堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)基礎是(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計，而設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)依據是(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)常識性問題，不會有什么質(zhi)疑。然而在(zai)實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)卻往往并非如此。問題主(zhu)要出在(zai)人們對(dui)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)片面理(li)解(jie)或(huo)被一(yi)些假象所迷惑，走了(le)兩個極(ji)(ji)端(duan)。一(yi)個極(ji)(ji)端(duan)是(shi)(shi)過(guo)高地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)要求(qiu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察能在(zai)“查明”工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條件(jian)的(de)(de)同時，“準確”地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)提供(gong)設(she)(she)計需(xu)要的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)圖件(jian)和堤(di)基巖土體(ti)物理(li)力(li)學(xue)參數，一(yi)旦在(zai)有限的(de)(de)勘探控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)量之內不能完(wan)(wan)全同時達(da)到“查明”和“準確”的(de)(de)要求(qiu)時，就立即降低了(le)對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)認可和重視程(cheng)度；另一(yi)個極(ji)(ji)端(duan)是(shi)(shi)我們的(de)(de)祖先(xian)在(zai)數百年乃(nai)至(zhi)上千(qian)年來與(yu)洪水(shui)搏斗的(de)(de)歲月(yue)里修(xiu)建(jian)的(de)(de)大量堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，卻從來沒(mei)有進行過(guo)任何(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，許多堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)至(zhi)今也(ye)是(shi)(shi)安全的(de)(de)。這(zhe)兩個極(ji)(ji)端(duan)，不同程(cheng)度地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)影響(xiang)著堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)有序開展(zhan)(zhan)，在(zai)大規模的(de)(de)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)，難(nan)免存在(zai)這(zhe)樣那樣的(de)(de)問題。為使堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)能夠科學(xue)、客觀、完(wan)(wan)整、系(xi)統地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為設(she)(she)計提供(gong)可靠的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)資料，我們有責任將(jiang)近年來堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)出現的(de)(de)若(ruo)干問題展(zhan)(zhan)示出來，供(gong)同行們討論(lun)參考。

1堤防工(gong)程地質勘察的過去與(yu)現狀

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)已建江河堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)長20余(yu)萬公里，98特大(da)洪水(shui)后尚(shang)有大(da)量(liang)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正在(zai)規(gui)(gui)劃建設(she)中。許多(duo)已建堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過去(qu)基(ji)本上(shang)(shang)沒有進行過真正工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)意義上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地質(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)，更談不上(shang)(shang)各大(da)江河湖海堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)系(xi)統化(hua)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)性(xing)的(de)(de)地質(zhi)資料的(de)(de)匯編(bian)與(yu)分(fen)析整理(li)工(gong)(gong)作。正因為如此(ci)，許多(duo)堤(di)防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)98特大(da)洪水(shui)期間險(xian)象環生(sheng)，出險(xian)堤(di)段(duan)堤(di)基(ji)的(de)(de)地質(zhi)條件沒有足夠的(de)(de)資料可供搶險(xian)分(fen)析，為確保萬無一(yi)失(shi)，只(zhi)能(neng)按最壞情況進行搶險(xian)，其(qi)人(ren)力(li)物力(li)的(de)(de)巨大(da)付(fu)出實在(zai)是(shi)不得已而為之；洪水(shui)期間上(shang)(shang)至中央下到地方(fang)的(de)(de)各級領導以(yi)及全國(guo)(guo)人(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)精(jing)神緊張程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度和(he)精(jing)力(li)耗費更是(shi)無法用實物價值(zhi)去(qu)衡(heng)量(liang)。如此(ci)被(bei)動(dong)局面(mian)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)是(shi)大(da)自然教訓人(ren)類的(de)(de)生(sheng)動(dong)一(yi)課，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)則是(shi)祖先給我(wo)們留下的(de)(de)世(shi)紀難題(ti)。

建(jian)國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)來，隨著大(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)需要，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)專業從無到有(you)，日益發展壯大(da)，成為國(guo)(guo)家工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設不可缺少的(de)(de)(de)重要基礎性專業。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察的(de)(de)(de)法規(gui)(gui)(gui)性準(zhun)則也逐(zhu)漸成熟與(yu)完善，與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)相關的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)相繼出(chu)臺，并結合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)反饋(kui)信(xin)(xin)息進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)訂修(xiu)編(bian)。水利部(bu)1997年2月了行(xing)(xing)(xing)業標準(zhun)《堤防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》（以(yi)(yi)下簡稱(cheng)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》，編(bian)號(hao)SL/T188,同年5月1日起實施(shi)），這是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)堤防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一部(bu)法規(gui)(gui)(gui)性行(xing)(xing)(xing)業標準(zhun)。而(er)國(guo)(guo)家標準(zhun)《堤防(fang)(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(以(yi)(yi)下簡稱(cheng)《規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》，編(bian)號(hao)為GB50286-98，自(zi)1998年10月15日起施(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing))則是(shi)98特大(da)洪水之后出(chu)臺的(de)(de)(de)。特大(da)洪水前后出(chu)臺的(de)(de)(de)這兩(liang)部(bu)法定(ding)標準(zhun)或許是(shi)歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)巧合，也許是(shi)歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)。巧合與(yu)必然(ran)都說明這樣一個事實：工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)基礎和偵(zhen)察兵，具有(you)超前意(yi)識(shi)和預見性，信(xin)(xin)不信(xin)(xin)由你。

《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》頒布(bu)前的(de)(de)堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質勘(kan)察工(gong)作基本上沒有什么標準。《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》頒布(bu)后，地(di)質工(gong)作有規(gui)(gui)可(ke)循，有法可(ke)依。更為98特(te)大(da)洪(hong)水后大(da)規(gui)(gui)模堤(di)防(fang)建設奠定了基礎。首次(ci)頒布(bu)此《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》，與(yu)(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際存在一些差異(yi)再所難免。《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》實(shi)(shi)施三(san)年多來(lai)，主要存在三(san)方(fang)面的(de)(de)問題(ti)，一是《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》本身的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)性與(yu)(yu)可(ke)操作性問題(ti)；二是地(di)質師(shi)對(dui)《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)與(yu)(yu)把握(wo)尺度(du)(du)；三(san)是人們對(dui)堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質勘(kan)察的(de)(de)認識程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)與(yu)(yu)理(li)解(jie)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)。近兩年來(lai)，生(sheng)產(chan)第一線(xian)的(de)(de)廣大(da)地(di)質師(shi)對(dui)《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》提出了許多好的(de)(de)意見和(he)建議，我們在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)審查(cha)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，也在逐漸地(di)深化對(dui)堤(di)防(fang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)，力求較準確(que)地(di)把握(wo)審查(cha)尺度(du)(du)，緊密地(di)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際相結(jie)合，避免教條(tiao)和(he)呆板地(di)執(zhi)行《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》中明(ming)顯與(yu)(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際不相符合的(de)(de)條(tiao)款，要求客觀地(di)、創造性地(di)應用和(he)執(zhi)行《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》，同(tong)時也強調執(zhi)行《規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》的(de)(de)嚴肅性。

近(jin)年(nian)來，堤(di)(di)防工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地質(zhi)勘察工(gong)(gong)(gong)作基本上可以滿足(zu)堤(di)(di)防工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計與(yu)(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)要求。隨著工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)踐經驗的(de)積累和對堤(di)(di)防工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)深層次(ci)的(de)認識與(yu)(yu)理(li)解，一些具(ju)有全局性(xing)和普遍性(xing)的(de)問(wen)題，迫(po)切(qie)需要提出來進行討(tao)論，以便引(yin)起足(zu)夠的(de)重(zhong)視。

摘(zhai)要：水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)與環境保護是一項長(chang)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)任務，是水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)順(shun)(shun)利進行(xing)的(de)(de)重要保證(zheng)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)質(zhi)量，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)方案的(de)(de)決策和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)順(shun)(shun)利進行(xing)至關重要。由于(yu)地質(zhi)問題引起(qi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)事(shi)故(gu)時有(you)(you)發(fa)生(sheng)，輕則(ze)修改設(she)(she)計延誤(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期，嚴(yan)重時造(zao)成工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)失事(shi)，給人(ren)民生(sheng)命財產帶來重大(da)損失。由此可見，總結分析水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地質(zhi)勘察(cha)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)存在的(de)(de)問題，具(ju)有(you)(you)重要的(de)(de)現實(shi)意義。

關鍵詞：水(shui)利水(shui)電；工程地質問(wen)題；環境問(wen)題；勘(kan)測問(wen)題

一、水利水電工程建設與環境問(wen)題

1.1水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電工(gong)程(cheng)與地(di)(di)震(zhen)問題水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)等(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電工(gong)程(cheng)建筑物蓄水(shui)(shui)后，由于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)調(diao)整或水(shui)(shui)體下滲等(deng)(deng)原(yuan)因(yin)，觸發(fa)了地(di)(di)質(zhi)斷(duan)層的(de)(de)復活而誘(you)(you)發(fa)地(di)(di)震(zhen)。研究(jiu)表明，要觸發(fa)一個比較(jiao)大的(de)(de)地(di)(di)震(zhen)需具備以(yi)下三個條件(jian)(jian)：①水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)巖(yan)石(shi)比較(jiao)破(po)碎(sui)，且處理效果不(bu)十分理想；②存(cun)(cun)在(zai)有利于(yu)(yu)應(ying)力(li)(li)集(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)環境(jing)條件(jian)(jian)；③水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)水(shui)(shui)荷載所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)超(chao)孔隙水(shui)(shui)壓力(li)(li)足夠大。關于(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)誘(you)(you)發(fa)地(di)(di)震(zhen)的(de)(de)事件(jian)(jian)國內外均有報(bao)道，一般而言，水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)壩址(zhi)沒有較(jiao)大的(de)(de)斷(duan)裂帶存(cun)(cun)在(zai)，僅僅是水(shui)(shui)荷載引起的(de)(de)地(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)(li)，誘(you)(you)發(fa)地(di)(di)震(zhen)的(de)(de)可能性(xing)是很小的(de)(de)。但如果誘(you)(you)發(fa)大的(de)(de)地(di)(di)震(zhen)，那將是災難(nan)性(xing)的(de)(de)。從(cong)1987年的(de)(de)資料至今，我(wo)國已(yi)建設的(de)(de)壩高在(zai)15米(mi)以(yi)上的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)共18000多(duo)座，已(yi)發(fa)現水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)誘(you)(you)發(fa)地(di)(di)震(zhen)的(de)(de)有13座。

1.2水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文問(wen)(wen)題水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建成后改(gai)變(bian)了(le)(le)下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)河道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量過程(cheng)(cheng)或(huo)周(zhou)(zhou)圍環境水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)，從而對(dui)周(zhou)(zhou)圍環境造(zao)(zao)成影(ying)響。例如(ru)：①大(da)(da)壩(ba)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫不僅存蓄(xu)了(le)(le)汛(xun)期(qi)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，而且還截(jie)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)了(le)(le)非汛(xun)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，往往會使下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)河道(dao)(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)大(da)(da)幅(fu)度下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)甚(shen)至斷(duan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，并引(yin)起(qi)周(zhou)(zhou)圍地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，從而帶(dai)來一系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境生態(tai)問(wen)(wen)題；②下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)天然湖(hu)泊或(huo)池塘因斷(duan)絕水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來源而干涸；③下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)；④入海(hai)(hai)口因河水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量減少(shao)引(yin)起(qi)河口淤(yu)積，造(zao)(zao)成海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)倒灌；⑤因河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量減少(shao)，使得河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)自凈能力(li)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)；⑥以發電(dian)為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫，多在電(dian)力(li)系統中(zhong)擔任峰荷(he)，下(xia)(xia)泄流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)日變(bian)化(hua)幅(fu)度較大(da)(da)，致使下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)河道(dao)(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)變(bian)化(hua)較大(da)(da)，對(dui)航運、灌溉引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)養魚等均(jun)有較大(da)(da)影(ying)響；⑦當水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫下(xia)(xia)游(you)(you)河道(dao)(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)大(da)(da)幅(fu)度下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)以至斷(duan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)時(shi)，勢必造(zao)(zao)成水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡化(hua)。由(you)此可見，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響是不容忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重要問(wen)(wen)題。

1.3水(shui)利水(shui)電工程(cheng)與氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候問題一(yi)般情況(kuang)下(xia)，區域(yu)性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候狀況(kuang)受大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)環流和(he)水(shui)體(ti)分布所(suo)控制。如果修(xiu)建大、中型水(shui)庫及灌溉(gai)工程(cheng)后，當(dang)地水(shui)體(ti)的(de)分布會(hui)(hui)發生(sheng)較大的(de)變化。如原先的(de)陸地變成了(le)水(shui)體(ti)或濕(shi)地。局部地表空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)變得較以前更加濕(shi)潤，形成新的(de)小氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候，對(dui)當(dang)地氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)影響(xiang)。主(zhu)要表現在對(dui)降雨、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫、風和(he)霧等氣(qi)(qi)(qi)象因(yin)子的(de)影響(xiang)方面。

1水利水電工程(cheng)地質(zhi)勘察(cha)實(shi)踐理念問題

1.1辯證(zheng)唯物論觀(guan)點

某(mou)壩基夾層(ceng)雙側(ce)的(de)巖體側(ce)向抗滑效應(ying)比較(jiao)大，如果(guo)按照(zhao)既有的(de)規律，不進行考慮(lv)的(de)話就不符(fu)合壩基的(de)實(shi)際。但(dan)是，進行絕(jue)對地考慮(lv)的(de)話，也不一(yi)定非常(chang)合適。事實(shi)上，只要(yao)按照(zhao)正常(chang)的(de)辦法，將其作為安(an)全儲備(bei)，而不參與壩基穩定計(ji)算(suan)就可以了。

1.2整體論觀點

每(mei)一個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)地質問(wen)題都存在一定的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統之中，只有采用系(xi)(xi)統分析(xi)法(fa)才能夠對其進行客觀的(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)和判斷。系(xi)(xi)統方法(fa)論認為，人們在研究(jiu)和解(jie)決系(xi)(xi)統問(wen)題時，僅僅重(zhong)視各(ge)要素(su)(su)自身的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)是不夠的(de)(de)(de)，而應(ying)當將重(zhong)點放在如何通過對具有必要可靠(kao)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)多要素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)優化組合，以達到(dao)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體效應(ying)最(zui)佳，而并不追求(qiu)每(mei)個(ge)要素(su)(su)自身可靠(kao)性(xing)都達到(dao)最(zui)高等級。否(fou)則，工(gong)程(cheng)地質決斷就必然是偏于保守的(de)(de)(de)。

1.3經驗(yan)支持(chi)論觀點

摘要(yao)：水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設與環境保(bao)護是一項(xiang)長(chang)遠(yuan)的(de)任務，是水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)順利(li)進(jin)行的(de)重要(yao)保(bao)證。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地質(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量，對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)方案的(de)決策(ce)和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)順利(li)進(jin)行至關重要(yao)。由(you)于地質(zhi)(zhi)問題引(yin)起(qi)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)時有發生(sheng)，輕則修改設計(ji)延誤(wu)工(gong)(gong)期，嚴(yan)重時造成工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)失事(shi)(shi)，給人民生(sheng)命財產帶來重大(da)損失。由(you)此可(ke)見，總結分(fen)析水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中存(cun)在的(de)問題，具(ju)有重要(yao)的(de)現實意義。

關鍵詞：水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)；工程地(di)質問題；環境問題；勘(kan)測問題

一、水利(li)水電工(gong)程建(jian)設與環(huan)境(jing)問(wen)題

1.1水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電工程(cheng)與地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)問題(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)等水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電工程(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)物蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后，由于地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)調整(zheng)或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體下(xia)滲等原因，觸發(fa)(fa)了地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)斷層的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)活而誘(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。研究表明(ming)，要觸發(fa)(fa)一個(ge)比較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)需具備以下(xia)三個(ge)條件：①水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)巖石比較破碎，且處理效果不(bu)十分理想(xiang)；②存在有(you)(you)利于應(ying)力(li)集中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)環境條件；③水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)荷載(zai)所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)超孔隙水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓力(li)足夠大(da)。關于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)誘(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)事件國(guo)內外均有(you)(you)報道，一般而言(yan)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)(de)壩(ba)址(zhi)沒有(you)(you)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)斷裂帶(dai)存在，僅僅是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)荷載(zai)引起的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)，誘(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能性(xing)是很小的(de)(de)(de)。但如果誘(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)，那將是災難性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。從1987年的(de)(de)(de)資料至今，我國(guo)已建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)壩(ba)高(gao)在15米(mi)以上的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)共18000多(duo)座，已發(fa)(fa)現水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)誘(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)13座。

1.2水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工程與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文問(wen)題水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工程建成后(hou)改變(bian)了下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)過(guo)程或周(zhou)圍環(huan)境(jing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域的(de)(de)分布，從而對周(zhou)圍環(huan)境(jing)造成影響。例如：①大(da)(da)壩(ba)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)不(bu)僅存蓄了汛期洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，而且還截流(liu)(liu)(liu)了非(fei)汛期的(de)(de)基流(liu)(liu)(liu)，往往會使(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位大(da)(da)幅度(du)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)甚至斷流(liu)(liu)(liu)，并引(yin)起周(zhou)圍地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，從而帶來一系列的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)生(sheng)態(tai)問(wen)題；②下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)天然湖(hu)泊或池塘因(yin)斷絕(jue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)來源而干涸；③下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)；④入海(hai)口(kou)因(yin)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)減少引(yin)起河(he)(he)(he)口(kou)淤積，造成海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)倒灌；⑤因(yin)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)減少，使(shi)得河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)自凈(jing)能力(li)降(jiang)(jiang)低；⑥以發(fa)電(dian)為主的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)，多在電(dian)力(li)系統中(zhong)擔任(ren)峰荷，下(xia)(xia)(xia)泄流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)的(de)(de)日變(bian)化(hua)幅度(du)較大(da)(da)，致使(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位變(bian)化(hua)較大(da)(da)，對航運、灌溉引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和養魚(yu)等均有較大(da)(da)影響；⑦當水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位大(da)(da)幅度(du)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)以至斷流(liu)(liu)(liu)時，勢(shi)必造成水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質的(de)(de)惡化(hua)。由此(ci)可(ke)見，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工程對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文的(de)(de)影響是(shi)不(bu)容忽視的(de)(de)一個重要問(wen)題。

1.3水(shui)利水(shui)電工程與氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)問題(ti)一(yi)般情況(kuang)下，區域性氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)受(shou)大(da)氣環流和(he)水(shui)體分布所控制。如(ru)果修建大(da)、中型水(shui)庫(ku)及灌溉工程后，當地(di)水(shui)體的(de)分布會(hui)(hui)發生較大(da)的(de)變化。如(ru)原先(xian)的(de)陸(lu)地(di)變成了水(shui)體或濕(shi)地(di)。局部(bu)地(di)表空氣變得較以前更(geng)加濕(shi)潤，形成新(xin)的(de)小氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)，對當地(di)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)會(hui)(hui)產生一(yi)定的(de)影響(xiang)。主要表現(xian)在對降雨(yu)、氣溫、風和(he)霧等氣象因子的(de)影響(xiang)方面(mian)。

摘要：水利(li)水電工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設與環境保(bao)護是(shi)一項長遠的(de)(de)(de)任務，是(shi)水利(li)水電工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程順(shun)利(li)進行的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要保(bao)證(zheng)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)質量，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程方案的(de)(de)(de)決策和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利(li)進行至關重(zhong)要。由于(yu)地(di)質問題(ti)引起的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程事故時有(you)(you)發生(sheng)，輕則修改設計延誤工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)，嚴重(zhong)時造成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程失事，給人(ren)民生(sheng)命(ming)財產帶來重(zhong)大(da)損失。由此可(ke)見，總(zong)結分析(xi)水利(li)水電工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質勘察過程中存在的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，具(ju)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)現實意義(yi)。

關(guan)鍵詞(ci)：水利水電；工程地(di)質問(wen)(wen)題；環境(jing)問(wen)(wen)題；勘測問(wen)(wen)題

1水利水電工(gong)程(cheng)建設與環境(jing)問題

1.1水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電工程(cheng)與地(di)(di)震問題(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)等水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電工程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑物蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后，由于地(di)(di)應力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)調整(zheng)或水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體下滲等原因(yin)，觸發了(le)地(di)(di)質斷層的(de)(de)(de)復活而誘(you)發地(di)(di)震。研究表(biao)明，要觸發一(yi)個比較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)震需(xu)具(ju)備以(yi)下三個條件：①水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)巖石比較(jiao)(jiao)破(po)碎，且(qie)處(chu)理效果不十分(fen)理想；②存(cun)在(zai)有利于應力(li)(li)集中的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)質環境條件；③水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)荷載所產生的(de)(de)(de)超孔(kong)隙水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓力(li)(li)足夠大(da)。關(guan)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)誘(you)發地(di)(di)震的(de)(de)(de)事件國內外均有報道(dao)，一(yi)般而言，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)(de)壩(ba)(ba)址沒有較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)斷裂帶存(cun)在(zai)，僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)荷載引起的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)應力(li)(li)，誘(you)發地(di)(di)震的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性(xing)是(shi)很小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)如果誘(you)發大(da)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)震，那將是(shi)災難性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。從1987年的(de)(de)(de)資料至今，我國已(yi)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)壩(ba)(ba)高在(zai)15米以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)共18000多座，已(yi)發現水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)誘(you)發地(di)(di)震的(de)(de)(de)有13座。[1]

1.2水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工程(cheng)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文問(wen)題水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工程(cheng)建成(cheng)后(hou)改變(bian)了下(xia)(xia)(xia)游河(he)(he)(he)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)量過程(cheng)或周(zhou)圍(wei)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布，從而(er)(er)對周(zhou)圍(wei)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)造(zao)成(cheng)影響。例如：①大壩水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)不僅存(cun)蓄了汛期洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，而(er)(er)且還(huan)截流(liu)(liu)了非汛期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基流(liu)(liu)，往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)使(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游河(he)(he)(he)道水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位大幅度下(xia)(xia)(xia)降甚(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)斷(duan)流(liu)(liu)，并引起(qi)周(zhou)圍(wei)地下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位下(xia)(xia)(xia)降，從而(er)(er)帶來一系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)生態問(wen)題；②下(xia)(xia)(xia)游天然(ran)湖(hu)泊或池塘因斷(duan)絕水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源(yuan)而(er)(er)干涸(he)；③下(xia)(xia)(xia)游地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位下(xia)(xia)(xia)降；④入海口因河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)量減少引起(qi)河(he)(he)(he)口淤(yu)積，造(zao)成(cheng)海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)倒灌(guan)；⑤因河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)量減少，使(shi)得河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)自(zi)凈能力(li)降低；⑥以發電(dian)為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)，多(duo)在電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統中(zhong)擔(dan)任峰(feng)荷，下(xia)(xia)(xia)泄流(liu)(liu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日變(bian)化(hua)幅度較(jiao)(jiao)大，致(zhi)使(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游河(he)(he)(he)道水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位變(bian)化(hua)較(jiao)(jiao)大，對航運(yun)、灌(guan)溉引水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和養魚等(deng)均有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大影響；⑦當水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游河(he)(he)(he)道水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位大幅度下(xia)(xia)(xia)降以至(zhi)(zhi)斷(duan)流(liu)(liu)時，勢必造(zao)成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡化(hua)。由此可(ke)見(jian)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工程(cheng)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響是不容忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)重要問(wen)題。[2]

1.3水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電工程(cheng)與氣(qi)(qi)候問題一(yi)般情況下，區域性氣(qi)(qi)候狀況受大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)環(huan)流和水(shui)(shui)體分布所控制。如果修建大(da)(da)(da)、中型水(shui)(shui)庫及灌溉(gai)工程(cheng)后，當地(di)水(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)分布會發生較大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化。如原先的(de)(de)(de)(de)陸地(di)變成了水(shui)(shui)體或濕(shi)地(di)。局部地(di)表(biao)(biao)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)變得較以前更加濕(shi)潤，形(xing)成新的(de)(de)(de)(de)小氣(qi)(qi)候，對當地(di)氣(qi)(qi)候會產生一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。主要(yao)表(biao)(biao)現在對降(jiang)雨、氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)、風和霧等氣(qi)(qi)象因子的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響方(fang)面。

摘要:地質勘(kan)察是水(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中最(zui)重要的(de)組成部分(fen)。以池湖溪工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)為例(li)，結合工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)現(xian)場地質情況，采用GPS技術對地質勘(kan)察中的(de)實際應用進行了闡述，為確保(bao)水(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設的(de)順利(li)提(ti)供了保(bao)障。

關鍵詞:水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工程(cheng)；地質勘察(cha)；GPS技術(shu)

地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)與水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)關系密切，其中水(shui)體(ti)和土體(ti)等因素，都可能對工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)產生影響，因此(ci)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)是(shi)水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設中必不可少的環節。水(shui)土、土體(ti)的勘(kan)(kan)察需(xu)要從多個角度開展(zhan)，不能單方面(mian)地(di)進行勘(kan)(kan)察，因此(ci)面(mian)對不同勘(kan)(kan)察需(xu)求(qiu)，需(xu)要采用相應的技術。同時，在勘(kan)(kan)察中需(xu)要結(jie)合技術規范以及實際條件來開展(zhan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，以保(bao)障各項(xiang)勘(kan)(kan)察結(jie)果的準(zhun)確性，否(fou)則將會給后續工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)造成誤導。以下就(jiu)GPS技術在水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察中的應用進行了分析。

1水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)重要性

1.1工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量保(bao)(bao)障。地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量有(you)(you)(you)(you)密(mi)切(qie)(qie)關系(xi)，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)任何不(bu)良(liang)條件影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)都可(ke)(ke)能導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量下(xia)降，這種表(biao)現在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)同(tong)(tong)樣存在(zai)。具(ju)體(ti)來說，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)兩(liang)個部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，即土(tu)(tu)體(ti)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，土(tu)(tu)體(ti)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)般是指(zhi)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)的(de)抗變性(xing)較低，導致水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)礎無(wu)法得到有(you)(you)(you)(you)力支撐，間接(jie)(jie)引起(qi)整體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)穩定(ding)性(xing)下(xia)降；水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)般是指(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設緊密(mi)接(jie)(jie)觸，對(dui)接(jie)(jie)觸部(bu)位造成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)期侵蝕，使建(jian)設材(cai)料各質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量指(zhi)標下(xia)滑(hua)，引起(qi)多種質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量問題(ti)(ti)。另外，從綜合(he)角度來看(kan)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)經常(chang)(chang)連接(jie)(jie)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，所以(yi)兩(liang)者會(hui)(hui)相互結合(he)形成(cheng)(cheng)多種不(bu)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)。例(li)如軟(ruan)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)，此類(lei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)同(tong)(tong)時具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)體(ti)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，且在(zai)結合(he)之下(xia)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度會(hui)(hui)加(jia)深[1]。因(yin)(yin)此出于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量考慮，有(you)(you)(you)(you)必要(yao)對(dui)這些(xie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)進行處(chu)理，但處(chu)理不(bu)能盲目，需要(yao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)先對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)進行了(le)解(jie)，再(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)相應的(de)處(chu)理方案。由(you)此可(ke)(ke)見(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量有(you)(you)(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)障作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。1.2工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價控制(zhi)(zhi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)規(gui)模(mo)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)較大，需要(yao)大量的(de)建(jian)設資源以(yi)及建(jian)造成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)才能實(shi)現，而(er)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)此項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)性(xing)、復雜(za)性(xing)要(yao)求較高(gao)，很容易因(yin)(yin)為(wei)周邊(bian)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)出現施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)問題(ti)(ti)。例(li)如施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)受(shou)到某種地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件的(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)必須暫停，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)松軟(ruan)而(er)出現結構坍塌等(deng)。出現此類(lei)問題(ti)(ti)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)資源消耗以(yi)及建(jian)設時長(chang)都會(hui)(hui)增(zeng)長(chang)，導致成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)增(zeng)加(jia)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位可(ke)(ke)以(yi)確切(qie)(qie)了(le)解(jie)周邊(bian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)，針對(dui)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)展有(you)(you)(you)(you)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)因(yin)(yin)素，進行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案設計，將因(yin)(yin)素影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)降至最低，消除了(le)上(shang)(shang)述問題(ti)(ti)，避(bi)免了(le)相應的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)消耗[2]。1.3工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全性(xing)保(bao)(bao)障。綜合(he)上(shang)(shang)述分(fen)(fen)析可(ke)(ke)見(jian)，在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)不(bu)良(liang)的(de)條件下(xia)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)會(hui)(hui)出現一(yi)系(xi)列(lie)問題(ti)(ti)，這些(xie)除了(le)會(hui)(hui)帶來成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)與質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)外，還具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)安(an)(an)全威脅。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全是原則性(xing)問題(ti)(ti)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位必須對(dui)此類(lei)問題(ti)(ti)進行控制(zhi)(zhi)。但由(you)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)復雜(za)，常(chang)(chang)規(gui)方法并不(bu)能完全規(gui)避(bi)安(an)(an)全威脅，因(yin)(yin)此需要(yao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)來獲取地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)信息，再(zai)對(dui)信息進行綜合(he)分(fen)(fen)析，以(yi)了(le)解(jie)當前地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)安(an)(an)全隱患，調整施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃，保(bao)(bao)障水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全。由(you)此可(ke)(ke)見(jian)，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)很高(gao)的(de)重要(yao)性(xing)[3]。

2水(shui)利水(shui)電工程(cheng)地質勘察方法的應用

論文摘要(yao)：簡要(yao)剖析了(le)山區高速公路動態設(she)計與信息化施工概況、必要(yao)性(xing)、實施辦(ban)法、應運(yun)效果及存在問(wen)題，為(wei)工程管理、監理、設(she)計、施工人員(yuan)提供參考。

論文關鍵(jian)詞：動態設計信息化(hua)施工山區高速公路

1公路動態設(she)計與信息化施工(gong)概(gai)況

(1)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設概(gai)況。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)的(de)建(jian)設不僅是交通(tong)現(xian)代化(hua)的(de)重要標志(zhi)(zhi)，也是國(guo)(guo)家現(xian)代化(hua)的(de)標志(zhi)(zhi)。自從(cong)1988年(nian)以來，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設快(kuai)(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，年(nian)通(tong)車里程(cheng)超(chao)過4000公(gong)(gong)(gong)里，到(dao)2004年(nian)底通(tong)車里程(cheng)超(chao)過3、4萬公(gong)(gong)(gong)里，位居世(shi)界(jie)第二(er)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有(you)力地(di)推動(dong)了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)民經濟的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)社會(hui)的(de)進(jin)步。當前我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)已(yi)進(jin)入全面建(jian)設小康社會(hui)的(de)新(xin)時期(qi)，對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)出了(le)(le)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)要求。為(wei)保障高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)的(de)持(chi)續、健(jian)康、快(kuai)(kuai)速的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，交通(tong)部編制(zhi)了(le)(le)《國(guo)(guo)家高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)網規劃》，由7條(tiao)首都放射線和(he)9條(tiao)南北(bei)線、18條(tiao)東西(xi)線組成，簡稱“7918網”，總規模(mo)約8．5萬公(gong)(gong)(gong)里，并于2004年(nian)12月17日經國(guo)(guo)務院審議通(tong)過，標志(zhi)(zhi)著中國(guo)(guo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設進(jin)入一(yi)個新(xin)的(de)歷(li)史時期(qi)。

(2)山(shan)(shan)區高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)的特點(dian)。我國山(shan)(shan)區分(fen)布地(di)域(yu)廣闊，占國土面積70％以上，隨著公(gong)路(lu)(lu)建設發展，山(shan)(shan)區高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)所占比(bi)例越來越大。我國山(shan)(shan)區地(di)形(xing)條件困難，地(di)質構(gou)造復雜，地(di)質環(huan)境脆弱，地(di)質病(bing)害多，山(shan)(shan)區高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)建設特點(dian)是橋(qiao)隧多、路(lu)(lu)基(ji)高(gao)陡邊坡(po)多、規模與(yu)投(tou)資大，同時對生態環(huan)境的影響也大。目前，國家對山(shan)(shan)區高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)的建設也提出了(le)更(geng)高(gao)的要(yao)求(qiu)，要(yao)把山(shan)(shan)區高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)建設成生態路(lu)(lu)、環(huan)保路(lu)(lu)、景觀路(lu)(lu)，與(yu)自然融為(wei)一體。

(3)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)高速(su)公路(lu)(lu)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與信息化(hua)施工(gong)(gong)現狀。目(mu)前山(shan)(shan)區(qu)高速(su)公路(lu)(lu)建設(she)(she)是(shi)勘(kan)測、設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)三步(bu)曲(qu)。我(wo)國東南(nan)沿海是(shi)多山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)區(qu)，路(lu)(lu)基高陡邊坡和(he)(he)(he)(he)隧道工(gong)(gong)程也比(bi)較多，由于山(shan)(shan)區(qu)地(di)(di)質復(fu)雜、地(di)(di)質病害(hai)(hai)多的客觀現實，在滑坡和(he)(he)(he)(he)高陡邊坡病害(hai)(hai)治(zhi)理實踐中(zhong)，開展了預設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(地(di)(di)勘(kan)資料(liao))、高陡邊坡地(di)(di)質病害(hai)(hai)調查評(ping)估和(he)(he)(he)(he)防護加(jia)固工(gong)(gong)程方案。在施工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)根據地(di)(di)質條件的信息資料(liao)，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)跟蹤進(jin)行(xing)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，調整修改，完善優(you)化(hua)，然后進(jin)行(xing)旖(yi)工(gong)(gong)。在隧道工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)，根據圍巖類別(bie)的變(bian)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)不良(liang)的地(di)(di)質情況(kuang)調整原(yuan)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，指導施工(gong)(gong)。總(zong)體來說，動(dong)態(tai)(tai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與信息化(hua)施工(gong)(gong)仍處(chu)于一個摸索階段，尚無章可循。

中國礦(kuang)業(ye)(ye)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(北京)地(di)(di)(di)球科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)成立于(yu)2009年(nian)5月(yue)18日．下設(she)(she)能源(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)、地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)環(huan)境(jing)系(xi)(xi)、地(di)(di)(di)球物理(li)與(yu)信(xin)息系(xi)(xi)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)與(yu)土地(di)(di)(di)利(li)用(yong)系(xi)(xi)、遙(yao)感與(yu)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)信(xin)息系(xi)(xi)。在(zai)編教(jiao)師(shi)47人(ren)。目前在(zai)籍學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)分布在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、資源(yuan)環(huan)境(jing)與(yu)城鄉規劃管理(li)和(he)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)信(xin)息系(xi)(xi)統四個專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)，2008—2009學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)年(nian)度學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)教(jiao)師(shi)共開設(she)(she)本(ben)科生(sheng)考試、考查課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)6l門共計(ji)2604學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)時(shi)，其中含實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)和(he)上(shang)機環(huan)節的(de)(de)課(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)38門，實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)課(ke)(ke)234學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)時(shi)，上(shang)機課(ke)(ke)230學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)時(shi)；集中實(shi)(shi)踐教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)環(huan)節(不包括畢(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)習)共開課(ke)(ke)21門計(ji)51周。眾所周知(zhi)，地(di)(di)(di)測(ce)(ce)(ce)類專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)踐性強，教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中除了課(ke)(ke)堂講授外還要有大量(liang)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)和(he)集中實(shi)(shi)踐與(yu)之相配合．以(yi)鞏固和(he)驗(yan)證所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理(li)論知(zhi)識．達到理(li)論與(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐相結合，提高學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)動手(shou)能力和(he)解決(jue)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)問題能力的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。本(ben)文從實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)與(yu)制度建(jian)設(she)(she)、校外實(shi)(shi)習基地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)設(she)(she)、大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)創新性實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)計(ji)劃的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)、教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改革(ge)和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)、結合科研(yan)選(xuan)題并加強畢(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)論文指導(dao)等(deng)方面介紹學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)的(de)(de)經驗(yan)與(yu)探索。

1教學改革與經驗

1．1實(shi)驗室建(jian)設與制(zhi)度建(jian)設

按(an)照學(xue)(xue)(xue)校“十(shi)一(yi)五”實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室建設(she)規(gui)(gui)劃．學(xue)(xue)(xue)員從實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)體系(xi)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)隊(dui)伍(wu)、管(guan)理模(mo)式(shi)、設(she)備(bei)與(yu)環境等方(fang)面(mian)人手，有計(ji)劃、有步(bu)驟地(di)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)研究、探索、改革與(yu)優化。2009年重(zhong)點建設(she)了(le)地(di)質綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室、煤田地(di)質勘探實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室、數字空間信息(xi)(xi)綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)分(fen)析實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)．驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室和(he)(he)空間信息(xi)(xi)采集與(yu)數字測(ce)繪(hui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室，累計(ji)建設(she)資金356．9萬元(yuan)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)條(tiao)件的(de)改善，更新了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容(rong)，改進了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)法，優化了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)環境。綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)性(xing)、設(she)計(ji)型和(he)(he)創新性(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)項目比(bi)例達到了(le)90％。為本科(ke)生的(de)集中實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐、科(ke)研訓練、專業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)計(ji)、畢業(ye)設(she)計(ji)等的(de)順利開(kai)展提供(gong)了(le)條(tiao)件保障。為加大(da)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室開(kai)放力度(du)(du)(du)，充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮儀(yi)器設(she)備(bei)效能(neng)，逐步(bu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室的(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)化管(guan)理，學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)成立(li)了(le)地(di)測(ce)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中心(xin)，與(yu)系(xi)級機構平級，由學(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)統一(yi)管(guan)理，打通使用(yong)。目前已(yi)初步(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室開(kai)放制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(試行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)理辦(ban)法(試行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))、學(xue)(xue)(xue)生實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)守(shou)則(試行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(試行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))等制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)外，還(huan)初步(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習報(bao)銷制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)原則、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)設(she)備(bei)管(guan)理和(he)(he)賠(pei)償制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(試行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)室危險化學(xue)(xue)(xue)品(pin)應(ying)急(ji)預案(試行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))等規(gui)(gui)范(fan)管(guan)理文件。通過實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)條(tiao)件建設(she)和(he)(he)管(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)建設(she)，保證(zheng)了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)有序、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

1．2加強實習(xi)基地建設。拓展校(xiao)外實踐渠道(dao)

建(jian)(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)校(xiao)(xiao)外實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)基(ji)地(di)(di)管理制度(du)。明確(que)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)基(ji)地(di)(di)承擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)務(wu)和(he)(he)(he)指(zhi)導教師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崗(gang)位職責，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現基(ji)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定運行(xing)．是專(zhuan)業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、畢業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)量以及適應不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷更(geng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教學(xue)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)障(zhang)。2009年(nian)學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)根(gen)據人才需求和(he)(he)(he)新形(xing)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，本(ben)著互(hu)利互(hu)惠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則．經協(xie)商建(jian)(jian)(jian)立了9個校(xiao)(xiao)外實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教學(xue)基(ji)地(di)(di)，分(fen)別為湖南(nan)省煤田地(di)(di)質(zhi)局、中(zhong)國(guo)煤炭(tan)地(di)(di)質(zhi)總(zong)局青海煤炭(tan)地(di)(di)質(zhi)局、云南(nan)煤炭(tan)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)、河(he)南(nan)煤炭(tan)地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)探研(yan)(yan)究院(yuan)(yuan)、北(bei)京(jing)(jing)三鼎光電儀器(qi)有限(xian)公司、北(bei)京(jing)(jing)城建(jian)(jian)(jian)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)地(di)(di)鐵地(di)(di)基(ji)市政工(gong)程(cheng)有限(xian)公司、北(bei)京(jing)(jing)城建(jian)(jian)(jian)勘(kan)察(cha)設計(ji)研(yan)(yan)究院(yuan)(yuan)有限(xian)責任公司和(he)(he)(he)京(jing)(jing)煤集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)等；此(ci)外，學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)(yu)神華(hua)(北(bei)京(jing)(jing))遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)勘(kan)查有限(xian)責任公司達(da)成了全(quan)面合(he)作協(xie)議，在(zai)(zai)學(xue)生(sheng)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)與(yu)(yu)就(jiu)(jiu)業方(fang)面，神華(hua)(北(bei)京(jing)(jing))遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)勘(kan)查有限(xian)責任公司將優先接收學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)學(xue)生(sheng)到單位進(jin)行(xing)專(zhuan)業實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐和(he)(he)(he)安排就(jiu)(jiu)業。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)基(ji)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅使(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗教學(xue)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與(yu)(yu)科研(yan)(yan)、工(gong)程(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)社會(hui)(hui)應用實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐緊密(mi)結合(he)，而(er)且拓寬了實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐辦學(xue)途徑，彌(mi)補了校(xiao)(xiao)內(nei)(nei)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，保(bao)證(zheng)了實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有序運行(xing)，也拓展了學(xue)生(sheng)就(jiu)(jiu)業渠(qu)道和(he)(he)(he)空間(jian)。學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)重視地(di)(di)質(zhi)類和(he)(he)(he)測繪(hui)類專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)集(ji)中(zhong)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐教學(xue)，在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)任務(wu)下達(da)之初，學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)各(ge)系統(tong)一(yi)安排部(bu)署，指(zhi)定有經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帶隊(dui)教師(shi)，結合(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)基(ji)地(di)(di)條(tiao)件和(he)(he)(he)特(te)點，確(que)定實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)(he)要(yao)求，準備(bei)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)指(zhi)導書；實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)(qian)再召(zhao)開動員大會(hui)(hui)，強調實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)、明確(que)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)、要(yao)求和(he)(he)(he)注意(yi)事項；實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)及時了解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)掌(zhang)握(wo)學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想、動態和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)進(jin)度(du)，努力(li)解(jie)決(jue)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)活問(wen)題(ti)：實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)后(hou)一(yi)周內(nei)(nei)提交符合(he)格式要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)報告(gao)，根(gen)據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)報告(gao)質(zhi)量、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)表現、出勤情況等給(gei)出成績(ji)。并召(zhao)開總(zong)結和(he)(he)(he)講評會(hui)(hui)，指(zhi)出取得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成績(ji)、存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)和(he)(he)(he)后(hou)續(xu)有待改進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)．實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)報告(gao)全(quan)部(bu)在(zai)(zai)學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)歸檔(dang)保(bao)存(cun)。從目前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)結果看總(zong)體效(xiao)果良(liang)好(hao)，達(da)到了理論與(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐相結合(he)、鍛煉學(xue)生(sheng)分(fen)析解(jie)決(jue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。

巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)程(cheng)勘察研究的(de)(de)對象是巖(yan)(yan)體(ti)(ti)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)。巖(yan)(yan)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其形(xing)成和(he)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)整個地(di)(di)質歷史過(guo)程(cheng)中，經(jing)(jing)受(shou)了(le)各(ge)種復雜的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質作(zuo)用(yong)，因而(er)有(you)著復雜的(de)(de)結構和(he)地(di)(di)應力(li)場(chang)環境。而(er)不(bu)(bu)同地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同類型的(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)體(ti)(ti)，由于經(jing)(jing)歷的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質作(zuo)用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)不(bu)(bu)同，其工(gong)程(cheng)性質往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)具(ju)有(you)很大的(de)(de)差別。巖(yan)(yan)石出(chu)露地(di)(di)表后(hou)，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)風(feng)化(hua)作(zuo)用(yong)而(er)形(xing)成土(tu)(tu)(tu)，它們或留存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)原地(di)(di)，或經(jing)(jing)過(guo)風(feng)、水及冰川的(de)(de)剝蝕和(he)搬運作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)異地(di)(di)沉(chen)積形(xing)成土(tu)(tu)(tu)層。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)各(ge)地(di)(di)質時(shi)期各(ge)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)風(feng)化(hua)環境、搬運和(he)沉(chen)積的(de)(de)動力(li)學條件均存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)差異性，因此土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)工(gong)程(cheng)性質復雜而(er)且(qie)其性質的(de)(de)區(qu)域(yu)性和(he)個性很強(qiang)。

1巖土工程(cheng)勘察方法概述(shu)

現(xian)代的(de)巖土工(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)中(zhong)的(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)應用主要(yao)包括新測繪技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，數(shu)(shu)據庫技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)通信(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)和CAD技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，主要(yao)是(shi)通過計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)及其軟(ruan)件，把(ba)該工(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)所有信(xin)息(xi)(勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)、設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、進度、計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃、變(bian)更(geng)等數(shu)(shu)據)有機(ji)地集成起來，建立綜合(he)的(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)輔(fu)助信(xin)息(xi)流程(cheng)，使(shi)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)手段(duan)從(cong)手工(gong)方式向現(xian)代化(hua)CAD技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)轉變(bian)，做到數(shu)(shu)據采集信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)、勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)資料處(chu)理數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)、硬件系統網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)化(hua)、圖(tu)(tu)文(wen)處(chu)理自動(dong)化(hua)，逐步形(xing)成和建立適應多(duo)專業、多(duo)工(gong)種生產的(de)高效益(yi)、高柔性、智能化(hua)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)系。該技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)系用系統工(gong)程(cheng)觀點(dian)，把(ba)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)、設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)圖(tu)(tu)紙、圖(tu)(tu)像、表格、文(wen)字(zi)等以數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)形(xing)式存(cun)貯，供各(ge)專業設(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)使(shi)用。

2工程勘察中的資料(liao)收集

2．1勘(kan)探(tan)深(shen)度及勘(kan)探(tan)間(jian)距(ju)

基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)形(xing)式及結(jie)構(gou)(gou)形(xing)式不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，勘(kan)(kan)探深(shen)度(du)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。如(ru)：一(yi)般(ban)5層(ceng)～6層(ceng)磚(zhuan)混(hun)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)住宅，勘(kan)(kan)探孔(kong)(kong)深(shen)15ITI基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)本可(ke)滿(man)(man)足要求，而(er)5層(ceng)框架結(jie)構(gou)(gou)商場由于(yu)柱(zhu)網的(de)柱(zhu)荷載(zai)大(da)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)面積大(da)甚至可(ke)能采用樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，則勘(kan)(kan)探孔(kong)(kong)深(shen)度(du)15m一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)(bu)夠。可(ke)依據原則為一(yi)般(ban)性鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)勘(kan)(kan)察深(shen)度(du)應能控(kong)制主要受力(li)(li)層(ceng)，不(bu)(bu)應小于(yu)5m；對(dui)(dui)高層(ceng)建筑面言，一(yi)般(ban)性勘(kan)(kan)察孔(kong)(kong)應達到(dao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)底(di)以下(xia)15倍～110倍的(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)寬(kuan)度(du)，并(bing)深(shen)入穩定的(de)地(di)層(ceng)，并(bing)滿(man)(man)足控(kong)制性鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)深(shen)度(du)應超過地(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變形(xing)的(de)計算深(shen)度(du)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)間距除滿(man)(man)足巖土工程勘(kan)(kan)察規范GB5002122001要求外，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)若采用端(duan)承型樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)，若相(xiang)鄰兩個勘(kan)(kan)察點揭(jie)露(lu)的(de)樁(zhuang)端(duan)持力(li)(li)層(ceng)層(ceng)面坡(po)度(du)大(da)于(yu)10％或(huo)持力(li)(li)層(ceng)起(qi)伏較大(da)、地(di)層(ceng)分布復雜時(shi)應適(shi)當(dang)加密(mi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)加以控(kong)制。

一(yi)、工程質量(liang)問(wen)題措(cuo)施(shi)

出現施(shi)(shi)工質量(liang)問題(ti)的原(yuan)因影響(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工項目質量(liang)的因素很(hen)多，諸(zhu)如建(jian)筑(zhu)結構的錯位、傾斜(xie)、倒塌、破壞、開裂(lie)、滲水、漏水、剛度差、強度不足(zu)、斷(duan)面尺寸不精確等(deng)，但(dan)究其原(yuan)因，可以歸納如下：

(1)違背(bei)建(jian)筑程(cheng)(cheng)序如不(bu)(bu)經可行性論證，不(bu)(bu)作(zuo)調查分析就(jiu)拍板定案;沒有搞清工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)、水文地(di)質(zhi)就(jiu)倉(cang)促開工(gong)(gong)(gong);無證設計;無圖施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong);任意修改設計，不(bu)(bu)按圖施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong);工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)進行試車運(yun)轉，不(bu)(bu)經驗收(shou)就(jiu)交付使用等(deng)若干現(xian)象(xiang)，致使不(bu)(bu)少工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目留(liu)有嚴重(zhong)隱(yin)患，房屋倒塌事故也時有發(fa)生。

(2)工程地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘察原因未認(ren)真(zhen)進行地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘察，提供的(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)資料，數據有誤。論文(wen)百事通地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘察時，鉆孔間距太(tai)大(da)(da)，不(bu)能(neng)全面反(fan)映地(di)(di)基(ji)的(de)實際(ji)情況，如當基(ji)巖(yan)面起伏變化(hua)較大(da)(da)時，軟土(tu)層(ceng)厚(hou)薄相差亦甚大(da)(da)；地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘察鉆孔深度(du)不(bu)夠，沒有查地(di)(di)下軟土(tu)層(ceng)、滑坡、墓(mu)穴、孔洞等地(di)(di)層(ceng)構造；地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘察報告不(bu)詳(xiang)細、不(bu)準確等，均會導致采用錯誤的(de)基(ji)礎方案，造成地(di)(di)基(ji)不(bu)均勻沉降(jiang)、失(shi)穩，使上(shang)部結(jie)構及墻體開裂、破壞、倒塌。

(3)未加固處(chu)(chu)理(li)好地(di)基對軟弱土(tu)(tu)、沖填(tian)土(tu)(tu)、雜填(tian)土(tu)(tu)、濕陷性黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)、膨脹土(tu)(tu)、巖(yan)(yan)層出(chu)露(lu)、溶(rong)巖(yan)(yan)、土(tu)(tu)洞等不(bu)均(jun)勻地(di)基未進(jin)行加固處(chu)(chu)理(li)或處(chu)(chu)理(li)不(bu)當(dang)，均(jun)是導致重大質量(liang)問題的(de)原因(yin)。必須根據(ju)不(bu)同(tong)地(di)基的(de)工程特點，按照地(di)基處(chu)(chu)理(li)應(ying)與上部結構相結合，使其共同(tong)工作的(de)原則，從地(di)基處(chu)(chu)理(li)、設計(ji)措(cuo)施、結構措(cuo)施、防水措(cuo)施、施工措(cuo)施方(fang)面(mian)綜合考慮治理(li)。

(4)設計計算(suan)問(wen)題設計考慮(lv)不(bu)(bu)周，結構構造(zao)不(bu)(bu)合理，計算(suan)簡圖不(bu)(bu)正確，計算(suan)荷取值(zhi)過小，內力(li)分析有(you)誤，沉降縫及(ji)伸縮縫設置不(bu)(bu)當，懸挑結構未(wei)進行(xing)抗傾覆(fu)驗等(deng)，都是(shi)誘發質(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)題的(de)隱患(huan)。如(ru)某擋土墻(qiang)工程(cheng)由于(yu)(yu)設計時(shi)未(wei)了(le)解(jie)清楚工程(cheng)地質(zhi)情(qing)況，施(shi)工時(shi)又未(wei)對現(xian)場(chang)情(qing)況進行(xing)核實，加(jia)上施(shi)工隊(dui)伍在基(ji)礎(chu)開挖時(shi)未(wei)能及(ji)時(shi)將現(xian)場(chang)地質(zhi)情(qing)況反饋給(gei)設計人員(yuan)，因(yin)此，盡管上部結構設計、施(shi)工質(zhi)量(liang)良好，但因(yin)基(ji)礎(chu)設計不(bu)(bu)合理，以至于(yu)(yu)使用荷載(zai)尚未(wei)達到(dao)設計值(zhi)的(de)一(yi)半，擋土墻(qiang)就(jiu)(jiu)出現(xian)了(le)滑移和倒塌。又如(ru)某圓筒倉開裂事故，也是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)設計人員(yuan)疏(shu)忽，在試(shi)投產時(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)筒壁開裂，致使建筑物建成后不(bu)(bu)能滿足基(ji)本(ben)的(de)使用要求。