模(mo)以上(shang)工(gong)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)6.1%，而全(quan)省平(ping)均為(wei)13.7%,全(quan)省規(gui)(gui)模(mo)以上(shang)工(gong)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)年(nian)均產值0.59億元(yuan),孝感(gan)只(zhi)有(you)(you)0.36億元(yuan),這也說明孝感(gan)工(gong)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)結(jie)構狀況是“小而弱”、“小而散”；從提供(gong)(gong)國稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入來看：2003年(nian)全(quan)市(shi)110家重點(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)提供(gong)(gong)國稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入占總(zong)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入的(de)(de)(de)60.41%，而其它占總(zong)戶數(shu)99.6%的(de)(de)(de)納(na)稅(shui)人只(zhi)提供(gong)(gong)了不(bu)足40%的(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)，呈“兩極分(fen)化”。

4、區(qu)域(yu)結構的影響(xiang)。當前經(jing)濟發展的大(da)方向(xiang)是(shi)農村向(xiang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)轉移，鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)向(xiang)縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)轉移，縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)向(xiang)大(da)中城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)轉移。從經(jing)濟、稅(shui)(shui)(shui)源、稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)三個(ge)要素的分(fen)布(bu)狀況(kuang)看(kan)，孝感各縣(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要集(ji)中于各地(di)城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)，鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)一級基(ji)本沒(mei)有(you)(you)大(da)的稅(shui)(shui)(shui)源企業，多數(shu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入依賴個(ge)體稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入比重很(hen)低，各地(di)城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入總量要占(zhan)全(quan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入總量的90%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)；從區(qu)域(yu)來看(kan)，主(zhu)要集(ji)中于孝感城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)(含市(shi)(shi)(shi)直(zhi)屬分(fen)局、開發區(qu)、孝南)、漢川、應(ying)城(cheng)(cheng)三地(di)，從2003年來看(kan)，這(zhe)三地(di)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入占(zhan)全(quan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的73.85%,接近全(quan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入的四分(fen)之(zhi)三，區(qu)域(yu)分(fen)布(bu)極不(bu)均衡。以(yi)(yi)孝昌為例，盡管10年來其國(guo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入年均增幅高達11.77%，但這(zhe)只(zhi)是(shi)低基(ji)數(shu)的增長(chang)，至2003年總規模還不(bu)到2000萬(wan)，總收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入中有(you)(you)近50%為個(ge)體稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，工業企業提供(gong)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)還不(bu)到300萬(wan)元，年納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)50萬(wan)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)企業只(zhi)有(you)(you)3家(jia)，還沒(mei)有(you)(you)年納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)過200萬(wan)的企業。

四、關于經濟與(yu)國(guo)稅(shui)收入合協發展(zhan)的若干(gan)建議(yi)

1、堅持新(xin)型“工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)立市”，提高經濟稅源的“含(han)金量(liang)”。要(yao)(yao)大(da)力(li)發展工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)，尤(you)其要(yao)(yao)發展科技含(han)量(liang)高、原材(cai)料和能耗(hao)低、環境(jing)污染低或沒有(you)(you)污染的“朝(chao)陽產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)”。要(yao)(yao)重點加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)和提升第(di)二產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)，有(you)(you)計劃(hua)分步驟鞏固和充實第(di)一(yi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)，調整和發展第(di)三產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)。要(yao)(yao)不斷(duan)加(jia)(jia)大(da)科技含(han)量(liang)，提高創新(xin)能力(li)，徹底改(gai)變第(di)二產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)高產(chan)(chan)出低稅收的現狀。要(yao)(yao)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)園區(qu)規劃(hua)和基(ji)礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)，加(jia)(jia)大(da)硬件投入力(li)度，做到路網硬化(hua)、亮化(hua)、綠(lv)化(hua)、美化(hua)，配(pei)套設(she)施建(jian)設(she)，如水、天然氣、電(dian)信、電(dian)力(li)、有(you)(you)線電(dian)視等管網也要(yao)(yao)到位。

2、樹(shu)立經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)觀。稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)來源于經(jing)濟，沒(mei)有(you)經(jing)濟的持(chi)續(xu)、快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)，就不可能有(you)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)的穩定、快(kuai)速(su)增(zeng)長(chang)。因此，作為稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務部門要(yao)始終樹(shu)立稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)經(jing)濟觀，把促進經(jing)濟的發(fa)展(zhan)作為稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務工作的第(di)一要(yao)務，堅定不移地服(fu)從服(fu)務于經(jing)濟建設，培育新的稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)增(zeng)長(chang)點。加大對(dui)高附加值產(chan)業的投入(ru)，著(zhu)力培育潛在稅(shui)(shui)(shui)源和后續(xu)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)源。現階(jie)段一是要(yao)立足現有(you)重點稅(shui)(shui)(shui)源，加大科技(ji)(ji)投入(ru)，運(yun)用高科技(ji)(ji)手段"嫁(jia)接"轉(zhuan)化老弱(ruo)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)源，不斷形(xing)成新的稅(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)增(zeng)長(chang)點；二是對(dui)傳統產(chan)業進行機制轉(zhuan)換(huan)，設備(bei)更(geng)新和技(ji)(ji)術升級，產(chan)品換(huan)代，盤大有(you)限的經(jing)濟存量，拓展(zhan)產(chan)業發(fa)展(zhan)空間(jian)。

3、進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)解放思想，加大改革(ge)的力度。要進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)加快改制(zhi)步(bu)伐，努(nu)力培養一(yi)(yi)批在(zai)全省有地(di)位的民營企業(ye)(ye)(ye)排頭(tou)兵(bing)。要堅持以人(ren)為(wei)本，看(kan)準(zhun)人(ren)才，為(wei)改制(zhi)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)選(xuan)準(zhun)人(ren)才，把企業(ye)(ye)(ye)交給可靠(kao)的人(ren)，培養一(yi)(yi)批高素質的企業(ye)(ye)(ye)家隊伍(wu)。

篇4

位(wei)于(yu)粵西(xi)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德慶縣高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)鎮(zhen)，山地(di)(di)與水田的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例不(bu)平衡，山多(duo)田少是(shi)其主(zhu)要(yao)特征，故高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)鎮(zhen)人(ren)民(min)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)作物(wu)(wu)主(zhu)要(yao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)山地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)，并以(yi)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔、巴戟(ji)、肉桂等(deng)山地(di)(di)作物(wu)(wu)為主(zhu)。由于(yu)前幾(ji)年(nian)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收成很(hen)(hen)好，價錢相(xiang)對(dui)穩(wen)定，且(qie)價格一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)處于(yu)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)位(wei)置，所以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)戶依靠柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔致富。在(zai)(zai)(zai)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)形勢一(yi)(yi)片大(da)(da)(da)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，其他(ta)農(nong)民(min)紛紛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)，甚至部(bu)分(fen)人(ren)把自家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水田都(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)(shang)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔，出現了(le)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)農(nong)民(min)基本上(shang)(shang)家(jia)家(jia)戶戶都(dou)有自家(jia)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)鎮(zhen)已(yi)(yi)經形成一(yi)(yi)定規(gui)模(mo)，柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)收入成為了(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)人(ren)民(min)較為主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)收入。對(dui)巴戟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)也已(yi)(yi)有多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史。九十年(nian)代時，巴戟(ji)是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)鎮(zhen)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)作物(wu)(wu)，但是(shi)隨著巴戟(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模(mo)不(bu)斷擴大(da)(da)(da)，巴戟(ji)交易市(shi)場趨于(yu)飽和(he)。特別(bie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)XX年(nian)~~ 2012年(nian)這(zhe)三年(nian)里，巴戟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價格急促下(xia)降，致使大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民(min)放(fang)棄(qi)了(le)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)巴戟(ji)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)傳統。直(zhi)(zhi)到從(cong)去(qu)年(nian)起(qi)(qi)，巴戟(ji)價格開始不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回升，直(zhi)(zhi)至今日(ri)巴戟(ji)已(yi)(yi)升至每(mei)市(shi)斤(jin)8元左(zuo)右，較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甚至超過(guo)每(mei)市(shi)斤(jin)10元。從(cong)去(qu)年(nian)起(qi)(qi)農(nong)民(min)又重(zhong)新重(zhong)視對(dui)巴戟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)。肉桂在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)鎮(zhen)具有最為悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)歷史，肉桂曾經幫(bang)助無數了(le)老一(yi)(yi)輩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)人(ren)民(min)擺脫貧(pin)困的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)。肉桂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價格相(xiang)對(dui)來(lai)講(jiang)比(bi)較穩(wen)定，因此(ci)肉桂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)規(gui)模(mo)也相(xiang)對(dui)計較穩(wen)定，特別(bie)是(shi)旺埠(bu)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)和(he)都(dou)洪(hong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積比(bi)較大(da)(da)(da)。總之，肉桂幫(bang)助高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)人(ren)告別(bie)了(le)瓦房(fang)，巴戟(ji)讓(rang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)人(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)滋潤(run)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，柑(gan)(gan)(gan)桔讓(rang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)人(ren)真正奔(ben)小(xiao)康，甚至部(bu)分(fen)走向(xiang)(xiang)了(le)富裕。現在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)除(chu)上(shang)(shang)述三大(da)(da)(da)經濟(ji)作物(wu)(wu)外(wai)，部(bu)分(fen)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)人(ren)民(min)還種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)了(le)桉(an)樹(shu)、茶(cha)樹(shu)和(he)佛手(shou)等(deng)經濟(ji)作物(wu)(wu)。桉(an)樹(shu)是(shi)最新引進高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)作物(wu)(wu)之一(yi)(yi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)便可收獲數次(ci)，其產量較高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，收益(yi)預景好，因此(ci)桉(an)樹(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)近兩年(nian)來(lai)發展也頗(po)為迅(xun)速，出現了(le)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)過(guo)千(qian)畝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桉(an)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)戶。

縱觀高良鎮經(jing)濟(ji)作物的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)況，雖然各種(zhong)作物均有種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)，但比例不協調(diao)，以至于經(jing)常出(chu)(chu)現(xian)市場供需不平衡的(de)情(qing)況。相當(dang)一部分農(nong)民的(de)投(tou)入與產出(chu)(chu)比例相當(dang)，甚至投(tou)入大(da)于產出(chu)(chu)，生活難以得(de)到改(gai)善。

本次調查以高(gao)良(liang)農民為樣本，在高(gao)良(liang)鎮(zhen)各村共發(fa)放了(le)100份(fen)(fen)問卷(juan),回(hui)收(shou)97份(fen)(fen),其中(zhong)有(you)效(xiao)問卷(juan)97份(fen)(fen)｡問卷(juan)回(hui)收(shou)率97%，問卷(juan)有(you)效(xiao)率97%｡ 在有(you)效(xiao)的97個個案(an)中(zhong)其中(zhong)羅陽(yang)方(fang)向(xiang)35個，旺埠方(fang)向(xiang)占18個，新(xin)江方(fang)向(xiang)占44個。

一　數據分析

1、農民選擇種植該種經濟(ji)作物的原因(yin)

在農(nong)民(min)種植該種經濟作物之前,他們了(le)解關注有關的(de)種植信息、學習有關種植技術(shu)、看清產品市場前景等都(dou)十分(fen)重要，如果對這些基(ji)本(ben)情況都(dou)不了(le)解就盲目(mu)種植，很難取得較高的(de)經濟收益的(de)。（見(jian)表1）

表1農民種植(zhi)之前對該種經濟(ji)作(zuo)物基本(ben)情況的了解程度

選擇種(zhong)植該種(zhong)經濟作物的原因

種(zhong)植前對該作物種(zhong)植技(ji)術的(de)了(le)解

政府指導

看到市場前景

篇5

一、強化就(jiu)業服務(wu)，為農民工(gong)就(jiu)業廣開門路

各(ge)級(ji)政府和有(you)關部門應采取措施，積極為(wei)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)更多(duo)(duo)的就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)(xin)息，開(kai)辟更多(duo)(duo)的就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)門路。第(di)一(yi)(yi)，政府和有(you)關部門可主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)深入(ru)(ru)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)和私營企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)收集(ji)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)息，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)各(ge)種(zhong)渠道向(xiang)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，根據用(yong)人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)需求及時(shi)舉辦(ban)招聘會，為(wei)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)擇業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)機(ji)會。第(di)二(er)，完善市、縣、鄉、村四級(ji)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)保障(zhang)信(xin)(xin)息網絡(luo)，加(jia)強鄉一(yi)(yi)級(ji)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)保障(zhang)站(zhan)、所(suo)建設(she)，發揮基層(ceng)信(xin)(xin)息靈通(tong)的特(te)點，及時(shi)為(wei)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)息。第(di)三，進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)加(jia)強公共就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)服務體系建設(she)，加(jia)大人(ren)(ren)力(li)資源(yuan)市場投(tou)入(ru)(ru)。人(ren)(ren)力(li)資源(yuan)市場應加(jia)強軟件建設(she)，在大廳內設(she)置(zhi)大屏幕滾動(dong)(dong)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)單位(wei)的招工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)息，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)力(li)資源(yuan)網站(zhan)免費為(wei)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)招工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)息。第(di)四，鼓勵已(yi)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)帶動(dong)(dong)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)老鄉帶老鄉、親(qin)戚帶親(qin)戚、朋(peng)友(you)帶朋(peng)友(you)、村鄰帶村鄰等形式，幫助(zhu)、帶動(dong)(dong)更多(duo)(duo)的農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)實現就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。第(di)五(wu)，加(jia)強勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務合作(zuo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)接工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。鼓勵、支持勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力(li)輸(shu)出地(di)與勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力(li)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)地(di)建立(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務對(dui)(dui)(dui)接平臺，建立(li)雙方勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務合作(zuo)關系。加(jia)強勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務輸(shu)出地(di)和輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)地(di)的管理服務協(xie)調配(pei)合，做(zuo)好(hao)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)服務銜接，開(kai)展(zhan)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)形式的勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務對(dui)(dui)(dui)接活動(dong)(dong)，建立(li)長久(jiu)合作(zuo)機(ji)制，以勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務經濟(ji)帶動(dong)(dong)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。第(di)六，加(jia)強農(nong)村勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力(li)轉移就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)服務信(xin)(xin)息網絡(luo)建設(she)，做(zuo)好(hao)城市和縣鄉公共就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)服務機(ji)構間的信(xin)(xin)息對(dui)(dui)(dui)接，建立(li)全國聯網的用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信(xin)(xin)息制度，及時(shi)為(wei)農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)有(you)效崗位(wei)信(xin)(xin)息。

二(er)、加強技能培(pei)訓，提高農民工就業創業能力

做(zuo)好農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，必須加強(qiang)(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)能培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)。第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)，根據(ju)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)急需(xu)和(he)人(ren)力(li)資源市(shi)場的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)信息，組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)展(zhan)上門、對(dui)口培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)和(he)崗(gang)前培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)和(he)上崗(gang)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)無(wu)縫對(dui)接(jie)。第(di)(di)(di)二，根據(ju)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)，分級分類(lei)開(kai)展(zhan)陽光工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)、扶貧培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村勞(lao)動力(li)轉移(yi)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村實(shi)(shi)(shi)用技(ji)(ji)術培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)等(deng)各類(lei)技(ji)(ji)能培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，切實(shi)(shi)(shi)提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)能力(li)。第(di)(di)(di)三，強(qiang)(qiang)化企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)責任，對(dui)用人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)吸納農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)，由用人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)依托所屬(shu)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)機構或委托所在(zai)地定(ding)點(dian)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)機構，結合崗(gang)位(wei)需(xu)求(qiu)和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)需(xu)要，組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)其參加技(ji)(ji)能提升培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)。第(di)(di)(di)四，組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)需(xu)轉移(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)用技(ji)(ji)能培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，重點(dian)是(shi)根據(ju)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)崗(gang)位(wei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際需(xu)求(qiu)開(kai)展(zhan)訂單(dan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，結合產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)振興的(de)(de)潛在(zai)需(xu)求(qiu)開(kai)展(zhan)定(ding)向培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)。第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)，對(dui)有創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)愿(yuan)望并具備一(yi)定(ding)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)條件的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村勞(lao)動力(li)開(kai)展(zhan)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)。組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)專(zhuan)家，對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)意(yi)(yi)識培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)，使他們(men)了解政府為促(cu)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)所制定(ding)的(de)(de)一(yi)系列政策措施，激發他們(men)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)熱(re)情，促(cu)進其實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)自(zi)謀職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、自(zi)主創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。第(di)(di)(di)六，加強(qiang)(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)能培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)監督管理，認(ren)真做(zuo)好職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)能鑒(jian)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，完善培(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)財政補貼機制。

三(san)、采取(qu)措(cuo)施(shi)鼓勵農民工就(jiu)地就(jiu)近就(jiu)業創業

做好(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，應重(zhong)視(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近(jin)(jin)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。第一(yi)，營(ying)造(zao)濃厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)氛圍。政府和(he)有(you)關部門(men)要大(da)力引導和(he)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，做到(dao)人人找(zhao)機會、人人抓機會創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。營(ying)造(zao)“外出創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)光榮，回鄉創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)功(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)濃厚(hou)氛圍，引導“打工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)潮”向“創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)潮”發展，幫助返(fan)鄉農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)把(ba)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)意(yi)愿變為(wei)實際行動(dong)。第二，從(cong)稅收、貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)等(deng)優惠政策扶(fu)(fu)(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。對創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近(jin)(jin)從(cong)事二、三產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，給予享受(shou)城鎮下崗(gang)失業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人員(yuan)享受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅費減免(mian)、小額擔保貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)等(deng)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)政策。對自謀職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、自主創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，自籌資金(jin)不足的(de)(de)(de)(de)可申請(qing)小額擔保貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)。對從(cong)事微利(li)項目符合(he)貼(tie)息(xi)政策的(de)(de)(de)(de)給予貼(tie)息(xi)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)。第三，建(jian)設(she)(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)和(he)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)一(yi)條街(jie)。建(jian)立農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)，鼓(gu)勵和(he)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)通過租(zu)賃、承包等(deng)合(he)法方式(shi)方法利(li)用閑(xian)置(zhi)土地、閑(xian)置(zhi)廠(chang)房等(deng)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。建(jian)立農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)一(yi)條街(jie)，以免(mian)費、低價租(zu)賃的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提供創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)場(chang)地。第四，開(kai)設(she)(she)“綠色通道”支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。積(ji)極支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)、鼓(gu)勵、引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，全方位(wei)(wei)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)發展農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、生態農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、來料加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，全力扶(fu)(fu)(fu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)辦農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)家樂、山村(cun)旅游業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，鼓(gu)勵農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)辦小企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)從(cong)事二、三產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，成立農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)作(zuo)社，開(kai)辦個體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商戶(hu)、夫妻店(dian)等(deng)，使農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地得到(dao)充(chong)分就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。第五，大(da)力開(kai)發本地崗(gang)位(wei)(wei)，鼓(gu)勵農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)本地自主創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)合(he)伙(huo)組(zu)織創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，開(kai)發鄉鎮村(cun)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)，開(kai)展鄉鎮保潔(jie)、保安等(deng)公(gong)共崗(gang)位(wei)(wei)，促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)近(jin)(jin)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。

四、落實(shi)企業減負穩崗措(cuo)施，穩定(ding)農民工就業

企(qi)(qi)業(ye)作為(wei)市場經濟的(de)主(zhu)體，是就業(ye)崗位(wei)的(de)主(zhu)要提供者。只(zhi)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)能夠生(sheng)存下去，或擴(kuo)大再(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)，或有(you)錢可賺，才會(hui)有(you)更(geng)多穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，才能創(chuang)造更(geng)多的(de)就業(ye)機(ji)會(hui)。實踐(jian)證明，解決農(nong)民工就業(ye)問題，最有(you)效(xiao)的(de)辦法是支(zhi)持企(qi)(qi)業(ye)發(fa)展和擴(kuo)大生(sheng)產(chan)，認真落實減負、扶持政策(ce)，允(yun)許困難(nan)(nan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)在一定(ding)(ding)(ding)期限緩繳社會(hui)保(bao)險費(fei)，允(yun)許階段性降低(di)4項社會(hui)保(bao)險費(fei)率(lv)、允(yun)許使(shi)用失業(ye)保(bao)險基金幫助(zhu)困難(nan)(nan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)就業(ye)崗位(wei)等(deng)，鼓勵困難(nan)(nan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)盡量不(bu)裁(cai)員(yuan)、少減員(yuan)，實現(xian)保(bao)就業(ye)、保(bao)增長、保(bao)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)。大力幫助(zhu)和支(zhi)持勞動密集型(xing)產(chan)業(ye)、中小企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、非公有(you)制(zhi)經濟和服(fu)務業(ye)克服(fu)困難(nan)(nan)，尋求發(fa)展，更(geng)多吸(xi)納農(nong)民工就業(ye)；貫徹(che)執行減輕企(qi)(qi)業(ye)負擔穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)就業(ye)政策(ce)，幫助(zhu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)解困，完善支(zhi)持創(chuang)業(ye)的(de)財稅(shui)、金融、工商等(deng)政策(ce)體系，改(gai)善創(chuang)業(ye)環境(jing)，積極推動以(yi)創(chuang)業(ye)帶(dai)動就業(ye)，為(wei)農(nong)民工創(chuang)業(ye)創(chuang)造更(geng)好的(de)條件。

篇6

二、調(diao)查(cha)對(dui)(dui)象和方(fang)(fang)(fang)法：本調(diao)查(cha)隨機(ji)抽取(qu)豐澤區實驗幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)園小(xiao)、中、大(da)班(ban)120名(ming)幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)及其家長(其中小(xiao)班(ban)30名(ming)、中班(ban)30名(ming)、大(da)班(ban)30名(ming))。采(cai)用的調(diao)查(cha)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法：1、問卷(juan)法：問卷(juan)調(diao)查(cha)家長的教育觀念,對(dui)(dui)幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)早期閱讀功能(neng)的認識，對(dui)(dui)書籍選擇、指(zhi)(zhi)導方(fang)(fang)(fang)法等方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的情(qing)況(kuang)。2、個別訪談法：了解幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)閱讀書籍及指(zhi)(zhi)導方(fang)(fang)(fang)法等方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的情(qing)況(kuang)。

三(san)、調查結果和分(fen)析(xi)：

1、家(jia)長(chang)(chang)已(yi)初(chu)步具有(you)對幼(you)兒早(zao)(zao)期閱讀重要(yao)(yao)性的(de)認(ren)識(shi)：86%的(de)家(jia)長(chang)(chang)認(ren)為(wei)對幼(you)兒進(jin)行早(zao)(zao)期閱讀是(shi)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)，早(zao)(zao)期閱讀對幼(you)兒良(liang)好學習習慣(guan)的(de)培養有(you)積(ji)極作用;8%的(de)家(jia)長(chang)(chang)認(ren)為(wei)可有(you)可無，順(shun)其自然，可以(yi)等孩子大些(xie)再加以(yi)引(yin)導，只有(you)6%的(de)家(jia)長(chang)(chang)認(ren)為(wei)孩子沒(mei)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行早(zao)(zao)期閱讀，他(ta)們認(ren)為(wei)孩子聽聽故事(shi)就行了，閱讀是(shi)識(shi)字以(yi)后的(de)事(shi)了。

2、家(jia)長(chang)對閱讀(du)(du)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用和(he)教育(yu)觀(guan)念、目標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)認識(shi)不(bu)足(zu)：培養幼兒(er)早期(qi)閱讀(du)(du)并(bing)不(bu)單是(shi)開發智力，還可(ke)以(yi)從(cong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)中可(ke)以(yi)獲得情(qing)感體驗，分辨真、善、美的(de)(de)能力。這是(shi)和(he)整(zheng)個(ge)幼兒(er)期(qi)教育(yu)目標(biao)(biao)相吻合的(de)(de)。調查的(de)(de)結(jie)果卻(que)表(biao)明家(jia)長(chang)對閱讀(du)(du)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用和(he)教育(yu)觀(guan)念、目標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)認識(shi)不(bu)足(zu)。如表(biao)一(yi)：家(jia)長(chang)認為孩子一(yi)定要(yao)讀(du)(du)的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)種類(lei)：類(lei)別(bie)比例凡是(shi)有(you)益孩子成長(chang)的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)8%沒有(you)哪一(yi)本書(shu)(shu)(shu)使(shi)孩子一(yi)定要(yao)讀(du)(du)的(de)(de)26%科普讀(du)(du)物、智能訓練類(lei)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)40%故(gu)事類(lei)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)兒(er)童刊物26%由此表(biao)可(ke)見：

(1)最(zui)大比例人群----40%的家長(chang)認為，智力(li)發(fa)展是幼兒期(qi)最(zui)主要的內容(rong)。

(2)26%的(de)家長認(ren)為(wei)孩子要看(kan)兒童(tong)刊物及故事書(shu)。這其中以低學歷家長為(wei)多，這部分家長教育意識比(bi)較(jiao)模(mo)糊，沒(mei)有科學的(de)教育目(mu)標和計劃。

(3)另26%的家(jia)長認為沒有哪一(yi)本書是一(yi)定要讀的，這(zhe)其(qi)中高(gao)、底學歷(li)的家(jia)長都有。他們(men)認為孩(hai)子成(cheng)長順其(qi)自然，沒有必(bi)要加予引導。

(4)只有(you)(you)8%的(de)(de)家長認(ren)為凡是(shi)有(you)(you)利與孩子成(cheng)長的(de)(de)書是(shi)孩子可以(yi)閱讀的(de)(de)內容。這部分家長有(you)(you)比較正確的(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)觀念和明(ming)確的(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)目標。他們(men)懂得(de)情(qing)感(gan)、品德(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)與智力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)同樣重要(yao)，興趣、潛能(neng)必須以(yi)人(ren)格健(jian)全(quan)為保證才能(neng)得(de)到(dao)正常的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)揮。

3、家長(chang)為幼(you)兒選(xuan)擇的(de)(de)兒童(tong)讀(du)物(wu)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)童(tong)話(hua)、經典(dian)(dian)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)唱(chang)主角：表二：家長(chang)、幼(you)兒最喜(xi)(xi)愛(ai)的(de)(de)書籍種類的(de)(de)占有(you)量(liang)：百科知識類著名(ming)童(tong)話(hua)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)外國(guo)現(xian)代兒童(tong)讀(du)物(wu)中(zhong)國(guo)現(xian)代兒童(tong)讀(du)物(wu)不知道家長(chang)27%44%2.3%3.7%22%幼(you)兒18%39%8%14%21%從此表可(ke)見無論是(shi)(shi)家長(chang)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)幼(you)兒都以最大比例(li)人群(qun)選(xuan)擇了(le)著名(ming)童(tong)話(hua)、經典(dian)(dian)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)，而國(guo)內現(xian)代兒童(tong)讀(du)物(wu)只(zhi)(zhi)占孩(hai)子(zi)喜(xi)(xi)歡書籍總量(liang)的(de)(de)14%，這以社會(hui)發展的(de)(de)速度和(he)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)不相(xiang)符的(de)(de)。孩(hai)子(zi)們需(xu)要(yao)(yao)符合(he)他們年齡特點、興趣愛(ai)好(hao)的(de)(de)好(hao)書和(he)有(you)趣的(de)(de)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)形象，如三毛孫(sun)悟空等(deng)都在調查(cha)中(zhong)為家長(chang)、孩(hai)子(zi)所肯定(ding)。但是(shi)(shi)這些好(hao)看又被(bei)孩(hai)子(zi)關注(zhu)的(de)(de)書太少，一些好(hao)書一經掌(zhang)聲雀起，馬上被(bei)改頭換臉(lian)，濫(lan)編得面目全非。這樣(yang)的(de)(de)書只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)風光一時(shi)(shi)，很快會(hui)被(bei)孩(hai)子(zi)遺忘(wang)，是(shi)(shi)經不起時(shi)(shi)間推敲的(de)(de)。

4、家(jia)長(chang)(chang)對書(shu)(shu)籍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)好、選(xuan)擇(ze)直接影響(xiang)著(zhu)孩子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)好、選(xuan)擇(ze)：(如(ru)表二所示(shi))從統計數字上看,家(jia)長(chang)(chang)喜(xi)愛(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)籍類(lei)型與孩子(zi)愛(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)籍類(lei)型基本一致。可(ke)以看家(jia)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)好、選(xuan)擇(ze)直接影響(xiang)著(zhu)孩子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)好、選(xuan)擇(ze)。如(ru)22%不知道喜(xi)歡哪一類(lei)書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)家(jia)長(chang)(chang)也造成了21%孩子(zi)不知道喜(xi)歡哪一類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)。說明有高(gao)達22%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對孩子(zi)閱讀(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性沒有正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識。家(jia)長(chang)(chang)是孩子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一位(wei)啟蒙老師，父母的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)位(wei)、影響(xiang)是不可(ke)代替的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此，家(jia)長(chang)(chang)必須有正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育觀念，以此來施與孩子(zi)正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學習目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，從而多角(jiao)度地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇(ze)有益(yi)孩子(zi)成長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)。

5、逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)為(wei)培養幼(you)兒早期閱讀(du)興趣(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)益手段：表(biao)三(san)：家(jia)長(chang)帶(dai)(dai)幼(you)兒逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)與家(jia)長(chang)向(xiang)(xiang)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)推薦圖書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比較：是否偶(ou)爾經常帶(dai)(dai)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)36%11%53%經常向(xiang)(xiang)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)推薦圖書(shu)(shu)37%11%52%由此(ci)表(biao)可見：數據(ju)十(shi)(shi)分(fen)接(jie)近(jin)，有(you)百(bai)份(fen)三(san)十(shi)(shi)幾的(de)(de)(de)(de)家(jia)長(chang)是有(you)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)地帶(dai)(dai)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，在逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時向(xiang)(xiang)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)推薦家(jia)長(chang)認(ren)為(wei)優(you)秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)籍，使孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中成(cheng)為(wei)主動者，這樣會提高孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)興趣(qu)，讓孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和書(shu)(shu)交上朋友。但是，家(jia)長(chang)與孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)同問卷(juan)上反映逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)卻不(bu)(bu)同。如表(biao)四(si)：家(jia)長(chang)、幼(you)兒不(bu)(bu)同問卷(juan)反映的(de)(de)(de)(de)逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況(kuang)：經常帶(dai)(dai)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)爾帶(dai)(dai)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)逛(guang)(guang)書(shu)(shu)店(dian)(dian)(dian)從來沒有(you)家(jia)長(chang)36%53%11%幼(you)兒11%/89%由此(ci)表(biao)可見：

(1)家(jia)長(chang)和孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)回答(da)的(de)差(cha)距較大(da)。一部分(fen)家(jia)長(chang)只(zhi)是(shi)自己逛(guang)書店時帶上孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)，孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)和書店和書之間(jian)沒有(you)聯系，即使父母帶孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)逛(guang)的(de)次數再多(duo)，孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)對書店的(de)印象還是(shi)不(bu)深刻，甚至沒有(you)印象。有(you)的(de)家(jia)長(chang)的(de)確(que)想通過帶孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)逛(guang)書店，來加(jia)強書與孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)之間(jian)的(de)關(guan)系，使孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)在潛移默化中(zhong)與書成(cheng)為(wei)好朋友，但是(shi)缺少了必(bi)要的(de)引導，以(yi)致(zhi)孩(hai)(hai)(hai)子(zi)(zi)在書店中(zhong)是(shi)被動(dong)的(de)、盲從的(de)。家(jia)長(chang)有(you)目的(de)的(de)行為(wei)沒有(you)獲(huo)得(de)預期的(de)成(cheng)效。

(2)半數以上家長對(dui)帶(dai)孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)逛書(shu)店(dian)(dian)或向孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)推(tui)(tui)薦圖(tu)書(shu)都是無(wu)目的的，對(dui)向孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)推(tui)(tui)薦圖(tu)書(shu)和(he)帶(dai)孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)逛書(shu)店(dian)(dian)能提(ti)高閱讀(du)興趣的作用不大了解。

(3)還(huan)有(you)11%的(de)(de)家長從來(lai)沒(mei)有(you)帶孩(hai)子逛過書(shu)店(dian)，這些家長顯然(ran)沒(mei)有(you)注意(yi)到指導孩(hai)子閱讀(du)應(ying)走進書(shu)店(dian)這一(yi)更生動、直接的(de)(de)方(fang)式，他們不(bu)僅自身對(dui)知識需(xu)要的(de)(de)缺乏，還(huan)對(dui)環境給孩(hai)子的(de)(de)影響力的(de)(de)認識也十(shi)分缺乏。

四、建議：

1、幼兒(er)園或(huo)社區應廣泛且高質量地(di)開設(she)家(jia)長(chang)學校、家(jia)長(chang)建議講座，讓家(jia)長(chang)明確教(jiao)育目(mu)標，端正(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)育觀念，了解正(zheng)(zheng)確的閱(yue)讀指導方法，并定期向(xiang)家(jia)長(chang)推薦閱(yue)讀書(shu)目(mu)。教(jiao)師、家(jia)長(chang)加強聯系以獲得幼兒(er)閱(yue)讀的進展情況，有(you)的放矢地(di)進行指導。同時(shi)結合三t即(ji)：talking-交談(tan)、談(tan)論，telling--講述，thinking-思考。使孩(hai)子與老師、父母在三t活動中，通過聽、說、想多種手段的訓(xun)練(lian)真正(zheng)(zheng)提高閱(yue)讀能力。

篇7

許多(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)不吃(chi)早餐(can)(can)，應付(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)餐(can)(can)，晚餐(can)(can)不在乎，使正處于長身(shen)體(ti)階段的中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)面黃肌瘦，身(shen)體(ti)免疫力(li)差(cha)，頻繁生(sheng)病(bing)。更另人擔心的是(shi)許多(duo)人買吃(chi)的不看保質期，時(shi)常(chang)買到過(guo)期食(shi)品。而街頭(tou)小吃(chi)的流行，更是(shi)加大了(le)學生(sheng)的飲(yin)食(shi)衛(wei)生(sheng)問(wen)題(ti)。除了(le)飲(yin)食(shi)衛(wei)生(sheng)，就是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)的校食(shi)堂的問(wen)題(ti)了(le)，有的學校食(shi)堂衛(wei)生(sheng)狀況令人擔憂，餐(can)(can)具不干(gan)凈(jing)，飯菜不衛(wei)生(sheng)，不時(shi)會(hui)發生(sheng)學生(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)毒事件，使學生(sheng)、家長憂心重(zhong)重(zhong)。

現在的(de)(de)(de)中學生大多(duo)有(you)叫外賣的(de)(de)(de)習慣，或(huo)是(shi)不(bu)在學校(xiao)食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)吃飯(fan)(fan)(fan)，很有(you)一些女(nv)同學也朝這方(fang)(fang)向去(qu)發展，為了形(xing)體的(de)(de)(de)美，或(huo)者是(shi)說(shuo)找一些借口不(bu)在學校(xiao)吃飯(fan)(fan)(fan)，說(shuo)學校(xiao)食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)飯(fan)(fan)(fan)菜(cai)不(bu)好吃，排(pai)隊(dui)時間太長，飯(fan)(fan)(fan)菜(cai)里有(you)不(bu)干(gan)凈的(de)(de)(de)東西，不(bu)過(guo)根(gen)據我們的(de)(de)(de)調查一些學校(xiao)食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)(de)衛生飲食(shi)(shi)也確實有(you)問(wen)題(ti)，例如(ru)飯(fan)(fan)(fan)菜(cai)里有(you)石頭(tou)、昆蟲(chong)，甚至煙頭(tou)等這方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)(de)這么(me)不(bu)注意，當(dang)然就加大了中學生在食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)飲食(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)逆反(fan)心(xin)理。問(wen)題(ti)很明顯就出來了。所以說(shuo)如(ru)果說(shuo)住讀學校(xiao)要求一定要在學校(xiao)食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)就餐(can)，那么(me)食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)就更應該注意飯(fan)(fan)(fan)菜(cai)問(wen)題(ti)、清潔工作，加強這方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)管理。至于學生呢？要改變長期(qi)認為學校(xiao)食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)漏洞(dong)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，出現問(wen)題(ti)要及時于食(shi)(shi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)相(xiang)關部(bu)門反(fan)映。這樣學生與學校(xiao)雙方(fang)(fang)配合，才(cai)能進一步解(jie)決這一問(wen)題(ti)。

1、關于正餐的分析

經過校內大部分學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)詢問得知，有(you)許多學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)有(you)不吃(chi)正(zheng)餐(can)的習(xi)慣(guan)。不吃(chi)正(zheng)餐(can)的主要原(yuan)因是：時間倉促，其次是為了減肥。只有(you)少部分表示不吃(chi)正(zheng)餐(can)是由于(yu)飯(fan)堂伙食差，沒(mei)胃口(kou)。不吃(chi)正(zheng)餐(can)，那些中學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)就選擇叫外賣、面(mian)包和方便面(mian)代(dai)替正(zheng)餐(can)，更有(you)少部分人以零食作為主食。

學(xue)習(xi)任務繁(fan)重使中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)深(shen)感時(shi)(shi)間的不(bu)足。而(er)豐(feng)富(fu)多彩的校園活(huo)(huo)動(dong)更使本來就緊(jin)(jin)張(zhang)(zhang)的時(shi)(shi)間更顯緊(jin)(jin)張(zhang)(zhang)。為(wei)(wei)求(qiu)學(xue)業和活(huo)(huo)動(dong)間的平衡，大(da)部分(fen)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)時(shi)(shi)間中(zhong)(zhong)擠壓，如(ru)吃飯、睡(shui)眠的時(shi)(shi)間。于是就有(you)(you)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)出現有(you)(you)不(bu)吃正餐的現象。飯堂(tang)的伙(huo)食(shi)是經學(xue)校管理，食(shi)物(wu)安全系數相對(dui)較(jiao)高，營養結構比較(jiao)科學(xue)合理，價(jia)格也比較(jiao)公(gong)平。選擇飯堂(tang)的伙(huo)食(shi)，不(bu)僅有(you)(you)安全保障，而(er)且(qie)有(you)(you)利于中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的身(shen)體(ti)發育、節約(yue)金錢。然而(er)在飯堂(tang)打飯要浪費時(shi)(shi)間，這(zhe)(zhe)無疑(yi)使時(shi)(shi)間緊(jin)(jin)張(zhang)(zhang)的中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)舍(she)而(er)避之(zhi)。而(er)有(you)(you)的中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)特別(bie)是女同學(xue)，為(wei)(wei)了(le)追求(qiu)形(xing)體(ti)美，忍饑(ji)挨餓，以(yi)至(zhi)營養不(bu)足，更有(you)(you)甚者危(wei)及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命健康這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)盲目的行為(wei)(wei)無疑(yi)是不(bu)可(ke)取的。

因此(ci)，盡管時間倉促,中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)生還是(shi)應(ying)(ying)該(gai)食用正規的(de)正餐。在萬(wan)不得已的(de)情況下，中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)生才應(ying)(ying)考(kao)慮以其(qi)它食品(pin)代替正餐。而(er)正處身(shen)體發(fa)育中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)生更不應(ying)(ying)盲目追求形(xing)體美而(er)對身(shen)體造成(cheng)傷害。

2、關于中學生(sheng)食品的安全意(yi)識分析

中學(xue)生在某(mou)種特殊(shu)情況下會選擇(ze)購買食品代替到飯堂吃飯，那么(me)中學(xue)生對購買食品的(de)安全意識又(you)如何呢？

少(shao)部分(fen)(fen)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)在購買食(shi)品(pin)時(shi)會(hui)(hui)看食(shi)品(pin)的(de)生(sheng)產日(ri)期等基本信(xin)息，如知曉食(shi)品(pin)過期后不(bu)會(hui)(hui)進食(shi)該食(shi)品(pin)。由(you)此(ci)我們可以發現(xian)，中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)的(de)食(shi)品(pin)安全意識并(bing)不(bu)高。只有(you)(you)約為一(yi)半的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)會(hui)(hui)注(zhu)意食(shi)品(pin)包(bao)裝上的(de)信(xin)息，這無(wu)疑加大了中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)食(shi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)風險(xian)。在面對(dui)食(shi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)情(qing)(qing)況時(shi)，有(you)(you)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)會(hui)(hui)選(xuan)擇自行(xing)急救，或馬上到附近的(de)醫療機構進行(xing)治(zhi)療，有(you)(you)的(de)會(hui)(hui)先找些藥吃，或因(yin)情(qing)(qing)況而定(ding)，甚至有(you)(you)的(de)會(hui)(hui)置(zhi)之不(bu)理。由(you)此(ci)，我們可得知大多數中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)能正確(que)處理食(shi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)現(xian)象，但(dan)仍有(you)(you)少(shao)部分(fen)(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)沒(mei)有(you)(you)意識到食(shi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)嚴重性并(bing)及時(shi)進行(xing)處理。所以，引導中(zhong)(zhong)學生(sheng)正確(que)處理食(shi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)事件是(shi)十分(fen)(fen)有(you)(you)必要的(de)。

因此，提高中學生的(de)食品安全意識任重道遠。

建議：

1、學(xue)(xue)(xue)習科學(xue)(xue)(xue)安(an)(an)排學(xue)(xue)(xue)習時間(jian)，幫助學(xue)(xue)(xue)生正確(que)安(an)(an)排學(xue)(xue)(xue)習和生活時間(jian)。

學(xue)習(xi)(xi)任務重(zhong)，在加(jia)上豐富(fu)的校(xiao)園(yuan)活動(dong)，中(zhong)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的時(shi)間十分緊迫。于是，大部(bu)分中(zhong)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)選擇犧牲吃(chi)(chi)飯、睡覺等生(sheng)(sheng)活時(shi)間，以求取得(de)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)與課外活動(dong)的平衡。為學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的身(shen)體(ti)(ti)健(jian)康，學(xue)習(xi)(xi)應適度調整時(shi)間安排(pai)，引導學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)正(zheng)確地安排(pai)時(shi)間，幫助學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)認識到(dao)吃(chi)(chi)正(zheng)餐對身(shen)體(ti)(ti)的重(zhong)要性。

2、中學生(sheng)應提高對健康的認(ren)識(shi)，學會正確地處理學習(xi)和生(sheng)活的關系。

中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)有不吃正餐的情況，可見中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對身體健(jian)康(kang)的重視和(he)(he)認(ren)識不足。因此(ci)，中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)應提(ti)高對身體健(jian)康(kang)的認(ren)識，學(xue)(xue)會正確的處理(li)學(xue)(xue)習和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活的關系，提(ti)高學(xue)(xue)習效率，科(ke)學(xue)(xue)地安排(pai)時間(jian)。另外，廣大中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)不應以身體健(jian)康(kang)為(wei)代價追求所謂的形(xing)體美。

3、因(yin)學生(sheng)對食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的忽視，才會發(fa)生(sheng)各(ge)類的食(shi)(shi)物中(zhong)毒事件，所以學校(xiao)各(ge)宣傳部門機(ji)構(gou)應(ying)積極宣傳食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)安(an)全(quan)(quan)知(zhi)識和食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)毒的急救知(zhi)識。

身(shen)體是革(ge)命的(de)(de)本(ben)錢(qian)(qian)，也是學(xue)習(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)本(ben)錢(qian)(qian)。中(zhong)學(xue)生只有從運動(dong)、飲(yin)食等方面保持身(shen)體健康，才有可能有最佳的(de)(de)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)狀態。因此，面對(dui)時間(jian)倉促的(de)(de)問題，中(zhong)學(xue)生應(ying)更(geng)注重時間(jian)的(de)(de)安(an)排，做到使(shi)生活與學(xue)習(xi)(xi)平衡。

篇8

一、《通則》的評價方(fang)法

1.標準的流程和關鍵(jian)工(gong)序評價

《通則》將品牌許可生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的流程(cheng)分為(wei)七個階(jie)段(duan)：①品牌許可生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)項目(mu)確定；②加工(gong)能力寫(xie)實(shi)(shi)評估(gu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)進(jin)；③產(chan)(chan)品批量(liang)試驗(yan)及(ji)文件編制；④計劃分解與(yu)(yu)(yu)銜(xian)接；⑤生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)前(qian)準備；⑥生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制；⑦產(chan)(chan)品檢驗(yan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)交付。在(zai)流程(cheng)中對(dui)關鍵環節(jie)(jie)進(jin)行評估(gu)和評價，其中“加工(gong)能力寫(xie)實(shi)(shi)評估(gu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)進(jin)”由(you)“主要工(gong)藝質量(liang)指(zhi)標寫(xie)實(shi)(shi)評估(gu)”（附(fu)錄a）支撐，“產(chan)(chan)品批量(liang)試驗(yan)及(ji)文件編制”環節(jie)(jie)參(can)考“批量(liang)試驗(yan)產(chan)(chan)品符合性評價”（附(fu)錄b）和“重(zhong)點(dian)工(gong)序參(can)數控(kong)(kong)制情(qing)況評估(gu)”（附(fu)錄c），“生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制”則由(you)“葉組配方同質化網評價表”（附(fu)錄d）來支撐。

2.產(chan)品一致性(xing)的評價(jia)

外觀標(biao)識及特征(zheng)的(de)一致性主(zhu)要依據消(xiao)費者(zhe)的(de)關注程度確定評(ping)價項目。

感官風格一致(zhi)性采用了(le)“三(san)點檢(jian)驗(yan)”的方式(shi)，即(ji)把(ba)許可方（原企(qi)業(ye)）的產品(pin)與異地(di)加(jia)工的產品(pin)組成“三(san)點檢(jian)驗(yan)”的樣本，按有關規定(ding)(ding)進(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)驗(yan)和判定(ding)(ding)，設立了(le)“好(hao)”、“一致(zhi)”、“不(bu)一致(zhi)”三(san)種結果。

——正確識別的(de)評(ping)吸人(ren)員數(shu)(shu)量(liang)：p≤總數(shu)(shu)的(de)1/3，水平為(wei)“好”。

——正確識別的(de)評吸人(ren)員數(shu)量：總(zong)數(shu)的(de)1/3＜p＜5％顯著性要(yao)求規定的(de)相關人(ren)數(shu)，水(shui)平(ping)為“一致”，說明(ming)產品一致性水(shui)平(ping)網(wang)可(ke)以接受。

——正(zheng)確(que)識別的(de)評吸人(ren)員數量(liang)：p≥5％顯著性要(yao)求規定(ding)的(de)相關人(ren)數，水(shui)平為“不一(yi)致”，許(xu)可方可以(yi)拒絕接收本批產品。

例如：參加評吸的人數(shu)為(wei)24，5％顯著(zhu)性要求的人數(shu)應是(shi)13，一致(zhi)性水平判斷如下表(biao)：

正確識別數

≤8

9~12

≥13

一致性水平

好

一致

不一致

即使許可方人為將銷區差異引入多點加工(gong)中，也不(bu)能(neng)超(chao)越“一致”的底線。

3.管理評價

管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)評(ping)價(jia)在《通則》中十分重要。管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)評(ping)價(jia)主要是圍繞許(xu)可生產或多點加工的(de)七個流程，對標(biao)準中管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)規定逐項進(jin)行落實和評(ping)價(jia)，以促進(jin)過程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)規范化。

4.現場調研和評價內容

現場(chang)著重(zhong)對被許(xu)(xu)可(ke)方(fang)（品牌(pai)(pai)輸(shu)入(ru)方(fang)）的生產(chan)和管理(li)過程(cheng)、質量(liang)文(wen)件及記錄進(jin)(jin)行(xing)現場(chang)檢查，以“加工(gong)(gong)能力寫實、評(ping)(ping)估與(yu)改進(jin)(jin)”、“批量(liang)試驗及文(wen)件編制”、“許(xu)(xu)可(ke)生產(chan)的過程(cheng)控制”等10個關(guan)鍵環節為重(zhong)點，按照(zhao)《通(tong)則》中規定(ding)的“品牌(pai)(pai)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)生產(chan)管理(li)評(ping)(ping)價表”對被許(xu)(xu)可(ke)方(fang)（品牌(pai)(pai)輸(shu)入(ru)方(fang)）以及許(xu)(xu)可(ke)方(fang)（品牌(pai)(pai)輸(shu)出方(fang)）相關(guan)工(gong)(gong)作的管理(li)水平進(jin)(jin)行(xing)打分。

二、《通(tong)則》執行情(qing)況調(diao)研結果分析(xi)

1.各企業(ye)許可生產的(de)組織形式情況

**年(nian)現場調研的(de)(de)13組(zu)多點(dian)加(jia)工企業(ye)中，組(zu)織(zhi)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)有三種，基本上各占1/3：一是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)企管部門主管，這(zhe)(zhe)種方式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)按照質(zhi)量管理體(ti)系(xi)進(jin)行管理，各部門的(de)(de)職責劃(hua)分比較清晰，便(bian)于考(kao)核和質(zhi)量追溯；二是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)生產(chan)部門主管，這(zhe)(zhe)種方式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)特點(dian)主要體(ti)現在(zai)(zai)突(tu)出了以生產(chan)流程為主線的(de)(de)管理模式(shi)(shi)(shi)，便(bian)于生產(chan)；三是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)技術中心(xin)主管，這(zhe)(zhe)種方式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)特點(dian)主要體(ti)現在(zai)(zai)以技術標準來指導許可(ke)生產(chan)，便(bian)于標準的(de)(de)落(luo)(luo)實。以上三種方式(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)不同企業(ye)都分別(bie)取(qu)得了成功，說明(ming)《通(tong)則》實施的(de)(de)主體(ti)并(bing)不是(shi)(shi)主要的(de)(de)，各部門通(tong)力合作(zuo)有效落(luo)(luo)實《通(tong)則》的(de)(de)要求才是(shi)(shi)實施的(de)(de)關鍵。

2.《通則》貫徹落實(shi)情況

各企業普遍認為按照《通則》的(de)流(liu)程和評價(jia)方(fang)式進行管(guan)(guan)(guan)理和評價(jia)，對(dui)多(duo)點加(jia)工確實能夠(gou)起到質量保障的(de)作用，有些(xie)企業已經把許可生產技術和管(guan)(guan)(guan)理標準或文件納入到企業的(de)質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體系中，加(jia)強了對(dui)《通則》的(de)執行力(li)度。

3.加工能力寫實、評估與改(gai)進存在一定問題

加工(gong)能(neng)(neng)力寫實是許(xu)可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)產(chan)最重要的(de)(de)環節之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。它一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)關系(xi)到(dao)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)方(fang)對被(bei)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)方(fang)情況的(de)(de)全面(mian)了解(jie)與(yu)評(ping)估，從(cong)而(er)確(que)定許(xu)可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)產(chan)關系(xi)的(de)(de)建立與(yu)否；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)也(ye)關系(xi)到(dao)為保證許(xu)可(ke)(ke)生(sheng)產(chan)而(er)進(jin)行的(de)(de)重點(dian)工(gong)序的(de)(de)識別與(yu)控制，以(yi)及加工(gong)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步改(gai)進(jin)。調研(yan)中發現存在(zai)以(yi)下問題：

——寫實記(ji)錄不夠完整，部分(fen)企業缺乏精(jing)度及穩定性的記(ji)錄；

——部(bu)分企業評估(gu)分析不夠(gou)系統，或未(wei)能按改進(jin)方案進(jin)行(xing)完全、有(you)效地整改；

——部(bu)分企(qi)業計量器(qi)具(ju)比對實驗未能開展；

——部分企業(ye)重點工序的識別未能(neng)開展或力度不夠(gou)。

4.《通則》內容是否納入(ru)質量(liang)保障

體系，成為各企(qi)業管理評價差異的關鍵(jian)

在(zai)**年調(diao)研(yan)的13對許(xu)(xu)可(ke)生(sheng)產或多點(dian)加(jia)工企業(ye)中，把《通(tong)則》納(na)入到質量(liang)保(bao)障體(ti)系中的企業(ye)，在(zai)管(guan)理評價中得(de)了高分。同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)現場調(diao)研(yan)中也切實感受(shou)到：只(zhi)有(you)把許(xu)(xu)可(ke)生(sheng)產的技術與管(guan)理標(biao)準納(na)入質量(liang)保(bao)障體(ti)系，才能夠(gou)增加(jia)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)生(sheng)產的可(ke)控性及工作(zuo)質量(liang)的可(ke)追溯性，確保(bao)許(xu)(xu)可(ke)生(sheng)產的質量(liang)。

5.產(chan)品的一致性評價

在35組(zu)品(pin)牌許可(ke)生產及(ji)多點加工(gong)產品(pin)中(zhong)，各品(pin)牌在外觀標識(shi)及(ji)特(te)征上(shang)保(bao)持(chi)了(le)(le)一(yi)致。絕大多數在感官(guan)(guan)的(de)主體風(feng)(feng)格(ge)上(shang)保(bao)持(chi)了(le)(le)一(yi)致，雖(sui)然(ran)在風(feng)(feng)格(ge)強弱或品(pin)質(zhi)因(yin)素上(shang)略有差異，但(dan)總體的(de)一(yi)致性(xing)也(ye)比較(jiao)令人滿意(yi)。多數企業已經把《通(tong)則》中(zhong)規定的(de)感官(guan)(guan)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)“三點檢(jian)驗”和(he)配方(fang)調整時“葉組(zu)配方(fang)評價表”納入到質(zhi)量管(guan)理體系中(zhong)，使(shi)其產品(pin)的(de)一(yi)致性(xing)評價取得了(le)(le)良好的(de)結果。

6.管理評價、加工方式與產品(pin)一致(zhi)性評價的相關(guan)性

管理(li)水平的(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)直接反映(ying)到產品上，呈正相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)關(guan)系。這在(zai)(zai)同一(yi)(yi)規格，同一(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)方(fang)式，不同加(jia)工(gong)點(dian)生產時，也(ye)得(de)到了(le)充分的(de)(de)體現。一(yi)(yi)般來說，多點(dian)生產的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)方(fang)式主要包括三(san)種(zhong)：煙絲讓售(shou)；片煙讓售(shou)、本地制(zhi)絲；原料一(yi)(yi)定比例的(de)(de)本地化(hua)。這三(san)種(zhong)方(fang)式與產品一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)性得(de)分高(gao)低(di)也(ye)呈正相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)關(guan)系，甚(shen)至加(jia)工(gong)方(fang)式所造成的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)性差異比管理(li)水平因素所造成的(de)(de)差異更大。這說明(ming)《通則》也(ye)存在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定局(ju)限性，企業(ye)自身(shen)也(ye)需(xu)要對均質化(hua)加(jia)工(gong)項(xiang)目加(jia)以研究(jiu)和完善。

三、品(pin)牌許可生產開展的工(gong)作(zuo)

1.工作流程

準備階段：許可生產協議；成立項(xiang)目組；質量協議等(deng)。

第一階段調研(yan)評(ping)審：成立(li)調研(yan)評(ping)審小組；確立(li)調研(yan)內容；按評(ping)審規(gui)則對許可(ke)生產企業的(de)質量管理水平、制絲加(jia)工能(neng)(neng)力(li)、卷接(jie)包加(jia)工能(neng)(neng)力(li)、實驗(yan)室檢(jian)測能(neng)(neng)力(li)進行(xing)評(ping)估；確認是否進行(xing)試驗(yan)放樣。

第二階段(duan)試驗放(fang)樣：過(guo)程測量與優化，按照過(guo)程質量評價、判定(ding)準則(ze)進行評估；確定(ding)是否進行正式生產。

第三階段過(guo)程控制：確定(ding)檢驗項(xiang)目采集(ji)要(yao)求及過(guo)程質量的(de)判定(ding)準(zhun)則；確定(ding)分析方法(fa)與質量改(gai)進流程。

第(di)四階段(duan)產品(pin)綜合(he)評價(jia)：收集(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)信息（包括過程質(zhi)量(liang)信息、產品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)對照(zhao)檢驗信息、市(shi)場反饋信息）；持續改(gai)善(shan)流程。

2.主要工作

事(shi)實(shi)上，產品完(wan)全做(zuo)成(cheng)一樣的質(zhi)(zhi)量是不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)的，只要(yao)(yao)產品質(zhi)(zhi)量能(neng)控制在一定允(yun)許(xu)的范圍內，便可(ke)認(ren)為產品質(zhi)(zhi)量是一致的，或叫均質(zhi)(zhi)化。為此主要(yao)(yao)從以下(xia)幾個(ge)方面(mian)做(zuo)工作：

①統一管理產品(pin)標準和作業(ye)指導書；

包括：葉(xie)組(zu)、梗組(zu)配(pei)方(fang)標(biao)(biao)準；香糖料（配(pei)方(fang)）標(biao)(biao)準；輔料（清單）標(biao)(biao)準；卷制工藝標(biao)(biao)準；制絲工藝標(biao)(biao)準等(deng)。

②統一(yi)管理原材料采(cai)購；

③進行生產過程控制；

葉組配方投料控(kong)制；工序(xu)工藝質量控(kong)制（主要(yao)針對重點工序(xu)）；建(jian)立生產點半產品(pin)、產品(pin)評價制度。

④對(dui)配套材料進行分類、認證和控制；

⑤現場監督指導；

⑥制定產品一(yi)致性判斷(duan)規則；

⑦建立健全質(zhi)量保障體系；

⑧強化(hua)雙方(fang)員工(gong)的質量意(yi)識、品牌意(yi)識；

篇9

關鍵(jian)詞:土地流(liu)轉;農民收(shou)入;新農村建設

本調(diao)(diao)查以土(tu)(tu)地(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)為切入口,探討土(tu)(tu)地(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)是(shi)否真(zhen)正意義上給農民(min)帶來了(le)好處,而反映是(shi)否惠(hui)農的(de)(de)直接指(zhi)標(biao)是(shi)流(liu)轉(zhuan)前后(hou)農民(min)的(de)(de)收入變(bian)化情況及與此相關的(de)(de)一(yi)系列(lie)如子女教育、老人贍(shan)養等情況。因而本調(diao)(diao)查將(jiang)其作為重要指(zhi)標(biao)。

我們選擇的(de)采(cai)樣地(di)(di)點是(shi)湖南省長(chang)沙(sha)(sha)市寧(ning)鄉縣。在為(wei)期10天的(de)調查里,團隊(dui)采(cai)訪了(le)縣國土局國土資源交易中心領導彭宏獻主任(ren),關山村(cun)村(cun)主任(ren)和村(cun)支書。對該地(di)(di)情況(kuang)有了(le)大致了(le)解(jie),并深入農(nong)戶(hu)進行調查,走訪了(le)62戶(hu)人(ren)家。采(cai)集到了(le)非常寶貴的(de)數據資料(liao)并進行了(le)深入的(de)分析。關山村(cun)位于寧(ning)鄉縣東北部,距(ju)縣城13公(gong)里,離長(chang)沙(sha)(sha)城區29.5公(gong)里,隨著(zhu)金(jin)洲工業新區及(ji)長(chang)沙(sha)(sha)西線工業走廊的(de)建設,關山成(cheng)為(wei)長(chang)沙(sha)(sha)、寧(ning)鄉、望城三(san)城的(de)中心位置。全村(cun)轄16個小組,4.94平方公(gong)里。近年(nian)來,關山村(cun)憑(ping)借(jie)優越的(de)地(di)(di)理(li)位置,豐富(fu)的(de)資源優勢(shi),積極招商引資調整產業結構。

一、調查問卷反(fan)映情況及(ji)分(fen)析

(一)農戶自留土地相對較(jiao)少

通(tong)過調(diao)(diao)查(cha)我們發現,當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)在土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)過程中自留土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)相對較(jiao)少農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)近七成土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)發生流(liu)轉(zhuan),問(wen)卷反映出的(de)具體(ti)數(shu)(shu)據如下:自有土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)1%-25%的(de)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)占(zhan)被(bei)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)戶(hu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)12.9%;流(liu)轉(zhuan)原(yuan)(yuan)有土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)25%-50%的(de)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)占(zhan)被(bei)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)戶(hu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)21%;流(liu)轉(zhuan)原(yuan)(yuan)有土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)50%-75%的(de)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)占(zhan)被(bei)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)戶(hu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)45.2%;流(liu)轉(zhuan)原(yuan)(yuan)有土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)75%以上的(de)農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)占(zhan)被(bei)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)戶(hu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)16.1%。

關山村(cun)(cun)農(nong)(nong)民大部(bu)分土地(di)(di)發生(sheng)(sheng)流轉(zhuan),自留(liu)土地(di)(di)減少促使農(nong)(nong)民就(jiu)業方式發生(sheng)(sheng)改變,年輕的(de)村(cun)(cun)民進城或在(zai)村(cun)(cun)辦工廠打工,但年老(lao)(lao)的(de)農(nong)(nong)民便(bian)失去了收(shou)入(ru)來源。在(zai)我們的(de)調查中,很多農(nong)(nong)戶反映,原(yuan)來手(shou)里土地(di)(di)多時,老(lao)(lao)人(ren)也可以在(zai)家(jia)做點(dian)農(nong)(nong)活(huo),換點(dian)收(shou)入(ru)。失去土地(di)(di),雖(sui)然有一定補償(chang),但這部(bu)分收(shou)入(ru)還是較少,老(lao)(lao)人(ren)的(de)贍養問題讓(rang)人(ren)擔(dan)憂。

(二)土地(di)流轉前(qian)后農民(min)收入的主要來源

土(tu)地(di)流(liu)轉讓農民(min)的工作方(fang)式(shi)方(fang)式(shi)發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)巨大變(bian)化(hua),因此收(shou)入來(lai)源(yuan)也有(you)(you)了(le)很大變(bian)化(hua),我們通(tong)過走(zou)訪農戶(hu),發(fa)現(xian)土(tu)地(di)流(liu)轉前后(hou)農民(min)收(shou)入主要來(lai)源(yuan)主要有(you)(you)以下(xia)幾種形式(shi)(見表1),且在某些形式(shi)上出現(xian)了(le)較(jiao)為集中的現(xian)象。

由于(yu)土(tu)地(di)發生流(liu)(liu)轉,農(nong)(nong)民(min)手(shou)中的(de)土(tu)地(di)有(you)所(suo)減少,為了獲取(qu)更多(duo)(duo)的(de)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru),農(nong)(nong)民(min)獲取(qu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)來(lai)源(yuan)更多(duo)(duo)樣化了。由表1可知,越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)多(duo)(duo)的(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)選擇外出打工,而(er)以(yi)土(tu)地(di)耕作(zuo)作(zuo)為主要(yao)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)農(nong)(nong)戶比(bi)例(li)有(you)所(suo)降低。隨著(zhu)土(tu)地(di)流(liu)(liu)轉的(de)力(li)度(du)加大,農(nong)(nong)民(min)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)來(lai)源(yuan)多(duo)(duo)樣化將會成為一種趨勢(shi)。

(三(san))土地(di)流轉前后(hou)農民家庭收入組成情況

土地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)后,人們逐漸(jian)放棄了只靠種地(di)為生的(de)生活方式(shi),家庭(ting)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)來(lai)源(yuan)多種多樣。但(dan)多種多樣的(de)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)方式(shi)最終可歸結為非農(nong)(nong)業收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)和農(nong)(nong)業收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)兩大類。由調查問(wen)卷反映的(de)情況(kuang)來(lai)看,土地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)后,非農(nong)(nong)業收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)占(zhan)家庭(ting)總(zong)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)百(bai)分(fen)比(bi)由流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)前的(de)61%增長為74%;農(nong)(nong)業收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)占(zhan)家庭(ting)總(zong)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)百(bai)分(fen)比(bi)由流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)前的(de)39%略降至26%。

從家(jia)庭(ting)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)組成看(kan),流(liu)轉前(qian)非農(nong)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)相對(dui)農(nong)業(ye)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)比重較大(da)。土地(di)流(liu)轉后兩者的(de)差距越來(lai)越大(da),非農(nong)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)比例達到(dao)農(nong)業(ye)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)三倍(bei)。這(zhe)間(jian)接表明農(nong)民的(de)工作方式開始多樣化,在(zai)家(jia)務農(nong)靠天吃飯已不(bu)再(zai)是唯一的(de)出路(lu)。在(zai)我(wo)們調查中,很多家(jia)庭(ting)新建了兩層小樓,生活(huo)水平大(da)為(wei)提高,這(zhe)也正是土地(di)流(liu)轉為(wei)廣大(da)農(nong)民帶(dai)來(lai)切實利(li)益的(de)直接體現(xian)。

(四)土地流轉(zhuan)前后家庭(ting)支出組成情況

土地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)讓農(nong)民的(de)(de)收入發生了(le)(le)變化,而這也直接導(dao)致了(le)(le)其支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)方式(shi)的(de)(de)變化。土地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)是(shi)否給人們帶來了(le)(le)真正的(de)(de)福利,日常支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)情況就是(shi)良好的(de)(de)指標:土地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)后,農(nong)戶全年總收入用(yong)在子女教育上的(de)(de)開支(zhi)(zhi)由(you)(you)(you)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)前(qian)的(de)(de)21%降至13%;用(yong)在老人贍養方面的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)由(you)(you)(you)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)前(qian)的(de)(de)2%升(sheng)至3%;日常生活的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)由(you)(you)(you)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)前(qian)的(de)(de)42%升(sheng)為47%;儲蓄由(you)(you)(you)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)前(qian)的(de)(de)17%升(sheng)為23%。

有調查數據可知土地流轉前(qian)后家庭的日常支出都(dou)占相當大(da)的比(bi)例,但是土地流轉的平均價(jia)格相對于(yu)水田耕作的純收入高,農民儲(chu)蓄比(bi)例上(shang)升(sheng)。同(tong)時,國家出臺的一系列(lie)教(jiao)育優惠政策,減輕了農戶(hu)教(jiao)育支出的負擔。總體上(shang)農民的收入增加了。

(五)農(nong)戶(hu)對土地流轉(zhuan)政策滿意程(cheng)度

土(tu)(tu)(tu)地流轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)主體是(shi)農民(min),基本前提是(shi)讓農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)利益得(de)到保障,真正(zheng)意(yi)(yi)義上實現惠農的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)以,當(dang)地農民(min)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地流轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)滿(man)意(yi)(yi)度是(shi)對(dui)政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)直接檢(jian)驗和(he)良好的(de)(de)(de)信息反饋(kui),為(wei)政(zheng)府進一(yi)步制定完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)流轉(zhuan)制度提供重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)參考,讓政(zheng)府更多的(de)(de)(de)聽取農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)心聲,制定出讓農民(min)滿(man)意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地流轉(zhuan)政(zheng)策(ce)。調查中,我(wo)們得(de)知愿意(yi)(yi)流轉(zhuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地的(de)(de)(de)農戶(hu)(hu)占(zhan)52%,不(bu)愿意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)44%,認為(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地流轉(zhuan)對(dui)自己(ji)意(yi)(yi)義不(bu)大的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)4%。以下(xia)是(shi)我(wo)們對(dui)農戶(hu)(hu)是(shi)否愿意(yi)(yi)流轉(zhuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)調查分析(見表2)。

土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)農民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)保障(zhang)(zhang),農民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)離不(bu)開土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)。然而(er)我國的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)還剛(gang)剛(gang)起步,部分(fen)農民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)意識(shi)還跟不(bu)上,導致(zhi)部分(fen)農民(min)(min)并(bing)不(bu)支持土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。這部分(fen)人認為自(zi)己留著土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)今后生(sheng)活(huo)將(jiang)會更(geng)有保障(zhang)(zhang),同時(shi)也能(neng)(neng)夠享有國家對于(yu)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)優惠(hui)政策。而(er)大多數(shu)人響應則是因為務農收(shou)入低,土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)后,既(ji)能(neng)(neng)得到土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)收(shou)入,又能(neng)(neng)將(jiang)耕作時(shi)間用來外(wai)出打(da)工(gong),從而(er)獲得一份更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)入。通過我們的(de)(de)(de)調查,流(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)前(2004年以前)關(guan)山村村民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)平均收(shou)入為18019.67元,流(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)后至今村民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)平均收(shou)入為25790.16元,上升了43.16%。可見(jian),土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)在農民(min)(min)增(zeng)收(shou)方面還是有很大貢獻的(de)(de)(de)。

二、土(tu)地流轉中存在(zai)問題

(一)利益(yi)分配問題

利益(yi)分配問題一直是土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉的(de)核心問題。在當今市場經濟條(tiao)件下,按照依法自愿有償原(yuan)則,土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉要想(xiang)順利開展必(bi)須要以給農戶帶來更大利益(yi)作(zuo)為前提。

在(zai)我(wo)們的(de)調查中,將土(tu)(tu)地(di)出(chu)租(zu)的(de)費用為(wei)菜地(di)120元/畝、山地(di)70元/畝、耕(geng)地(di)500元/畝,同(tong)時還能(neng)獲(huo)得一(yi)(yi)些額(e)外的(de)補(bu)償(chang),如(ru)土(tu)(tu)地(di)分(fen)(fen)紅或者國家給(gei)與的(de)農(nong)藥補(bu)貼等。這(zhe)所有的(de)這(zhe)些補(bu)償(chang)都沒有一(yi)(yi)個實(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)在(zai)在(zai)的(de)根據(ju),更(geng)不(bu)是(shi)根據(ju)國家相關法規所給(gei)與的(de)。很(hen)(hen)多農(nong)民通過多種(zhong)途徑對(dui)其(qi)(qi)他地(di)方土(tu)(tu)地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)相關補(bu)償(chang)措施有所了解。針對(dui)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點我(wo)們參(can)閱當(dang)地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)政(zheng)策,對(dui)比分(fen)(fen)析我(wo)國其(qi)(qi)他地(di)方對(dui)土(tu)(tu)地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)補(bu)償(chang)金額(e)如(ru)湖北省(sheng)竹山縣(xian)旱(han)地(di)一(yi)(yi)律按(an)200元/畝,水田一(yi)(yi)律按(an)500元/畝。造成(cheng)這(zhe)種(zhong)現象的(de)原因有:一(yi)(yi)是(shi)由(you)于我(wo)國農(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地(di)市(shi)場(chang)地(di)域差別(bie)大(da),發展程度(du)差異明顯,很(hen)(hen)難形成(cheng)統一(yi)(yi)有效的(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)補(bu)償(chang)機制;二是(shi)農(nong)村土(tu)(tu)地(di)市(shi)場(chang)供求競爭不(bu)足,農(nong)民、村集(ji)體(ti)經濟組織、企業等多方利益博弈,協(xie)調困難,這(zhe)在(zai)農(nong)用地(di)非農(nong)業化(hua)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)中尤為(wei)突出(chu)。另外,由(you)于農(nong)戶的(de)知(zhi)(zhi)識水平較(jiao)低(di),獲(huo)得信息(xi)的(de)渠(qu)道有限,對(dui)市(shi)場(chang)知(zhi)(zhi)識不(bu)足,在(zai)利益分(fen)(fen)配時處弱勢地(di)位(wei),合法權益極易受到侵害(hai)。

(二)非糧(liang)化趨(qu)勢與失地(di)農民(min)就業問(wen)題

土(tu)(tu)地(di)流轉的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)主要(yao)是(shi)增加(jia)農(nong)業附加(jia)值,發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規模經(jing)營。這導致一些本來種植(zhi)糧(liang)食的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)可能(neng)被流轉為養(yang)殖(zhi)業、生態觀(guan)光(guang)、休(xiu)閑農(nong)業等。關山村土(tu)(tu)地(di)流轉后土(tu)(tu)地(di)主要(yao)用(yong)于:種植(zhi)高經(jing)濟價值作物(wu),如葡萄、西瓜(gua)等;用(yong)于建造方(fang)圓山莊以(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)旅游業。這導致種糧(liang)面(mian)積大幅減(jian)少。希望自己擁有土(tu)(tu)地(di)種植(zhi)糧(liang)食作物(wu)。由于以(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu)地(di)入股(gu)的(de)(de)農(nong)戶每年都可以(yi)(yi)從方(fang)圓山莊獲得(de)不(bu)(bu)少分紅,對(dui)此(ci)很多農(nong)民(min)還是(shi)感到滿意的(de)(de),不(bu)(bu)再以(yi)(yi)糧(liang)食耕作為生。而這會(hui)造成糧(liang)食產量的(de)(de)降低,從長(chang)遠來看是(shi)不(bu)(bu)利的(de)(de)。

我國現(xian)(xian)有(you)耕地(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)僅(jin)有(you)18.25億畝(mu),且土地(di)(di)(di)流轉過程中會出現(xian)(xian)農(nong)民(min)非農(nong)就業困難(nan)、失地(di)(di)(di)農(nong)民(min)收入來源減(jian)少等(deng)問題,反而(er)降低了農(nong)業的(de)生產效率(lv),造(zao)成規模(mo)不經(jing)濟。而(er)關山(shan)村也(ye)認識到這一點,在方圓山(shan)莊和(he)當地(di)(di)(di)興辦的(de)磚廠都盡可能雇傭當地(di)(di)(di)失地(di)(di)(di)農(nong)民(min),但村民(min)也(ye)有(you)反映,當地(di)(di)(di)專門種植(zhi)西(xi)瓜的(de)超(chao)大現(xian)(xian)代農(nong)業集(ji)團租用本(ben)村土地(di)(di)(di)種西(xi)瓜,雇傭較多外(wai)村人(ren)農(nong)民(min)作工人(ren)。

(三)農民(min)保障問題

農(nong)村(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)轉,會造成農(nong)村(cun)(cun)剩余(yu)勞動力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉移。但(dan)目前(qian)戶(hu)籍制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)造成農(nong)民(min)(min)和城市居(ju)民(min)(min)有(you)(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界定(ding)劃分(fen),而(er)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)戶(hu)口轉變成城市戶(hu)口也是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)當(dang)困難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。特別是(shi)(shi)農(nong)民(min)(min)想(xiang)要進城成為城市居(ju)民(min)(min)更是(shi)(shi)難上加難。角色(se)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)決(jue)定(ding)二者享受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福(fu)利(li)待遇也不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。進城務工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)無法(fa)享受到市民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會保(bao)(bao)障待遇,而(er)覆蓋農(nong)村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會保(bao)(bao)障體系還未(wei)建立起來,農(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養老(lao)、醫療、失業(ye)仍(reng)沒有(you)(you)(you)可(ke)靠(kao)保(bao)(bao)障,在(zai)這種情況下,土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)在(zai)農(nong)民(min)(min)心(xin)中(zhong)成為唯一可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)障,農(nong)民(min)(min),特別是(shi)(shi)年老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民(min)(min)不(bu)想(xiang)放棄土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di),老(lao)人擁有(you)(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)仍(reng)可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)種地(di)(di)獲得微薄收入(ru),而(er)失去(qu)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)對他們來說意(yi)味著失去(qu)收入(ru)來源。這直接(jie)導致土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)流(liu)轉難以實(shi)現。在(zai)金(jin)融危機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)背景下,農(nong)民(min)(min)外出(chu)就業(ye)有(you)(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing),農(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)返鄉潮依舊(jiu)存在(zai),此時,健全農(nong)民(min)(min)保(bao)(bao)障制(zhi)度(du)是(shi)(shi)極為關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。關(guan)山村(cun)(cun)建有(you)(you)(you)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬老(lao)院,但(dan)據調查(cha)能夠滿足條件入(ru)住的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民(min)(min)較少。

三、建議

(一)積極保障(zhang)農民(min)利益(yi)

首先,農(nong)(nong)民在(zai)(zai)土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)過程中相對(dui)來說(shuo)是弱(ruo)者(zhe),他們(men)缺乏必要的(de)(de)(de)合同(tong)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)有(you)時甚至沒(mei)有(you)發言權(quan)。關山村村民整體(ti)上(shang)對(dui)于土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)政策不清楚。因此,建議加強農(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)相關知識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)教育,如在(zai)(zai)村上(shang)成(cheng)立土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)合作社進(jin)行(xing)集(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)習,使農(nong)(nong)民擁有(you)知情權(quan)。其次,為了解決(jue)各方(fang)(fang)利益(yi)沖突(tu)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)問題可以(yi)將土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)得來的(de)(de)(de)一部分的(de)(de)(de)資金(jin)自(zi)動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)成(cheng)為農(nong)(nong)民購買養老保險,醫療保險等(deng),以(yi)緩解各方(fang)(fang)利益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)沖突(tu),更(geng)好地保證農(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)。再次,建立健全農(nong)(nong)村土(tu)地市場體(ti)制,加強監督(du)監管,通過市場競爭(zheng)提高土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)金(jin)額,從而切(qie)實增加農(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)入,確保農(nong)(nong)民在(zai)(zai)土(tu)地流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)中的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)地位(wei)。

(二)保護(hu)基(ji)本農田,確保糧食產量(liang)

首先,確(que)保(bao)國家(jia)糧(liang)(liang)食安全(quan)。從長遠的角度來看,必需死守(shou)18億畝耕地紅色線,確(que)保(bao)基本(ben)農(nong)田(tian)的安全(quan)。因此(ci),要加(jia)大土地執(zhi)法(fa)力(li)度,違法(fa)必糾,執(zhi)法(fa)必嚴。發揮(hui)群(qun)眾(zhong)的力(li)量進行(xing)監(jian)督,設立監(jian)督部門,實(shi)行(xing)有獎舉報,切(qie)實(shi)保(bao)障(zhang)農(nong)戶的合(he)法(fa)權益。其次(ci),加(jia)強基本(ben)農(nong)田(tian)用(yong)途管制,并進一(yi)步完(wan)善(shan)糧(liang)(liang)食直接(jie)補貼(tie)政策(ce),對交糧(liang)(liang)食的農(nong)民給(gei)予相應的補貼(tie)。并切(qie)實(shi)貫(guan)徹中央關(guan)于基本(ben)農(nong)田(tian)的保(bao)護政策(ce),嚴禁變(bian)更基本(ben)農(nong)田(tian)的用(yong)途。再次(ci),國家(jia)應對種糧(liang)(liang)大戶和糧(liang)(liang)食深加(jia)工等產業(ye)給(gei)予支持。此(ci)外,按照市(shi)場(chang)機制逐步形成合(he)理的糧(liang)(liang)食價格,縮小(xiao)糧(liang)(liang)食產品(pin)與非(fei)糧(liang)(liang)種植產品(pin)的比較效益差距,確(que)保(bao)我(wo)國糧(liang)(liang)食生(sheng)產持續穩定發展和糧(liang)(liang)食安全(quan)。

(三(san))建立健(jian)全農民(min)社(she)會(hui)保(bao)障(zhang)制度

首先,政府應建立和完善與(yu)(yu)我國社會(hui)生(sheng)產力(li)和農(nong)(nong)村(cun)經濟發展(zhan)水(shui)平相適(shi)應的(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)障制(zhi)度,具體包括:農(nong)(nong)村(cun)最低生(sheng)活保(bao)(bao)障制(zhi)度、農(nong)(nong)村(cun)社會(hui)醫療保(bao)(bao)障制(zhi)度、農(nong)(nong)村(cun)社會(hui)養老保(bao)(bao)險(xian)制(zhi)度。做到使(shi)農(nong)(nong)民(min)跟城(cheng)市居(ju)民(min)一樣有(you)保(bao)(bao)可依,確保(bao)(bao)土地流轉(zhuan)無后顧之憂。其(qi)次,增(zeng)加農(nong)(nong)村(cun)資金的(de)投入(ru),大力(li)引入(ru)新(xin)型勞動(dong)力(li)型外(wai)資,充分利用農(nong)(nong)村(cun)剩余勞動(dong)力(li),并鼓勵農(nong)(nong)民(min)自主創(chuang)業,在資金和技(ji)術上給與(yu)(yu)指(zhi)導與(yu)(yu)幫助,真(zhen)正(zheng)讓他們自己做老板(ban),把錢掌(zhang)握(wo)在自己手中。再次,增(zeng)加新(xin)生(sheng)力(li)量的(de)流入(ru),鼓勵擁有(you)知識與(yu)(yu)眼界的(de)大學生(sheng)投身(shen)到新(xin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)建設中,以(yi)此(ci)來推(tui)動(dong)動(dong)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)向高(gao)技(ji)術含量方向發展(zhan)。

通過(guo)調查,整體(ti)來(lai)說關山村(cun)(cun)的土地流轉工作(zuo)(zuo)開展較為(wei)成功,流轉工作(zuo)(zuo)得到了絕大多數農(nong)戶的支持與認可。但我們(men)仍(reng)然(ran)發現,還是有一些(xie)細節上的問(wen)題(ti)需(xu)要注意,如提高補(bu)償金、更(geng)合理地安(an)排失地農(nong)民的就業問(wen)題(ti)等等。筆者在與村(cun)(cun)主(zhu)任(ren)的談話中談到這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)問(wen)題(ti),村(cun)(cun)主(zhu)任(ren)表(biao)示這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)問(wen)題(ti)村(cun)(cun)里已經認識到,并將此(ci)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)今后工作(zuo)(zuo)的重點。

參考文獻:

篇10

全(quan)球鋼鐵產量有望出現恢復性回升根據國(guo)際鋼協的預(yu)測，全(quan)球鋼鐵表觀消(xiao)費量2009年將(jiang)減少8.6%，至(zhi)(zhi)11.04億(yi)噸。預(yu)計2010年全(quan)球鋼鐵需求(qiu)將(jiang)增(zeng)長(chang)9.2%，達到12.06億(yi)噸。其中，中國(guo)將(jiang)增(zeng)長(chang)5.0%至(zhi)(zhi)5.53億(yi)噸。

中國鋼(gang)鐵產(chan)(chan)量(liang)短期難以(yi)(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)1-11月粗鋼(gang)總產(chan)(chan)量(liang)5.18億噸(dun)，較上(shang)年同(tong)期增長(chang)12.1%。按當前(qian)形勢發展，預計2009年粗鋼(gang)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)將(jiang)達(da)(da)到(dao)5.64億噸(dun)，同(tong)比(bi)增長(chang)12.7%。盡管(guan)發改委和(he)工信部將(jiang)出臺(tai)政(zheng)策，重點抑(yi)制(zhi)鋼(gang)鐵等行業產(chan)(chan)能過剩局面。但預計短期內難以(yi)(yi)看到(dao)明(ming)顯效果，預計2010年粗鋼(gang)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)將(jiang)達(da)(da)到(dao)6.27億噸(dun)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，同(tong)比(bi)增長(chang)11.1%。

鐵礦(kuang)石價格繼續(xu)緩慢上漲受全球(qiu)粗鋼產(chan)量迅速恢復的(de)刺(ci)激(ji)，鐵礦(kuang)石資源供應方面也呈現出巨(ju)大的(de)增長(chang)，麥格理(li)預測2010年(nian)全球(qiu)鐵礦(kuang)石海(hai)運(yun)貿易(yi)量將突破(po)10億噸，比2009年(nian)增長(chang)12.8%。預計中國(guo)2009年(nian)全年(nian)進口鐵礦(kuang)石超過6億噸，同比增長(chang)35%以(yi)(yi)上。中國(guo)近(jin)幾年(nian)對進口鐵礦(kuang)石的(de)依賴度持續(xu)提高的(de)局面難以(yi)(yi)改變(bian)，鐵礦(kuang)石價格續(xu)漲趨勢已經形(xing)成。

中國鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)需求(qiu)持續增(zeng)長與2008年相比(bi)，預計2009年全(quan)年粗鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)表觀消費量增(zeng)加(jia)將(jiang)在1億噸左右(you)。預計2010年中國鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)出口將(jiang)保持緩慢回升的(de)(de)態(tai)勢，全(quan)年表觀消費量將(jiang)達到6.2億噸左右(you)，同比(bi)增(zeng)加(jia)5500萬(wan)噸以上。從(cong)需求(qiu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)品種來看，制造業(ye)、輕工(gong)、新能源(yuan)等(deng)行業(ye)所需求(qiu)的(de)(de)各類板材(cai)(cai)、型材(cai)(cai)和(he)特鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)產品等(deng)將(jiang)逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)為消費需求(qiu)的(de)(de)熱(re)點。