地質勘察測繪范文
時(shi)間:2023-09-27 18:20:37
導語:如何(he)才能寫好一篇地質(zhi)勘察(cha)測繪,這就需(xu)要搜集(ji)整理更多的(de)(de)資料和文獻,歡迎閱讀(du)由公(gong)務員之家整理的(de)(de)十(shi)篇范文,供你借鑒(jian)。
篇1
關鍵詞:巖土勘察工程;地質測繪;意義;探析
中圖分類號:P2文獻標(biao)識碼: A 文章編號:
在巖土勘察工程,不僅涉及到了工程學、化學、巖土力學,而且還涉及到了環境學、水文、氣象、地質等,所以,極其復雜,而地質測繪技(ji)術的應用,有(you)效地(di)降低了工(gong)(gong)程的難度。因此,對巖土勘察工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質測繪的意義探析有(you)其必要性。
一、重要性分析
在巖(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)察工程(cheng)中,地(di)質測(ce)繪的(de)(de)(de)主要目的(de)(de)(de)就是為了研究擬建(jian)區域的(de)(de)(de)地(di)層、巖(yan)性、構(gou)造、地(di)貌、水文地(di)質條件及地(di)理(li)地(di)質現(xian)象,對工程(cheng)地(di)質條件予以初步評價(jia),為選址、橋梁隧道位置(zhi)(zhi)、選公(gong)路路線及勘(kan)(kan)探方案(an)的(de)(de)(de)布置(zhi)(zhi)提(ti)供依據(ju)。工程(cheng)地(di)質測(ce)繪將測(ce)區實地(di)調查搜集的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項地(di)質成(cheng)果,經過分(fen)析整理(li),按一定比例(li)尺填繪在地(di)理(li)基礎(chu)底圖(tu)或地(di)形圖(tu)上的(de)(de)(de)工作。
地(di)質測(ce)(ce)繪(hui),簡(jian)單來講,就(jiu)是測(ce)(ce)量(liang)和繪(hui)圖(tu)的(de)統稱(cheng),在(zai)實際工作(zuo)中,通過自然地(di)貌和人(ren)工設(she)施來進行實地(di)或模擬依據規定比例尺要求(qiu)的(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)調查活動。測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)對國家(jia)經(jing)濟(ji)建設(she)起到了(le)廣泛的(de)作(zuo)用,如城市規劃,土地(di)資源的(de)利用,地(di)質資源勘探等都起到了(le)關鍵性的(de)作(zuo)用。
二(er)、巖土勘察工程地質測繪技術(shu)的(de)應用
1.GIS技術(shu)的應用(yong)
目前,在國內外(wai)的(de)勘察工程(cheng)中,GIS技術(shu)(shu)已經(jing)得到(dao)了廣泛(fan)的(de)應用(yong),為工程(cheng)進行(xing)帶來了很大(da)的(de)方便。GIS技術(shu)(shu)是一種綜合(he)性的(de)現代(dai)化(hua)技術(shu)(shu),其融數字化(hua)測量、一體化(hua)測量、掃描矢量化(hua)以及數據等各(ge)項技術(shu)(shu)的(de)長處,現結(jie)合(he)相應的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)GIS系統,為工程(cheng)創造出極大(da)的(de)效益。
首(shou)先(xian),在巖土勘察工程中,GIS技(ji)術的應用(yong),為工程提供了大量的地理信(xin)息數據,這些數據不(bu)僅詳(xiang)細(xi)、科(ke)學,而且(qie)具有(you)很強的規范性,推進了地質測繪技(ji)術的智能化發展。
其次,在(zai)巖土勘察工程(cheng)中,GIS技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用,滿足了(le)(le)地質(zhi)(zhi)測繪的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項標(biao)準和要求,實現數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)集、分析、處理、存儲,結合當(dang)前的(de)(de)(de)三維可視化技術(shu),在(zai)保證(zheng)其質(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)同時,還在(zai)很大(da)程(cheng)度上,增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)數(shu)據(ju)種類、解決了(le)(le)地質(zhi)(zhi)測繪中數(shu)據(ju)信息量大(da)、處理方法過于復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)難題。
因此,在地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪中,GIS技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)應(ying)用,既滿足了不僅節省(sheng)了大量的(de)(de)人力(li)和物力(li)資源,將(jiang)人們從(cong)繁忙的(de)(de)數(shu)據工作中解(jie)脫出來,投入到工程決策當中,而且,從(cong)客(ke)觀上(shang)講,提高測(ce)量的(de)(de)準確度(du)和精(jing)度(du),避免了由于人為造成的(de)(de)失誤和誤差(cha)。
2.遙感技(ji)術(shu)的應用
隨著近年來(lai)科學技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)力發展,衛星技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)和電子信息技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)取(qu)(qu)得了飛(fei)速發展,在巖土勘察工程中,遙感(gan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)使得地質測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)取(qu)(qu)得了更(geng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步,目前,遙感(gan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)已經(jing)成為地質測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)標志(zhi)。與傳(chuan)統形式下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地質測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)相(xiang)比,遙感(gan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong),一方(fang)面,擴大(da)(da)了地質測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍,提升了測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)性能,另一方(fang)面,展現了現有(you)地質測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實效性,保(bao)證了數據的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性。
目前,在巖(yan)土勘察工程中,遙感技(ji)術最為(wei)主(zhu)要的(de)關鍵(jian)技(ji)術就是多光譜(pu)航(hang)空攝影,極大地(di)增(zeng)強了圖像的(de)清晰(xi)度和辨析度,為(wei)此,需要技(ji)術人員(yuan)加大研究,進行保證為(wei)地(di)質測繪帶來更大的(de)積極影響(xiang)。
3.數字化技術的(de)應用(yong)
對于(yu)傳統形(xing)勢下的(de)巖(yan)土勘察工(gong)(gong)程,工(gong)(gong)程所用的(de)各類(lei)圖紙大都是(shi)手繪而(er)成,這樣,不僅(jin)增加了(le)工(gong)(gong)作量,而(er)且(qie)不能夠保(bao)證圖紙的(de)科學性(xing)(xing)和精確性(xing)(xing),進而(er)對工(gong)(gong)程造成了(le)一定(ding)的(de)影響(xiang)。因此,為了(le)有(you)效解(jie)決以上問題,采用了(le)具有(you)高(gao)度優越性(xing)(xing)的(de)數字化(hua)技術。
一方面,在地(di)質測繪中(zhong),通(tong)過地(di)理信(xin)息系統和(he)遙感技(ji)術(shu)所(suo)采(cai)集到的數(shu)據(ju)和(he)圖(tu)像(xiang),經過系統和(he)數(shu)字化技(ji)術(shu)的處(chu)理,使這些數(shu)據(ju)成為數(shu)字地(di)質圖(tu)紙,并且(qie)結(jie)合專業的軟件修復,進而就會得(de)到工程所(suo)要的地(di)質圖(tu)紙。
另(ling)一方(fang)面,地質(zhi)(zhi)繪制(zhi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)整個巖土勘察(cha)工程最為(wei)(wei)關鍵(jian)也最為(wei)(wei)突出(chu)的(de)技術(shu)難題,數字化技術(shu)的(de)應用,實(shi)現(xian)了(le)圖紙繪制(zhi)的(de)自動(dong)化修(xiu)補,同(tong)時(shi),結合(he)相關的(de)系統(tong),還可以(yi)分析出(chu)地質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)幾何(he)特(te)征以(yi)及地質(zhi)(zhi)屬性和環(huan)境屬性,構(gou)成區(qu)域網絡,實(shi)現(xian)數據和資源的(de)共享,所以(yi),這對巖土勘察(cha)工程而(er)言,具有更(geng)大的(de)促進意義。
三(san)、強化地質測繪技術對策
正(zheng)如我們所知,巖土勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程中(zhong)的(de)地(di)質(zhi)測繪,不(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)標準,而(er)(er)且(qie)對技(ji)術要(yao)(yao)求較高,是一(yi)項系統(tong)性極強的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)。因此(ci),在(zai)地(di)質(zhi)測繪中(zhong),不(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)加強對現(xian)代先進技(ji)術的(de)應用和推(tui)廣,而(er)(er)且(qie)還要(yao)(yao)保證工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong),各個單位(wei)的(de)之間的(de)協調合(he)作(zuo),進而(er)(er)才能達到應有(you)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)效率(lv)和質(zhi)量(liang)。因此(ci),針對目前我國(guo)巖土勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)探的(de)現(xian)狀,提出(chu)了以下(xia)解決性的(de)對策:
1.培養高技術人才
任何一個行業的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)與人才的(de)(de)培養是密不可(ke)分的(de)(de),因此,在(zai)巖土勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程中,地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)要(yao)(yao)想取得更好的(de)(de)效益和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan),就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)加(jia)大人才的(de)(de)培養,培養出一批具有知(zhi)識和(he)(he)(he)能力的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型復(fu)合人才,適應(ying)當下社會(hui)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。首先,要(yao)(yao)以培養具有扎實(shi)的(de)(de)測(ce)繪(hui)基礎知(zhi)識和(he)(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)能,能在(zai)國民經(jing)濟各部門(men)從事(shi)國家基礎測(ce)繪(hui)建(jian)設、運載工(gong)具導航(hang)與管理、城市和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)程建(jian)設、礦產資(zi)源勘(kan)查與開發(fa)、國土資(zi)源調查與管理等測(ce)量工(gong)程;其(qi)次,還要(yao)(yao)了(le)解現(xian)代新(xin)(xin)型技(ji)(ji)術(shu),如對地(di)(di)理信息系統的(de)(de)設計、研(yan)究和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)專業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人才,進行更好地(di)(di)推動我(wo)國地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。
2.重視(shi)測繪結果(guo)的研究和評價
在(zai)(zai)巖(yan)土勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong),主要有用(yong)的(de)(de)是克里格法解決地質測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)中(zhong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)部署(shu)的(de)(de)問題,并(bing)(bing)且(qie)(qie)在(zai)(zai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong),引進(jin)了大量的(de)(de)先(xian)進(jin)儀器和(he)設備,極(ji)大地提高了測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)可(ke)行性(xing)(xing)和(he)準確(que)性(xing)(xing)。但是,在(zai)(zai)巖(yan)土勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong),相關人(ren)員以及技(ji)術人(ren)員卻并(bing)(bing)不(bu)重(zhong)視對(dui)地質測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)結(jie)果的(de)(de)分析和(he)評價工(gong)作,進(jin)而影響到(dao)了測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展。 因此,需(xu)要勘(kan)察(cha)人(ren)員充分認識到(dao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)結(jie)果評價的(de)(de)重(zhong)要性(xing)(xing),從工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)實際出發,全(quan)面(mian)分析和(he)評價測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)結(jie)果,從中(zhong)總(zong)結(jie)經(jing)驗和(he)不(bu)足(zu),同時,在(zai)(zai)保(bao)證各項數據的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)和(he)精確(que)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),加(jia)強對(dui)新技(ji)術的(de)(de)分析和(he)研究,并(bing)(bing)且(qie)(qie)有效地應用(yong)到(dao)地質測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)中(zhong),全(quan)面(mian)推(tui)進(jin)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展。
充分(fen)發揮(hui)監理單位的(de)作用(yong)
根據相關的(de)(de)調(diao)查(cha)發(fa)(fa)現,在我(wo)國的(de)(de)巖(yan)土勘察工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中,監理單(dan)位的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)并(bing)沒有得到(dao)(dao)充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui),一方面(mian),不(bu)僅影(ying)響(xiang)了(le)地質測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)的(de)(de)質量,另(ling)一方面(mian),還對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)率造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)一定的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang),從(cong)而影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)(dao)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)效(xiao)率和(he)質量。因此,需要(yao)充分(fen)認識到(dao)(dao)監理單(dan)位的(de)(de)重要(yao)性和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),規(gui)范工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序,保證每一道工(gong)(gong)序的(de)(de)有效(xiao)完成(cheng),加強對地質測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)全方位監督(du)。
4.規范工作程序
要想保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量和效益,就必須要規范(fan)蕘程序(xu)。在實(shi)際的(de)(de)測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中,其(qi)流程一(yi)般為(wei)實(shi)地(di)考察(cha)、相關數(shu)據、信息的(de)(de)采(cai)集及處理、繪(hui)(hui)(hui)制地(di)質(zhi)圖紙、出具地(di)質(zhi)測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)報告等(deng)等(deng),為(wei)此(ci),需要嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)以(yi)(yi)上工(gong)(gong)(gong)作程序(xu),以(yi)(yi)現(xian)行的(de)(de)標準和規范(fan)進行,規范(fan)各項操(cao)作,進而保證巖土(tu)勘察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)順利開(kai)展(zhan)。同(tong)時(shi),在巖土(tu)勘察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中,要將整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)作分為(wei)不同(tong)的(de)(de)階段,由淺入深(shen)(shen)地(di)分析(xi)過程巖土(tu)地(di)質(zhi)的(de)(de)情況,防止(zhi)測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中的(de)(de)疏忽、遺(yi)漏(lou)或(huo)片(pian)面性(xing),使整個巖土(tu)勘察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程一(yi)步一(yi)步逐漸(jian)深(shen)(shen)入地(di)進行,就可以(yi)(yi)避(bi)免在巖土(tu)勘察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中犯(fan)重大的(de)(de)、全局性(xing)的(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤(wu)。
總結:
總而言之(zhi),近年來,隨著現代(dai)科(ke)學(xue)技術發(fa)展(zhan),地質(zhi)測繪(hui)技術得(de)到(dao)更(geng)大(da)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan),而且還有(you)一些(xie)新(xin)的(de)方法進行正建立、引進和革新(xin)過(guo)程(cheng)中,為(wei)巖土(tu)勘察(cha)工程(cheng)提供了(le)更(geng)大(da)的(de)便利,這些(xie)先進技術和方法的(de)應(ying)用(yong),不僅提高了(le)巖土(tu)勘察(cha)工程(cheng)的(de)精度(du)、廣度(du)、深度(du)和工作(zuo)(zuo)效(xiao)率,對整個水文地質(zhi)科(ke)學(xue)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)起著極大(da)的(de)推動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。因此,巖土(tu)勘察(cha)工程(cheng)中地質(zhi)測繪(hui)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)具有(you)深遠(yuan)的(de)影響和意(yi)義。
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篇2
關鍵詞 巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)程 勘察措施(shi) 手段(duan)
巖土工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)工(gong)作(zuo)研究的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)是地(di)基(ji)和(he)(he)基(ji)礎以及(ji)地(di)下(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)關系。由于地(di)基(ji)土是因地(di)而異的(de)(de),在接受一項巖土工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)任務(wu)時,必須明確該工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)技(ji)術矛盾是什么,需要(yao)解(jie)決哪(na)些主(zhu)要(yao)技(ji)術問(wen)題(ti)。在對(dui)(dui)設計意(yi)圖和(he)(he)設計要(yao)求(qiu)以及(ji)建(jian)筑物(wu)荷載情況了如(ru)指掌的(de)(de)情況下(xia),在巖土工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)實施(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),根據工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)情況,就基(ji)礎及(ji)地(di)下(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)設計、施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能(neng)(neng)遇到的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),給以充分(fen)的(de)(de)論證和(he)(he)分(fen)析,最終提(ti)(ti)出經濟合理、技(ji)術可行的(de)(de)解(jie)決方案。只有這樣(yang),巖土工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)才能(neng)(neng)提(ti)(ti)高勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)成果質量,才能(neng)(neng)有較(jiao)大的(de)(de)市(shi)場。
一(yi)、巖土工(gong)程(cheng)勘察(cha)的方(fang)法
1.工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪是(shi)(shi)巖土工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),一般在勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)初期階(jie)段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。這一方(fang)法(fa)的(de)本質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)運用地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理論,對地(di)(di)(di)面的(de)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現象進(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀察(cha)(cha)(cha)和描述,分析其(qi)性質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和規律,并(bing)借以推斷地(di)(di)(di)下地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang),為勘探、測(ce)(ce)試工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)等(deng)其(qi)他勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)方(fang)法(fa)提供(gong)依據(ju)。在地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌和地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件較復雜(za)的(de)場地(di)(di)(di),必須進(jin)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪。但(dan)對地(di)(di)(di)形平坦、地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件簡(jian)單且(qie)較狹(xia)小的(de)場地(di)(di)(di),則(ze)可采用調查代替工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繪。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪是(shi)(shi)認識場地(di)(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件最經濟(ji)、最有效的(de)方(fang)法(fa),高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)測(ce)(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)能相當準確地(di)(di)(di)推斷地(di)(di)(di)下地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang),起(qi)到有效地(di)(di)(di)指導其(qi)他勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)作(zuo)用。
2.勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)與(yu)取樣。勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工作包括(kuo)物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和坑(keng)(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等各種方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。它是(shi)被用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)調(diao)查(cha)地(di)下地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)且可(ke)(ke)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)取樣進行原位測(ce)試和監測(ce)。應(ying)根(gen)據勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)及巖(yan)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)上述各種勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)是(shi)一(yi)種間接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)手段,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)是(shi)較之鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和坑(keng)(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)輕(qing)便、經濟而迅速(su),能夠及時解(jie)決工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)中難于推斷而又(you)急(ji)待了(le)解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)下地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang),所以(yi)常常與(yu)測(ce)繪(hui)工作配合使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。它又(you)可(ke)(ke)作為鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和坑(keng)(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先行或(huo)輔(fu)助手段。但是(shi),物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)判釋(shi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)具多解(jie)性,方(fang)(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)又(you)受地(di)形條件(jian)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制,其(qi)成果(guo)需用(yong)(yong)(yong)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)來(lai)驗(yan)證(zheng)。鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和坑(keng)(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)也稱(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng),均是(shi)直接(jie)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)手段,能可(ke)(ke)靠地(di)了(le)解(jie)地(di)下地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang),在巖(yan)土工程(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)中是(shi)必不可(ke)(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)。其(qi)中鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工作使用(yong)(yong)(yong)最為廣(guang)泛,可(ke)(ke)根(gen)據地(di)層類(lei)別和勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)要求選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。當鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法難以(yi)查(cha)明(ming)地(di)下地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang)時,可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。坑(keng)(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)型較多,應(ying)根(gen)據勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)要求選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)般都(dou)需要動(dong)(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機械和動(dong)(dong)力設備,耗(hao)費人力、物力較多,有(you)些勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)施工周期又(you)較長,而且受到許多條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。因此使用(yong)(yong)(yong)這種方(fang)(fang)(fang)法時應(ying)具有(you)經濟觀點(dian),布置勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)需要以(yi)工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)和物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)為依據,切避盲目性和隨(sui)意性。
3.原(yuan)位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)與(yu)室內(nei)試(shi)驗。原(yuan)位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)與(yu)室內(nei)試(shi)驗的(de)(de)主要(yao)目的(de)(de),是(shi)為巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)工程(cheng)(cheng)問題分析(xi)評價提供所需的(de)(de)技術參(can)(can)數(shu),包括巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)物性指標、強度參(can)(can)數(shu)、固結(jie)變形(xing)特(te)性參(can)(can)數(shu)、滲透性參(can)(can)數(shu)和應(ying)力(li)(li)、應(ying)變時間關系的(de)(de)參(can)(can)數(shu)等(deng)。原(yuan)位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)一(yi)般都借助于(yu)勘(kan)探工程(cheng)(cheng)進行(xing),是(shi)詳細勘(kan)察階段主要(yao)的(de)(de)一(yi)種勘(kan)察方法。原(yuan)位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)的(de)(de)優點是(shi)試(shi)樣不脫離原(yuan)來的(de)(de)環境,基(ji)本(ben)上在原(yuan)位(wei)應(ying)力(li)(li)條(tiao)件(jian)下進行(xing)試(shi)驗所測(ce)定的(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)體尺寸大(da),能反映(ying)宏觀(guan)結(jie)構(gou)對巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)性質的(de)(de)影響,代表性好。試(shi)驗周(zhou)期較短,效率高尤其對難以(yi)采樣的(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)層仍(reng)能通過試(shi)驗評定其工程(cheng)(cheng)性質。缺點是(shi)試(shi)驗時的(de)(de)應(ying)力(li)(li)路徑難以(yi)控制、邊(bian)界(jie)條(tiao)件(jian)也較復雜有些試(shi)驗耗費人力(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)較多,不可(ke)能大(da)量(liang)進行(xing)。室內(nei)試(shi)驗的(de)(de)優點是(shi)試(shi)驗條(tiao)件(jian)比較容(rong)易控制邊(bian)界(jie)條(tiao)件(jian)明確,應(ying)力(li)(li)應(ying)變條(tiao)件(jian)可(ke)以(yi)控制等(deng)入可(ke)以(yi)大(da)量(liang)取樣。
4.現場檢(jian)驗(yan)與監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)。現場檢(jian)驗(yan)與監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)主要目的(de)(de)(de)在于(yu)保證工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量和(he)(he)安(an)全,提高工(gong)程(cheng)效益(yi)。現場檢(jian)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)涵(han)義(yi),包括施(shi)(shi)工(gong)階段對(dui)先前巖土(tu)工(gong)程(cheng)勘察成果的(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)證核(he)查以及巖土(tu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)監(jian)理和(he)(he)質(zhi)量控制(zhi)。現場監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)則主要包含施(shi)(shi)工(gong)作用和(he)(he)各類荷載對(dui)巖土(tu)反(fan)應性狀的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)和(he)(he)運(yun)營中的(de)(de)(de)結構物監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)對(dui)環(huan)境影響的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等(deng)方面。檢(jian)驗(yan)與監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)所獲取的(de)(de)(de)資料,可以反(fan)求出某些工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術參數,并以此(ci)為(wei)依據及時(shi)修正設計,使之在技(ji)術和(he)(he)經濟(ji)方面優化。
二、巖土工程勘察常見的問題
1.勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)高。目前許多勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)單(dan)位(wei)已實行(xing)企業化,由(you)原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)撥款改(gai)為(wei)自(zi)負(fu)盈虧(kui),勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)任務也由(you)原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上級下達改(gai)為(wei)單(dan)位(wei)自(zi)找。于(yu)是,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)單(dan)位(wei)為(wei)了眼前利益(yi),放松了對勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li),造(zao)成勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)成果質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)下降(jiang)。主(zhu)要表現(xian)有:第一,由(you)于(yu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)工作量(liang)不(bu)(bu)足(zu),為(wei)了能爭(zheng)取(qu)(qu)任務,只(zhi)好壓低(di)預算價,但(dan)又要利潤,就減少(shao)工作量(liang),該做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目不(bu)(bu)做(zuo)或者少(shao)做(zuo);其(qi)次,是鉆探(tan)、測(ce)試(shi)及(ji)取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)符合(he)規范要求,現(xian)場(chang)(chang)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)時(shi),為(wei)了搶速(su)度(du),鉆探(tan)取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)執(zhi)行(xing)規范,往往是2 m~3 m才提一次鉆,結果往往造(zao)成分層位(wei)置不(bu)(bu)準確(que),或漏掉一些特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)地質(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)象,如薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軟弱透鏡體,小裂(lie)隙等(deng)。此(ci)(ci)外取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)(yang)時(shi),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)用取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)(yang)器,而(er)直接從(cong)巖(yan)芯管中取(qu)(qu)原狀土樣(yang)(yang)。更有甚的(de)(de)(de)(de)是個(ge)別單(dan)位(wei)原位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)時(shi),現(xian)場(chang)(chang)只(zhi)做(zuo)少(shao)量(liang)幾個(ge),其(qi)余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)照此(ci)(ci)編造(zao)了事。
2.勘察(cha)綱要編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)完整。部(bu)分(fen)(fen)單位(wei)勘察(cha)綱要內容不(bu)(bu)完整,甚至(zhi)未經審核審定就施工(gong)(gong)。也沒有勘探(tan)(tan)點平(ping)面布(bu)置圖(tu)。個(ge)別單位(wei)甚至(zhi)無勘察(cha)綱要。責任(ren)人簽(qian)(qian)名或儀器編(bian)號填寫不(bu)(bu)全。如室內土工(gong)(gong)試(shi)驗(yan)、野外施工(gong)(gong)記錄、靜探(tan)(tan)試(shi)驗(yan)記錄缺責任(ren)者簽(qian)(qian)名及試(shi)驗(yan)日期,缺乏可追(zhui)溯性,部(bu)分(fen)(fen)漏簽(qian)(qian)、部(bu)分(fen)(fen)自動記錄靜探(tan)(tan)數(shu)據無責任(ren)人簽(qian)(qian)名。不(bu)(bu)少單位(wei)對勘察(cha)原始資料(liao)的校審未真正(zheng)落到實處少數(shu)單位(wei)原始資料(liao)歸檔制(zhi)(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)完善,有的原始資料(liao)缺失。
3.忽(hu)視生態環境(jing)(jing)的論證。一些勘(kan)察單位對(dui)(dui)巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)論證不足,其(qi)結果是導(dao)致(zhi)災難性(xing)后(hou)果。如建(jian)筑場(chang)地(di)四(si)面緊鄰(lin)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑物或馬路(lu),對(dui)(dui)于這(zhe)種(zhong)建(jian)筑場(chang)地(di),巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)察時,除了按高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)察規定的一般要(yao)求進行(xing)外,還(huan)應(ying)重點(dian)論證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)及運營(ying)時對(dui)(dui)周圍(wei)環境(jing)(jing)的影響(xiang),但勘(kan)察報告中(zhong)常常忽(hu)略這(zhe)方(fang)面的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),致(zhi)使無法滿足巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)及設計(ji)的要(yao)求。基坑(keng)開挖時使用(yong)的很多技術手段很難取得(de)預期效果,反而造成(cheng)很大的經濟損(sun)失。
三、強化(hua)巖土工程勘察的措(cuo)施
1.嚴格執行建(jian)設程(cheng)序、規(gui)(gui)范市場行為、推(tui)行全(quan)(quan)程(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)監理(li)。科學的建(jian)設程(cheng)序應當遵循“先勘(kan)察、后設計、再施工”的原(yuan)則。不按(an)原(yuan)則辦事(shi),必然(ran)會受(shou)到自然(ran)規(gui)(gui)律(lv)的懲罰(fa)。一方面(mian)必須仰仗政府主管部門按(an)國家的法(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)規(gui)(gui),對(dui)項目招投標和(he)實(shi)施過程(cheng)中(zhong)的行為主體進(jin)行全(quan)(quan)面(mian)有效(xiao)的監督管理(li),另一方面(mian)應積(ji)極推(tui)行工程(cheng)監理(li)全(quan)(quan)程(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua),采(cai)用(yong)事(shi)前(qian)、事(shi)中(zhong)、事(shi)后控(kong)制相(xiang)結(jie)合的方法(fa),最(zui)大(da)限(xian)度地避免不當行為的發生,保證勘(kan)察質(zhi)量和(he)投資效(xiao)益最(zui)大(da)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。
2.嚴格市場準(zhun)入、盡快實(shi)施注冊(ce)(ce)土木工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)制度(du),加強相關人員培訓。經過近年勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)設計(ji)資(zi)質換(huan)證,對(dui)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)設計(ji)單(dan)位進行了(le)一定的清(qing)理(li)整(zheng)頓,對(dui)規范(fan)市場起到了(le)一定的作用(yong)。但應該清(qing)醒(xing)地看到,我國(guo)的勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)資(zi)質門檻很低,尤其是打破行業(ye)(ye)(ye)壁(bi)壘(lei)后不(bu)同(tong)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)間的銜接過渡尚未完成,以高級工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)的數(shu)量來衡量技術水平不(bu)能如實(shi)反映勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的技術實(shi)力。建(jian)議(yi)盡快實(shi)施注冊(ce)(ce)土木工(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)制度(du),通過采用(yong)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質和(he)個(ge)人執業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質雙(shuang)重控制來規范(fan)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)市場、促(cu)進勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)技術水平的提高。
3.加(jia)強勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)設(she)計單位的質量認證,健全質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。ISO9001∶2000質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體系(xi)確立(li)了以(yi)過程(cheng)模式(shi)作為標準(zhun)的結構(gou)。勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)設(she)計企業應通過有(you)效應量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體系(xi)的要求,運用過程(cheng)方法,采用PDCA循環進(jin)行巖土工程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)的實施(shi)和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理,持續改進(jin)。提高勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)設(she)計的能力,增加(jia)顧客的滿意程(cheng)度。
4.采(cai)用先進(jin)的(de)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)察技(ji)術(shu)。在(zai)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)測中,為了(le)(le)避免勘(kan)探點(dian)布置的(de)隨意性,可使用克里格法。在(zai)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)分(fen)析評價(jia)中,為提高精確(que)度,可使用多道(dao)瞬態面波勘(kan)探技(ji)術(shu)和高密度點(dian)法。巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)測中,為了(le)(le)準確(que)確(que)定(ding)地基承(cheng)載力特征值,可使用回歸分(fen)析。巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)測資(zi)料的(de)整理中,為了(le)(le)保證成果(guo)的(de)正確(que)性,應(ying)使用計(ji)算機(ji)進(jin)行處理。
參考文獻
篇3
[關鍵詞]測(ce)(ce)繪技(ji)(ji)術;地(di)質(zhi)勘查;GPS-RTK測(ce)(ce)繪技(ji)(ji)術
中圖分類號:TB2 文獻標識(shi)碼:A 文章編號:1009-914X(2015)05-0043-01
引言:當前在地(di)質測(ce)繪當中合理地(di)運用(yong)測(ce)繪技術不僅能夠(gou)大(da)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)測(ce)量的(de)(de)(de)精確性,還能夠(gou)保障(zhang)好工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)安全性能以及(ji)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)質量,同時還降低(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)成本。測(ce)繪不但應用(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)領域,而且(qie)還涉及(ji)到武器制導方面,已(yi)經成為(wei)我國(guo)社會發展(zhan)不可(ke)缺少的(de)(de)(de)一項工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術。目前全球定位系統、遙感技術都是(shi)現代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)繪技術的(de)(de)(de)核心。GPS-RTK測(ce)繪技術是(shi)其中的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong),可(ke)為(wei)地(di)質勘察(cha)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作提(ti)(ti)供極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)便利。
一.我國現代測繪技(ji)術的運用
1.1 工程地(di)質測繪
工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪是工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)基礎(chu),處于測(ce)繪領(ling)域的(de)(de)領(ling)先位(wei)置。它主要是在復雜的(de)(de)程序中驗證可行(xing)(xing)性與初步勘(kan)探,提前進(jin)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程準備。在具(ju)體的(de)(de)實際操作過程中,測(ce)繪也存在相對的(de)(de)問題,而不是絕對的(de)(de)。勘(kan)探地(di)(di)質(zhi)是測(ce)繪的(de)(de)第(di)一步,可以利用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程測(ce)繪進(jin)行(xing)(xing)有效補充。通過對地(di)(di)質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程理(li)論與相關的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)現(xian)象來進(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀(guan)(guan)測(ce),搜集相關的(de)(de)資料,對地(di)(di)質(zhi)的(de)(de)巖(yan)性、地(di)(di)貌、自(zi)然(ran)地(di)(di)質(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀(guan)(guan)測(ce),記錄位(wei)置與高(gao)程。
1.2 礦產勘探
為(wei)了進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)開發我國現有未知的(de)地下資源,對礦物進(jin)(jin)行(xing)開采利用,需要對儲藏量進(jin)(jin)行(xing)勘(kan)察。首先需要確定(ding)礦床的(de)位(wei)置,并確定(ding)分布地段,有目(mu)的(de)的(de)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)勘(kan)查。隨后(hou)確定(ding)是否(fou)需要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)勘(kan)探,此時已(yi)經明(ming)確了位(wei)置與目(mu)標,地質填圖已(yi)經完(wan)成了,從而可以進(jin)(jin)行(xing)輕型(xing)山地工程與普查鉆(zhan)探工程。
二.GPS-RTK測繪技術相關原理與應用
2.1 GPS-RTK測繪技術原(yuan)理
GPS-RTK測繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)利用(yong)的是(shi)GPS測量(liang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)與數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)傳輸(shu)的組合(he)系統來進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)操(cao)作的,它是(shi)在(zai)特定(ding)(ding)位置安(an)裝一臺GPS接收機(ji),對(dui)所有的衛星進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀測,并將(jiang)信息(xi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)實時傳送(song),在(zai)流(liu)動點,通過(guo)對(dui)衛星與基(ji)站(zhan)GPS數(shu)據(ju),通過(guo)特定(ding)(ding)的儀器設(she)備計算出三維坐(zuo)標,從而進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)準確(que)定(ding)(ding)位。GPS-RTK測繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的原理充分利用(yong)現有的資源,運用(yong)高科技(ji)手段對(dui)控(kong)制點進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)精(jing)確(que)測量(liang),達到工程需要。
2.2 在(zai)礦區地形(xing)測量中的應用(yong)
在(zai)地(di)質(zhi)礦產(chan)詳查(cha)(cha)階段,要(yao)使用大(da)比例(li)尺地(di)形(xing)圖,但地(di)質(zhi)礦產(chan)勘查(cha)(cha)區(qu)域往往都是高(gao)山地(di)區(qu),地(di)形(xing)尤其復雜,若用常規測(ce)(ce)量儀器(qi)(qi)實(shi)測(ce)(ce),不僅要(yao)先(xian)布(bu)設圖根點(dian)(dian),且要(yao)求(qiu)在(zai)通(tong)視條件下測(ce)(ce)量碎部點(dian)(dian)。這就(jiu)造成(cheng)作業(ye)難度增加(jia),作業(ye)時間延長。而采(cai)用GPS-RTK技術(shu)可以很(hen)好的解決(jue)以上問(wen)題,其測(ce)(ce)定點(dian)(dian)位時不要(yao)求(qiu)點(dian)(dian)間通(tong)視,僅需要(yao)兩人(ren)(ren)操作,便可完成(cheng)測(ce)(ce)量工(gong)作,作業(ye)效(xiao)率成(cheng)倍提(ti)高(gao)。測(ce)(ce)圖時,僅需一(yi)人(ren)(ren)背著(zhu)儀器(qi)(qi)在(zai)要(yao)測(ce)(ce)的碎部點(dian)(dian)上呆一(yi)兩秒鐘并同時輸入特征編碼,通(tong)過(guo)電子手(shou)薄或便攜(xie)微機記(ji)錄(lu),在(zai)點(dian)(dian)位精度合(he)乎(hu)要(yao)求(qiu)的情況(kuang)下,把(ba)一(yi)個區(qu)域內(nei)(nei)的地(di)形(xing)地(di)物(wu)點(dian)(dian)位測(ce)(ce)定后回到室內(nei)(nei),經(jing)過(guo)繪圖、修飾就(jiu)可以完成(cheng)地(di)形(xing)圖。實(shi)踐經(jing)驗(yan)證明,GPS-RTK 測(ce)(ce)量技術(shu)在(zai)地(di)質(zhi)礦產(chan)勘查(cha)(cha)地(di)形(xing)測(ce)(ce)量中(zhong)有巨大(da)優越性(xing),改變(bian)了(le)傳統測(ce)(ce)量模式,給測(ce)(ce)量手(shou)段帶來(lai)了(le)重大(da)的技術(shu)變(bian)革,極大(da)地(di)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)量人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的日常工(gong)作,節省(sheng)了(le)人(ren)(ren)力,縮(suo)短了(le)工(gong)作周期。
2.3 在礦區地(di)質工(gong)程點、勘探線放樣中的應用
地(di)質礦產勘(kan)(kan)查工(gong)作(zuo)通常(chang)(chang)要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)線(xian)的(de)(de)布設(she),并且需(xu)要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)必要的(de)(de)鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)、槽探(tan)(tan)(tan)、物(wu)化探(tan)(tan)(tan)、硐(dong)探(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)地(di)質工(gong)程(cheng),測量(liang)工(gong)作(zuo)就(jiu)要把(ba)地(di)質工(gong)程(cheng)點的(de)(de)準確點位(wei)放(fang)樣(yang)出來(lai)。但一(yi)般礦區(qu)山勢(shi)陡峻、地(di)形都很(hen)復雜、通視條件較差,運用常(chang)(chang)規(gui)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統測量(liang)方法,如全(quan)站儀、經緯(wei)儀放(fang)樣(yang)時(shi)存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)難度(du),鑒于(yu)GPS-RTK技術可(ke)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)遠距離作(zuo)業且不要求(qiu)通視及實時(shi)定位(wei)速度(du)快(kuai)的(de)(de)特點,可(ke)以進(jin)行(xing)(xing)礦區(qu)地(di)質工(gong)程(cheng)點、勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)線(xian)放(fang)樣(yang)和定測。我們把(ba)設(she)計工(gong)程(cheng)點坐標(biao)輸入到手(shou)簿上,然(ran)后利用GPS-RTK的(de)(de)放(fang)樣(yang)功能,把(ba)點位(wei)布設(she)到實地(di)。
三.GPS-RTK測繪技術在應(ying)用中的特點
3.1 直觀快捷,可(ke)以實時觀測(ce)、記錄、使用測(ce)量(liang)數(shu)據,無須再進行(xing)復雜的平差計算。
3.2 一個(ge)以上已(yi)(yi)知控制點即(ji)可工(gong)作(zuo),這(zhe)在(zai)礦區周(zhou)圍已(yi)(yi)知控制點破壞(huai)嚴重、資料不(bu)好收(shou)集的情況(kuang)下(xia)不(bu)致(zhi)影(ying)響(xiang)工(gong)作(zuo)。
3.3 GPS-RTK測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)技(ji)術(shu)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化程(cheng)度高(gao)。傳統(tong)的(de)測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)技(ji)術(shu)都(dou)是采用(yong)復雜的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong),而且作業環(huan)節相(xiang)對比較多(duo),而GPS-RTK測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)技(ji)術(shu)可(ke)以測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)各種(zhong)內(nei)外業。流(liu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)數據收集(ji)站利用(yong)軟(ruan)件系統(tong),不需要(yao)人為進行(xing)干涉,就可(ke)以實現多(duo)種(zhong)測繪(hui)(hui)(hui)功(gong)能,減少了人為操(cao)作帶來的(de)無(wu)畏誤差(cha),保證了精度要(yao)求(qiu)。
3.4 作(zuo)業條件相對寬松。傳(chuan)統的(de)測(ce)(ce)量方(fang)法要求兩(liang)個控制點之(zhi)間(jian)需(xu)要滿足(zu)光線的(de)可通(tong)性,而采(cai)用GPS-RTK測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)(ji)術,則(ze)完全不(bu)必如此,只需(xu)要滿足(zu)電磁波通(tong)路即可。GPS-RTK測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)(ji)術不(bu)會受到通(tong)視條件、天氣(qi)、光線的(de)限制,即使(shi)在地形復雜的(de)情況下(xia),也可以滿足(zu)GPS-RTK測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)基本條件,很好地完成高精度作(zuo)業。
結語
在(zai)科學技(ji)術(shu)飛速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)的今天(tian),GPS-RTK技(ji)術(shu)給測(ce)繪工作帶來了革命性(xing)的變(bian)化,它徹底(di)改(gai)變(bian)了傳統的測(ce)量(liang)模式,具有需要測(ce)量(liang)人員少(shao)、速(su)度快、精度高等特點,極大地(di)提高了工作效(xiao)率。利用GPS-RTK測(ce)繪技(ji)術(shu)的基(ji)本原理,可以讓這(zhe)項(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)更多的范圍內得到應(ying)用,GPS-RTK測(ce)繪技(ji)術(shu)將(jiang)發(fa)揮著它更大的作用,為(wei)我(wo)國的地(di)質勘探及其(qi)他的工程領(ling)域發(fa)揮更大功效(xiao)。
參考文獻
[1] 王姜婷.數字(zi)化測(ce)繪資料檔案工程化管理探(tan)討[A];數字(zi)測(ce)繪與GIS技術(shu)應用研(yan)討交流會論(lun)文(wen)集(ji)[C];2010(01).
篇4
關(guan)鍵詞:數字測繪(hui);地質(zhi)勘查(cha);應(ying)用
中圖分類號:P62文(wen)獻標識碼: A
引言
數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)測(ce)圖技術(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)機(ji)助成圖和(he)全解析方法的(de)(de)綜合(he)運用(yong)。和(he)過去(qu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)測(ce)圖方式相(xiang)比(bi)較(jiao)的(de)(de)話,該技術(shu)(shu)具備很多的(de)(de)優勢,是(shi)(shi)目前我國工程測(ce)量(liang)研究中(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)項新型測(ce)圖技術(shu)(shu)。數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)測(ce)繪技術(shu)(shu)不僅適用(yong)于比(bi)較(jiao)精(jing)(jing)確的(de)(de)外(wai)業測(ce)量(liang),還(huan)用(yong)于和(he)高精(jing)(jing)度的(de)(de)測(ce)繪儀器相(xiang)匹(pi)配,使(shi)(shi)高端的(de)(de)先進儀器能夠(gou)持續的(de)(de)作用(yong)于數(shu)(shu)字地(di)形圖。數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)測(ce)繪技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)運用(yong)相(xiang)當廣泛,在工程測(ce)量(liang)中(zhong)可以使(shi)(shi)用(yong),在房產、管網(wang)和(he)地(di)籍等方面的(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)中(zhong)也可以使(shi)(shi)用(yong),該測(ce)繪技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)數(shu)(shu)據精(jing)(jing)確有(you)效(xiao),是(shi)(shi)建(jian)立(li)高效(xiao)的(de)(de)信息管理(li)系統(tong)所必不可少的(de)(de)條件。
一(yi)、數字化測繪(hui)技術概述
在(zai)現代工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong),數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)主要通過原圖(tu)(tu)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)以及(ji)成(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)來(lai)體現。(1)原圖(tu)(tu)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)。原圖(tu)(tu)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)有(you)著(zhu)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點,在(zai)大(da)比(bi)例尺(chi)(chi)地圖(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)繪(hui)制中(zhong)(zhong),利用矢(shi)量(liang)(liang)化(hua)(hua)掃描工(gong)(gong)具以及(ji)手扶式追(zhui)蹤相互配合,能(neng)夠(gou)完美的(de)(de)(de)(de)克服在(zai)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)比(bi)例尺(chi)(chi)地圖(tu)(tu)輸入難的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。在(zai)對原圖(tu)(tu)信(xin)(xin)息進行(xing)處理時(shi),利用數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)不(bu)(bu)僅能(neng)夠(gou)顯著(zhu)地提(ti)高輸入效(xiao)率(lv)和準(zhun)確度(du),而(er)且方(fang)便快捷,極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減輕(qing)了(le)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)負擔(dan)。(2)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)技(ji)術(shu)。數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)技(ji)術(shu)通過采取(qu)內外業一體化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作模式,有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高了(le)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)中(zhong)(zhong),測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確度(du)對于(yu)成(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)有(you)著(zhu)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。比(bi)例尺(chi)(chi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)難度(du)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),所繪(hui)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)比(bi)例尺(chi)(chi)越大(da),測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)難度(du)就(jiu)越大(da),對測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)精度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也(ye)越高。而(er)應用數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)技(ji)術(shu),可以在(zai)大(da)比(bi)例尺(chi)(chi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)發揮重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。不(bu)(bu)僅能(neng)夠(gou)大(da)幅度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高成(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang),也(ye)能(neng)夠(gou)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)操作流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),從而(er)提(ti)高測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)。同(tong)時(shi),應用數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)技(ji)術(shu)也(ye)有(you)助于(yu)存(cun)儲測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數據信(xin)(xin)息,降低(di)了(le)人(ren)力資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)投入。
二、數字化測繪(hui)技術(shu)的優勢及特點
1、測圖的精度高
數字化(hua)測(ce)繪(hui)技術進行(xing)測(ce)圖(tu)一(yi)般都能保持很(hen)高的(de)(de)精(jing)度。和傳統的(de)(de)測(ce)繪(hui)技術相比,數字化(hua)的(de)(de)測(ce)繪(hui)技術能讓地圖(tu)測(ce)繪(hui)的(de)(de)誤差(cha)盡可(ke)能的(de)(de)減少,讓精(jing)確度發(fa)生質的(de)(de)飛(fei)越。使用該技術進行(xing)測(ce)圖(tu)的(de)(de)時候(hou),若(ruo)地圖(tu)圖(tu)形的(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)不高于(yu)300,待測(ce)物點(dian)誤差(cha)不多于(yu)3毫米,那(nei)么(me)從數據信息的(de)(de)錄入(ru)到成圖(tu)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)之中將不會(hui)存(cun)在(zai)任何別(bie)的(de)(de)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)精(jing)度損失,比如測(ce)圖(tu)的(de)(de)時候(hou)常見的(de)(de)展點(dian)型、方(fang)向(xiang)型和視(shi)距(ju)型的(de)(de)誤差(cha)都不會(hui)出(chu)現,在(zai)很(hen)大程(cheng)(cheng)度上確保了測(ce)量成果的(de)(de)精(jing)準性。
2、自動化的(de)程(cheng)度高
數(shu)字(zi)(zi)測(ce)圖(tu)(tu)是一種比較智能化(hua)的(de)(de)技(ji)術,它(ta)充分的(de)(de)利用計算機技(ji)術自(zi)(zi)動的(de)(de)進行數(shu)據的(de)(de)計算,圖(tu)(tu)標符號的(de)(de)選取和信(xin)息的(de)(de)識(shi)別等,使用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)測(ce)圖(tu)(tu)繪制的(de)(de)地形圖(tu)(tu)遠比手繪的(de)(de)看(kan)上去更加的(de)(de)規范和精(jing)美,甚至完美無缺。而且(qie)運用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)技(ji)術自(zi)(zi)動的(de)(de)進行工(gong)程測(ce)量,將會使得(de)很(hen)多人為(wei)的(de)(de)主觀因素導(dao)致的(de)(de)誤差出現幾(ji)率大大降(jiang)低。
3、圖形的屬性(xing)信息較為豐富
應用(yong)數字化的(de)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)技術繪(hui)(hui)制的(de)地(di)形(xing)圖(tu)不僅具(ju)備(bei)精確的(de)坐標(biao)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)而且還包括地(di)形(xing)點上各種(zhong)屬(shu)性(xing)的(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)數據(ju)。在對(dui)這個(ge)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)點的(de)編碼(ma)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)做整(zheng)合(he)并進行(xing)成圖(tu)操作之后,系統數據(ju)庫中的(de)所有測(ce)圖(tu)符(fu)號(hao)(hao)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)被調用(yong),再(zai)通過(guo)對(dui)數據(ju)庫中與該編碼(ma)相對(dui)應的(de)各種(zhong)圖(tu)式符(fu)號(hao)(hao)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)調用(yong),就能實現地(di)圖(tu)圖(tu)形(xing)的(de)繪(hui)(hui)制。也就是說,在數字測(ce)圖(tu)的(de)時候通過(guo)對(dui)地(di)形(xing)圖(tu)的(de)定位(wei)(wei)、屬(shu)性(xing)和連接信(xin)(xin)息(xi)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)集和整(zheng)合(he),使(shi)得圖(tu)形(xing)的(de)屬(shu)性(xing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)豐富起來,便(bian)于(yu)各種(zhong)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)檢索調用(yong)。
4、對(dui)GIS的信息(xi)源加以運用(yong)
順應(ying)科學技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展趨勢,地(di)理信息(xi)系(xi)統(tong)(GIS)也處在(zai)持續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善之中。數(shu)(shu)字測圖在(zai)為(wei)GIS提(ti)供(gong)許多方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)源數(shu)(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,也方(fang)(fang)便了其后期在(zai)建圖過程(cheng)中對(dui)GIS數(shu)(shu)據庫信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)。現如今的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字測圖系(xi)統(tong)及GIS所(suo)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據已經能夠實現完(wan)全(quan)無縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)接,但是,伴隨數(shu)(shu)字化測繪技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)研發(fa)工(gong)作持續(xu)開(kai)展,測圖系(xi)統(tong)將(jiang)GIS提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據完(wan)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)合在(zai)一(yi)起。目前(qian)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)合主要體現在(zai)兩(liang)個方(fang)(fang)面:一(yi)是現在(zai)國(guo)土地(di)籍(ji)、城(cheng)市(shi)規(gui)劃等比例尺較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間數(shu)(shu)據進(jin)行搜集和獲取(qu)時對(dui)GIS的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據源加以運用(yong)。一(yi)是在(zai)野外(wai)實地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測量過程(cheng)中也為(wei)GIS提(ti)供(gong)了源數(shu)(shu)據。
在(zai)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化測圖中(zhong)對成(cheng)果數(shu)(shu)據(ju)進行處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)一(yi)般都是分(fen)層(ceng)放(fang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)樣放(fang)置(zhi)方(fang)式有利于無(wu)限制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴大圖面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負載量(liang),方(fang)便(bian)對成(cheng)果做深(shen)加工和和運用,和過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測圖技(ji)術相比較而言,有了比較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進。例如:房屋建(jian)筑工程在(zai)進行擴建(jian)或者改建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)涉及到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)籍、房產信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變更,只要這(zhe)些變更的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)被準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錄(lu)入,接下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)重新自動整(zheng)合,最后(hou)圖面顯示出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)將是最新和最完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
三、數字測繪技術在地質勘查中的具體運用
隨(sui)著經濟社會的發展,我國在(zai)測繪(hui)科(ke)技(ji)方(fang)面(mian)取得(de)了長遠發展,目前以遙感、定(ding)位等核心技(ji)術的測繪(hui)方(fang)式已經處于世界領先水(shui)平。現如今計算(suan)機網絡(luo)、、測量的技(ji)術及(ji)其儀器的不斷更新(xin)發展,也使得(de)數(shu)字(zi)化測繪(hui)技(ji)術的相(xiang)關軟件(jian)得(de)以研發與運用。這些(xie)都加快了數(shu)字(zi)測繪(hui)技(ji)術在(zai)地(di)質勘查中運用的腳步。
1、作(zuo)業模式的選擇
數字(zi)策劃工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一般只有(you)兩種模(mo)(mo)(mo)式,即編(bian)碼和無碼兩種。而編(bian)碼模(mo)(mo)(mo)式需要(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)要(yao)求作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)人(ren)員(yuan),使之(zhi)(zhi)熟悉編(bian)碼程序(xu),加快(kuai)信息交流,在較(jiao)為(wei)嚴(yan)峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境情形之(zhi)(zhi)下,作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)難度會加深,極(ji)易出(chu)(chu)現錯誤,因此需要(yao)放慢作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)速度。相對于編(bian)碼模(mo)(mo)(mo)式,無碼模(mo)(mo)(mo)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)較(jiao)為(wei)簡單,不容易出(chu)(chu)現錯誤,測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)速度也(ye)會隨之(zhi)(zhi)加快(kuai)。由于數字(zi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)設備(bei)多為(wei)電子設備(bei),若由于測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡陋而出(chu)(chu)現工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不適應(ying),將(jiang)會給整個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)技(ji)術(shu)帶來(lai)不必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)麻煩,因此,開始進行(xing)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)前,必須嚴(yan)格(ge)按照測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)條件(jian)制(zhi)定一套較(jiao)為(wei)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式,以便減(jian)少測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中出(chu)(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。
2、數(shu)字測繪(hui)技術(shu)在(zai)地(di)質勘查中(zhong)的(de)基本(ben)框架
地質(zhi)勘(kan)查中運用先進的(de)數字測繪(hui)技術與方法,是集地質(zhi)勘(kan)查內外業于一(yi)體,并(bing)且具有綜合性(xing)的(de)作業系(xi)統。這一(yi)作業系(xi)統具有非常多的(de)優勢,其中最明(ming)顯的(de)有點是可以在完成地質(zhi)勘(kan)查工(gong)作的(de)同時(shi)建(jian)立相應的(de)地籍數據庫,并(bing)為實(shi)現電子(zi)政務(wu)與現代(dai)地籍管理建(jian)立管理系(xi)統。其系(xi)統流程如下:
2.1分析資料
在進行地質勘查工作之前,需要(yao)對被(bei)測地區(qu)進行現有的地質勘查數據(ju)進行有效分析,先了(le)解地形,并根據(ju)已(yi)有的設(she)備及最后建(jian)立的數據(ju)庫(ku)的相關要(yao)求來(lai)選用(yong)合適的測繪技術。
2.2獲取數據
測繪數據(ju)獲取(qu)大致分為(wei)兩(liang)種(zhong)情況,一種(zhong)是通過(guo)資(zi)料分析(xi),直(zhi)接利(li)用現有(you)資(zi)源(yuan),另一種(zhong)則是直(zhi)接進(jin)行野外采集(ji)與收(shou)集(ji),根據(ju)常規的數據(ju)庫要求,使(shi)得數據(ju)格式恰當適宜。
地質勘(kan)測過程中要及時(shi)將獲取的(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)進行編輯、整理(li)及入庫,并適當的(de)(de)進行統計、分析、匯總(zong),形成完整的(de)(de)地質勘(kan)查數(shu)據(ju)管理(li)信息系統。
3、地質勘查(cha)信(xin)息化(hua)建設
地質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)查(cha)是(shi)我國資(zi)源綜(zong)合利用的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)平臺,將(jiang)地質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)查(cha)進行(xing)(xing)信(xin)(xin)息化管理之(zhi)后(hou),其勘(kan)(kan)查(cha)工(gong)作(zuo)將(jiang)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)全自動化,大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)工(gong)作(zuo)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv),與此同時(shi),還(huan)能(neng)及(ji)時(shi)更新信(xin)(xin)息,有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)審(shen)批效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv),規范(fan)化、科學化、法制化的(de)(de)(de)進行(xing)(xing)數(shu)據(ju)管理,在不久的(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)來(lai),與其他信(xin)(xin)息系統實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)集成整合,滿足相應的(de)(de)(de)規劃需(xu)求等措施(shi)也是(shi)極有(you)可(ke)能(neng)實(shi)(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)。日(ri)后(hou),數(shu)字測(ce)繪(hui)技術在地質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)測(ce)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)運用將(jiang)會充分共享,可(ke)以大(da)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)地質(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)。
結束語
綜上所述,在現代工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)中(zhong),數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)已經成為了一(yi)項不可(ke)或缺的技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)之一(yi),全面(mian)(mian)的融入到了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的方(fang)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian),尤其是在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)測(ce)(ce)圖(tu)內容(rong)以及(ji)數(shu)字(zi)地球方(fang)面(mian)(mian)都發(fa)揮了重要的作(zuo)用(yong),極大程(cheng)度的提高了測(ce)(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的質量(liang)和(he)效(xiao)率(lv)。廣大工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員需(xu)要進一(yi)步對數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)技(ji)術(shu)的應用(yong)進行探究,以更(geng)好的滿足工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)的需(xu)求。
參考文獻
[1]雷旭.論數字(zi)技術(shu)在工(gong)程測量中的應用(yong)[J].企業技術(shu)開(kai)發(fa),2011(18).
篇5
關鍵詞:淺析;工程;地質測繪(hui)
中(zhong)圖(tu)分類號:P2文獻標識碼: A
一、引言
目前,從(cong)巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)狀而言,我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),相(xiang)對而言是比較完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)一項系(xi)統工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),其發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)水平也在實(shi)踐中(zhong)不(bu)斷得到了提高。我(wo)們在慶幸巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)水平相(xiang)對較高的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,也應深刻的(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)到巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)仍然存在的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足之(zhi)處。只有正視巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)存在的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷問題,才能更(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)、有針對性的(de)(de)(de)解決巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)問題。因此,在實(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong),我(wo)們需(xu)要(yao)結合(he)巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)具體環(huan)境,在綜合(he)分析巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)技術(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)水平的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)之(zhi)上,制定相(xiang)對合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)方案,確(que)保巖(yan)(yan)土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安全性,使之(zhi)可(ke)以(yi)更(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)為社會經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),起到積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)促進作(zuo)(zuo)用。
二、關(guan)于巖(yan)土勘察工程地(di)質測繪應用意義的分(fen)析(xi)
1、巖(yan)土勘察工程(cheng)地質測繪應用的重要性分析
在巖(yan)土勘察工(gong)程地(di)質測繪(hui)(hui)中(zhong),地(di)質測繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)范疇是,對確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測繪(hui)(hui)區域內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)層(ceng)、巖(yan)性、構造、地(di)貌、水(shui)文(wen)地(di)質以(yi)及地(di)理(li)地(di)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象進(jin)行深(shen)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)究分析(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。同時(shi),對相關(guan)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質條件作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出初(chu)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷與評價,并形(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書面(mian)資(zi)料。從理(li)論層(ceng)面(mian)分析(xi)(xi),這些(xie)資(zi)料能夠為工(gong)程選(xuan)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質、水(shui)文(wen)勘察、橋(qiao)梁隧道(dao)位置等(deng)施工(gong)勘探(tan)方案提(ti)供相對可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參考資(zi)料,有利于技術(shu)人員制定(ding)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)方案,提(ti)高施工(gong)方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全性。經(jing)過不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),在實(shi)踐工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)整理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)(xi)資(zi)料,通(tong)常對工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質測繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)具有不可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。隨著社(she)會經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高,我國城市(shi)(shi)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)程不斷推進(jin),地(di)質測繪(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),對我國社(she)會經(jing)濟建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)以(yi)及城市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),都發(fa)(fa)揮了(le)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。同時(shi),在城市(shi)(shi)規劃建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong),地(di)質測繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為城市(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑工(gong)程項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)址(zhi)、施工(gong)建(jian)設(she)、地(di)質勘探(tan)、資(zi)源開采(cai)等(deng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),都起到了(le)至關(guan)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。
2、巖(yan)土勘察工程(cheng)地質測繪(hui)中地理信(xin)息技術(shu)應用與(yu)意義
現階段,我(wo)國與(yu)(yu)國外的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平,仍存在著(zhu)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)差距。因(yin)此,在巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)方面,我(wo)們應在現有的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)基礎之上,積極的(de)(de)(de)改進(jin)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)應用的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與(yu)(yu)方法,從而實現巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)既定目標。隨著(zhu)科技(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),地(di)理信(xin)息技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(GIS)應用在巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)我(wo)國巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)(yu)時俱進(jin)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重要表現之一(yi)。GIS技(ji)(ji)術(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)現代化(hua)技(ji)(ji)術(shu),其自身融合了(le)數字化(hua)測(ce)量、一(yi)體化(hua)測(ce)量、掃描矢(shi)量化(hua)、數據(ju)(ju)處理等特點,對于(yu)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪的(de)(de)(de)創新與(yu)(yu)完善發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),起到(dao)了(le)巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)推動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)用。在實際的(de)(de)(de)應用過(guo)程中,為(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)提供(gong)了(le)精確(que)度極高的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理信(xin)息數據(ju)(ju)。規范化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)(ju),在促使巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)繪工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)實現規范化(hua)、智能(neng)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)目的(de)(de)(de)具有重要的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。
3、巖土勘察工程地(di)質測(ce)繪中遙感技(ji)術應用與意義(yi)
目(mu)前,隨著信息技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)發(fa)展,遙感技術(RS)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用,逐(zhu)漸成為巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)進步與完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要表現(xian)。因RS技術自身具有時(shi)效(xiao)性強、經(jing)濟性能優(you)越、監測(ce)(ce)數據準(zhun)確(que)等(deng)優(you)勢(shi),所(suo)以較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彌補了傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)中(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)圖(tu)像不(bu)(bu)清晰、地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數據不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)確(que)等(deng)缺點。不(bu)(bu)僅提高(gao)了勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)像的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)辨率,而(er)且(qie)為巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)后期(qi),技術人員進行相關數據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)計、分(fen)析,奠定(ding)了一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論基礎。在巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong),將RS技術適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用于勘(kan)(kan)(kan)測(ce)(ce)區域,一方面(mian)可以提高(gao)巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平,有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避免巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)出現(xian)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向性失誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。另一方面(mian),也能夠在確(que)保巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)水平上,節約(yue)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)成本。
4、巖土勘察工程地質測繪中數字化(hua)技術應用與意義
科(ke)學(xue)技術(shu)的(de)(de)發展,在(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)度上促進了巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作整體(ti)水平的(de)(de)提高(gao)。因此,在(zai)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong),我(wo)們必須及(ji)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)轉變傳統(tong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作理念,根(gen)據巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)具體(ti)情況,有(you)針對性的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)相應的(de)(de)技術(shu)。在(zai)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)采用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)技術(shu)進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,可以(yi)(yi)有(you)效的(de)(de)改善以(yi)(yi)往傳統(tong)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)繪(hui)制圖紙中(zhong)出現的(de)(de)問題(ti)。科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)提高(gao)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)圖紙的(de)(de)精準(zhun)度以(yi)(yi)及(ji)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作效率。數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)技術(shu)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong),可以(yi)(yi)使(shi)相關的(de)(de)技術(shu)人員(yuan)在(zai)巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)中(zhong),直接利用(yong)(yong)現代設備將勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)得到的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據自(zi)動(dong)生(sheng)成(cheng)電子(zi)數(shu)(shu)字地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)圖紙,同時(shi)(shi)借助專業的(de)(de)繪(hui)圖、編輯(ji)軟件進行一(yi)定的(de)(de)修改與完善。從而有(you)效的(de)(de)避免巖(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)出現嚴重的(de)(de)錯誤,影響(xiang)相關工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量。
三、巖土工程(cheng)勘察的方法
1、工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)。工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)巖土工程(cheng)勘(kan)察(cha)的(de)基礎工作(zuo),一(yi)般在勘(kan)察(cha)的(de)初期階段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。這一(yi)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)本質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)運用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)論(lun),對地(di)(di)(di)(di)面的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現象(xiang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀察(cha)和描述,分(fen)析(xi)其性質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和規律(lv),并借以(yi)推斷(duan)(duan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情況,為(wei)勘(kan)探(tan)、測(ce)(ce)試工作(zuo)等(deng)其他勘(kan)察(cha)方(fang)(fang)法提供依據。在地(di)(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)和地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)較(jiao)復雜(za)的(de)場地(di)(di)(di)(di),必須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)。但(dan)對地(di)(di)(di)(di)形平坦、地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)簡(jian)單且較(jiao)狹小的(de)場地(di)(di)(di)(di),則(ze)可采用(yong)調查代替工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)。工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)認識場地(di)(di)(di)(di)工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)最(zui)(zui)經濟、最(zui)(zui)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法,高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)工作(zuo)能相當準確地(di)(di)(di)(di)推斷(duan)(duan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情況,起(qi)到(dao)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)指導(dao)其他勘(kan)察(cha)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。
2、勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)與(yu)取(qu)樣。勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工作包括物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等各種方(fang)法(fa)。它(ta)是(shi)被(bei)用(yong)(yong)來調(diao)查地(di)下地(di)質情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)并且(qie)可(ke)利(li)用(yong)(yong)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)取(qu)樣進行原位測(ce)試和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)監測(ce)。應(ying)根據勘(kan)(kan)察目的(de)及巖(yan)土的(de)特性(xing)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)上(shang)述各種勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)法(fa)。物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)是(shi)一種間(jian)接的(de)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)手段(duan),它(ta)的(de)優點是(shi)較(jiao)之鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)輕便(bian)、經濟而迅速,能夠及時(shi)(shi)解(jie)決工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質測(ce)繪(hui)中難于推(tui)斷(duan)而又(you)(you)急待了解(jie)的(de)地(di)下地(di)質情(qing)況(kuang),所以常常與(yu)測(ce)繪(hui)工作配合使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。它(ta)又(you)(you)可(ke)作為(wei)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)先行或輔助手段(duan)。但是(shi),物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)判釋往往具多(duo)(duo)解(jie)性(xing),方(fang)法(fa)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)又(you)(you)受地(di)形條(tiao)件等的(de)限制(zhi)(zhi),其成果(guo)需(xu)(xu)用(yong)(yong)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)來驗證。鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)也稱(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),均是(shi)直(zhi)接勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)手段(duan),能可(ke)靠地(di)了解(jie)地(di)下地(di)質情(qing)況(kuang),在巖(yan)土工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察中是(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)少的(de)。其中鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工作使(shi)用(yong)(yong)最(zui)為(wei)廣泛(fan),可(ke)根據地(di)層類別和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)勘(kan)(kan)察要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同的(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)法(fa)。當(dang)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)法(fa)難以查明(ming)地(di)下地(di)質情(qing)況(kuang)時(shi)(shi),可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)法(fa)。坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)類型較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),應(ying)根據勘(kan)(kan)察要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)。勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一般都需(xu)(xu)要(yao)動用(yong)(yong)機械和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)動力(li)設(she)備,耗(hao)費人力(li)、物(wu)(wu)力(li)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),有些勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工周期又(you)(you)較(jiao)長,而且(qie)受到許多(duo)(duo)條(tiao)件的(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)。因此使(shi)用(yong)(yong)這種方(fang)法(fa)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)具有經濟觀點,布置勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)以工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質測(ce)繪(hui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)為(wei)依據,切(qie)避(bi)盲(mang)目性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)隨(sui)意性(xing)。
3、原位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)與室(shi)內試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。原位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)與室(shi)內試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)主要(yao)目的(de),是為(wei)巖土工程(cheng)問題分析評(ping)(ping)價提供所需(xu)的(de)技術參數,包括(kuo)巖土的(de)物性(xing)指標、強度參數、固結(jie)變(bian)形特性(xing)參數、滲透(tou)性(xing)參數和應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)時間(jian)關系的(de)參數等(deng)。原位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)一般都(dou)借助于勘(kan)探工程(cheng)進行,是詳細勘(kan)察階(jie)段主要(yao)的(de)一種勘(kan)察方法(fa)。原位(wei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)優(you)點是試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)不脫離原來(lai)的(de)環(huan)境,基(ji)本上在(zai)原位(wei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)條件(jian)下進行試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)所測(ce)定(ding)的(de)巖土體尺寸(cun)大(da),能反(fan)映宏觀(guan)結(jie)構(gou)對(dui)巖土性(xing)質的(de)影(ying)響,代表性(xing)好。試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)周期較(jiao)短,效率高尤其對(dui)難(nan)以采樣(yang)的(de)巖土層(ceng)仍能通(tong)過試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)其工程(cheng)性(xing)質。缺點是試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)時的(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)路徑難(nan)以控制(zhi)、邊(bian)(bian)界條件(jian)也較(jiao)復雜有(you)些試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)耗(hao)費人力(li)(li)、物力(li)(li)較(jiao)多,不可(ke)能大(da)量進行。室(shi)內試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)優(you)點是試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)條件(jian)比較(jiao)容(rong)易控制(zhi)邊(bian)(bian)界條件(jian)明確,應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)條件(jian)可(ke)以控制(zhi)等(deng)入(ru)可(ke)以大(da)量取樣(yang)。
4、現(xian)場(chang)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)與(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。現(xian)場(chang)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)與(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要目(mu)的(de)(de)在于(yu)保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量和(he)(he)安全,提高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)效(xiao)益。現(xian)場(chang)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)涵義,包括施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)階段對(dui)先前巖土工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)勘察成果的(de)(de)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)核查(cha)以(yi)及巖土工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理和(he)(he)質量控制。現(xian)場(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)則主(zhu)(zhu)要包含施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)用(yong)和(he)(he)各類荷(he)載對(dui)巖土反應性狀的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)運(yun)營中的(de)(de)結構(gou)物(wu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)對(dui)環(huan)境影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)等方面(mian)。檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)與(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)所獲(huo)取的(de)(de)資料,可以(yi)反求出某些工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術參數,并(bing)以(yi)此為(wei)依據及時(shi)修正設(she)計,使(shi)之在技術和(he)(he)經濟方面(mian)優化。
結束語
隨著社會經濟發(fa)(fa)展水平的(de)不斷提高(gao),巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測繪工作在(zai)社會經濟發(fa)(fa)展中的(de)地(di)位越(yue)來越(yue)重要(yao)。巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測繪的(de)發(fa)(fa)展,逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)為社會公眾關注的(de)熱點問題。在(zai)實際工作中,我們仍需繼(ji)續努力探究巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測繪工作的(de)相(xiang)關內容,并結(jie)合巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)勘察(cha)工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測繪工作的(de)實際發(fa)(fa)展狀(zhuang)況,借助地(di)理信息技術(shu)、遙感技術(shu)、數字化技術(shu)提高(gao)測繪的(de)精確度。
參考文獻
[1]周亞明,呂才能.巖土工(gong)程勘察中常(chang)見問(wen)題(ti)的分析與(yu)解決方法[J].中國西(xi)部科(ke)技(ji).2009(03)
[2]梁琦瑋.探析地質(zhi)分析在工程地質(zhi)勘察中的應用[J].科技創業家.2013(15)
[3]彭志輝.民用(yong)建筑巖(yan)土工程勘察(cha)技(ji)術的(de)應(ying)用(yong)探析[J].門窗.2013(08)
篇6
2.1礦山測量(liang)方面。遙感(gan)技(ji)術在礦山測量(liang)中的應用已(yi)經(jing)歷了較(jiao)長的時間,并積累了豐富的經(jing)驗。應用遙感(gan)資料(liao),可獲取礦區(qu)實(shi)(shi)時、動態、綜合的信(xin)息源,對礦區(qu)環(huan)境進(jin)行監(jian)測,為礦區(qu)環(huan)境保護提供(gong)決策(ce)支(zhi)持。遙感(gan)資料(liao)用于找(zhao)礦、礦區(qu)地質(zhi)條件研究、煤層頂底板研究等方面都(dou)已(yi)得到應用,所有(you)這些,都(dou)說明(ming)遙感(gan)技(ji)術應用于礦山測量(liang)是礦山測量(liang)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)其現(xian)代任務的重要保證。
2.2濕地(di)方面。利(li)用遙(yao)感技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)對(dui)濕地(di)生物資源的(de)分(fen)布、生長狀況(kuang)及其變化(hua)進(jin)行(xing)估(gu)測。利(li)用遙(yao)感技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)多層次、多時相(xiang)的(de)動態監測功能獲(huo)得及時可靠的(de)數(shu)據(ju),通過地(di)理信息系統技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)進(jin)行(xing)相(xiang)關數(shu)據(ju)的(de)實時更(geng)新,并對(dui)這些(xie)數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)行(xing)空間分(fen)析(xi),可得到濕地(di)的(de)動態變化(hua)情況(kuang)。
2.3水利(li)工程方面。遙感(gan)技術(shu)能夠實時(shi)地對大(da)江、大(da)河(he)和湖水水位進(jin)行(xing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce),可實時(shi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)洪(hong)水災(zai)害面積。RS和GIS集成能及早預報洪(hong)水淹沒范圍和干(gan)旱(han)災(zai)情范圍,為防災(zai)、抗災(zai)提供準確信息。在水利(li)樞紐工程竣工后,需(xu)對水庫大(da)壩、大(da)型(xing)橋(qiao)梁(liang)等進(jin)行(xing)連續的(de)、精密(mi)的(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)。現代測(ce)繪技術(shu)提供了連續、實時(shi)的(de)安全運行(xing)監(jian)(jian)控手段。
2.4地(di)(di)(di)理(li)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。從(cong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統角度看,在未來的(de)(de)幾十年內,地(di)(di)(di)理(li)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(GIS)將向(xiang)著(zhu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)標(biao)準化(hua)(hua)(Interoperable GIS)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)多(duo)維化(hua)(hua)(3D&4D GIS)、系(xi)(xi)(xi)統集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(Component GIS)、系(xi)(xi)(xi)統智能化(hua)(hua)(Cyber GIS)、平臺網絡化(hua)(hua)(Web GIS)和應(ying)用(yong)(yong)社會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)DE)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)發展(zhan)。Interoperable GIS 互操作(zuo)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(Interoperable GIS)是(shi)(shi)GIS系(xi)(xi)(xi)統集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)平臺,它實(shi)現在異(yi)構環境下多(duo)個地(di)(di)(di)理(li)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統或其應(ying)用(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統之間的(de)(de)互相(xiang)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)和協(xie)作(zuo),以(yi)(yi)完成(cheng)某(mou)一(yi)特定(ding)任務(wu)。攀 GIS 基于(yu)WWW的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(Web GIS)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)Internet技術(shu)在Web上(shang)空(kong)間信(xin)(xin)息(xi)供(gong)用(yong)(yong)戶瀏覽(lan)和使用(yong)(yong)。Digital Earth 它是(shi)(shi)對真實(shi)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)及(ji)其相(xiang)關現象統一(yi)性的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)重現和認識,其核(he)心思想是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)手段統一(yi)地(di)(di)(di)處理(li)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)問題和最(zui)大限度地(di)(di)(di)利用(yong)(yong)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)資源,從(cong)而完成(cheng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)的(de)(de)核(he)心功能,光纜、衛星通(tong)信(xin)(xin)技術(shu)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)計算(suan)機網絡等技術(shu)則完成(cheng)海(hai)量空(kong)章(zhang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸任務(wu)。
3地質測(ce)繪(hui)技術發(fa)展 3.1大地控制測(ce)量(liang)。
控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測量是(shi)地(di)(di)質測繪的(de)基礎,地(di)(di)質礦區布設平(ping)面控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)方法(fa),一(yi)是(shi)在國家一(yi)、二等(deng)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下進行三(san)、四(si)(si)等(deng)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)點(dian)(dian)的(de)加(jia)密,另(ling)一(yi)是(shi)在國家一(yi)、二等(deng)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)點(dian)(dian)下不能加(jia)密情況下布設獨立的(de)三(san)、四(si)(si)等(deng)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)或五秒小三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)鎖(suo)網(wang)作為礦區基本“平(ping)面控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi).獨立的(de)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)鎖(suo)網(wang)必須測定鎖(suo)網(wang)的(de)起(qi)算(suan)(suan)邊(bian)長(chang)。我單位(wei)在上世紀末期引入(ru)載波靜態相對(dui)(dui)定位(wei)技術即(ji)多臺套GPS接(jie)收機結(jie)合后(hou)處理軟件以來,精密控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測量就不再限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于通視條件、距(ju)離條件這些因(yin)素,控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測量的(de)工作模式(shi)(shi)有(you)了很(hen)大的(de)改觀,對(dui)(dui)于相對(dui)(dui)獨立斷點(dian)(dian)分布的(de)礦區工程點(dian)(dian)不再需(xu)要長(chang)遠(yuan)距(ju)離的(de)測三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)鎖(suo)從(cong)其他地(di)(di)方引入(ru)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)(dian),只需(xu)從(cong)起(qi)算(suan)(suan)點(dian)(dian)采用邊(bian)點(dian)(dian)連(lian)接(jie)跳躍式(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)可(ke)以直接(jie)引入(ru)到測區,極(ji)大地(di)(di)簡化了工作步驟,節(jie)省了時間和人力。
3.2地形測量技術。
地(di)(di)形測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)密圖根(gen)控制,傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法是(shi)在(zai)(zai)礦區基本控制點下布設測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)角(jiao)圖根(gen)線(xian)形鎖及測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)角(jiao)交會點,現(xian)在(zai)(zai)則采(cai)用導線(xian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)、GPSRTK模(mo)式,極大(da)地(di)(di)減少工(gong)作(zuo)量(liang),也(ye)提(ti)高了精度。 地(di)(di)形測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)是(shi)地(di)(di)質測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務,長(chang)期以來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)圖方法,以大(da)平扳(ban)儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)圖,至今在(zai)(zai)大(da)比(bi)例尺(chi)地(di)(di)形測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)圖中仍然是(shi)普遍采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)手(shou)段之一。但是(shi)占主(zhu)導地(di)(di)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)已(yi)經是(shi)全(quan)野外數字(zi)(zi)化測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)了,采(cai)用全(quan)站儀(yi)、RTK一天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)已(yi)是(shi)大(da)平板儀(yi)所不能比(bi)擬(ni),完全(quan)不可同日而語(yu)了。4. 結(jie)語(yu) 現(xian)代(dai)科學(xue)(xue)技術(shu)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合化整體方向極大(da)地(di)(di)影響著現(xian)代(dai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)科學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢,這種趨勢表(biao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)現(xian)代(dai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)新(xin)理論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)括性增(zeng)強,測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)新(xin)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)綜(zong)合程度提(ti)高,各(ge)專業學(xue)(xue)科之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互交叉與滲(shen)透,測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)學(xue)(xue)與其它(ta)門類科學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)增(zeng)強加(jia)(jia)大(da),測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)學(xue)(xue)吸收和移(yi)植(zhi)其它(ta)學(xue)(xue)科成果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度加(jia)(jia)快,這種學(xue)(xue)科內外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合化發展,將(jiang)使(shi)現(xian)代(dai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)學(xue)(xue)不斷開(kai)拓出新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領域。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)將(jiang)成為構建(jian)“數字(zi)(zi)地(di)(di)球”、“數字(zi)(zi)中國”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)力軍。
參考文(wen)獻:[1]曹幼(you)元(yuan),賀躍(yue)光(guang). PDA GPS在地(di)質測(ce)(ce)繪中(zhong)的應用[J].測(ce)(ce)繪技術裝備,2005,(4).
[2]魏建華,張展,許月光.工程(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測繪(hui)中的幾個研究對象[J].黑龍江水利科技,1999,(4).
篇7
關鍵(jian)詞:工程;地質勘(kan)查
地(di)質資(zi)料(liao)是研究地(di)質礦(kuang)產(chan)資(zi)源的(de)(de)條件,是進行新的(de)(de)地(di)質勘查和科學(xue)研究的(de)(de)重要依據,實現地(di)質資(zi)料(liao)在新的(de)(de)社會經濟建(jian)設中(zhong)的(de)(de)真正價(jia)(jia)值,是適應社會主義(yi)市場經濟、保障經濟社會發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)必須(xu)選(xuan)擇。地(di)質勘探的(de)(de)準確(que)與否(fou),直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)影響房屋的(de)(de)建(jian)筑成本。一般建(jian)筑物(wu)基礎(chu)造價(jia)(jia)占整個建(jian)筑造價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)10%到(dao)20%左右,準確(que)的(de)(de)地(di)質勘探成果,對設計人員基礎(chu)的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇有直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)影響,也(ye)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)影響基槽(cao)開挖后繼續順(shun)利施工,影響建(jian)筑物(wu)的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)安全。因此地(di)質勘探在工程(cheng)建(jian)設中(zhong)起到(dao)很重要的(de)(de)作用(yong)。
一、不同勘查(cha)階段的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)與任務
工程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)是為(wei)(wei)查明影(ying)響工程建筑(zhu)物的地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)素而進(jin)行(xing)(xing)的地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)調查研(yan)究工作(zuo)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)提供各(ge)設(she)計階段所需的工程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資料,勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)工作(zuo)也(ye)相應地(di)(di)(di)劃分為(wei)(wei)選址(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)、初步(bu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)、詳細勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)三個(ge)階段。對于(yu)工程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)復雜(za)或有特殊施工要求(qiu)的重要建筑(zhu)物地(di)(di)(di)基,尚應進(jin)行(xing)(xing)預可(ke)行(xing)(xing)性及(ji)施工勘(kan)(kan)察(cha);對于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)簡(jian)單,建筑(zhu)物占地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積不大的場地(di)(di)(di),或有建設(she)經驗的地(di)(di)(di)區,也(ye)可(ke)適當簡(jian)化勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)階段。
1、選址勘察
選(xuan)(xuan)址(zhi)勘查是非常重要的環(huan)節,其目的在(zai)于從總體(ti)上(shang)判定(ding)擬建(jian)場(chang)地(di)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質條件(jian)能否適(shi)宜(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)項目。一般通(tong)過取得幾個(ge)候選(xuan)(xuan)場(chang)址(zhi)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質資料進行(xing)對比(bi)分析,對擬選(xuan)(xuan)場(chang)址(zhi)的穩定(ding)性和適(shi)宜(yi)性作出工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質評價。
選擇場址時,應進行(xing)技術經(jing)濟分析,一般情(qing)況下宜避開下列(lie)工程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條件惡劣的(de)地(di)(di)(di)區或(huo)(huo)地(di)(di)(di)段(duan):不(bu)良地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)現(xian)象發育,對(dui)場地(di)(di)(di)穩定(ding)性有直接或(huo)(huo)潛在威脅的(de)地(di)(di)(di)段(duan);地(di)(di)(di)基土性質(zhi)嚴重不(bu)良的(de)地(di)(di)(di)段(duan);對(dui)建筑抗(kang)震(zhen)不(bu)利的(de)地(di)(di)(di)段(duan),如設計地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)烈度(du)為8度(du)或(huo)(huo)9度(du)且鄰(lin)近發震(zhen)斷裂帶(dai)的(de)場區;洪水(shui)或(huo)(huo)地(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)對(dui)建筑場地(di)(di)(di)有威脅或(huo)(huo)有嚴重不(bu)良影響(xiang)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)段(duan);地(di)(di)(di)下有未開采的(de)有價值礦藏或(huo)(huo)不(bu)穩定(ding)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)下采空區上的(de)地(di)(di)(di)段(duan)。
2、初步勘查
初(chu)步(bu)勘察階(jie)段是在選定的(de)(de)建設(she)場址(zhi)上進行的(de)(de)。根據選址(zhi)報告書了解建設(she)項(xiang)目類型(xing)、規模、建設(she)物高度、基礎的(de)(de)形式及(ji)埋置深度和主要(yao)設(she)備等情況。初(chu)步(bu)勘察的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是:對場地內建筑(zhu)(zhu)地段的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性作(zuo)出(chu)評(ping)價;為確定建筑(zhu)(zhu)總平面布置、主要(yao)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物地基基礎設(she)計方(fang)案以(yi)及(ji)不良地質現象的(de)(de)防治工程方(fang)案作(zuo)出(chu)工程地質論證。
初(chu)步(bu)勘察時,在搜(sou)集分析(xi)已有資料的基礎上,根據需要和場地(di)條件還應進行工程勘探、測試以及地(di)球物(wu)理勘探工作。
3、詳細勘察
在初步(bu)設(she)計完成(cheng)之后進行(xing)詳(xiang)細勘察,它是為施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)設(she)計提供資料的(de)(de)。此時場地(di)(di)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)(di)質條件已基(ji)本查明。所以詳(xiang)細勘察的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是提出設(she)計所需(xu)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程地(di)(di)質條件的(de)(de)各項技術參數,對建筑地(di)(di)基(ji)作出巖土工(gong)(gong)程評價,為基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)計、地(di)(di)基(ji)處理和加固、不(bu)良地(di)(di)質現(xian)象的(de)(de)防治工(gong)(gong)程等具(ju)體方案作出論證和結論。
詳(xiang)細勘察(cha)的主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)手段以勘探、原位測(ce)(ce)試和(he)室內土工(gong)(gong)試驗為主(zhu),必要(yao)(yao)時(shi)可(ke)以補(bu)充(chong)一些地球(qiu)物理(li)勘探、工(gong)(gong)程地質測(ce)(ce)繪和(he)調(diao)查工(gong)(gong)作。詳(xiang)細勘察(cha)的勘探工(gong)(gong)作量(liang),應(ying)按場地類別、建筑(zhu)物特點及建筑(zhu)物的安全等級和(he)重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)來.確定。對于復雜場地,必要(yao)(yao)時(shi)可(ke)選擇具(ju)有代表(biao)性(xing)的地段布置適(shi)量(liang)的探井(jing)。
二、勘查方法與注意(yi)事項
1、勘查方法
工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察方法(fa)(fa)與手段也是不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de),總的(de)(de)來說,主(zhu)要包(bao)括以下(xia)幾個(ge)方面:工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪,工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查,工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室內(nei)(nei)試驗和(he)(he)野外(wai)試驗,大型(xing)現場(chang)試驗、室內(nei)(nei)土工(gong)試驗,工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長期觀測,勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察資料的(de)(de)室內(nei)(nei)整(zheng)理及計算(suan)等(deng)。工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan),利(li)(li)用一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)機械工(gong)具或開挖作業深入地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)了(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)況的(de)(de)工(gong)作。主(zhu)要有鉆(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)方式。鉆(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)利(li)(li)用鉆(zhan)機向地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)以采(cai)取巖心或進行地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)試驗的(de)(de)工(gong)作。工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)的(de)(de)深度通常僅數十米(mi)到數百米(mi)。鉆(zhan)孔(kong)的(de)(de)孔(kong)徑(jing)變化(hua)較大,一(yi)(yi)般為36mm~205mm,有時也采(cai)用直(zhi)徑(jing)達1m的(de)(de)大孔(kong)徑(jing)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)。工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)鉆(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方法(fa)(fa)可(ke)分為三(san)大類(lei)。物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)即用物(wu)(wu)理的(de)(de)原則研究(jiu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構造(zao)和(he)(he)解(jie)(jie)(jie)決找(zhao)礦(kuang)(kuang)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)問(wen)題的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)。它是以各種巖石和(he)(he)礦(kuang)(kuang)石的(de)(de)密度、磁(ci)性(xing)、電性(xing)、彈性(xing)、放(fang)(fang)射性(xing)等(deng)物(wu)(wu)理性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)差異為研究(jiu)基礎(chu),用不(bu)同的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)理方法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)儀器(qi),探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測天然的(de)(de)或人工(gong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)球物(wu)(wu)理場(chang)的(de)(de)變化(hua),通過分析、研究(jiu)獲(huo)得的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)資料,推斷、解(jie)(jie)(jie)釋地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構造(zao)和(he)(he)礦(kuang)(kuang)產分布(bu)情(qing)況。目前主(zhu)要的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方法(fa)(fa)有重力勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、磁(ci)法(fa)(fa)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、電法(fa)(fa)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)震勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、放(fang)(fang)射性(xing)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)。依(yi)據工(gong)作空間(jian)的(de)(de)不(bu)同,又可(ke)分為地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、航(hang)空物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、海(hai)洋物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、井中(zhong)物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)。
2、注意事項
①合理確定測繪范圍
工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)一(yi)般不像普通地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)那樣按(an)照(zhao)圖幅逐步(bu)完成(cheng),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)據規(gui)(gui)劃與設(she)計(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)需(xu)要在(zai)(zai)與該項(xiang)工程(cheng)(cheng)活動有關(guan)的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)內進行。選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)定合適的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)范(fan)圍(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相當重要的(de)(de)。選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)據一(yi)方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)(shi)擬定建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)類型、規(gui)(gui)模和設(she)計(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)段(duan),另一(yi)方(fang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)區(qu)域工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條件的(de)(de)復雜程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)和研(yan)究程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)。在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)規(gui)(gui)劃和設(she)計(ji)(ji)和開始階(jie)(jie)段(duan)為了選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)地(di)區(qu)或建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)聲地(di),而可(ke)(ke)能(neng)方(fang)案往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)多的(de)(de),相互(hu)之間又有一(yi)定的(de)(de)距離(li),測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)應把這(zhe)些方(fang)案的(de)(de)有關(guan)地(di)區(qu)都包(bao)括在(zai)(zai)內,因而可(ke)(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)大的(de)(de)。但到了具體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)場地(di)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)定之后特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)后期設(she)計(ji)(ji)分(fen)階(jie)(jie)段(duan),就只需(xu)要在(zai)(zai)已選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)區(qu)的(de)(de)較小范(fan)圍(wei)內進行大比(bi)例尺的(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)。可(ke)(ke)見,工程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)隨著建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)提高而減(jian)小的(de)(de)。
②選擇適當比例尺
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)尺(chi)主要(yao)取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)始(shi)階(jie)(jie)段屬(shu)于(yu)規劃選(xuan)點性質(zhi),往(wang)往(wang)有若干(gan)個比較方案,測(ce)繪(hui)范圍較大,而對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條件研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)詳細(xi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)不高(gao),所以工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)所要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比率尺(chi)一般較小。隨著建筑(zhu)物設計(ji)階(jie)(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao),建筑(zhu)場地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置愈益(yi)具體,研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍隨之減(jian)小對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條件研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)詳細(xi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)隨之提高(gao),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比率尺(chi)也就漸漸加(jia)大。而在同(tong)一設計(ji)階(jie)(jie)段內,比率尺(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)取(qu)又(you)取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)建筑(zhu)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)類型、規模(mo)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度,所采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比率尺(chi)就愈大。正(zheng)確選(xuan)取(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)比率尺(chi)所得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)成果(guo)既要(yao)滿足工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),又(you)要(yao)盡量(liang)節省測(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)。
③選擇(ze)合適的(de)勘察測試方(fang)法
勘(kan)察(cha)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)鉆探、取(qu)(qu)樣(yang)和(he)試驗(yan)三種方(fang)(fang)法(fa),它們都擁有(you)(you)著非常強的(de)(de)針對(dui)性,選(xuan)擇(ze)合適的(de)(de)勘(kan)察(cha)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)可(ke)以(yi)起到事半(ban)功(gong)倍的(de)(de)效果,否則不(bu)(bu)但(dan)起不(bu)(bu)到應有(you)(you)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,還(huan)有(you)(you)可(ke)能會(hui)浪費大量的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)時間(jian)和(he)資(zi)金。要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)既經濟(ji)又(you)合理可(ke)行的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)察(cha)方(fang)(fang)法(fa),首先應當詳細了(le)解場地已有(you)(you)地質資(zi)料(liao)、沿線構(gou)造物情況、與工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)設(she)(she)計人員充(chong)分(fen)交流、明確要(yao)(yao)解決的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地質問題,然后開展勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),特(te)別是(shi)對(dui)未知區域(yu)的(de)(de)勘(kan)察(cha),要(yao)(yao)分(fen)階(jie)段的(de)(de)多次完成勘(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。針對(dui)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)材料(liao)與地質結構(gou),采取(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)有(you)(you):干鉆取(qu)(qu)芯鉆進、泥(ni)漿護壁回(hui)轉鉆進等。
三、結語
工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質勘(kan)察作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設項目選(xuan)址工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質條件的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)勘(kan)察手段,對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設項目質量(liang)起到至關重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。隨著(zhu)測(ce)量(liang)、物(wu)探、鉆(zhan)探、試驗(yan)等在儀器、設備、新(xin)技(ji)術、新(xin)方法、新(xin)手段方面不斷(duan)推陳出新(xin),特別是計算(suan)機技(ji)術的(de)應(ying)用(yong),為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質帶來了一場(chang)真(zhen)正的(de)技(ji)術革命(ming),工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質勘(kan)察結(jie)果與預測(ce)結(jie)果的(de)準(zhun)確性大(da)幅度提高。作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質勘(kan)察者應(ying)掌(zhang)握(wo)勘(kan)查的(de)基本原則(ze)和方法,在實(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中認(ren)真(zhen)測(ce)量(liang),做好本職工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),保(bao)證工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建筑(zhu)物(wu)自規劃設計到施工(gong)和使用(yong)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)達到安全、經濟、合(he)用(yong)的(de)標(biao)準(zhun),使建筑(zhu)物(wu)場(chang)地(di)(di)、結(jie)構、規模、類(lei)型與地(di)(di)質環(huan)境、場(chang)地(di)(di)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質條件相互適(shi)應(ying)。
參考文獻:
篇8
關鍵詞:巖(yan)土工程 勘察 措施手段
0 引言
巖土(tu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)在快速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),不(bu)論是在體制還是在勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)方法、計(ji)算機輔助軟(ruan)件、勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)報(bao)告(gao)編制等各方面工作都(dou)有了(le)長足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步,并且(qie)還在在不(bu)斷(duan)優化中(zhong)。巖土(tu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)工作研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)對象是地(di)基和(he)(he)基礎以(yi)及地(di)下工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。由于地(di)基土(tu)是因地(di)而異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),在接受一項(xiang)巖土(tu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)任務時,必(bi)須(xu)明確該工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)技(ji)術矛盾是什么(me),需(xu)要(yao)解決(jue)(jue)哪些主要(yao)技(ji)術間(jian)題。在對設(she)(she)計(ji)意圖和(he)(he)設(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)求以(yi)及建筑物荷載情況了(le)如指掌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下,在巖土(tu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)實施過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),根據(ju)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體情況,就基礎及地(di)下工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)、施工過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能遇(yu)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,給(gei)以(yi)充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論證和(he)(he)分析,最(zui)終提出(chu)經濟合(he)理、技(ji)術可行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決(jue)(jue)方案(an)。只(zhi)有這樣,巖土(tu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)才(cai)能提高勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)成果質量,才(cai)能有較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場。
1 巖土(tu)工程勘(kan)察的方法
1.1 工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪(hui)。工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪(hui)是(shi)巖土(tu)工(gong)程勘(kan)察的(de)(de)基(ji)礎工(gong)作(zuo),一般(ban)在勘(kan)察的(de)(de)初期階段進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。這一方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)本(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)運(yun)用地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理論,對地(di)(di)(di)面的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現象進(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀(guan)察和(he)(he)描述,分析(xi)其(qi)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)規律,并藉(jie)以推(tui)斷(duan)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),為勘(kan)探(tan)、測試工(gong)作(zuo)等其(qi)他(ta)勘(kan)察方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)提供(gong)依(yi)據。在地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌和(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)較復(fu)雜的(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di),必須進(jin)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪(hui)但(dan)對地(di)(di)(di)形平坦、地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)簡單且較狹小的(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di),則(ze)可采用調查代替工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繪(hui)。工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪(hui)是(shi)認(ren)識場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)(di)工(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)最(zui)經濟、最(zui)有效的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)測繪(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)能(neng)相當準確地(di)(di)(di)推(tui)斷(duan)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),起到有效地(di)(di)(di)指導其(qi)他(ta)勘(kan)察方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。
1.2 勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)與取樣。勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)作(zuo)包括物(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)各種方法。它是(shi)被用(yong)來調查地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)并且(qie)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)利用(yong)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)取樣進行(xing)原位測(ce)試和(he)監測(ce)。應根(gen)據(ju)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)及(ji)巖土的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)選(xuan)用(yong)上述各種勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方法。物(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)是(shi)一種間接的(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)手段(duan),它的(de)(de)(de)優(you)點是(shi)較(jiao)之鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)輕便、經(jing)濟(ji)而(er)迅(xun)速,能夠(gou)及(ji)時(shi)解決(jue)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)中難于推斷而(er)又(you)急待(dai)了(le)解的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況,所以(yi)常常與測(ce)繪(hui)工(gong)作(zuo)配(pei)合使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。它又(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)作(zuo)為(wei)鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)先行(xing)或輔(fu)助手段(duan)。但是(shi),物(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)判釋往往具多(duo)解性(xing),方法的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)又(you)受(shou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形條件(jian)(jian)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制,其成果(guo)需(xu)用(yong)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)來驗證。鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)也稱勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),均(jun)是(shi)直接勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)手段(duan),能可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)靠地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)了(le)解地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況,在巖土工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察中是(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)。其中鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)作(zuo)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)最為(wei)廣泛,可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)根(gen)據(ju)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)層類(lei)別(bie)和(he)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察要求選(xuan)用(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方法。當(dang)鉆探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方法難以(yi)查明地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況時(shi),可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方法。坑(keng)(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)類(lei)型較(jiao)多(duo),應根(gen)據(ju)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察要求選(xuan)用(yong)。勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一般都需(xu)要動(dong)用(yong)機械和(he)動(dong)力設備,耗費人力、物(wu)力較(jiao)多(duo),有些勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)周期又(you)較(jiao)長,而(er)且(qie)受(shou)到許多(duo)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制。因此使(shi)(shi)用(yong)這(zhe)種方法時(shi)應具有經(jing)濟(ji)觀點,布置勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需(xu)要以(yi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)和(he)物(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)為(wei)依(yi)據(ju),切(qie)避盲目(mu)(mu)性(xing)和(he)隨(sui)意(yi)性(xing)。
篇9
關鍵(jian)詞:勘(kan)察(cha)技術;巖土(tu)工程(cheng);施(shi)工
中(zhong)圖分類(lei)號:P2文獻標(biao)識碼: A
引言
解決和(he)處(chu)理(li)建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中與巖土(tu)介(jie)質有關的(de)(de)問(wen)題是(shi)巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作目的(de)(de)與要(yao)(yao)求,是(shi)建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中不能缺少的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)環(huan)節。每一(yi)項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設在設計和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)之前都(dou)必須要(yao)(yao)按照基(ji)本施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)求進(jin)行巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性和(he)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)結果的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性被各級施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)層所重視。但(dan)是(shi),在技(ji)(ji)術人員檢(jian)查(cha)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程和(he)對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖設計文案的(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)時,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)問(wen)題依然突出。在當前工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中,對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖審(shen)核(he)檢(jian)查(cha)中,重點集(ji)中在對房屋工(gong)(gong)(gong)程和(he)城市基(ji)礎設施(shi)的(de)(de)審(shen)查(cha)。所以,對巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中經(jing)常出現的(de)(de)問(wen)題加以歸納、分(fen)析和(he)總結,對問(wen)題產生(sheng)的(de)(de)根源進(jin)行更(geng)進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)(de)探討,這對提高勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)水(shui)平、保障勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)成果的(de)(de)質量、減少勘(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)過程中的(de)(de)錯誤有著重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)意義。
1、巖(yan)土(tu)勘察工程問題(ti)管理必要性(xing)
巖土(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是針對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)地基,即(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)巖土(tu)體(ti),巖土(tu)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)自然形成過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)因為(wei)環境條件不同(tong),建(jian)(jian)設(she)場(chang)地也具有較高(gao)的(de)多變(bian)性、不確定(ding)性以及(ji)復雜性等(deng)。為(wei)了確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)順利進(jin)行(xing),必(bi)須(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)做好巖土(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,對(dui)巖土(tu)體(ti)性質以及(ji)問題等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)確定(ding),并將各種信息編制(zhi)成勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)報(bao)告,以此(ci)作為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)依據(ju)。另外,巖土(tu)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)報(bao)告的(de)真實(shi)性以及(ji)合理性對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)也有著十分重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)影響(xiang),因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)進(jin)行(xing)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)時,必(bi)須(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遵循(xun)實(shi)事求是的(de)原(yuan)則進(jin)行(xing),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)人員必(bi)須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)現(xian)場(chang)分析與(yu)研究,避免出現(xian)憑經驗填寫報(bao)告現(xian)象(xiang)的(de)發生。巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)經常會受到各種因素(su)的(de)影響(xiang),為(wei)確保勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)報(bao)告的(de)有效性,必(bi)須(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)加強對(dui)存在(zai)(zai)的(de)各種問題進(jin)行(xing)分析,通過采取有效的(de)措施(shi)來保證勘(kan)(kan)察(cha)效果。
2、勘察技術(shu)在(zai)巖土(tu)工程施(shi)工之(zhi)中的(de)應用
2.1、測(ce)繪與(yu)調查
在勘(kan)(kan)察的(de)初期階段,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪是巖(yan)土工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)察的(de)基礎工(gong)(gong)作。這一方(fang)(fang)法的(de)本質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是運用地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理論,對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)象(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)觀察和(he)描述(shu),分析其性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)規律,得(de)以推斷(duan)出地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情況,為勘(kan)(kan)探(tan)、測試工(gong)(gong)作等勘(kan)(kan)察方(fang)(fang)法提供依據。在地(di)(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌和(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件較復雜(za)的(de)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di),必須(xu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪;但對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形平坦(tan)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件簡(jian)單且(qie)較狹小的(de)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di),則(ze)可采用調(diao)(diao)查代替地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪是調(diao)(diao)查場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件最有(you)效(xiao)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法。高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)測繪工(gong)(gong)作能夠準確地(di)(di)(di)(di)判斷(duan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情況,并能夠起到重要作用去有(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)指導其他勘(kan)(kan)察方(fang)(fang)法。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪應做到:
2.1.1、充分(fen)(fen)收集(ji)和利用已有資(zi)料,并綜合(he)分(fen)(fen)析,認真研究(jiu),對重要(yao)地質問題,必(bi)須經過實地校(xiao)核驗證;
2.1.2、中心突出,目的(de)明確,針對與工程有關的(de)地(di)質問題進行地(di)質測繪;
2.1.3、保(bao)證(zheng)第(di)一手(shou)資料準確可靠,邊(bian)(bian)測繪(hui),邊(bian)(bian)整(zheng)理(li);
2.1.4、注(zhu)意點(dian)、線、面、體之間的(de)有機聯系。為了能夠掌握工程(cheng)地質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)的(de)基本程(cheng)序及過(guo)程(cheng),實(shi)地擬按生產實(shi)際分為資(zi)料準(zhun)備、外(wai)業測(ce)繪(hui)及資(zi)料綜合整理等(deng)三(san)個階(jie)段進行。
2.2、勘探與取樣
勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)手法(fa)(fa)包括物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)坑(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)多種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。它(ta)是(shi)被用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)調查地(di)下(xia)地(di)質(zhi);而(er)且(qie)還能(neng)(neng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)取樣進行原位測試和(he)監測工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。所以(yi)(yi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)及巖土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)是(shi)一種(zhong)間(jian)(jian)接性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點是(shi)輕巧便捷(jie)、省錢而(er)快(kuai)速,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)及時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測繪中推(tui)斷艱難(nan)但又要(yao)(yao)急切了解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)地(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),所以(yi)(yi)經常與測繪工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)相配合。它(ta)又能(neng)(neng)為(wei)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)坑(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)起(qi)到指導作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。但是(shi),物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)判斷往(wang)往(wang)具不確定性(xing),使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)也受(shou)到地(di)形(xing)條件等(deng)限制,其勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)需要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行驗(yan)證(zheng)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)坑(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)也是(shi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組成部(bu)分,都(dou)是(shi)直(zhi)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),能(neng)(neng)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了解(jie)地(di)下(xia)地(di)質(zhi)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang),是(shi)巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中是(shi)必不可(ke)(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)部(bu)分。鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最(zui)為(wei)廣泛,在選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)時要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據地(di)層類別和(he)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)來(lai)進行選擇。當采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)也不能(neng)(neng)明確地(di)下(xia)地(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)時,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)坑(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。坑(keng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類型有(you)很多,應根(gen)據實(shi)(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大多都(dou)需要(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機械設備,需要(yao)(yao)耗費大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人力、物力,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)(jian)長,而(er)且(qie)受(shou)到各種(zhong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。所以(yi)(yi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)這種(zhong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)案時要(yao)(yao)有(you)經濟觀念,實(shi)(shi)施(shi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)質(zhi)測繪和(he)物探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)成果(guo)為(wei)根(gen)據,一定不能(neng)(neng)有(you)盲目性(xing)和(he)隨(sui)意性(xing)。
2.3、數字化(hua)勘(kan)查技術
原位(wei)(wei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)與(yu)(yu)室(shi)內試(shi)驗(yan)為巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)問題分(fen)析評價提供(gong)所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術參(can)(can)(can)數,包(bao)括(kuo)巖(yan)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)性(xing)指標、強度參(can)(can)(can)數、固結變形(xing)特(te)性(xing)參(can)(can)(can)數、滲透性(xing)參(can)(can)(can)數和應(ying)力、應(ying)變時(shi)間(jian)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)(can)(can)數是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原位(wei)(wei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)與(yu)(yu)室(shi)內試(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。原位(wei)(wei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)一般都有(you)助于勘探工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效進行(xing)(xing),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)另(ling)一種勘察方法(fa)。我(wo)們可以(yi)對(dui)(dui)比一下原位(wei)(wei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)與(yu)(yu)室(shi)內試(shi)驗(yan),可以(yi)得出它們都會(hui)有(you)各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優缺點,畢竟在世(shi)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)完美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此(ci)(ci)我(wo)們需要(yao)根據(ju)情(qing)況(kuang)來去選擇最(zui)適合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)檢驗(yan)與(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)側工(gong)(gong)(gong)作構(gou)成巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)環節之(zhi)一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)檢驗(yan)與(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和運營(ying)期(qi)間(jian)進行(xing)(xing)會(hui)進行(xing)(xing)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作;但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這個(ge)(ge)一般需在高(gao)級勘察階(jie)段(duan)開始(shi)實施(shi)(shi)(shi),因此(ci)(ci)又常(chang)常(chang)被列為另(ling)外一種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘察方法(fa)。能有(you)效地(di)保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量和安全,提高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效益。所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)檢驗(yan),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包(bao)括(kuo)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)對(dui)(dui)之(zhi)前(qian)巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)勘察成果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)證檢查以(yi)及對(dui)(dui)巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)和質量控(kong)制。現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)主要(yao)包(bao)含(han)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作用(yong)和各(ge)類荷載對(dui)(dui)巖(yan)土(tu)反(fan)應(ying)性(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和運營(ying)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和對(dui)(dui)環境(jing)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)等各(ge)個(ge)(ge)方面(mian)。在檢驗(yan)與(yu)(yu)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)所獲取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資料,可以(yi)及時(shi)修正設計,在技(ji)術和經濟方面(mian)優化。因為由此(ci)(ci)可以(yi)反(fan)求(qiu)出某些工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術參(can)(can)(can)數。這項工(gong)(gong)(gong)作主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)間(jian)內進行(xing)(xing),如果在建筑物(wu)(wu)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)運營(ying)期(qi)間(jian)進行(xing)(xing),那就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)特(te)殊要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)或(huo)者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一些對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良地(di)質現(xian)(xian)象。伴隨著科學與(yu)(yu)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速發(fa)展,可以(yi)不斷(duan)在巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)勘察領域中加入高(gao)科技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。
場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)是數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心,以(yi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式反映工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)。場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)具(ju)有(you)針對(dui)性,并不是巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)都可實(shi)(shi)現(xian)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni),只能(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)于(yu)特(te)定(ding)環(huan)境(jing)中,如:地(di)(di)理信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)環(huan)節、地(di)(di)形信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)環(huan)節等。以(yi)某巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)例,分析數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)。該工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所(suo)處地(di)(di)理位置(zhi)山川較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)豐富,成為(wei)(wei)該巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制約條(tiao)件,該工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)人員首(shou)先(xian)收(shou)集山川資(zi)料,重點以(yi)地(di)(di)層(ceng)、地(di)(di)質為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),然后虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)系(xi)統(tong),得出各項(xiang)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),強化(hua)(hua)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)特(te)性,最后勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)人員在(zai)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)中輸入(ru)收(shou)集的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料,場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)會(hui)自(zi)動生成勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)人員所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)資(zi)料。基于(yu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni),有(you)利(li)于(yu)獲取(qu)交點信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi),降(jiang)低巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)疊加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)難(nan)度,實(shi)(shi)現(xian)多(duo)層(ceng)次勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)。近幾(ji)年(nian),數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni),成為(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中主(zhu)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)方(fang)(fang)式,發(fa)揮數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)優勢(shi),解決傳統(tong)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端,而且勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)結(jie)構準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)度非(fei)常高,有(you)利(li)于(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全施工(gong)(gong)。2.3巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)促使巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呈現(xian)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)變化(hua)(hua),嚴格(ge)處理多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju),便(bian)于(yu)獲取(qu)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)。部分巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)較(jiao)(jiao)難(nan)通(tong)過(guo)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)測量,數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)夠模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)環(huan)境(jing),構建概念性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)系(xi)統(tong),充分研究巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)問題,實(shi)(shi)行數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)管控,利(li)用勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)模型模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),快速(su)抽取(qu)模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)量。因為(wei)(wei)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)夠準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)反映實(shi)(shi)際(ji)與模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)性關系(xi),所(suo)以(yi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)單位利(li)用模擬(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),獲取(qu)復雜(za)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)。
3、結語
巖土勘(kan)察是工程建(jian)設的基礎,為了(le)保(bao)證(zheng)勘(kan)察的效(xiao)果,必須要針對存在(zai)的問題進行詳細分析,并結合工程建(jian)設實際需求確(que)定有效(xiao)的管(guan)理措施,積極應(ying)用各種新型(xing)勘(kan)察技術,在(zai)確(que)保(bao)勘(kan)察報告數據真實性與完整性的基礎上(shang),不斷(duan)提高勘(kan)察效(xiao)果。
參考文獻
[1]梁應科.勘察(cha)技術在巖(yan)土(tu)工(gong)程施工(gong)中的(de)應用研究[J].低碳世界,2013,22:124-125.
[2]廖林.淺(qian)談勘(kan)察技術在(zai)巖(yan)土工程中的運(yun)用[J].黑龍江科技信息,2012,19:52.
篇10
【關鍵詞】影像定位技術;地(di)質測繪(hui);遙(yao)感影像技術
地(di)(di)質(zhi)測繪(hui)是地(di)(di)質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘察的(de)重要一(yi)環,服(fu)務于地(di)(di)質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、巖(yan)土工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)建設(she)(she),主要是通過(guo)運用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)質(zhi)理論、測繪(hui)技(ji)術等對與(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)相關的(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)進行觀(guan)察和描述,并根據特定要求和勘測結果獲得(de)一(yi)個具有較高(gao)精度(du)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)圖,為后期工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)施工(gong)(gong)打(da)下基礎(chu),其重要性不言而喻。隨著(zhu)科學技(ji)術的(de)發(fa)展,具有自動化(hua)、數(shu)字化(hua)特點的(de)現代測繪(hui)技(ji)術開始廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)測繪(hui)中,極(ji)大提高(gao)了(le)測繪(hui)準確(que)性,特別是影(ying)像定位技(ji)術可準確(que)劃(hua)分地(di)(di)區的(de)礦產和巖(yan)層,確(que)定地(di)(di)質(zhi)基本屬性,具有很高(gao)應用(yong)(yong)價值。
一、地質測繪工程中影像定(ding)位技術的應用
1.遙感影像技術的應(ying)用
遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術是使(shi)用(yong)(yong)率(lv)最(zui)高的影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)定位技(ji)(ji)術之一(yi),在一(yi)般地(di)(di)質測(ce)繪(hui)工程中,測(ce)繪(hui)人員會(hui)利用(yong)(yong)遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術勘察地(di)(di)質巖石地(di)(di)區周圍地(di)(di)理環境、地(di)(di)勢走向和地(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)貌特(te)征(zheng)。遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術特(te)征(zheng)主要(yao)表(biao)現在以下幾(ji)方(fang)面:①不同的傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器會(hui)影(ying)響遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)定位過程中獲取的像(xiang)(xiang)素值(zhi),最(zui)終(zhong)影(ying)響遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)清(qing)晰度(du),故在應(ying)用(yong)(yong)遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)定位技(ji)(ji)術的過程中需依(yi)靠波段值(zhi)來描(miao)(miao)述遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)像(xiang)(xiang)素值(zhi)。②不同的傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器還(huan)會(hui)使(shi)產生的影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)文件格式(shi)不同,實(shi)際應(ying)用(yong)(yong)中避免使(shi)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)種方(fang)式(shi)對所獲取的影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)進行描(miao)(miao)述和解釋。③運用(yong)(yong)遙(yao)感(gan)(gan)影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術獲取的圖像(xiang)(xiang)信(xin)息不能(neng)進行有損(sun)壓縮,否則會(hui)造成圖像(xiang)(xiang)信(xin)息丟失,影(ying)像(xiang)(xiang)效果不理想。
2.三維可視化技(ji)(ji)術和影像動態技(ji)(ji)術的應用
在(zai)地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)中(zhong),除了(le)應(ying)用(yong)遙感影像(xiang)定位技術,還會(hui)用(yong)到三(san)維(wei)可(ke)(ke)視化(hua)技術和影像(xiang)動(dong)態(tai)技術,特(te)別(bie)是進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)野外測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)時,這兩(liang)(liang)種影像(xiang)定位技術更(geng)具(ju)優越(yue)性。它們(men)主要(yao)是建立在(zai)遙感技術的基礎上,進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)深層次地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察,選(xuan)擇能(neng)夠(gou)在(zai)微觀(guan)和宏觀(guan)兩(liang)(liang)方(fang)(fang)面實現控制地(di)(di)質(zhi)情況的條件(jian),并(bing)設(she)計出可(ke)(ke)行(xing)(xing)(xing)性觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)路(lu)(lu)線,對(dui)地(di)(di)質(zhi)條件(jian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)全面闡(chan)述和測(ce)(ce)繪(hui),得出地(di)(di)質(zhi)特(te)點,最終確(que)定地(di)(di)質(zhi)特(te)征。在(zai)地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)繪(hui)工程中(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)三(san)維(wei)可(ke)(ke)視化(hua)技術和影像(xiang)動(dong)態(tai)技術一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面能(neng)使用(yong)三(san)維(wei)技術進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分析,根據(ju)測(ce)(ce)區信息、觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)路(lu)(lu)線在(zai)條件(jian)比較(jiao)優越(yue)的地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)、巖石(shi)單位較(jiao)多的地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)測(ce)(ce)量,另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面還能(neng)利用(yong)三(san)維(wei)可(ke)(ke)視化(hua)技術設(she)置專(zhuan)門(men)的追索線路(lu)(lu),從(cong)而了(le)解關鍵的接觸關系和構造(zao)空間(jian)延伸情況。
二、影像定位(wei)技術在(zai)地質測繪工(gong)程中的(de)使用情(qing)況
1.在水文地質勘察中的使用(yong)
地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)特(te)征不僅(jin)包含(han)相應的(de)(de)土壤和(he)巖石結(jie)構(gou),還包括當地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)文特(te)征,研(yan)究自(zi)然地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)有(you)助(zhu)于(yu)預測工程地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)的(de)(de)作用(yong),而水(shui)(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)又與(yu)自(zi)然地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)現象密(mi)切相關,所以有(you)必要開(kai)(kai)展水(shui)(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察,以便明確產(chan)生原因和(he)促進發展的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。通(tong)過影(ying)像(xiang)定(ding)位技(ji)(ji)術采集圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)以及(ji)反饋其他信息(xi),有(you)助(zhu)于(yu)全面掌握各個階段環(huan)節的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情(qing)況(kuang),由此詳(xiang)細核查地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)形成、貯存、流量、流動趨勢等(deng)變化情(qing)況(kuang)可(ke)為水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)合(he)理開(kai)(kai)發、利(li)用(yong)和(he)排除等(deng)工作的(de)(de)順(shun)利(li)開(kai)(kai)展打下基礎。首先,影(ying)像(xiang)定(ding)位技(ji)(ji)術可(ke)應用(yong)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)測繪(hui)中(zhong),通(tong)過分析研(yan)究所獲取(qu)的(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)信息(xi)可(ke)在較(jiao)短時間(jian)內(nei)準確掌握某地(di)(di)(di)(di)區水(shui)(shui)文地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)潛在規律(lv),便于(yu)尋找地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)。其次,可(ke)應用(yong)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)調查中(zhong),通(tong)過遙感影(ying)像(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術獲取(qu)的(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)清晰能將含(han)水(shui)(shui)層、含(han)水(shui)(shui)構(gou)造(zao)邊界清晰體現出來,進而了解地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)存儲(chu)情(qing)況(kuang)。
2.在地震災害中(zhong)的使用
地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)出現(xian)改變(bian),比如構(gou)(gou)造(zao)活動的(de)(de)進(jin)行、活斷層(ceng)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)等會引起地(di)(di)(di)(di)震(zhen),地(di)(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)發生較(jiao)大就(jiu)會出現(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)災害,不(bu)僅(jin)會影響各種不(bu)同性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巖體的(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)區域內巖體的(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing),嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)話還會嚴(yan)重威(wei)脅人民生命財產安全,所以(yi)必須采用(yong)一定(ding)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測繪(hui)技術對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)進(jin)行分析。影像(xiang)定(ding)位技術在地(di)(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)災害中(zhong)就(jiu)有著廣泛應用(yong),主要是通過獲取地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)化的(de)(de)圖(tu)像(xiang)信息(xi)(xi),了(le)解(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)與地(di)(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)之間的(de)(de)關系,從而對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)災害的(de)(de)預測提供詳盡、可靠的(de)(de)信息(xi)(xi),盡可能采取針(zhen)對(dui)性(xing)措施降低地(di)(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)災害對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)帶來的(de)(de)損失。
3.應用案例
編(bian)制某(mou)海洋(yang)海圖,為(wei)降低測繪(hui)(hui)成本(ben),提高(gao)工作(zuo)(zuo)效率,確(que)保測量準確(que)性(xing),決定采用影像(xiang)定位技術。實(shi)際(ji)操作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程中,測繪(hui)(hui)人員(yuan)首先根(gen)據不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用要求,選擇出了分(fen)辨(bian)率不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)測繪(hui)(hui)遙(yao)感(gan)影像(xiang)數據信息。一般在實(shi)際(ji)應用過(guo)程中,主要以高(gao)分(fen)辨(bian)率的(de)(de)(de)影像(xiang)數據信息為(wei)主,此類影像(xiang)更適合用于海洋(yang)海圖的(de)(de)(de)測繪(hui)(hui)。在本(ben)工程中,測繪(hui)(hui)人員(yuan)主要是根(gen)據比例(li)尺來選取(qu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間分(fen)辨(bian)率遙(yao)感(gan)影像(xiang)信息的(de)(de)(de)。見表1。
表1 遙感影像數據信息的(de)選擇
制(zhi)圖比例尺 1:5000 1:10000 1:25000 1:50000 1:250000
制圖所需分辨率(m) 0.4-0.5 0.8-1 2 3-5 10-20
更新地(di)圖所需分辨率(m) 1 2 3-5 5-10 20-30
在測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪工(gong)作中,測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)利(li)用綠光(guang)、藍(lan)光(guang)、紅(hong)光(guang)波段進行(xing)色彩合成(cheng),合成(cheng)了(le)與地(di)(di)物顏色一致的(de)(de)真彩色,獲得了(le)能夠解釋的(de)(de)遙感(gan)影像。破(po)譯影像后,對遙感(gan)影像中與地(di)(di)理環境有關(guan)的(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)地(di)(di)理因素實施了(le)跟蹤式數(shu)字化顯示,構成(cheng)了(le)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪信息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)基本(ben)依據,若想更(geng)新(xin)地(di)(di)圖,可先與舊地(di)(di)圖對比,找(zhao)出需要更(geng)新(xin)的(de)(de)信息(xi)(xi)。通過(guo)運用影像定位技術(shu),測(ce)(ce)(ce)區(qu)水文地(di)(di)質(zhi)狀(zhuang)況、地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌被(bei)直觀(guan)地(di)(di)反映了(le)出來(lai),不(bu)僅實現了(le)宏觀(guan)上(shang)對整個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)區(qu)的(de)(de)詳細反映,還在微觀(guan)上(shang)進行(xing)了(le)剖析(xi),在此基礎上(shang),測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)更(geng)為全(quan)面的(de)(de)把(ba)握了(le)當地(di)(di)地(di)(di)質(zhi),海洋海圖編制(zhi)順利(li)完(wan)成(cheng),為實際工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)提供(gong)了(le)有力支撐。
三、結語
總(zong)之,影(ying)像定位(wei)技(ji)(ji)術作為一項具有數字化(hua)、自(zi)動化(hua)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)新技(ji)(ji)術,對(dui)于提高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)精(jing)確性、確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設質(zhi)量和建(jian)設安全性具有重要作用,目(mu)前(qian)該項技(ji)(ji)術在(zai)(zai)水文地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘察(cha)、地(di)(di)震災害預測(ce)中都得到(dao)了廣泛應用,效果顯著(zhu),并促使(shi)著(zhu)地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)快(kuai)速發展(zhan)。未來,地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨(qu)勢(shi)是多元(yuan)化(hua)、集成(cheng)化(hua)、可視化(hua)、實用化(hua)的(de)(de),所以我們(men)必須加強對(dui)各種現代測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)應用研究,開(kai)發形(xing)式上多樣化(hua)、精(jing)度上等級化(hua)、比例尺上系(xi)列化(hua)得測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)產品,不斷提高(gao)地(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)繪(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)精(jing)確性和有效性,使(shi)其在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)質(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設中的(de)(de)指導作用得以充分發揮(hui)。
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